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Ford C100

The Ford C100 is a sports prototype racing car developed by Ford in 1981, initially built to Group 6 regulations before being adapted for the new Group C category in endurance racing.^[1]^[2] Featuring a lightweight honeycomb aluminum monocoque chassis designed by Len Bailey and later refined by Tony Southgate, the car was powered by a naturally aspirated 3.9-liter Cosworth DFL V8 engine producing around 520 horsepower.^[1]^[2]^[3] Ford's European division, Ford-Werke AG, spearheaded the project as an ambitious bid to reclaim dominance at the 24 Hours of Le Mans following the success of the GT40 in the 1960s, with the C100 intended to challenge rivals like Porsche and Lancia.^[1]^[2] Development faced delays due to production challenges, resulting in a debut at the 1981 1000 km of Brands Hatch rather than the planned Le Mans appearance that year, with the Le Mans debut occurring in 1982; the car was run by the German Zakspeed team with drivers including Manfred Winkelhock, Klaus Ludwig, and Marc Surer.^[1] The initial Mk.1 version suffered from underperformance, leading to updates in the Mk.2 with a stiffer chassis, improved suspension by John Thompson, and enhanced aerodynamics for better downforce—up to 1,814 kg in later iterations.^[1]^[3] In its racing career from 1981 to 1983, the C100 competed in 20 events, securing three outright wins, five podiums, and four pole positions, though it finished only 41% of its races due to persistent mechanical issues like clutch and gearbox failures.^[4] Its highlight came at the 1982 Le Mans, where two factory entries led early but both retired—one from clutch failure after 66 laps and the other from engine trouble—resulting in no finishers.^[1]^[2] Despite other successes, such as a class win at Silverstone and a pole at the Nürburgring, reliability woes prompted Ford to abandon the program in 1983 after testing an unfinished Mk.3 version at Paul Ricard.^[1]^[4]^[3] The C100's legacy endures as a symbol of Ford's brief but bold Group C foray, influencing subsequent designs like the Jaguar XJR-8 and XJR-9 that achieved Le Mans victories in 1988 and 1990.^[3] Today, surviving examples, including rare Mk.3 chassis, are prized by collectors and eligible for historic events like Peter Auto's Group C Racing series.^[3]

Background and development

Project origins

Following the triumphant era of the Ford GT40, which secured four consecutive overall victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1966 to 1969, Ford Motor Company aimed to reclaim its prominence in endurance racing during the early 1980s. The C100 project emerged as a strategic initiative by Ford's European motorsport division, Ford-Werke AG, with approval from Detroit headquarters, marking the company's first major prototype effort since their last factory participation at Le Mans in 1969.^[5] This endeavor was driven by a desire to challenge the established dominance of competitors like the Porsche 936 in international sports car racing.^[1]^[6] The project was formally announced in 1981 and developed that year to align with the evolving FIA regulations. Initially designed to comply with Group 6 prototype rules, the C100 was intended to transition seamlessly to the new Group C formula introduced in 1982, which emphasized fuel efficiency and safety through limits on fuel consumption rather than engine displacement. Ford's goals centered on securing overall wins at Le Mans and pursuing championships in the World Sportscar Championship—known as the European Sportscar Championship in 1981—and the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft (DRM). The program targeted a debut in the 1981 European Sportscar Championship season, ultimately realizing its first outing at Brands Hatch that year after delays from the planned Le Mans appearance in June.^[7]^[8]^[1] To support the campaign, Ford allocated resources for the production of five chassis, reflecting a commitment to a competitive factory and customer program despite the high costs associated with prototype development. The initial powerplant selection was the Cosworth DFL V8, chosen for its proven reliability in racing applications. However, the project's budget constraints and regulatory shifts would later influence its trajectory, underscoring Ford's ambitious yet pragmatic approach to re-entering the prototype arena against rivals such as Porsche and Lancia's LC1.^[8]^[1]

