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Floating signifier

A floating signifier is a concept from semiotics and structural linguistics referring to a symbol, term, or image whose connection to any specific meaning or referent is indeterminate or excessive, enabling it to shift across contexts without a stable anchor.^[1] Coined by anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss in his analysis of indigenous languages, it describes scenarios where the supply of signifiers outstrips available signifieds, producing elements that function as neutral or "zero" mediators in symbolic systems, such as resolving binary oppositions like nature versus culture in myth.^[2] This structural feature highlights language's inherent asymmetry, where surplus terms circulate to fill gaps rather than denote fixed realities.^[3] The notion gained traction beyond anthropology through post-structuralist thinkers, who repurposed it to challenge Saussurean binaries and emphasize meaning's perpetual deferral.^[4] Jacques Lacan recast it as the phallus, a pure signifier embodying lack and desire in the symbolic order, while Jacques Derrida invoked similar ideas in différance to underscore endless interpretive play over closure.^[5] In cultural studies, Stuart Hall applied it to "race," portraying it as a classificatory system whose content varies historically and ideologically, unmoored from biological essence.^[6] These extensions positioned the floating signifier as a tool for deconstructing power-laden discourses, influencing fields from literary criticism to identity politics. Despite its academic influence, the concept has drawn scrutiny for conflating linguistic flexibility with ontological indeterminacy, potentially eroding distinctions grounded in empirical observation and causal mechanisms.^[2] Critics contend it mistakes methodological abstractions for concrete processes, as in Lévi-Strauss's own formulations, and fosters a relativism that overlooks language's evolutionary ties to real-world referents, such as human cognition and biology.^[7] In broader discourse, its deployment in postmodern theory has been faulted for enabling vague or manipulative appropriations, where terms evade precise accountability, though proponents view this fluidity as liberating from rigid ideologies.^[8]

Conceptual Foundations

Saussurean Semiotics and the Arbitrary Sign

Ferdinand de Saussure introduced the foundational concept of the linguistic sign in his Course in General Linguistics, compiled from lectures delivered between 1906 and 1911 and published posthumously in 1916.^[9] The sign consists of two inseparably linked elements: the signifier, defined as the acoustic image or sensory form (such as a sequence of sounds or letters), and the signified, the mental concept or idea it represents.^[10] This dyadic model posits that language operates as a system of signs where meaning emerges from the association of these components, independent of any physical object or external referent.^[11] Central to Saussure's theory is the principle of the arbitrary nature of the sign, articulated as the absence of any necessary or motivated link between the signifier and signified.^[10] For instance, the French word arbre (signifier) evokes the concept of a tree (signified) not due to resemblance or natural necessity, but through convention within a linguistic community; the same concept could equally be linked to unrelated forms like English tree or German Baum.^[9] Saussure qualified this arbitrariness as relative, acknowledging constraints from phonetic patterns or historical evolution, yet emphasized that no intrinsic, pre-existing bond dictates the association, rendering the sign conventional and socially imposed.^[12] Signs acquire value and meaning not through isolation or direct correspondence to reality, but via oppositional differences within the broader system of langue—the abstract, collective structure of language as opposed to individual parole (speech acts).^[13] In this synchronic framework, a sign's identity derives from what it is not; for example, the value of père (father) in French stems from its contrasts with mère (mother), frère (brother), and other terms, forming a network of relational distinctions rather than fixed denotations.^[10] This systemic relativity underscores that signification is endogenous to language, detached from extrinsic causal anchors. The arbitrary and differential basis of signs introduces potential instability into meaning, as alterations in the relational web of langue—through semantic shifts or systemic reconfigurations—can reposition a sign's value without altering its form.^[13] Saussure viewed langue as a stable synchronic entity at any given moment, yet its dependence on convention implies vulnerability to collective reinterpretation over time, laying groundwork for understanding signification as non-absolute.^[9]

Lévi-Strauss's Anthropological Introduction (1950s)

