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Florentine

Florentine denotes a native or inhabitant of Florence (Italian: Firenze), the regional capital of Tuscany in central Italy, or anything relating to the city's history, culture, or artistic traditions.^[1]^[2] The term encompasses the demographic, stylistic, and culinary associations with Florence, a commercial powerhouse in the late Middle Ages whose banking families, such as the Medici, fueled economic stability and patronage that propelled intellectual and artistic innovation.^[3] Florence earned recognition as the cradle of the Renaissance due to its convergence of wealth from trade and finance, republican governance fostering individual agency, and revival of classical antiquity, which sparked advancements in humanism, perspective in art, and naturalistic representation.^[4]^[5] The Florentine School of painters and sculptors, emphasizing empirical observation and linear perspective pioneered by figures like Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti, dominated early Renaissance developments, producing masterpieces that influenced European art for centuries.^[6] Key achievements include the works of Giotto di Bondone, who shifted from stylized Byzantine forms toward volumetric realism, and later masters like Donatello and Michelangelo, whose sculptures exemplified anatomical precision and emotional depth.^[7] Beyond visual arts, Florentine contributions extended to literature and political theory, with Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince reflecting the city's turbulent republicanism and factional strife, including Guelph-Ghibelline conflicts and Medici ascendancy.^[8] Controversies arose from the era's power struggles, such as the 1378 Ciompi Revolt by wool workers demanding guild representation, highlighting tensions between oligarchic elites and laboring classes amid Florence's guild-based economy.^[3] In cuisine, "Florentine" describes preparations featuring spinach, a nod to the city's verdant regional produce, though the association stems more from French culinary nomenclature than direct Tuscan tradition.^[9]

Etymology and linguistic origins

Definition and primary meaning

"Florentine" functions primarily as an adjective describing that which relates to Florence, a historic city in Tuscany, Italy, including its people, culture, institutions, or goods produced there.^[1]^[10] As a noun, it denotes a native or resident of Florence, often in historical contexts referring to individuals from the Republic of Florence during the Renaissance era.^[1]^[11] This usage underscores the term's direct linguistic tie to the city's Latin name, Flōrentia, emphasizing empirical origins in geography and demography rather than derivative or metaphorical extensions.^[1] The word's entry into English dates to the mid-16th century, with the earliest documented attestation in 1545 within customs records referencing Florentine textiles or trade goods.^[10] Borrowed from Medieval Latin Flōrentīnus (formed from Flōrentia + the adjectival suffix -īnus), it appeared in Middle English as Florentyn, initially applied to people and merchandise from Florence before broadening to cultural attributes.^[1]^[10] This etymological root privileges the term's causal connection to the specific locale, distinguishing it from homophonous or superficially similar adjectives like "Floridian," which exclusively pertains to the U.S. state of Florida and lacks any historical or semantic overlap with Italian Florence.^[1]

Historical derivation

The adjective Florentinus in Latin, denoting something pertaining to Florentia—the Roman colony founded circa 59 BCE and later known as Florence—provided the direct root for "Florentine," with Florentia derived from florēre, the verb meaning "to bloom" or "flourish," evoking the settlement's engineered prosperity through fertile land and strategic location.^[12]^[13] This etymon passed into Old French as florentin, reflecting phonetic and morphological adaptations typical of Romance language evolution from Vulgar Latin substrates.^[14] In English, the term first appeared around the 1540s as an adjective linked to Florentine-produced goods, particularly textiles like woolens and silks from the city's dominant cloth industry, which by the 14th century employed tens of thousands and exported across Europe via innovations in dyeing and weaving techniques.^[14]^[15] This usage stemmed causally from the Republic of Florence's mercantile expansion, where guild-regulated production and banking practices—such as early forms of credit instruments—amplified the city's output, embedding "Florentine" in trade lexicons as a marker of quality and origin rather than mere geography.^[16] By the 1590s, "Florentine" had nominalized to denote a resident of Florence, driven by diplomatic and commercial documentation in English texts amid the republic's political influence through entities like the Medici banks, which financed European monarchs and necessitated precise ethnonyms for contractual clarity.^[14] This shift illustrates linguistic pragmatism in early modern Europe, where place-derived adjectives generalized to adjectival and nominal forms based on transactional volume, not abstract flourishing metaphors.^[14]