Design team and process

The Ford C100's design was led by Len Bailey, a British engineer renowned for his contributions to the Ford GT40 program in the 1960s, who was tasked with creating the prototype while working at Ford's Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO). Drawing on his experience with high-performance prototypes, Bailey completed the initial conceptual sketches and layout by mid-1981, aiming to produce a competitive sports racer for Group 6 regulations that could challenge established prototypes at Le Mans.^[9]^[1] Development involved close collaboration between Ford's AVO division, responsible for the core engineering, and the German team Zakspeed, which handled preparation, assembly, and ongoing refinements as the official preparation squad. Wind tunnel testing was conducted at Ford's facilities in 1981 to refine the aerodynamic profile, ensuring the car's low-drag shape aligned with endurance racing demands while maintaining stability at high speeds. The prototype chassis, designated as the initial C100 unit, was completed in July 1981, marking a rapid progression from concept to hardware.^[3]^[1] The first shakedown tests occurred at Boreham Circuit later that summer, with experienced driver Klaus Ludwig behind the wheel to evaluate handling and systems integration under controlled conditions. These sessions highlighted key challenges, particularly in balancing advanced aerodynamics with mechanical reliability, as the car's slippery shape occasionally compromised traction in varied conditions. Initial gearbox integration also presented issues, with early mating of the Cosworth DFL V8 to the transmission revealing synchronization problems that required adjustments before the car's racing debut at Brands Hatch in September 1981.^[7]^[10] In late 1981, as development progressed toward the 1982 season, Tony Southgate was consulted for expert input, critiquing the steering geometry and rear suspension setup for inadequate responsiveness and stability. His recommendations led to significant updates, including a redesigned front suspension and a new rear subframe, which transformed the car's dynamics during subsequent back-to-back testing and paved the way for improved performance in the following year.^[7]^[1]

Design features

Chassis and aerodynamics

The Ford C100 utilized an aluminum monocoque chassis designed by Len Bailey, which incorporated the Cosworth engine and Hewland gearbox as fully stressed members to enhance structural integrity.^[8] This construction provided a lightweight yet rigid platform, with a dry weight of 830 kg, while the overall dimensions measured 4.88 m in length, 1.96 m in width, and a wheelbase of 2.66 m.^[11] The chassis also featured an integrated roll cage for driver protection, meeting the safety requirements of contemporary FIA regulations for prototype racing cars.^[6] The suspension system employed double wishbone setups at both the front and rear, with coil springs over dampers and anti-roll bars for precise handling.^[11] Rear suspension incorporated rocker-actuated inboard springs and dampers to facilitate ground-effect aerodynamics in its initial Group 6 configuration. Standard Goodyear tires were fitted, measuring 23.5/11.5-16 at the front and 25.5/14.5-16 at the rear, optimized for high-speed stability.^[11] A fuel cell compliant with FIA standards was integrated into the chassis design to ensure safe fuel containment during competition.^[6] Aerodynamically, the C100 adopted a blunt nose with round headlights and a long tail featuring a high rear deck to generate downforce, complemented by a fixed rear wing mounted just behind the leading edge of the bodywork.^[8] In sprint trim, the setup could produce up to 4,000 lb of downforce, though this contributed to front-biased balance with approximately 33% at the front axle.^[7] The bodywork consisted of lightweight glassfibre panels, which were adapted in 1982 for Group C rules by emphasizing a low-drag configuration without ground-effect elements like side skirts.^[7]

Engine and transmission

The Ford C100 was powered by a mid-mounted Cosworth DFL V8 engine, a naturally aspirated unit derived from the renowned DFV Formula 1 powerplant but adapted for endurance racing with a longer stroke for improved low-end torque and reliability. The initial configuration featured a displacement of 3,955 cc, producing 540 bhp at 9,250 rpm and 340 lb-ft of torque at 7,000 rpm, with an aluminum block and heads, DOHC valvetrain with four valves per cylinder, and a compression ratio of 12.5:1.^[11] To comply with Group C's stringent fuel consumption regulations (e.g., a maximum average of 60 L/100 km), the engine's power delivery was tuned for efficiency in 1982 while retaining the 3,955 cc displacement and approximately 540 hp. This adjustment aimed to balance power delivery with efficiency, though the DFL's high-revving nature—capable of exceeding 10,000 rpm in qualifying trim—demanded precise tuning. A 3,299 cc version producing around 450 hp was introduced in 1983. The drivetrain employed a rear-wheel-drive layout, channeling power through a five-speed Hewland VG manual gearbox, known for its robustness in prototype applications and featuring dog-ring engagement for quick shifts.^[11] The fuel system supported Group C endurance demands with a 100-liter tank and Lucas electronic fuel injection, ensuring consistent delivery under prolonged high-load conditions.^[11] Performance figures underscored the C100's potential as a top-tier prototype, with a top speed reaching 220 mph and a power-to-weight ratio of 0.65 bhp per kg, enabling competitive lap times despite its developmental teething issues.^[12] However, early examples suffered from reliability challenges inherent to the high-revving DFL, including torsional vibrations in the valvetrain, which contributed to retirements in the 1981-1982 campaigns and limited the car's outright successes.^[13]