Claude Lévi-Strauss coined the term significateur flottant (floating signifier) in his 1950 essay "Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss," applying structuralist principles to ethnographic data from Polynesian and other indigenous societies. There, he described concepts like mana—an impersonal supernatural force identified in Marcel Mauss's earlier studies of gift exchange—as terms lacking a fixed signified yet fulfilling a critical function: they act as zero-value symbols that denote the presence of meaning without specifying its content, thereby resolving structural tensions in symbolic systems.^[14]^[3] This formulation drew on empirical observations of Polynesian notions such as mana and hau (a Maori spirit of exchange), which Mauss documented in his 1925 essay "A Category of the Human Mind: Mana," but which Lévi-Strauss reinterpreted through Saussurean semiotics as mediators in binary oppositions inherent to myth and ritual. For example, mana enables the integration of contradictory elements, such as life/death or sacred/profane, without assigning precise denotations, allowing non-literate societies to maintain classificatory coherence amid empirical ambiguities in social and natural phenomena.^[14]^[15] Unlike Saussure's emphasis on the arbitrary but stable dyadic relation between signifier and signified in language, Lévi-Strauss positioned the floating signifier as a dynamic tool specific to the "savage mind," functional for bridging gaps in primitive thought rather than a general linguistic defect; this is illustrated in his 1949 analysis of kinship systems, where undefined mediators like prestige or alliance obligations reconcile exchange asymmetries, and in early 1950s explorations of totemism, where totemic operators similarly float to equate disparate categories without direct empirical correspondence.^[14]^[3]

Theoretical Expansions in Post-Structuralism

Lacanian Psychoanalytic Reinterpretation

Jacques Lacan adapted the concept of the floating signifier from Claude Lévi-Strauss's anthropological framework into psychoanalysis during his seminars of the 1950s and 1960s, viewing it as emblematic of the subject's inscription in the symbolic order. This order, constituted by chains of signifiers borrowed from Saussurean linguistics, introduces a primordial lack through the Oedipal resolution and the intervention of the Name-of-the-Father, preventing any signifier from achieving permanent anchorage to a signified. As a result, signifiers proliferate and slide metonymically, their meanings deferred indefinitely due to the absence of a transcendental guarantor, a process Lacan links directly to the Freudian unconscious structured as a language.^[1] In this reinterpretation, the floating signifier correlates with the Real-Symbolic-Imaginary triad, where the symbolic's signifying chains encounter the Real's unrepresentable kernel, generating the constitutive lack that propels desire. Lacan illustrates this causality through clinical reinterpretations of Freud, noting that symptoms initially present as floating signifiers—indeterminate nodal points in the discourse whose signification emerges only via analytic intervention, which retroactively sutures them within the chain. For instance, in hysteria, the patient's elusive demands manifest as signifiers detached from fixed reference, circulating around an unsymbolized lack; in perversion, foreclosure of the paternal function yields unmoored phallic signifiers that evade symbolic integration, perpetuating a fantasy of wholeness.^[16]^[17] The phallic signifier emerges as an attempted master term to halt this sliding, yet its inherent emptiness—representing the lack itself—ensures perpetual flotation, akin to the objet petit a as the elusive remnant causing desirous movement along the chain. Grounded in Lévi-Strauss's notion of mana as a zero-value symbol, Lacan's adaptation emphasizes how subjectivity forms through this linguistic-ontological gap, with verifiable roots in his 1957 seminar on "The Purloined Letter," where the letter functions as a floating entity traversing unconscious circuits without fixed import.^[1]^[18]

