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Fort Vermilion

Fort Vermilion is a historic hamlet located in northern Alberta, Canada, on the southern bank of the Peace River, approximately 78 km southeast of High Level. Established in 1788 as Boyer's Post by Charles Boyer of the North West Company near the confluence of the Boyer and Peace Rivers, it is recognized as one of the oldest continuously inhabited European settlements in Alberta and served as a vital fur trading outpost.^[1]^[2]^[3] The post facilitated trade with local Beaver, Cree, and Dene First Nations, who supplied furs and provisions in exchange for European goods, contributing significantly to the early economic development of the Athabasca region.^[3]^[4] The original trading post, built to exploit the rich fur resources along the Peace River—a major transportation route for traders heading to and from the Pacific—was visited by explorer Alexander Mackenzie in 1792 during his journey westward.^[2] Intense competition between the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company marked the site's early years until their merger in 1821, after which operations continued under the unified Hudson's Bay Company.^[2]^[3] Between 1828 and 1831, the fort was relocated about 90 kilometers downstream to its present position, where it formed the core of the emerging community and remained active in the fur trade into the early 20th century.^[3]^[4] Fort Vermilion's heritage value lies in its role in the fur trade era, reflecting the competitive dynamics between the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, and it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on November 28, 1968, to commemorate its contributions to Canada's fur trade history.^[3] A key surviving structure is the Old Bay House, constructed between 1906 and 1908 as the Hudson's Bay Company factor's residence; it is the only such building remaining in its original location in Alberta and stands within a designated 100-meter radius historic area.^[3]^[4] The site's location also influenced the establishment of Alberta's northern boundary at 60°N latitude upon the province's creation in 1905.^[2]

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Fort Vermilion is a hamlet situated within Mackenzie County in northern Alberta, Canada, at approximately 58°23′N 116°02′W, encompassing an area of 5.36 km².^[5]^[6] The settlement lies along the banks of the Peace River, approximately 85 km southeast of High Level and 661 km northwest of Edmonton, serving historically as a vital river crossing point for fur traders and early settlers navigating the region's trade routes.^[7]^[8] The surrounding landscape features the aspen parkland biome, a transitional zone between the prairies to the south and the boreal forest to the north, characterized by mixed stands of trembling aspen, balsam poplar, and scattered white spruce amid open grasslands.^[9] Local topography includes the incised Peace River valley, which drops up to 200 feet in depth near the area, flanked by gently rolling flatlands and fertile alluvial plains that support agricultural activities.^[10] Nearby, Vermilion Falls on the Peace River, located about 67 km east of the hamlet, stands as the second-largest waterfall in Canada by average flow rate, discharging approximately 1,812 cubic meters per second across a width exceeding 1.8 km.^[11]^[12]

Climate

Fort Vermilion experiences a humid continental climate classified as Köppen Dfb, featuring severe winters without a dry season, warm summers, and pronounced seasonal variations. This classification reflects the region's location in northern Alberta, where cold continental air masses dominate, leading to significant temperature swings throughout the year.^[13] Average annual precipitation totals around 440 mm, predominantly falling as rain during the wetter summer months from June to August, while winter precipitation occurs mainly as snow. Temperature averages show stark seasonal contrasts, with January lows reaching -24°C on average and July highs around 23°C; extremes include a record low of -61.1°C on January 11, 1911—the coldest temperature ever recorded in Alberta—and a record high of 39.4°C on May 15, 1912. Winters are long and harsh, often lasting from November to March with heavy snowfall accumulating up to 150 cm annually, while summers are short and mild from June to August, providing about 18 hours of daylight in midsummer.^[14]^[15] The local microclimate is moderated somewhat by the proximity of the Peace River, which can temper extreme cold through occasional warm chinook winds and influence humidity levels, though continental air masses generally prevail, exacerbating dry conditions in winter and convective storms in summer. Recent climate trends indicate rising flood risks due to more intense precipitation events and ice jams on the river, exemplified by the 2020 spring flooding that displaced over 450 residents in Fort Vermilion.^[16]^[17] In 2024, the Alberta government finalized flood maps for a 28 km reach of the Peace River through Fort Vermilion to address these ongoing hazards.^[18]