References to Florence, Italy

Geographical places

Florence, Italy (Italian: Firenze), serves as the primary geographical locus for the term "Florentine," deriving from its ancient Roman name Florentia. Established in 59 BC as a military colony for veteran soldiers under Julius Caesar, the city was laid out in a rectilinear grid typical of Roman castrum (army camps), positioned along the Arno River to facilitate trade and defense.^[17]^[18]^[19] The name Florentia likely stems from Latin florens, connoting flourishing or prosperity, reflecting the site's fertile alluvial plain and strategic vitality amid Etruscan predecessors. Geographically, Florence lies approximately 145 miles (230 km) northwest of Rome and 50 miles (80 km) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, at coordinates 43°46′N 11°15′E, nestled between the Apennine Mountains and Chianti hills.^[17]^[13] The historical Republic of Florence, active from the 12th to 16th centuries, extended its territorial influence beyond the city core, encompassing rural contado lands and acquiring dominion over adjacent Tuscan territories through conquest, purchase, and alliances. By the 15th century, under Medici influence, Florentine control included Pisa, Volterra, Arezzo, and Prato, forming a de facto state approximating modern Tuscany's boundaries, with the city as its administrative and economic hub.^[17] This expansion was driven by commercial imperatives, leveraging the Arno for inland navigation and overland routes like the Via Cassia, though precise boundaries fluctuated amid Guelph-Ghibelline conflicts and papal interventions.^[20] Secondary toponyms explicitly incorporating "Florentine" are scarce and typically post-colonial derivatives honoring Italian heritage, such as minor hamlets or features in the United States, though none achieve prominence comparable to the Italian origin. For instance, anecdotal references exist to locales like Florentine in historical gazetteers, often tied to 19th-century settlements influenced by immigrant naming conventions rather than direct Roman etymology. Empirical verification via coordinates or surveys yields limited results, underscoring the term's predominant linkage to Florentine Tuscany over dispersed nominal echoes.^[21]

Demographic and cultural references (Florentines)

Florentines, the native inhabitants of Florence, Tuscany, have historically formed a densely populated urban society that peaked at approximately 100,000 residents during the late 14th and early 15th centuries, amid Europe's largest city-states by density, driven by wool trade and banking expansion before the Black Death's demographic shocks.^[22] This growth reflected causal incentives in republican institutions that rewarded entrepreneurial risk-taking over feudal stasis, enabling a merchant class to supplant noble factions through guild-based governance. The Republic of Florence, established around 1115 and enduring until 1532, operated via the Signoria—a council elected from major and minor guilds, including artisans—fostering broad male citizen participation in rotations of power that curbed hereditary rule and incentivized factional competition for economic dominance.^[23] Internal factionalism, exemplified by the Guelf (pro-papal) and Ghibelline (pro-imperial) divides from 1215 onward, arose from tangible power contests over trade monopolies and alliances, triggering cycles of violence, exiles, and purges—such as the 1266 Ghibelline defeat—that realigned loyalties around local self-interest rather than abstract ideology, honing Florentine adaptability and skepticism toward centralized authority.^[24] The Medici family's ascent, via Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici's 1397 founding of an international bank that financed papal revenues and European courts, institutionalized these dynamics by channeling factional networks into scalable credit systems, laying empirical foundations for capitalist practices like branch banking and bills of exchange without relying on monarchic patronage.^[25] Culturally, the Florentine vernacular—rooted in 14th-century Tuscan speech—elevated empirical expression through works by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, supplanting Latin as Italy's literary norm by the Renaissance and influencing the 1861 unification's choice of Tuscan as standard Italian for its clarity in documenting observable realities over scholastic abstraction.^[26] Florentine merchants pioneered double-entry bookkeeping, with ledger fragments from 1211 evidencing debits and credits for verifiable transactions, enabling precise auditing of complex ventures that scaled wool exports and averted insolvency in volatile markets.^[27] In modernity, Florentines preserve a regional identity tied to republican legacies and mercantile ingenuity, with diaspora communities—stemming from 19th-20th century emigrations—integrating into global networks while retaining Tuscan linguistic markers and entrepreneurial ethos, as seen in overseas Italian associations emphasizing heritage-driven innovation over assimilation.^[28] This continuity counters narratives of insular elitism by highlighting how historical power struggles yielded portable systems of accountability and individualism that propelled broader economic realism.