Derridean Deconstruction and Différance

Jacques Derrida extended the notion of the floating signifier within his deconstructive philosophy, portraying signifiers as perpetually deferred in meaning through the mechanism of différance, a neologism combining temporal deferral and spatial difference.^[19] In works such as Of Grammatology (originally published in French in 1967), Derrida argued that signifiers do not anchor to a stable signified but circulate in an endless chain, undermining the Western metaphysical tradition's assumption of fixed presence or essence.^[20] This process critiques logocentrism, the privileging of speech as immediate and truthful over writing as secondary and derivative, revealing how meaning emerges not from inherent positivity but from traces of absence and relational differences.^[21] Deconstruction targets binary oppositions—such as presence/absence or nature/culture—by demonstrating their hierarchical instability, where the privileged term (e.g., speech) relies on and suppresses the subordinate (e.g., writing), yet both are contaminated by the other's trace, causing the signifier to "float" without resolution.^[22] Derrida applied this to texts like Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions and Emile (1762 and 1762, respectively), showing how Rousseau's condemnation of writing as corrupting pure voice presupposes the very supplementarity it denies, dissolving the assumed hierarchy into undecidable play.^[23] Here, the floating signifier manifests as a textual trace, an absent presence that defers full meaning indefinitely, rather than serving a positive anthropological function.^[24] While effective in revealing internal textual contradictions, Derrida's approach remains confined to philosophical analysis of language and discourse, eschewing empirical verification or causal explanations of extratextual reality.^[19] Deconstruction operates within the bounds of iterability and citationality in signs, highlighting aporias in metaphysical claims but offering no testable propositions about worldly events or structures, thus limiting its scope to interpretive undecidability rather than ontological assertions.^[19] This textual focus, as Derrida himself emphasized in essays like "Différance" (delivered 1968), prioritizes the infinite play of signifiers over any quest for originary truth.^[25]

Barthesian Applications in Cultural Mythology

In Mythologies (1957), Roland Barthes applied semiotic principles to dissect modern cultural artifacts as ideological myths, constructing them as second-order signifying systems where the full sign of primary denotation becomes an emptied signifier ready for connotative appropriation.^[26] This process allows the signifier to detach from its historical specificity, functioning in a "floating" manner that naturalizes bourgeois values by transforming contingent social constructs into seemingly eternal essences.^[27] Barthes argued that such myths depoliticize reality, presenting history as nature to sustain dominant ideologies without overt coercion.^[28] A paradigmatic instance appears in Barthes's analysis of a Paris-Match magazine cover from the mid-1950s, featuring a black French soldier saluting the tricolore flag amid the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962).^[26] Here, the image's linguistic sign—denoting military loyalty—serves as a mythical signifier, evacuated of colonial exploitation's connotations to evoke harmonious French universality, thereby masking imperialism's violence and promoting a myth of inclusive empire.^[29] This floating enables the signifier to absorb an ideological signified of racial fraternity under French tutelage, rendering dissent unnatural.^[30] Barthes extended this to everyday consumables and spectacles reflective of 1950s French society, recovering from World War II amid rising consumerism and mass media.^[31] In essays on professional wrestling, he portrayed the ring as a theatrical excess staging unambiguous justice, where wrestlers embody archetypal villains and heroes to affirm ethical clarity absent in ambiguous postwar politics.^[32] Similarly, wine was mythologized as a robust, hygienic tonic embodying French virility and terroir, contrasting with milk's perceived foreign weakness, thus reinforcing national identity through dietary ritual.^[33] Margarine advertisements equated the synthetic spread with natural butter via scientific rhetoric, floating the signifier of "butter" to democratize luxury and obscure class-based scarcity in a burgeoning welfare state.^[26] Building on Saussurean linguistics and Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, Barthes infused structural analysis with explicit ideological scrutiny, revealing how mythical floating sustains a "natural attitude" that immunizes bourgeois hegemony against historical critique.^[34] Unlike neutral structural mappings, this approach exposed myths as speech acts perpetuating depoliticized consent, where signifiers' mobility veils power's contingency in favor of apparent inevitability.^[35] In 1950s France, marked by economic modernization and cultural homogenization, such applications highlighted mass media's role in disseminating these depoliticizing forms.^[36]