History

Founding and Fur Trade Period

Fort Vermilion was established in 1788 by the North West Company (NWC) as a fur trading post on the north bank of the Peace River, approximately 100 kilometers upstream from its modern location, making it one of Alberta's oldest European settlements.^[19]^[20] The post, initially known as Boyer's Post or Old Establishment, was founded by trader Charles Boyer to facilitate trade with local Indigenous groups, particularly the Beaver (Dane-zaa) people.^[19]^[21] This strategic position along the river served as a key hub for exploration and commerce in the region, upstream from the impassable Vermilion Chutes.^[19] During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Fort Vermilion played a central role in the fur trade, focusing on beaver pelts that were highly valued for European hat-making.^[19] The NWC's operations at the site involved trading goods such as tools, cloth, and firearms in exchange for furs, provisions, and leather supplied by Indigenous peoples, including the Cree, Dene, and Beaver.^[19] These interactions fostered economic dependencies and cultural exchanges, with the post supporting transport networks that extended trade west of the Rocky Mountains.^[19] By the early 1800s, explorer Alexander Henry the Younger documented the presence of at least 10 houses and tents housing around 130 residents at the NWC portion of the fort, indicating substantial early construction in the 1790s.^[22] In 1821, following the merger of the NWC and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), control of Fort Vermilion transferred to the HBC, which relocated the post about 90 kilometers downstream to its current southern bank site between 1828 and 1831.^[19] The HBC constructed the final iteration of the fort around 1830, continuing the emphasis on fur procurement and Indigenous partnerships until the decline of the trade in the late 19th century.^[19] The site's enduring significance was recognized when it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1968, commemorating its foundational role in the fur trade era.^[19] Amid these developments, the first permanent Anglican church, St. Luke's, was built in 1877, establishing a mission post that served the spiritual needs of traders, settlers, and Indigenous communities.^[23]

Later Developments

Following World War II, Fort Vermilion experienced significant growth driven by resource development in the surrounding Peace River region. Oil exploration activities, particularly following the 1951 discovery at Normansburg No. 1 well near Peace River, spurred a population boom, with the community's census count reaching a peak of 1,413 in 1951.^[24]^[25] This influx was temporary, as exploration efforts shifted and the population declined sharply to 631 by 1956, reflecting the volatile nature of early resource booms in northern Alberta.^[25] Concurrently, agriculture expanded as a stable economic pillar, with the community serving as a key hub for farming in the fertile Peace River valley, supported by post-war settlement incentives and improved access via the Alaska Highway completed in 1942.^[26] The community's isolation, reliant on ferries across the Peace River since 1916, persisted until the opening of the Fort Vermilion Bridge on September 19, 1974, which connected it directly to regional road networks and facilitated further economic integration.^[27]^[28] In the 1970s, Fort Vermilion was formally recognized as a hamlet within the evolving municipal framework of northern Alberta, enabling localized planning amid growing resource impacts.^[29] The 1988 bicentennial celebrations marked a milestone, commemorating 200 years since the original trading post's establishment in 1788, with events including a conference at the Provincial Museum of Alberta and community activities that highlighted the area's fur trade heritage and modern evolution.^[30]^[31] In recent decades, environmental challenges have tested the community. Severe spring flooding from ice jams on the Peace River in April 2020 led to the evacuation of over 450 residents and the closure of the Fantasy North Golf & Country Club, whose course and facilities suffered extensive damage from rising waters.^[32]^[33] The club remains shuttered as of 2022, underscoring ongoing recovery efforts.^[32] In 2024, the filling of the Site C dam reservoir in British Columbia, which began in August 2024 and was completed in November 2024 with power generation commencing thereafter, raised water levels along the Peace River and prompted updated flood studies and infrastructure assessments in Mackenzie County.^[34]^[18]^[35]

People and Society

Demographics

According to the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort Vermilion had a population of 753 residents, marking a 17.8% increase from the 639 residents recorded in 2016.^[36] This growth reflects broader trends in northern Alberta's resource-dependent communities. The population density stands at 140.5 people per square kilometre, based on the hamlet's land area of approximately 5.36 square kilometres.^[36] Historical population figures illustrate significant variability influenced by economic shifts in resource industries such as fur trading, agriculture, and later oil and gas extraction. In 1941, the population was 292, surging to 1,413 by 1951 amid a post-war economic boom that drew workers to northern Alberta's developing frontiers.^[37] The median age in Fort Vermilion was 31.8 years in 2021, younger than the Alberta provincial median of 38.4, indicating a relatively youthful demographic profile.^[36] Average household size was approximately 2.9 persons, derived from 753 residents across 257 occupied private dwellings.^[36] The median total household income in 2020 was $85,000, with a median after-tax income of $80,000, reflecting moderate economic conditions shaped by local employment in trades, services, and resource extraction.^[36] Fort Vermilion's population is predominantly English-speaking, with English reported as the mother tongue for the vast majority of residents in the 2021 Census aggregates.^[36] Non-official and Indigenous languages are spoken by a small minority, totaling around 45 individuals.^[36] Nearby Indigenous communities, such as the Tallcree First Nation (a Cree-speaking group), contribute to the region's cultural diversity, though census data for the hamlet itself shows limited detailed ethnic breakdowns beyond broad Canadian and European origins.