Culinary uses

À la florentine preparations

The term à la florentine designates a preparation style in classic French cuisine wherein a principal ingredient—typically eggs, fish, or poultry—is arranged over a foundation of spinach wilted or sautéed in butter, customarily enriched with a Mornay sauce comprising béchamel thickened with grated cheese such as Gruyère.^[29] This method underscores spinach as the defining element, distinguishing it from broader Italian regional techniques that rarely isolate the vegetable in such manner.^[30] Though evoking Florence, the designation emerged within 19th-century French haute cuisine, likely codified in works like Auguste Escoffier's Le Guide Culinaire (1903), which features analogous recipes without direct Tuscan provenance.^[31] Empirical culinary histories confirm its French inception, as Florentine markets and menus prioritize rustic preparations like uova al tegamino over spinach-centric assemblies, rendering the term puzzling to Italian practitioners.^[30]^[32] Eggs Florentine illustrate the archetype: poached eggs perched on butter-cooked spinach, gratineed under Mornay or hollandaise sauce, first documented in Parisian establishments around the mid-1800s as a derivative of eggs Benedict substituting spinach for ham.^[33] Variations extend to proteins like sole à la florentine, where fillets are poached, napped with sauce, and baked atop spinach; or chicken Florentine, involving sautéed breasts or cutlets reunited with creamy spinach.^[34] These adhere to verifiable French technique, employing reduction for flavor concentration rather than Italian herb-forward simplicity. Attributions to Catherine de' Medici's 1533 relocation to France—positing her as spinach's importer and namesake originator—constitute unsubstantiated folklore, as medieval French agronomy records predate her with spinach cultivation (Spinacia oleracea) documented since the 14th century via Moorish channels, independent of Medici influence.^[9] Primary sources on her court, including inventories and correspondence, yield no evidence of spinach mandates or florentine nomenclature, underscoring the myth's causal disconnect from empirical gastronomic evolution.^[35]