Practical Applications and Examples

In Anthropological and Linguistic Analysis

In structural anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss employed the floating signifier to dissect Amerindian myths, particularly in his Mythologiques series (1964–1971), where terms like "honey" empirically mediate binary oppositions derived from comparative analysis of indigenous corpora, such as Bororo variants linking marital exchanges, bee transformations, and natural substances to resolve tensions between raw/cooked states and life/death dualities.^[37]^[3] These elements, void of inherent signification, facilitate transformations across myth narratives, as evidenced by over 800 variants cataloged from South American fieldwork, prioritizing pattern invariance over diachronic evolution.^[38] Linguistically, Lévi-Strauss identified floating signifiers in non-Western languages through ethnographic data, such as polysemous terms among the Nambikwara during his 1935–1939 Brazilian expeditions, where words shift signifieds contextually to bridge conceptual gaps without fixed referential anchors, verified by recorded vocabularies showing functional adaptability in ritual and daily discourse.^[39] Similar dynamics appear in concepts like mana across Polynesian and Amerindian tongues, serving as "pure signifiers" with zero symbolic value to denote surplus meaning in primitive classification systems, grounded in Mauss's gift exchange data reanalyzed structurally.^[15]^[1] This framework advanced cross-cultural pattern detection by mapping mediatory roles empirically, as in honey's consistent bridging of nature/culture borders across unrelated myth sets, enabling hypothesis-testing against variant corpora without interpretive relativism.^[3] However, 1970s anthropological assessments, including David Maybury-Lewis's examinations of Akawaio and other lowland South American groups, critiqued overgeneralizations where structural predictions faltered against unpublished ethnographic details, revealing gaps in extrapolative power beyond densely studied regions.^[40]

In Political Discourse and Ideology

In political discourse, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe applied the floating signifier to analyze how ideologies compete over undefined terms to forge hegemonic alliances, as outlined in their 1985 book Hegemony and Socialist Strategy.^[41] They posited that signifiers like "democracy" or "the people" possess no inherent essence, allowing political actors to "articulate" them into equivalential chains that aggregate disparate demands, thereby stabilizing temporary dominance without resolving underlying antagonisms.^[42] This process, they argued, underpins radical democratic projects by enabling the left to refashion socialist strategies beyond class reductionism, though it relies on perpetual contestation rather than fixed referents.^[43] A prominent example is "democracy," which oscillates between liberal emphases on individual voting rights and institutional checks—rooted in post-Enlightenment frameworks—and socialist or participatory variants prioritizing collective equity and direct involvement, with notable shifts in U.S. discourse after the 1960s counterculture movements that popularized demands for substantive equality over procedural forms.^[44] Similarly, "rights" has drifted from classical negative protections against state interference (e.g., property and speech freedoms in the U.S. Bill of Rights, ratified 1791) to positive claims for group-based entitlements, evident in 20th-century expansions like the 1964 Civil Rights Act's focus on equal opportunity versus later interpretations incorporating outcome disparities.^[45] In identity politics debates of the 2010s, terms such as "equity" emerged as contested, often invoked by progressive advocates to justify redistributive policies addressing historical imbalances, while critics from conservative perspectives contend this redefinition masks coercive wealth transfers, as in affirmative action programs that prioritize demographic proportionality over individual merit, a tension highlighted in the U.S. Supreme Court's 2023 ruling striking down race-based college admissions.^[41] The analytical value of floating signifiers lies in exposing rhetorical maneuvers that legitimize power shifts, such as populist leaders emptying terms like "the nation" to unify anti-elite fronts across economic and cultural grievances.^[46] Yet, this lens risks downplaying causal realities—e.g., how semantic fluidity facilitates policy outcomes with verifiable effects, like increased fiscal burdens from equity-driven initiatives exceeding $100 billion annually in U.S. federal DEI spending by 2022—by suggesting interpretive parity without adjudicating empirical validity or bad-faith appropriations.^[47] Laclau and Mouffe's framework, influential in leftist theory despite its academic origins amid 1980s neoliberal ascendance, thus illuminates discourse dynamics but invites scrutiny for potentially underemphasizing objective metrics in favor of narrative hegemony.^[48]