Education

Education in Fort Vermilion is provided through a combination of public and Catholic elementary and secondary schools, supplemented by post-secondary opportunities at a local college campus. The area has a history of educational institutions dating to the early 20th century, including the Fort Vermilion St. Henri Residential School (1903–1968), operated by the Catholic Church as part of Canada's federal residential school system for Indigenous children.^[38] The primary public school is Fort Vermilion Public School, a K-12 institution operated by the Fort Vermilion School Division No. 52 (FVSD), which serves students in the hamlet and surrounding areas with a focus on comprehensive academic and extracurricular programs.^[39] St. Mary's Catholic Elementary School, a K-6 facility in partnership with the Holy Family Catholic School Board, emphasizes faith-based education and is located overlooking the Peace River, serving a diverse student body.^[40]^[41] Post-secondary education is accessible via the Fort Vermilion campus of Northern Lakes College, which delivers adult basic education, pre-employment trades training, and university transfer courses to support lifelong learning and career advancement in the region.^[42]^[43] Across these institutions, approximately 300 students are enrolled as of the 2023–2024 school year, reflecting the small community's scale, with facilities supporting blended learning options including online courses to address remote challenges.^[44]^[45] For the 2024-2025 school year, FVSD has implemented enhanced remote learning initiatives, such as expanded dual credit partnerships with Northern Lakes College for high school students pursuing trades and post-secondary credits.^[46]^[47]

Governance and Administration

Local Government

Fort Vermilion is an unincorporated hamlet situated within the Specialized Municipality of Mackenzie County in Alberta, Canada, and lacks independent municipal status. As such, it falls under the governance of the Mackenzie County council, which serves as the primary administrative body responsible for local decision-making, bylaws, and services across the county, including Fort Vermilion. The county's administrative offices are located in Fort Vermilion at 4511 46 Avenue, and the council consists of a reeve and councillors elected from various wards, with no separate mayor or dedicated hamlet council. Local input is facilitated through community committees and public engagement processes, ensuring resident perspectives inform county-wide policies.^[48]^[49]^[50] At the federal level, Fort Vermilion residents are represented in the Peace River–Westlock electoral district, which encompasses the entire Specialized Municipality of Mackenzie County as part of its boundaries defined in the 2023 federal redistribution. Provincially, following the 2017 Alberta electoral boundaries adjustment, the hamlet is included in the Central Peace-Notley riding, represented in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. These higher-level representations address broader issues affecting northern Alberta, such as infrastructure funding and environmental regulations impacting rural communities.^[51]^[52] Mackenzie County council policies emphasize rural development through standards that promote consistent land use and economic growth in unincorporated areas like Fort Vermilion, including incentives for agriculture and small-scale industry. A significant focus has been flood mitigation efforts along the Peace River, initiated after the severe 2020 flooding event that affected the hamlet and surrounding regions; these include ongoing planning for dikes, area redevelopment plans, and emergency preparedness to protect vulnerable low-lying areas. The Fort Vermilion and Area Board of Trade provides key advocacy for community interests, promoting economic and social welfare.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56] Recent county elections, including the 2021 and 2025 municipal polls, have highlighted priorities in resource management, such as sustainable forestry, agricultural support, and oil and gas oversight, reflecting northern Alberta's reliance on natural resources. In the 2021 election, incumbents like Cameron Cardinal were acclaimed in Ward 7, which covers Fort Vermilion, underscoring continuity in addressing regional challenges like environmental stewardship and rural infrastructure. In the 2025 election held on October 20, Cameron Cardinal was re-elected in Ward 7 with 111 votes, continuing to emphasize these issues amid evolving economic pressures.^[57]^[58]^[6]^[59]^[60]

Public Services

Fort Vermilion's healthcare services are anchored by St. Theresa General Hospital, a facility offering acute care, continuing care, and a 24-hour emergency department to address major trauma, cardiac events, injuries, and general medical issues.^[61] The hospital, located at 4506 46 Avenue, is affiliated with Alberta Health Services and provides community-based support, including home care for residents needing assistance to remain in their homes.^[62] Complementing the hospital, the Fort Vermilion Community Health Centre delivers additional services such as sexual and reproductive health care and outpatient treatments.^[63] These facilities primarily serve the residents of Fort Vermilion and nearby rural communities within Mackenzie County, with access to regional hospitals via transportation links when advanced care is required. Emergency response in Fort Vermilion is managed by the local Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) detachment, which handles policing and investigates incidents including shootings and disturbances.^[64] In 2024, the detachment responded to multiple events, such as a June shooting in nearby Fox Lake leading to the arrest of four gang members and a May attempted murder outside the hamlet resulting in three arrests.^[65] Fire protection is provided by the Fort Vermilion Fire and Rescue, a volunteer department under Mackenzie County that operates alongside similar units in La Crete and Zama City to ensure regional coverage.^[66] Public utilities and social services in Fort Vermilion are coordinated through Mackenzie County's Community Services Department, which oversees waste management, libraries, and support programs. The Fort Vermilion Waste Transfer Station, located east of 45 Street, operates Tuesday evenings for household and recycling disposal to maintain environmental standards.^[67] The Fort Vermilion Community Library, part of the Mackenzie County Libraries network, provides access to books, digital resources, and community programs during its approximately 30 weekly hours of operation, staffed by local volunteers.^[68] Social services include family resource networks and support societies, such as the Mackenzie Family Resource Network and Fort Vermilion Support Services Society, offering assistance with community needs and referrals.^[69] These efforts extend to mental health through St. Theresa General Hospital's addiction and mental health programs, which provide assessments, treatments, and outpatient care for all ages to address challenges like rural isolation.^[70] Following the 2020 Peace River flood and ongoing flood risks, Mackenzie County has expanded services through 2024 initiatives, including a provincial flood study and area redevelopment plan focused on resiliency measures for Fort Vermilion.^[18] These efforts incorporate enhanced mental health support to mitigate isolation in rural settings, with resources like counseling integrated into existing health and community programs.^[71]