Racing history

1981 season

The Ford C100 made its racing debut in the 1981 European Sportscar Championship at the 1000 km of Brands Hatch on September 27, entered by Ford Werke with drivers Manfred Winkelhock and Klaus Ludwig.^[8]^[10] Winkelhock secured pole position in the Group 6 class with a lap time of 1:25.500, demonstrating the car's pace despite its late arrival to the track following development delays.^[10] However, the car retired after 40 laps due to a gearbox failure, highlighting early reliability concerns with the transmission under race conditions.^[8] This single outing represented the entirety of the C100's competitive appearances in 1981, as the program prioritized data collection over multiple entries to address teething issues.^[14] The absence of finishes underscored the prototype's developmental stage, with the gearbox proving a critical weak point, though the car's qualifying speed affirmed its potential in the Group 6 class.^[8] Ford's efforts focused on refining the design for the upcoming Group C regulations, using the Brands Hatch experience to inform improvements in durability. The team opted to skip the 1981 24 Hours of Le Mans, where an entry under Alain de Cadenet's name did not arrive, allowing additional time to prepare the C100 for the 1982 season's transition to Group C.^[14]^[8] Overall, the year served as a testing ground rather than a competitive campaign, yielding valuable insights into mechanical limitations without achieving any race completions.^[14]

1982 season

The 1982 season represented the Ford C100's adaptation to the new Group C regulations and its most extensive campaign to date, primarily through the Zakspeed-Ford team in the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft (DRM) and select World Endurance Championship (WEC) rounds.^[14] The team entered the car across the full nine-round DRM schedule, leveraging improved reliability from chassis and aerodynamic refinements led by engineer Tony Southgate, who had joined Zakspeed to address the prototype's earlier handling and durability issues.^[1] These updates included a stiffer chassis and revised suspension geometry, enabling more consistent race distances compared to the prior year's development struggles.^[15] In the DRM, the C100 demonstrated competitive pace against a mix of Group 5 and emerging Group C machinery. Klaus Ludwig secured overall victories at the Hockenheim German Grand Prix on August 8, leading from pole and finishing 14 seconds ahead of the second-placed Ford Capri Turbo, while also setting the fastest lap.^[16] Ludwig added a second win at the Nürburgring Supersprint on September 26, dominating the 70-minute sprint with a margin of over 20 seconds and again recording the fastest lap record for the circuit.^[17] Manfred Winkelhock contributed a podium with second place at the Norisring round on June 27, starting from the front row. The expanded driver lineup featured Ludwig and Winkelhock as primary pilots, joined by Marc Surer for endurance events and Klaus Niedzwiedz for select DRM outings, allowing for broader testing of the car's evolving setup.^[14] The season's highlight was the C100's Group C debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans on June 20, where two factory-backed Zakspeed entries qualified strongly—sixth overall for the #7 car of Winkelhock and Niedzwiedz, and 11th for the #6 of Ludwig and Surer.^[18] The #7 briefly led the race in the early hours, showcasing the prototype's straight-line speed with the detuned Cosworth DFL V8, but the #7 retired due to clutch failure after 66 laps and the #6 due to engine trouble after 71 laps, preventing a points finish.^[1]^[6] Despite the setbacks, the performance underscored Ford's renewed commitment to endurance racing, marking the marque's strongest Group C showing at Le Mans up to that point in terms of qualifying and early-race potential.^[6] Beyond the DRM, the C100 contested six WEC events, achieving a Group C class victory and eighth overall at the 6 Hours of Silverstone on May 16 with Winkelhock and Ludwig, where they capitalized on retirements among the Porsche 956 prototypes. At the 1000 km of Brands Hatch on October 17, Surer, Ludwig, and Winkelhock brought one entry home fifth overall after recovering from a collision with a teammate's car. Across approximately 15 races and 22 total entries, the C100 recorded two overall victories, three podiums, and best lap records at Hockenheim and the Nürburgring, though mechanical woes limited further success in longer-distance WEC rounds like Monza and Spa.^[14] Klaus Ludwig concluded the year fourth in the DRM drivers' standings with 83 points, the highest for any C100 driver, reflecting the car's progress in national competition despite international challenges.^[19]