Criticisms and Philosophical Challenges

Charges of Relativism and Undermining Objective Truth

Critics contend that the concept of the floating signifier, by positing indefinite deferral of meaning without fixed anchorage to an external referent, erodes the possibility of objective truth claims, reducing them to contingent interpretations or power dynamics rather than verifiable assertions about reality.^[49] Philosopher Jürgen Habermas, in his 1985 The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, leveled this charge against deconstructive approaches aligned with such semiotic instability, arguing that they undermine communicative rationality by dissolving foundational distinctions between validity and rhetoric, thereby fostering a crypto-normative relativism where truth emerges not from intersubjective consensus but from undecidable textual play.^[50] Habermas further highlighted a performative contradiction in these views: claims of universal deconstruction implicitly rely on the very rational standards they purport to dismantle, as denying stable reference leaves no ground for critiquing modernity's rational deficits.^[51] This epistemological erosion is evident, detractors argue, in the contrast with domains like empirical science, where signifiers such as "gravity" achieve referential stability not through endless signification chains but via causal mechanisms testable against observable phenomena—predictive successes in orbital mechanics or free-fall experiments fix the term's denotation independently of interpretive flux. Post-structuralist emphasis on floating signifiers overlooks this anchoring, implying that scientific discourse's reliability stems merely from hegemonic consensus rather than correspondence to causally efficacious entities, a position refuted by the falsifiability and predictive power of theories like general relativity, validated across millennia of data from 1687 onward.^[52] From a perspective wary of relativism's cultural ramifications, Allan Bloom's 1987 The Closing of the American Mind diagnosed such semiotic indeterminacy as symptomatic of broader moral relativism infiltrating education, detaching symbols from timeless truths and rational inquiry to prioritize subjective openness, which paradoxically closes avenues to genuine philosophical pursuit.^[53] Bloom attributed this to influences like Nietzschean perspectivism, extended in post-structuralism, warning that it supplants objective standards with egalitarian tolerance, rendering tradition and reason vulnerable to ideological reconfiguration without evidentiary restraint.^[54]

Empirical and Causal Realist Objections

Empirical realists contend that the notion of the floating signifier neglects the causal anchoring of meaning in observable referents and biological constraints, positing instead that linguistic stability arises from evolutionary pressures favoring reliable signaling for survival and coordination. In evolutionary game theory models of language use, meanings that form convex regions in conceptual space—aligning closely with environmental structures—prove stable because they resist invasion by alternative conventions that disrupt communicative efficacy.^[55] This contrasts with the floating signifier's emphasis on arbitrary slippage, which overlooks how natural selection prunes semantically unstable variants, as evidenced by cross-linguistic persistence of core lexical categories tied to survival needs, such as kinship terms or basic percepts.^[56] Linguistic theorists like Noam Chomsky further challenge the floating model's constructivist overreach by demonstrating innate universal structures that ground syntax and semantics in human biology, constraining interpretive drift rather than permitting unchecked floatation. Chomsky's generative grammar framework, developed from the late 1950s, generates falsifiable predictions about language acquisition—such as the poverty of the stimulus argument, where children converge on grammatical rules despite limited input—which empirical studies of developmental disorders and cross-linguistic data consistently test and refine.^[57] These biological universals, rooted in genetic endowments, prioritize causal mechanisms over cultural arbitrariness, rendering the floating signifier's denial of fixed signifieds incompatible with evidence from neurolinguistics showing domain-specific language faculties.^[58] Causal realists invoke Karl Popper's falsifiability criterion to argue that floating signifier theory evades scientific scrutiny by framing meaning as perpetually deferred, yielding no refutable hypotheses about semantic processing. Popper's demarcation, articulated in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934, English 1959), demands that claims risk empirical disconfirmation; post-structuralist applications of floating signifiers, by contrast, retreat into interpretive indeterminacy when confronted with counterevidence, as seen in literary deconstructions that prioritize textual play over predictive models of comprehension.^[59] Cognitive science exemplifies the realist alternative: grounded semantics theories, positing that word meanings activate sensorimotor simulations, predict and verify brain patterns via fMRI during tasks like metaphor processing, achieving causal insights absent in deconstructive paradigms.^[60] Critiques like those in Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont's Fashionable Nonsense (1997) expose how extensions of signifier floatation, particularly in Derridean thought, misuse scientific concepts—such as relativity or chaos theory—to justify semantic unmooring, resulting in claims detached from verifiable causation and prone to empirical refutation when analogized to physical laws.^[61] For instance, 1990s applications in cultural studies often failed to generate testable forecasts about discourse effects, unlike causal models in psycholinguistics that link semantic grounding to behavioral outcomes, such as faster priming for embodied concepts. This realist objection underscores that while cultural contexts modulate usage, core meanings remain tethered to real-world efficacy, debunking pure floatation as an overextension beyond evidential warrant.^[62]