Florentine confections and baked goods

Florentine biscuits, commonly referred to as Florentines, consist of a caramelized mixture of nuts—typically almonds and hazelnuts—dried or candied fruits such as cherries or orange peel, bound with butter, sugar, honey or corn syrup, and sometimes minimal flour or cream, baked into thin, lacy wafers and often dipped or topped with dark or milk chocolate on one side.^[36] ^[37] Their characteristic crisp texture results from spreading the batter thinly before baking at around 180°C (350°F) for 8-12 minutes, allowing the sugars to form a brittle network around the nuts.^[38] Historical accounts trace Florentines to 17th-century French patisseries, likely developed in royal kitchens at Versailles for Louis XIV, with the name deriving from associations with Florentine nobility via Catherine de' Medici's influence on French cuisine after her 1533 marriage to Henry II.^[39] ^[40] Claims of late-16th-century Tuscan origins tied to Medici family chefs in Florence lack primary documentation and appear legendary rather than empirically supported, as no pre-17th-century recipes or trade records confirm production there.^[41] ^[42] Traditional compositions feature about 145 grams of blanched almonds, ½ cup unsalted butter, ¾ cup light brown sugar, ¼ cup honey, and a pinch of salt per batch yielding 20-30 cookies, with optional additions like 2 tablespoons dried orange peel for citrus notes; each 10-gram cookie provides roughly 46 calories, primarily from fats (about 3g) and carbohydrates (5g).^[38] ^[43] Larger commercial servings, such as 35-gram biscuits, contain approximately 152 calories, reflecting denser nut and chocolate content.^[44] International adaptations diverge from French baselines: Austrian versions emphasize hazelnuts and omit flour for a denser nougat-like chew, while British and American recipes incorporate glacé cherries or cranberries and pistachios, increasing fruit-to-nut ratios for varied chewiness and often using corn syrup over honey for stability in humid climates.^[45] ^[46] Gluten-free variants, common in modern French production, rely solely on nut flours and avoid wheat entirely, as seen in recipes with 1 cup chopped nuts, ½ cup sugar, and ¼ cup butter yielding 132 calories per 25-gram trio.^[47] ^[48] From artisanal beginnings in small European workshops, Florentines scaled commercially in the 20th century through mechanized baking lines that standardized thin batter spreading and chocolate tempering, enabling brands like Lambertz to produce millions annually for global export by the 1960s, with output efficiencies reducing per-unit costs by integrating continuous ovens and automated dipping.^[49] ^[50] This shift facilitated trade volumes exceeding traditional patisserie limits, as evidenced by firms like Dalo adopting vacuum-sealed packaging in the late 20th century to preserve crispness during transatlantic shipping.^[45]

Arts, media, and historical artifacts

Film and television works

The Florentine Dagger (1935), directed by Robert Florey for Warner Bros., is a mystery film centered on Juan Cesare, a Viennese theater owner and purported Borgia descendant tormented by fears of inherited murderous impulses. The plot revolves around Cesare's romance with actress Florence Ballau, a production of Lucrezia Borgia, and murders linked to a ornate Florentine dagger used as a prop, which blurs fiction and reality. Released on March 30, 1935, the film stars Donald Woods as Cesare and Margaret Lindsay as Ballau, running 70 minutes in black-and-white.^[51] ^[52] Adapted loosely from Ben Hecht's 1923 novel of the same name, the film employs expressionist visuals and psychological tension to evoke Renaissance-era treachery, drawing on popular myths of Italian dynastic violence for dramatic effect. However, it inaccurately merges Borgia (primarily Roman papal) lineage with Florentine symbolism—the dagger representing Tuscan craftsmanship—while projecting 20th-century Freudian inheritance theories onto historical figures, whose documented intrigues involved political expediency rather than genetic predestination. Reception praised Florey's atmospheric direction and early film noir elements, such as shadowy sets and mental unraveling, but faulted contrived twists and melodramatic excess typical of Poverty Row-era B-movies.^[51] ^[53] Subsequent media usages of "Florentine" in titles, such as the 1999 drama The Florentine directed by Nick Stagliano, diverge from historical or cultural ties to Florence, instead depicting aimless lives in a declining Pennsylvania steel-town bar named The Florentine, with no evident Renaissance or Italian referentiality. The Israeli series Florentine (1997–2000), a comedy-drama about Jerusalem natives navigating Tel Aviv amid national tensions, similarly employs the term as a character or thematic alias without connecting to Florentine heritage or settings. No major post-2000 films or series centrally feature "Florentine" elements tied to Florence's history, limiting cultural impact to niche or tangential invocations rather than substantive dramatizations.^[54] ^[55]