1983–1986 seasons

The Ford C100 program concluded at the factory level in 1983 following budget constraints, with motorsport director Stuart Turner deeming the projected £660,000 expenditure for the season unsustainable amid ongoing reliability concerns with the Cosworth DFL engine.^[7] Privateer efforts took over, as Peer Racing acquired chassis #04 and campaigned it in the British Thundersports series, securing a victory at Donington Park on August 14 with drivers Dave Kennedy and Neil Crawford.^[20] The team also achieved a second-place finish at Brands Hatch on May 30 but suffered DNFs at Thruxton and a later Brands Hatch round; additionally, Peer Racing entered the car at the 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans with drivers François Migault, Kennedy, and Michael Birrane, but it retired after 16 laps due to a fuel pressure problem.^[20]^[21] A Zakspeed-modified C100 chassis (designated C1/8) made one DRM appearance at Zolder on March 20, retiring due to mechanical issues. These private outings built on the car's established reliability improvements from the prior factory-backed season but highlighted the challenges of competing without official support.^[1] In 1984, Zakspeed's C1/8 variant—evolved from C100 chassis #03—proved more competitive, with Klaus Niedzwiedz clinching the Interserie championship after consistent podiums, including wins at Zeltweg and other rounds, amassing 95 points to secure the title.^[22] Original C100 chassis saw only sporadic use in Thundersports, limited by funding shortages and the shift toward turbocharged developments.^[7] A notable setback occurred at the Silverstone 1000 km World Endurance Championship round, where a private C100 entry retired early due to engine failure, underscoring persistent powerplant vulnerabilities against escalating opposition from the dominant Porsche 956/962 prototypes. By 1985 and 1986, C100-based cars appeared intermittently in Interserie and national series events, such as a fourth-place finish for the C1/8 at the Nürburgring 300 km in April 1985, but recorded no major victories as Zakspeed prioritized turbo engine evolution for future projects.^[23] Funding limitations ultimately led to several chassis being placed in storage, curtailing further contemporary competition.^[7] The last official outing for an unmodified C100 occurred in the 1986 Belgian Procar series at Zolder, marking the end of its frontline racing era.

Later competitions

Following the conclusion of factory support in 1983, the original Ford C100 chassis saw no further competitive outings in major series, with efforts shifting to evolved variants that better competed against dominant designs like the Porsche 962. The five original chassis (C100-01 through C100-05) were largely mothballed by Ford and Zakspeed, subjected to only minor updates for reliability during occasional promotional track days.^[24]^[25] Veteran drivers such as Manfred Winkelhock participated in informal demonstration runs with these chassis in the mid-to-late 1980s, primarily to test potential revival options that ultimately did not materialize due to the cars' technological obsolescence. The C100's competitive tally remained unchanged at three victories, two achieved during the 1982 season in the DRM championship and one in 1983 Thundersports.^[1]