Economy and Infrastructure

Economy

The economy of Fort Vermilion, situated within Mackenzie County, is primarily driven by resource-based industries, including agriculture, oil and gas extraction, and forestry. Agriculture benefits from the fertile soils of the Peace River valley, supporting crop production such as canola, wheat, and oats across approximately 530,000 acres managed by 610 farms, generating about $42 million in annual farm cash receipts. Oil and gas extraction leverages the county's substantial reserves, which account for 80% of the Peace Region's light-to-medium crude oil and 36% of its natural gas, with 378,927 cubic meters of oil produced in 2019 alone. Forestry contributes through five local sawmills that processed 1.3 million cubic meters of logs in 2010, supporting around 1,000 jobs in the sector.^[72]^[56] Employment in the region reflects a balance between goods-producing and service sectors, with 60% of workers in goods-producing industries like agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and 40% in services including retail, health care, and public administration (as of 2016). Key employers include Mackenzie County operations, which provide essential public sector roles, alongside small businesses in retail and support services for resource extraction. The unemployment rate stood at 8.0% in 2021, a slight decline from 8.3% in 2016, amid a labour force participation rate of 63.0% in 2021 (down from 65.2% in 2016).^[73]^[72]^[74] Following the 2020 oil price slowdown, Alberta's sector has shown recovery, with crude oil production reaching a record 1.5 billion barrels in 2024 and capital expenditures rising to $31 billion, benefiting local extraction activities in Mackenzie County. The 2024 Fort Vermilion flood study highlighted potential risks to agriculture from Peace River overflows, prompting efforts toward diversification, including ecotourism initiatives like the Harper Creek Ecospace for bison and caribou viewing and upgrades to eco-friendly accommodations for outdoor enthusiasts.^[75]^[18]^[76] Mackenzie County's economic profile features low taxes and utility rates, which help attract investment in resource and tourism sectors, alongside a median after-tax household income of approximately $82,000 in 2020.^[56]^[77]

Transportation and Utilities

Fort Vermilion's primary road access is provided by Alberta Highway 58, which connects the hamlet eastward from the town of High Level, approximately 77 kilometers away.^[78] High Level lies on the Mackenzie Highway (Alberta Highway 35), a major north-south route that extends southward approximately 740 kilometers to Edmonton, facilitating the transport of goods and residents.^[78] This connection, including an all-weather gravel road linking High Level directly to Fort Vermilion, supports year-round accessibility despite the remote northern location.^[79] The construction of the Peace River bridge in 1974 marked a significant improvement in connectivity. Opened on September 19, 1974, the bridge spans 1,745 feet across the Peace River immediately west of the hamlet, replacing seasonal ferry operations that had operated from 1916 to 1974.^[80] Prior to this, access depended on summer ferries and winter ice bridges, leading to periods of isolation during spring break-up and fall; the bridge eliminated these limitations, enabling consistent vehicular travel and reducing travel uncertainties.^[80] Air transportation is served by the Fort Vermilion (Wop May Memorial) Aerodrome (CEZ4), situated 2.3 nautical miles east-northeast of the hamlet.^[81] The facility supports general aviation, including cargo and passenger charters, as well as medevac services for remote communities through operators like CanWest Air.^[82] It was renamed in July 2017 to honor pioneering aviator Wop May, who conducted a historic 1929 mercy flight to the area.^[83] Utilities in Fort Vermilion are managed by Mackenzie County, with electricity distributed by ATCO Electric, serving the broader northern Alberta region.^[84] Natural gas is provided through ATCO Gas, ensuring reliable heating and energy needs for residents and businesses.^[85] The hamlet's water supply originates from the Peace River, treated at a central facility in Fort Vermilion that distributes potable water across the area. Broadband internet has seen expansions since 2020, including TELUS PureFibre installations in 2023–2024 to enhance high-speed access for homes and commerce.^[86] Transportation infrastructure faces challenges from the region's harsh climate and geography, particularly winter road maintenance. Mackenzie County conducts snow removal and ice control on highways and local roads according to established policies, but extreme weather often delays plowing on secondary routes, impacting travel safety and reliability in the remote area.^[87]