Literature, codices, and idioms

The Florentine Codex, formally titled General History of the Things of New Spain, was compiled by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún between approximately 1540 and 1585 in Mexico City and Tlatelolco, drawing on testimonies from Nahua elders and artists. This ethnographic work spans 12 books in Nahuatl with parallel Spanish translations and over 2,000 illustrations, systematically documenting Aztec cosmology, social structures, rituals, natural history, and the Spanish conquest's immediate aftermath, including epidemics that killed up to 90% of indigenous populations in some regions. Sahagún intended it as a tool for missionary evangelization and cultural preservation, but its empirical detail—gathered via structured questionnaires—makes it a primary source for pre-Columbian Mesoamerican studies, though scholars note potential biases from Sahagún's theological lens and Nahua collaborators' adaptations under colonial pressure. Acquired by the Medici family after an aborted shipment to Spain, the manuscript has resided in Florence's Laurentian Library since the 1580s, where its 2,400 pages remain a cornerstone for Aztec historiography despite incomplete editions until the 20th century.^[56]^[57] In Renaissance literature, "Florentine" denotes works by authors from or deeply tied to Florence, emphasizing the city's empirical humanism amid factional strife. Dante Alighieri (c. 1265–1321), born and initially active in Florence before his 1302 exile for White Guelph affiliations, invokes the city over 100 times in the Divine Comedy (completed c. 1320), using it as a microcosm of human vice and virtue. In Inferno Canto VI, he places Florentines like Ciacco to illustrate gluttony and civic decay; Inferno Canto X features Farinata degli Uberti, a Ghibelline leader, debating Florentine Guelph-Ghibelline conflicts; and Purgatorio Canto VI delivers a direct invective against Florence's "sad ladies" and spreading discord, attributing its woes to unchecked ambition over communal order. These passages reflect Dante's firsthand observation of Guelph internal divisions and banishments, prioritizing causal political realism—where power imbalances bred corruption—over idealized republicanism.^[58] Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), a certified Florentine citizen, frames The Decameron (completed 1353) with an eyewitness account of the 1348 Black Death ravaging Florence, killing an estimated 60% of its 100,000 residents through septicemic and pneumonic plague transmission. The narrative's ten young protagonists flee the city's moral collapse—marked by abandoned quarantine, opportunistic looting, and familial betrayals—to a countryside villa, where their 100 tales dissect human resilience, wit, and folly unbound by Florentine guild hierarchies or papal oversight. Boccaccio's preface critiques institutional failures, including clergy desertions and elite hoarding, grounding the work in observable causal breakdowns: overcrowding, trade routes from the East, and poor sanitation amplified mortality, fostering a proto-secular humanism that valued individual agency over divine fatalism.^[59]^[60] The idiom "Florentine politics" evokes cunning realpolitik, derived from the Florentine Republic's (c. 1115–1532) documented history of guild-based maneuvering, exiles, and alliances that prioritized survival against Milanese and papal threats over moral absolutism. Chroniclers like Machiavelli, serving as Florence's Second Chancery secretary from 1498 to 1512, detailed how oligarchic councils and Medici restorations employed deception, such as the 1434 coup's fabricated plots, to consolidate power—evident in archival records of pratiche debates favoring pragmatic conquests, like the 1406 absorption of Pisa, irrespective of ethical norms. This reputation, unvarnished by later ideological filters, underscores causal drivers: resource scarcity and interstate rivalries compelled adaptive strategies, influencing terms like "Machiavellian" while highlighting Florence's empirical edge in statecraft amid Italy's fragmented polities.^[61]^[23]