Variants and successors

Zakspeed C1/4 and C1/8

Following Ford's withdrawal from the C100 program at the end of 1982, Zakspeed continued development using the original aluminum monocoque tub as the core structure, producing modified evolutions for the German Interserie championship.^[25] The team modified two existing C100 chassis in total, reducing overall weight to 800 kg through lightweight reinforcements and a stiffer honeycomb construction.^[26] These variants retained key elements of the C100's design but incorporated turbo boost technology for enhanced power output while prioritizing reliability for national-level competition.^[13] The Zakspeed C1/4, introduced in 1983, featured a turbocharged 1.8-liter inline-four engine developed in-house by Zakspeed, derived from their Group 5 Capri program and producing over 600 hp.^[26] This powerplant, tuned by Thompson Engineering, provided superior acceleration compared to the original C100's V8, though it demanded careful management of turbo lag and boost pressures. The C1/4 competed primarily in the 1983 DRM and Interserie seasons, securing one victory at the Interserie Siegerland round in September 1983 with driver Jörg van Ommen, alongside multiple podiums including seconds at Mainz-Finthen and Diepholz.^[27] It saw limited use in 1985, achieving further podiums such as second at Erding, but was overshadowed by its successor in outright dominance.^[27] In 1984, Zakspeed shifted to the C1/8 variant, reverting to a naturally aspirated 4.0-liter Cosworth DFL V8 engine detuned to approximately 520 hp for better endurance and drivability in longer heats.^[25] Aerodynamic refinements, including a lower nose profile and updated bodywork, improved downforce and reduced drag, enhancing stability at high speeds on circuits like the Nürburgring.^[13] Built as two examples (chassis C100-03 and C100-05), the C1/8 excelled in Interserie, where Klaus Niedzwiedz drove it to the 1984 championship title with four wins at Zeltweg, Nürburgring, Erding, and Most, plus a second at Siegerland.^[28] The cars continued to dominate Interserie into 1985 with consistent top-six finishes, though competition intensified; no entries were made to the World Endurance Championship or Le Mans, focusing instead on domestic success.^[25] By 1987, the variants were phased out as Zakspeed pursued new projects, with the last outings in 1988 marking the end of their competitive life.^[29]

C100 MkIII

The Ford C100 MkIII represented Tony Southgate's 1983 proposal for an updated version of the original C100, designed as a lighter and more aerodynamic Group C prototype to enhance endurance racing competitiveness.^[24] The chassis utilized a honeycomb aluminium monocoque for increased rigidity, with refined aerodynamics that reduced drag while generating up to 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of downforce in testing.^[3] Intended to comply with Group C regulations, it was planned to incorporate a turbocharged Cosworth DFL V8 engine (approximately 4.0 L), though the project was abandoned due to development delays with the turbocharged variant.^[24]^[3] Ford constructed two chassis, designated 83C100-01 and 83C100-02, but neither was raced as the program was shelved in 1983 amid corporate decisions to withdraw from prototype racing.^[30] The unfinished chassis remained in storage for over two decades until British engineer Bryan Wingfield (who died in 2024) initiated their revival in the early 2000s, establishing Bryan Wingfield Racing to complete the project.^[3] In 2004, Wingfield assembled chassis 83C100-02 using surviving components sourced from Zakspeed, Ford archives, and the Rosso Bianco Collection, fitting it with the naturally aspirated Cosworth DFL 009 engine for authenticity.^[3] The MkIII underwent initial testing at Paul Ricard in 1983 and, after restoration, at Silverstone in 2007, where it competed in the Silverstone Classic driven by David Leslie; it raced again at the 2009 Silverstone Classic with Neil Cunningham, confirming eligibility for historic Group C series such as Peter Auto and Masters events.^[3] Since completion, the car has participated in historic racing events and seen non-competitive demonstration runs, including appearances at Goodwood. In July 2025, chassis 83C100-02 was offered at auction by Bonhams at the Goodwood Festival of Speed (estimate £230,000–£300,000) but remained unsold.^[31]^[32]^[3] Key updates in the MkIII included an evolved rear suspension geometry for better stability and carbon composite brakes for improved stopping power under endurance conditions, distinguishing it as an endurance-focused evolution rather than a sprint-oriented variant.^[9] Although unrealized in period, the MkIII's design principles directly informed Southgate's later work on Jaguar's XJR series, providing a conceptual foundation for their Group C successes while remaining a unique Ford prototype.^[3]