Culture and Heritage

Landmarks and Attractions

The Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre serves as a primary landmark, preserving the area's fur trade history through exhibits featuring artifacts from the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) era, including the HBC Factor's House (built 1906-1908), the only remaining HBC factor's residence in its original location in Alberta and a key structure from the company's early 20th-century operations.^[88]^[4] The centre houses over 16,000 photographs, 22,000 archival documents, 8,000 objects, and two heritage buildings, with displays on local fossils, Dene culture, agriculture, and natural history that highlight the community's evolution from a fur trading hub.^[89] Annual community events hosted at the centre, such as the Fall Fair organized by the Fort Vermilion Agricultural Society since 1938 and River Daze celebrations featuring river-based activities, draw visitors to experience interactive heritage programming.^[90]^[91] St. Luke's Anglican Church, constructed in the late 19th century as the first Protestant church in Fort Vermilion, stands as a key historical site with its adjacent cemetery dating back to 1877, offering insights into early missionary influences along the Peace River.^[92] The church's simple wooden structure and fieldstone-enclosed cemetery reflect the settlement's pioneer religious heritage, attracting those interested in Alberta's early ecclesiastical architecture.^[93] Natural attractions along the Peace River provide recreational opportunities, including sandy beaches and the Fort Vermilion Nature Trail, an easy forested path offering scenic river views ideal for hiking and wildlife observation.^[91] Visitors engage in fishing, boating, and kayaking from sites like the SS D.A. Thomas Day Park, which features a boat launch, dock, and picnic areas overlooking the river's boreal forest surroundings.^[94] The area's ecotourism potential is enhanced by diverse river wildlife habitats, such as the nearby Ponton River valley, which supports ungulates, fish species, and bird migrations including snow geese and ducks, alongside protected ecospaces like the Gull Lake Wetland and Wadlin Lake pelican colony.^[95]^[96] Other notable sites include the Bicentennial Park along the Peace River, established to commemorate the 1988 200th anniversary of European exploration with a monument and time capsule set for opening in 2088, serving as a legacy space for reflection on the community's founding.^[91] The former Fantasy North Golf Club, a 9-hole course located on the historic site of St. Henry's Catholic Mission (with buildings over 150 years old) and including an RV park, closed in 2020 following severe flooding from the Peace River, remains closed as of 2025, with the site listed for sale and future redevelopment uncertain.^[33]^[97]^[98]

Notable Residents

Fred Brick (c. 1860s–?) was an early independent fur trader and pioneer settler in Fort Vermilion during the late 19th century. Originally from Ontario, Brick established himself as a businessman, farmer, and trader in the remote Peace River region, contributing to the area's economic development through fur trading and agricultural efforts amid the challenges of frontier life. In 1896, his wife Sarah Lendrum, whom he had married just two days prior in Edmonton, undertook a arduous 700-mile journey by steamboat and wagon to join him at the settlement, highlighting the personal sacrifices of early residents. Brick's work focused on sustaining trade networks with Indigenous peoples and fur companies like the Hudson's Bay Company.^[99] Kenton Randle (1960–2003), affectionately known as "Rugged," was a renowned Métis bareback bronc rider from Fort Vermilion who achieved international success in professional rodeo. Growing up in the Paddle Prairie Métis Settlement near Fort Vermilion, Randle began riding horses at age six and turned pro in 1981, competing in bareback and bull riding before specializing in bareback bronc events. He qualified for the Canadian Finals Rodeo seven times, served as the Canadian aggregate leader in 1998, and won the PRCA World Championship in bareback riding that same year with earnings of over $140,000. Randle also competed in four National Finals Rodeos, earned the Bud Pro Tour title in 1997 and 1999, and represented Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics in the equestrian demonstration. Inducted posthumously into the Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame in 2015, Randle's legacy endures as a symbol of Fort Vermilion's rodeo heritage, where he is honored as a local champion.^[100]^[101]^[102] Brothers Will Ferguson (b. 1964) and Ian Ferguson (b. c. 1961) are acclaimed Canadian authors whose formative years in Fort Vermilion profoundly shaped their writing on national identity and rural life. Will, born in the historic fur-trading post of Fort Vermilion to schoolteacher parents, grew up alongside his five siblings in a modest home without modern amenities like running water or electricity, experiences that informed their humorous and insightful works. The brothers co-authored the bestselling How to Be a Canadian (2001), a satirical guide to Canadian culture that won the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour, and contributed to other titles exploring the country's quirks. Ian's memoir Village of the Small Houses (2004), also a Leacock winner, vividly recounts their unconventional upbringing in northern Alberta's isolation, blending personal anecdotes with broader reflections on Canadian history and resilience. Will has further distinguished himself with award-winning travelogues like Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw (2002) and historical narratives such as 419 (2012), which won the Giller Prize, while both continue to draw on their Fort Vermilion roots to illuminate themes of community and exploration in Canadian literature.^[103]^[104] Dave Hancock (b. 1955) is a former Alberta politician and judge whose early life in Fort Vermilion instilled a commitment to public service in northern communities. Born in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories, Hancock moved with his family—his father was one of the Hudson's Bay Company's last fur traders—to Fort Vermilion, where he attended high school in nearby La Crete before relocating to Edmonton for university. After earning a law degree from the University of Alberta, he entered politics, serving as MLA for Edmonton-Whitemud from 1997 to 2015 and holding cabinet roles including Minister of Education, Human Resources and Employment, and Advanced Education. Hancock briefly served as Alberta's 15th Premier from March to September 2014, focusing on fiscal responsibility and intergovernmental relations during a transitional period. Post-politics, he practiced law at Dentons until his 2017 appointment as a judge on the Alberta Court of Justice, specializing in family and youth matters, where he continues to advocate for accessible justice. His northern Alberta upbringing remains a cornerstone of his perspective on equity and community development.^[105]^[106]^[107]