Other specialized uses

Textiles, crafts, and materials

Florence's textile industry, centered on wool and silk production, formed a cornerstone of its medieval economy through the guilds known as the Arte della Lana for wool and the Arte della Seta for silk. By the late 13th century, the wool guild oversaw the manufacture of high-quality cloths dyed with advanced techniques, importing raw wool primarily from England and Spain to produce finished goods for export across Europe and the Levant.^[15] Annual output reached peaks of approximately 30,000 to 40,000 woolen cloths in the early 14th century, supporting a workforce of over 10,000 artisans and contributing up to 30% of the city's fiscal revenue through taxes on production and trade.^[15] The silk sector emerged in the late 14th century, expanding rapidly by the 15th century into a luxury export industry that integrated raw silk imports from the Ottoman Empire with local weaving and dyeing, yielding intricate velvets often featuring metallic threads for ecclesiastical and elite markets.^[62]^[63] These guilds exemplified early mercantile efficiency by enforcing quality standards—such as fulling and shearing processes for wool—that built international reputation, facilitating trade networks that by the 15th century channeled Florentine cloths to ports like Southampton, where Italian merchants handled English woolens alongside local exports.^[64]^[65] However, guild monopolies on techniques and apprenticeships, while initially spurring innovation in dyes and finishes, contributed to rigidity during the 14th-15th century crises, as northern European competitors adopted cheaper production methods and bypassed Florentine controls, leading to a halved wool output by 1420.^[15] This proto-capitalist structure prioritized regulated scale over flexibility, with evidence from declining export shares underscoring how entry barriers stifled adaptation without external disruptions like plagues and wars.^[15] In crafts, the "Florentine finish" persists as a hallmark technique in gold jewelry, involving hand-engraved cross-hatched lines etched into the metal surface to achieve a durable matte texture that diffuses light and resists wear better than plain polishing.^[66] Originating from Renaissance Florentine goldsmith workshops, this method—typically applied to 18k yellow gold—creates fine incisions spaced closely enough to yield a hammered appearance while maintaining the alloy's 75% gold composition for luster beneath the texture.^[66]^[67] Such finishes, echoed in historical gilding practices tied to Florence's goldbeating guilds, underscore the city's legacy in material innovation, where surface treatments enhanced both aesthetic and economic value in traded artifacts.^[66]

Political and idiomatic expressions

In political discourse, "Florentine" serves as an adjective characterizing cunning, pragmatic, and often duplicitous strategies in governance and diplomacy, evoking the realpolitik of Renaissance Florence. This usage draws directly from the city's historical reputation for intricate power maneuvers, as reflected in dictionary definitions associating "Florentine politics" with Machiavellian tactics that prioritize state survival through flexible alliances and calculated deceptions over rigid ethical constraints.^[1] The term implies a causal realism where leaders adapt to contingencies, such as shifting foreign threats, rather than adhering to idealistic principles that could lead to downfall. This idiomatic sense stems from Florence's republican era (1494–1512), when the city-state navigated existential perils through opportunistic diplomacy amid the Italian Wars. The 1494 invasion by King Charles VIII of France precipitated the Medici family's expulsion, restoring a republic that Machiavelli served as a diplomat and secretary, forging alliances with France, the Papacy, and Venice to counterbalance Milanese and imperial influences.^[68] Florence's survival hinged on betrayals and realignments, including initial accommodation of the French occupiers followed by resistance coalitions, illustrating how pragmatic expediency—such as exploiting rivals' weaknesses—sustained independence against superior forces. Niccolò Machiavelli, a native Florentine (1469–1527), codified these approaches in The Prince (composed 1513, published 1532), advising rulers to emulate the lion's strength and the fox's guile for effective rule in an anarchic Italy fractured by invasions and condottieri warfare.^[69] He argued that fortune demands bold, amoral action, as moral virtue alone fails against human ambition and fortuna's unpredictability, a view rooted in Florence's cycles of republicanism and tyranny. While critics interpret this as endorsing immorality, Machiavelli's analysis reflects empirical observation of Florentine history, where ethical lapses enabled resilience against events like the 1494 upheaval.^[70] Contemporary usage of "Florentine" in idioms remains niche but persists in analyses of power dynamics, denoting shrewd realpolitik in international relations or leadership, distinct from pejorative "Machiavellian" by emphasizing Florentine contextual ingenuity over abstract villainy. For instance, it appears in discussions of diplomatic maneuvering where ends like national security justify tactical ruthlessness, echoing Florence's model without the moral condemnation often attached to Machiavelli's name.^[71] This expression underscores a first-principles view of politics as causal competition, unburdened by normative overlays.