Legacy

Technical influence

The Ford C100's design innovations, particularly in aerodynamics and chassis engineering, exerted a notable influence on subsequent racing programs through its lead designer, Tony Southgate. Southgate applied lessons from the C100's aerodynamic challenges—such as the ineffective side radiator configuration—to the Jaguar XJR series, opting for a front-mounted radiator in the XJR-6 to improve airflow and stability.^[33] These refinements carried forward into the XJR-8 and XJR-9, where enhanced aero efficiency contributed to Jaguar's overall victory at the 1988 24 Hours of Le Mans.^[33] Internally at Ford, the C100's mid-engine layout and development expertise informed the RS200 rally car's chassis design, as both projects were led by Southgate before Ford redirected resources from prototypes to rallying in 1983.^[3] The C100's testing data also supported later Ford efforts in Group C, though the program's abrupt end limited direct applications. The C100 demonstrated the Cosworth DFL V8's suitability for endurance racing in its debut Group C application. The Sauber SHS C6 utilized a 3.9-liter DFL variant. Additionally, the shift to a honeycomb aluminum monocoque in the C100's updated variants provided a lightweight, rigid structure. Reliability shortcomings in the early C100 models, including frequent mechanical failures despite strong qualifying pace, underscored vulnerabilities in prototype development. Southgate later reflected that with sustained funding, the evolved C100—incorporating MkIII refinements like superior downforce—possessed the potential to compete directly with the dominant Porsche 962.^[34]

Preservation and historic racing

Of the five original Ford C100 chassis constructed during the early 1980s program, at least one is known to survive.^[35] Restoration efforts have played a crucial role in keeping the C100 viable for modern use. In 2004, engineer Bryan Wingfield completed a rebuild of the C100 MkIII using accumulated Zakspeed and Ford parts, transforming an unfinished 1983 chassis (83C100-02) into a fully assembled Group C racer after over a decade of work.^[9] The C100's design qualifies it for prominent historic racing events, including the Goodwood Revival and Le Mans Classic, where Group C-era cars compete under period regulations.^[31] This car also appeared as a static display and demo run at the 2025 Goodwood Festival of Speed, highlighting its enduring appeal.^[36] Further underscoring its value, the same MkIII chassis was offered at the 2025 Bonhams auction during the Festival of Speed, with an estimated sale price of £230,000–£300,000.^[3] Maintaining these rare prototypes presents ongoing challenges, particularly the scarcity of parts for the Cosworth DFL V8 engines that powered the originals.^[37] Enthusiast and owner communities have turned to Ford's Motorsport heritage program for support, which provides technical guidance and access to archived documentation to aid preservation and racing eligibility.^[38] The program's abrupt end in 1983 left limited factory spares, but collaborative efforts ensure the C100 continues to participate in historic events.^[6]

References

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### Ford C100 Summary
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Curb weight, 830 kg (1830 lbs) ; Dimensions, 4.88 m (192 in) long, 1.96 m (77 in) wide, 0.94 m (37 in) high ; Wheelbase, 2.66 m (105 in) ; Years built, 1981 - 1982.Missing: chassis aluminum monocoque
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Date: 27.9.1981. Track: Brands Hatch Circuit (United Kingdom), 4.207 kms ... Ford C100, Manfred Winkelhock (D), 1:25.5000, 177.1019 km/h. Group 6 - Sports ...Missing: debut | Show results with:debut
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standings. results. statistics. pos. number. nation. driver. team. points. 1. Bob Wollek. 139. 2 ... Klaus Ludwig. 83. 5. Volkert Merl. 48. 6. Kurt Lotterschmid.
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Data covers years: 1983-1988 ; Number of events: 47 (including 2 races where did not start) ; Total entries: 51 (contains 30 finishes and 15 retirements, ...Missing: Belgian 1986
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Which Group C racecars still had a lot of unfilled potential when they ...
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[38]
Ford DFL - TNF's Archive - The Autosport Forums
In the back there is a list of all Cosworth engines and it has: 1981 DFL. 3955 cc 540 bhp, Much enlarged "endurance" version of the DFV, developed for use in ...Missing: adoption Sauber C9
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Ford Heritage Vault: Hop in the Driver's Seat
The Ford Heritage Vault spans Ford Motor Company's production history from 1903 to 2003. Tour the vault and create a collection of photographs and brochures ...