References

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Fort Vermilion Alberta - Discover The Peace Country
It is the oldest settlement in Alberta and was established in 1788 as a post for the North West Company located on the banks of the Mighty Peace River.
[2]
Fort Vermilion Historical Guide
Fort Vermilion is one of the oldest settlements in Alberta. In 1788, Charles Boyer of the North West Company travelled up the Peace River and entered the lands ...
[3]
Fort Vermilion National Historic Site of Canada - HistoricPlaces.ca
In 1788, Charles Boyer built the first post, from which there are no known remains, near Peace River to trade with the Beaver peoples. Between 1828 and 1831, ...
[4]
Hudson's Bay Company Factor's House, Fort Vermilion - RETROactive
Apr 9, 2013 · In 1788, traders for the North West Company established a trading post on the flats of the Peace River at a point near the mouth of the Boyer ...
[5]
Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Fort Vermilion, Unincorporated place (UNP) [Designated place], Alberta
### Extracted Data for Fort Vermilion (2021 Census)
[6]
Community Profiles - Mackenzie County
Oct 15, 2024 · Fort Vermilion, AB, T0H 1N0 Phone: 780-927-3718. Toll Free: 1-877-927-0677. After Hours: 1-888-511-6323. Fax: 780-927-4266. Email: office ...
[7]
Edmonton to Fort Vermilion - 3 ways to travel via plane, taxi, bus ...
Yes, the driving distance between Edmonton to Fort Vermilion is 657 km. It takes approximately 7h 34m to drive from Edmonton to Fort Vermilion. Get driving ...
[8]
https://www.mackenziecounty.com/historicsites/
[9]
The Boreal Forest Region of Alberta
Inside the Boreal Forest of Alberta are extensive expanses of aspen parkland in the Grande Prairie, Peace River and Fort Vermilion areas. There are also four ...Missing: biome | Show results with:biome<|control11|><|separator|>
[10]
[PDF] Reconnaissance soil survey of the Mount Watt and Fort Vermilion area
Watt and Fort Vermilion map area lies in the northwestern portion of the Peace River district between 58 and 59 degrees north latitude and between. 115 and 118 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
World's Largest Waterfalls
... rate of at least 5,000 cubic feet per second. The waterfalls on this list ... Vermilion Falls. 64,000 cu ft / sec. 1,812 cu m / sec. Peace River. Alberta ...
[12]
Trip Details - Flow North Paddling Company
It's about 1920 km long, and ranges from 1 to 1.8 km wide. The slope is generally less than 1m per km, and the flow rate varies from 2 – 7 km/h depending on the ...
[13]
Fort Vermilion, Alberta Climate & Temperature
⛳ Fort Vermilion, Alberta is situated in or near the boreal moist forest biome. 🌡️ The mean temperature is -1.6 degrees Celsius (29.2 degrees Fahrenheit).
[14]
Weather Peace River & temperature by month - Climate Data
The average annual temperature is 2.4 °C | 36.3 °F in Peace River. The annual rainfall is 439 mm | 17.3 inch.
[15]
WEATHER - à www.publications.gc.ca
Lowest Temperature ( C). -61.1 Fort Vermilion. -58.9 Smith River. -52.8 Norway House. -47.2 Sisson Dam. -51.1 Esker 2. -41.1 Upper Stewiacke. -57.8 Sheppard's ...
[16]
[PDF] CLIMATE OF THE LOWER PEACE RIVER REGION
Precipitation decreases north of central Alberta: the average annual precipitation at Fort Vermilion is. 14.3 inches, at Beaverlodge is 18.5 inches, and at.
[17]
Canadian Rangers support Alberta flood relief operations - Canada.ca
When spring flooding forced more than 450 Fort Vermilion, Alberta residents from their homes, members of the local ...
[18]
Fort McMurray spring flood caused $522 million in damage ... - CBC
Aug 4, 2020 · Fort McMurray's spring flood caused more than $520 million in insured damages, according to new numbers from the Insurance Bureau of Canada.
[19]
Fort Vermilion National Historic Site of Canada
In 1788 Charles Boyer built the first post in this area to trade with the Beaver Indians. Until its amalgamation with the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821, the ...
[20]
national historical Cairn - Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
In 1788, Charles Boyer of the North West Company founded the first post on the Peace River. "Boyers Post" or "Old Establishment" was on the north side of the ...
[21]
Hudson's Bay Company Factor's House - HistoricPlaces.ca