Influence and Contemporary Developments

Impact on Postmodern Thought and Cultural Studies

The concept of the floating signifier gained traction in cultural studies during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly through the work of scholars at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in Birmingham, where it informed analyses of how media and ideological meanings shift across contexts rather than remaining fixed. Stuart Hall, a key figure, applied related ideas in his 1973 encoding/decoding model, which posits that messages in mass communication are polysemous and subject to variable interpretations by audiences, echoing the instability of signifiers untethered from stable referents.^[63] This framework extended to examinations of race and identity, as in Hall's 1997 discussion of race as a "floating signifier" whose connotations adapt to discursive needs, enabling critiques of how dominant ideologies encode meanings that audiences may decode oppositionally.^[6] By the 1990s, such approaches permeated cultural studies programs, with citation patterns in humanities journals peaking around 1973–1991, reflecting a broader postmodern emphasis on interpretive fluidity over essentialist truths.^[64] Proponents credited the floating signifier with revealing concealed power dynamics, such as in Foucault-inspired analyses where knowledge production floats meanings to sustain hegemony, allowing marginalized voices to contest imposed interpretations in fields like media and anthropology. This yielded insights into ideological "veils," for instance, by destabilizing fixed narratives in popular culture and exposing how signs accrue arbitrary connotations through historical struggles. However, these applications often prioritized deconstructive critique over empirical verification, contributing to expansions in subfields like identity politics that critics later termed "grievance studies." The 1996 Sokal Affair exemplified vulnerabilities: physicist Alan Sokal submitted a hoax article laden with postmodern jargon—including allusions to unfixed scientific meanings—to the journal Social Text, which accepted it without scrutiny, highlighting how floating-signifier logics could erode standards of falsifiability and rigor in cultural studies.^[65] Mainstream academic institutions, characterized by systemic left-leaning biases, frequently overlooked such methodological laxity, amplifying the approach's influence despite its detachment from causal mechanisms. From a left-leaning perspective, the floating signifier empowered analyses of oppression by foregrounding how terms like "race" or "nation" serve hegemonic interests while opening spaces for subversive rearticulations, as Hall argued in empowering decoder agency against encoded dominance.^[6] Conservative and rationalist critiques, conversely, viewed it as eroding Enlightenment commitments to objective reference and propositional truth, fostering relativism that dissolves shared reality into subjective play and undermines causal accountability in social inquiry. Empirical indicators of waning influence include a post-2000 shift in academic discourse, with postmodern cultural studies citations and program enrollments declining amid backlash against perceived excesses, as newer paradigms like digital empiricism gained ground.^[66] This trajectory underscores how initial analytical gains devolved into overextension, where unchecked semiotic indeterminacy prioritized narrative contestation over verifiable data, prompting a reevaluation in favor of more anchored epistemologies.