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Traditionally they are made with a combination of nuts and fruit (most commonly almonds and hazelnuts, sugar, glacé cherries), honey, and butter, and chocolate ...
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Florentine Cookies Recipe - Allrecipes
Rating 4.8 (27) · 2 hr 20 minNov 27, 2024 · Ingredients · 1 ½ cups whole raw almonds · ½ cup unsalted butter · ¾ cup light brown sugar · ¼ cup honey · ½ teaspoon vanilla extract · 1 pinch salt.
[39]
The Truth About Florentines - Honest Cooking and Travel
Florentine cookies were most likely created in the late 17th century kitchens of French royalty in honour of their Tuscan in-laws. Centuries on, Florentines are ...
[40]
Florentine Biscuits with Pistachios and Cranberries - the Sunday Baker
Rating 3.4 (29) · 38 minMay 10, 2020 · I've found two legends of the Florentine's origin. The first is that they were made by the pastry chefs at Versailles for King Louis XIV and his ...
[41]
Walnut, Almonds & Orange Florentine Biscuits | Our Modern Kitchen
Feb 1, 2021 · One of the supposed origins of Florentine biscuits can be traced back to a pastry chef that worked for the Medici family in Florence.
[42]
What's the Deal with Florentine Cookies? | blog.studentsville.it
Feb 17, 2017 · In terms of the Florentine cookies, it seems as though they actually have French origins, but were named “florentine” after Catherine de'Medici, ...
[43]
Calories in Florentine Cookie - Nutritionix
Florentine Cookie Nutrition Facts. Serving Size: cookie (9.8g grams). Florentine Cookie. Amount Per Serving. Calories 46.
[44]
Calories in Florentine | CalorieKing (Australia)
There are 152 calories in 1 biscuit (35 g) of Florentine. You'd need to walk 42 minutes to burn 152 calories. Visit CalorieKing to see calorie count and ...
[45]
History
Florentines are attributed to Austrian bakers but their origins are in Italy. They consist of a delicious mixture of sugar, butter, cream, nuts and fruits.
[46]
Florentines at Fortnum's
It was the French skill at creating fancy pastries and dainty sweet treats in the 17th century, that gave birth to this chocolatey, fruit and nut delight.<|separator|>
[47]
Attention, there are Florentine and Florentine! - Maison de Florentins
The Florentine is a non-wheat, gluten-free, non-egg, non-oil biscuit made with nougatine, honey, cream, almonds, and candied oranges, and is considered a ...
[48]
Monoprix Gourmet - Florentines aux 3 Chocolats - FatSecret
Jan 3, 2016 · There are 132 calories in 3 biscuits (25 g) of Monoprix Gourmet Florentines aux 3 Chocolats. Calorie breakdown: 56% fat, 38% carbs, ...
[49]
The values of our artisanal Florentine biscuit factory
An artisanal company created in 1965, Maison de Florentins manufactures chocolate delicacies in accordance with traditional recipes and the values of ...Missing: confections commercial
[50]
Calories in Classic Florentines Biscuits by Lambertz and Nutrition ...
There are 180 calories in 4 cookies of Classic Florentines Biscuits from: Carbs 16g, Fat 12g, Protein 3g. Get full nutrition facts.
[51]
The Florentine Dagger (1935) - IMDb
Rating 5.9/10 (229) Juan Cesare, a descendant of the Borgias of Vienna, thinks he may have a murder streak in him acquired from his long-dead relatives.
[52]
The Florentine Dagger (1935) - Turner Classic Movies - TCM
Failing a suicide attempt, Woods is persuaded to work through his anxieties via live theatre, leading to a romantic entanglement with actress Margaret Lindsey, ...
[53]
[PDF] A Squalid-Looking Place: Poverty Row Films of the 1930s
As Taves states, Florey's direction of The Florentine Dagger (Warner Bros. 1935). ―provides a forceful example of the adaptation of expressionist and avant ...
[54]
The Florentine (1999) - IMDb
Rating 5.6/10 (776) From a play, THE FLORENTINE is a look at several friends whiling away their lives in an old Pennsylvania steel town. They are slowly preparing for the ...
[55]