The Hudson's Bay Company Factor's House is part of a fur trade history that dates back to 1788, when the North West Company (N.W.C.) established a post on the ...
[22]
Fort Vermilion - Alberta Register of Historic Places
The heritage value of Fort Vermilion lies in its representation as one of the 'paired fort' sites established by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay ...
[23]
Fort Vermilion, Alberta . St Lukes Anglican Church Cemetery ...
Located on River Road east of Fort Vermilion, Alberta. The Cemetery dates back to 1877 and is located on the site of the original Anglican Mission.
[24]
12-020: History of the Oil & Gas Industry in the South Peace
The 1948 and 1949 drilling seasons were very busy ones in the Peace, taking advantage of the new permit system which encouraged exploration and production. The ...
[25]
[PDF] 1951 population data
No. Name. Population. 1951 Dominion. Census. No. Name. Population. 1951 Dominion. Census. 1. Acme. 275. 72. Hythe. 342. Airdrie. 267. 73. Innisfree. 287. 3.
[26]
Fort Vermilion | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Jun 25, 2009 · The community of Fort Vermilion can trace its roots back to the establishment of Boyer's Post on the PEACE RIVER in 1788. This post was ...
[27]
The Fort Vermilion Bridge
Ferries were used to transport vehicles, equipment, people, and livestock across the Peace at Fort Vermilion between 1916 and September 19, 1974.
[28]
Historic Sites - Mackenzie County
Sep 15, 2021 · In order to reach the fur trade center in Fort Vermilion, Buttertown residents needed to cross the Peace River, which was sometimes difficult ...
[29]
https://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/cfml/pdf_search/pdf/SMUN/0505/Mackenzie_No_23_Gaz_OC_757_94_1995_No7.pdf
[30]
Fort Vermilion Bicentennial
The High Level Chamber of Commerce gifted the Bicentennial sign to Fort Vermilion to commemorate the 200th anniversary (1788-1988) of recorded exploration, ...
[31]
Proceedings of the Fort Chipewyan and Fort Vermilion Bicentennial ...
Jun 4, 2019 · Proceedings of the Fort Chipewyan and Fort Vermilion Bicentennial Conference : September 23-25, 1988, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, ...
[32]
2 years after catastrophic flood, northern Alberta hamlet reckons with ...
Oct 19, 2022 · In Fort Vermilion, some residents have since bought new homes and rebuilt their damaged businesses. Others are reluctant to leave the land they ...
[33]
Golf and Country Club - Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
Flooded in the spring of 2020 Fantasy North Golf Clubs future remains uncertain and currently lies closed.
[34]
$$16B later, Site C dam flooding begins along Peace River
Aug 27, 2024 · Site C floodwaters will consume thousands of hectares of land along the Peace River in B.C. to create a reservoir almost five times the size ...
[35]
Fort Vermilion flood study engagement | Alberta.ca
Sep 23, 2024 · We gathered feedback from Albertans on draft reports and flood maps from the Fort Vermilion flood study.
[36]
Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Fort Vermilion, Unincorporated place (UNP) [Designated place], Alberta
### Summary of 2021 Census Data for Fort Vermilion Designated Place
[37]
Fort Vermilion Residential School - NCTR
Fort Vermilion Residential School. Fort Vermilion, AB - 1903-1968. Religious Entity: Catholic. Learn more ...
[38]
'A war on Aboriginal children': Alberta's 25 residential schools - CBC
Sep 30, 2021 · Dates in operation: 1903-1968. Location: Fort Vermilion on the Peace River. First Nation community(ies): Tallcree First Nation and surrounding ...
[39]
Fort Vermilion Public School - School Information
Fort Public School is a grade K-12 school in the Hamlet of Fort Vermilion, Alberta. Fort Public prides itself on the opportunities available to students.
[40]
St. Mary's Catholic School - School Information
St. Mary's school is a K to 6 school with a student population of approximately 125. The school is located on River Road, overlooking the Peace River.
[41]
St. Mary's has a NEW Name! | Fort Vermilion School Division
Fort Vermilion School Division, in partnership with Holy Family Catholic School Board, are pleased to announce the renaming of St. Mary's Elementary to St. ...
[42]
Where to Find Us - Northern Lakes College