Recent Uses in Digital Media and AI Contexts

In digital media, internet memes have emerged as paradigmatic floating signifiers since the early 2010s, with meanings detaching from original contexts through rapid online appropriations. The character Pepe the Frog, originating in Matt Furie's 2005 Boy's Club comic as a depiction of mundane behaviors, evolved on platforms like 4chan into a versatile symbol by 2015–2016, where it was repurposed by alt-right communities to signify ironic detachment or ideological opposition, functioning as a "semiotic shell" accommodating multiple, often conflicting interpretations without fixed reference.^[67] ^[68] This fluidity enabled Pepe's deployment across disparate discourses, from neutral humor to politically antagonistic signaling, as evidenced by its varied uses in memetic ecosystems that prioritize symbolic openness over stable signifieds.^[69] Terms like "fake news," proliferating on social media after 2016, illustrate how contested labels become floating signifiers in misinformation dynamics, where the signifier accrues hegemonic struggles over truth definition rather than denoting consistent falsehoods. Analysis of discourse on platforms such as Twitter (now X) shows "fake news" operating as an empty vessel, invoked by actors including political figures to delegitimize opponents while evading empirical adjudication, with its variability amplifying partisan echo chambers.^[70] ^[71] Post-2022 platform policy shifts under new ownership, including reduced content moderation, correlated with increased visibility of unverified claims, heightening causal risks of signifier drift in real-time information flows, as tracked in transparency reports showing elevated engagement with ambiguous or disputed content.^[72] In AI contexts, generative models since the 2020s have been examined for producing outputs that instantiate floating signifiers by decoupling signifiers from conventional signifieds through probabilistic variability. A 2025 Dartmouth College master's thesis applies semiotic frameworks to AI-generated music, arguing that tools like diffusion models erode traditional meaning-making (semiosis) by yielding compositions with algorithmic indeterminacy, where motifs lack anchored cultural or authorial intent, fostering a "crisis of meaning" in expressive forms.^[73] This process parallels broader critiques of AI as a floating signifier itself, where the term evokes innovation yet masks heterogeneous referents—from narrow statistical pattern-matching to anthropomorphic agency—potentially destabilizing interpretive stability in generated artifacts.^[74] Such dynamics raise empirical concerns for causal realism, as unfixed outputs in media synthesis could propagate ambiguous narratives, verifiable in datasets showing generative AI's propensity for novel but unsignified recombinations absent human-imposed constraints.^[75]