Florentine (TV Series 1997–2000) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (101) Florentine is a comedy-drama about childhood friends from Jerusalem who move to Tel Aviv, showing their confusion in a country at war.Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[56]
Bernardino de Sahagún and Indigenous collaborators, Florentine ...
Today, we think of the Florentine Codex as one of the most remarkable manuscripts created in the early modern era (roughly the period from the late 15th through ...
[57]
Digital Florentine Codex
The Digital Florentine Codex gives access to a singular manuscript created by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and a group of Nahua elders, authors, and ...
[58]
Dante, Divine Comedy, Florence | Literary Traveler
The influence of Florence on Dante Alighieri, author of The Divine Comedy and perhaps one of the greatest poets of the medieval period.
[59]
Guide to the Classics: Boccaccio's Decameron, a masterpiece of ...
Aug 11, 2020 · The stories reflect Boccaccio's accounts of moral decay in Florence at the time. Corruption and debauchery abound. Read more: Guide to the ...
[60]
Boccaccio on the Black Death: Text & Commentary
Apr 3, 2020 · In 1348 CE, it struck Florence, Italy, Boccaccio's native city, killing his stepmother (his mother had died earlier, possibly of plague). His ...
[61]
Another Republicanism (Chapter 2) - Machiavelli's Florentine Republic
Mar 15, 2018 · Consistent with Machiavelli, Najemy has described these electoral reforms as a “watershed moment” in the history of Florentine politics in ...Missing: idiom | Show results with:idiom
[62]
(PDF) The development of the Florentine silk industry: a positive ...
Aug 10, 2025 · The Florentine silk industry was born in the last decades of the fourteenth century, and in the fifteenth century quickly developed into a ...<|separator|>
[63]
Renaissance Velvet Textiles - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Aug 1, 2011 · Florence was known for its production of velvets with looped metal bouclé nestled into thick silk pile (though this technique was practiced in ...
[64]
The Art of Power Dressing in Renaissance Florence - Frieze
Jun 4, 2019 · Courtesy: Uffizi Gallery, Florence. The Florentine wool and silk guilds were influential bodies, and the export of cloth was vital for the ...
[65]
Southampton and the later medieval textile trade
Southampton was strategically important to the English textile market, with Italian merchants playing a key role in the trade of both imported and exported ...Missing: mercantilism | Show results with:mercantilism
[66]
The A-Z of Jewelry: F is for... Florentine Finish - Sothebys.com
Aug 24, 2018 · Known as the 'Florentine finish', this technique creates tiny cross-hatch engraved lines across gold jewelry, watches and, as was especially popular in the ...
[67]
Classic Florentine Finish 18k Yellow Gold Wedding Band
In stock Free deliveryA Florentine finish refers to a specific technique in which a crosshatch is engraved into the surface of a precious metal. This can be applied by hand to reduce ...
[68]
Machiavelli, Niccolò - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
In 1494, he gained authority in Florence when the Medici were expelled in the aftermath of the invasion of Charles VIII. Machiavelli's mother passed away in ...
[69]
Niccolò Machiavelli - The Prince, Quotes & Facts - Biography
Apr 2, 2014 · Who Was Niccoló Machiavelli? Niccolò Machiavelli was a diplomat for 14 years in Italy's Florentine Republic during the Medici family's exile.
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Niccolò Machiavelli – writer and diplomat - Italy On This Day
May 3, 2016 · After Florence expelled the Medici family in 1494 he went to work for the new republic in the office that produced official Florentine documents ...<|separator|>
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Machiavellianism and (A Whole Lot) More - Merriam-Webster
the view that politics is amoral and that any means, however unscrupulous, can justifiably be used in achieving political power ... Florentine ruler, Prince ...