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Roland Barthes's 'Mythologies' (1957) — The Making of Modern Myths
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[PDF] Barthes, Roland. "The World of Wrestling." Mythologies. New York
The virtue of all-in wrestling is that it is the spectacle of excess. Here we find a grandiloquence which must have been that of ancient theatres.
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Roland Barthes - the Signification Process and Myths - Media Studies
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(PDF) Roland-barthes-mythologies - Academia.edu
Through a blend of linguistic theory and ideological critique, Barthes aims to demystify the 'naturalness' that myths project, revealing their role in shaping ...
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Roland Barthes' Concept of Mythologies
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Roland Barthes: Mythologies - Universitat de València
Sep 15, 2000 · Barthes examines the way in which apparently apolitical activities - wrestling, the Tour de France, strip-tease, drinking wine and eating steak ...
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“Myth and Language” in “Myth And Language” | Open Indiana
When Maba (Honey), the wife of M233, changes into a bee, Lévi-Strauss charts algorithms which may link marital exchanges to the gathering of a complex natural ...
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Lévi-Strauss and Myth: A Review of Mythologiques - jstor
'Claude Levi-Strauss: Mythologiques. The Raw and The Cooked, New York: Harper ... the distinction between the signifier and the signified (posterior in lan- ...
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[PDF] Structuralism and Semiotics - Monoskop
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Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory - Sage Research Methods
Laclau's term for a floating signifier that refers to a totality is myth: By myth we mean a space of representation which bears no relation of continuity ...
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[PDF] Hegemony and Socialist Strategy - Libcom.org
Hegemony and Socialist Strategy was originally published in 1985, and since then it has been at the centre of many important theoretico.
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Democracy as a floating signifier: The struggle for legitimation of ...
Feb 23, 2024 · The very concept of floating signifiers refers to the impossibility of framing and defining words which occupy central positions and whose ...
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(PDF) Global Citizenship as a Floating Signifier: Lessons from UK ...
Jun 8, 2016 · ... rights, social justice and interdependence (Bourn and Hunt, 2011 ... Democracy is a prime example of a floating signifier (Laclau ...
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Doing Populism with Words: A Philosophical-Linguistic Clarification ...
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Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory: Professionalism as an Empty ...
Aug 12, 2025 · A floating signifier is invested with different meanings in different discourses; for example, the term 'body' might constitute a nodal point ...<|separator|>
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Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe: the evolution of post-Marxism
In their groundbreaking Hegemony and socialist strategy (1985), Ernesto Laclau and Chantal. Mouffe develop a new account of radical politics in which the ...
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[PDF] Derrida and Habermas on Modernity and the Production of Meaning
Abstract: In this paper, I will contrast the way in which. Derrida and Habermas conceptualize both meaning and modernity. In part one, regarding meaning, ...
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[PDF] The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity - Twelve Lectures
It is precisely the ambiguity of rationalization processes that has to be captured, the undeniable achievements as well as the palpable distortions; and this ...
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Habermas's performative contradiction reply to poststructuralism
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Anti-Foundationalism, Non-Essentialism, and Deconstruction — a ...
Aug 22, 2020 · To a post-structuralist, there is no capital T version of the truth. Interpretations of text that would be canonized as Truth falsely assume the ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] a critical analysis of allan bloom's the closing of
The most immediately noticeable feature of The Closing of the American Mind is its breadth. Bloom seems to tackle anything and everything in the text, from ...
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Allan Bloom and America - Claremont Review of Books
Mar 27, 2014 · Bloom exposes and denounces the pervasive and mindless relativism has exhausted the spirit of the West so badly over the past century. Bloom's ...
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Some Structural Aspects of Language Are More Stable than Others
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Language, Politics, and Composition, by Noam Chomsky
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Noam Chomsky Explains What's Wrong with Postmodern ...
Feb 13, 2018 · Chomsky claims that far from offering radical new ways of conceiving the world, Postmodern thought serves as an instrument of oppressive power structures.
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Karl Popper - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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[PDF] Grounding Lexical Meaning in Core Cognition - Stanford University
Our approach is similar in spirit to cognitive semantics, in that we attempt to ground semantics in mental representation, but we draw on the highly successful ...
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[PDF] Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science
Sokal and Bricmont show how easily such truisms can recede from view, and ... ample, although the quotation from Derrida contained in Sokal's parody is ...<|separator|>
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Issues in Grounded Cognition and How to Solve Them
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Analysis of Stuart Hall's Encoding/Decoding
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Mar 5, 2016 · Americans around 1973 experienced a rupture in their history, a collective “nervous breakdown,” and began to suffer from that inability to think historically.
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A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies
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The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 - Philosophy Now
Alan Kirby says postmodernism is dead and buried. In its place comes a new paradigm of authority and knowledge formed under the pressure of new technologies.
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Based and confused: Tracing the political connotations of a memetic ...
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The Future is Now (Collaboration with students from King's Centre ...
May 24, 2021 · [206] Others have explored how symbols like Pepe the Frog came to serve as a 'floating signifier' loosely connecting disparate ideological ...
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Revolution by other memes: on the playful subcultures of r ...
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Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism and the ...
Aug 9, 2018 · KEYWORDS: fake news · floating signifier · misinformation · disinformation · discourse theory · Donald Trump · Previous ...
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Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism and the ...
Excavating three central moments within the construction of “fake news,” we argue that the term has increasingly become a “floating signifier”: a signifier ...
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[PDF] Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism ...
Stop studying “fake news” (we can still fight against disinformation in the media) · Political Science. Studies in Communication and Media · 2021.
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[PDF] Floating Signifiers: AI, Semiotics, and the Crisis of Meaning in Music
Aug 12, 2025 · Through the lenses of semiotic theory and cultural studies, I examine how AI severs the connection between musical signifiers (sonic patterns) ...
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The uncontroversial 'thingness' of AI - Lucy Suchman, 2023
Nov 8, 2023 · Read as what anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss (1987) named a floating signifier, 'AI' is a term that suggests a specific referent but works to ...
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On Future Breakouts and Breakthroughs with Machine Intelligence
Oct 23, 2024 · Design with the floating signifier: On Future Breakouts and Breakthroughs with Machine Intelligence. October 2024.