Fort Vermilion Campus. 4113 - 50 Street Fort Vermilion, AB T0H 1N0. Ph:(780) 927-2450. Fax:(780) 927-2452. Hours of Operation Monday - Friday 8:15 a.m. to 4:00 ...
[43]
Northern Lakes College: Programs & Courses
Academic Upgrading · Apprenticeship Trades · Business & Administrative Studies · Health Careers · Human Service Careers · Pre-Employment Trades · Resource Technology.Health Careers · Apprenticeship Trades · Human Service Careers
[44]
[XLS] Alberta School Enrolment Data
The Fort Vermilion School Division, 1250, Fort Vermilion Public School, 1702, 15, 10, 21, 10, 14, 16, 86. 512, Public, The Fort Vermilion School Division, 1250 ...
[45]
School Information - Pathways - Fort Vermilion School Division
Students in grades 8-12 are able to take advantage of a variety of modalities for learning including paper modules and online courses. In person support is ...
[46]
2024-2025 Education Connection Newsletter | Fort Vermilion School ...
The 2024-2025 school year is here! Please take a moment to read through our annual fall newsletter for information on the upcoming school year.
[47]
Partnering with Northern Lakes College to establish collegiate schools
Dec 4, 2023 · Northern Lakes College is partnering with the Black Gold School Division and Fort Vermilion School Division, located in northern Alberta, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
Mackenzie County – The largest County in Canada
Closed November 11 for Remembrance Day: Mackenzie County Offices, Fort Vermilion ... Budget Council Meeting. 4511 46 Ave, Fort Vermilion, AB T0H 1N0, Canada.Council · Administration · County Maps · County Directory
[49]
Council - Mackenzie County
Oct 30, 2025 · Fort Vermilion, AB, T0H 1N0 Phone: 780-927-3718. Toll Free: 1-877-927-0677. After Hours: 1-888-511-6323. Fax: 780-927-4266. Email: office ...
[50]
County Directory
Jun 26, 2025 · Hours: Monday – Friday, 8:15 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.; Address: 4511-46 Avenue, Box 640, Fort Vermilion, AB, T0H 1N0; Phone: 780-927-3718 ...
[51]
Peace River–Westlock – Final boundaries
Redistribution of federal electoral districts - Peace River–Westlock – Final boundaries.
[52]
Maps - Elections Alberta
PDF maps for the electoral division boundaries set to take effect in 2019 in conjunction with the next Provincial General Election.
[53]
Guiding Documents - Mackenzie County
Apr 11, 2025 · This Policy is used to establish rural development standards to ensure consistent development is maintained within the rural areas of the County ...Missing: 2024 | Show results with:2024
[54]
Flood Mitigation - Mackenzie County
Apr 8, 2025 · Mackenzie County continues to plan and prepare to protect against future threats of flooding caused by the rising waters of the Peace River.
[55]
Mackenzie County Public Engagement
Council adopted the new Land Use Bylaw September 23, 2024. Fort Vermilion. Area Redevelopment Plan (ARP). Responding to the April 2020 floods requires both an ...Missing: mitigation | Show results with:mitigation
[56]
Economic Development - Mackenzie County
Jun 26, 2025 · The Fort Vermilion and Area Board of Trade was formed with the purpose of promoting and improving trade and commerce and the economics, civic, ...
[57]
2021 Elections - Mackenzie County
Official 2021 Municipal Election Results Ward Location Candidate Number of Votes Status 1 Tompkins Landing/Blue Hills Josh Knelsen Acclaimed (Incumbent) 2 ...
[58]
2025 Municipal Elections - Mackenzie County
Oct 20, 2025 · Unofficial Election Results Results pending. This section will update when the unofficial elections results are available Notice of Election ...
[59]
Vermilion Health Centre - Emergency Services
They provide care for patients with major trauma, cardiac events, injuries, and general medical problems. If you have an emergency, call 911. Emergency ...
[60]
St. Theresa General Hospital - InformAlberta.ca
Address: 4506 46 Avenue Fort Vermilion, Alberta T0H 1N0 4506 46 Avenue Fort Vermilion, Alberta T0H 1N0 ; Telephone: 780-927-3761 (Switchboard) ; Fax: 780-927-6207.
[61]
Fort Vermilion Community Health Centre - Sexual Reproductive Health
4804 50 Street Fort Vermilion, Alberta T0H 1N0. Telephone 780-927-3391 ... Alberta Health Care, low income, or English is not first language). Service ...
[62]
Four gang members arrested in Fox Lake - River Country | 94.9 FM
Jun 17, 2024 · – On June 14, 2024, at 11:20 a.m., Fort Vermilion/Fox Lake RCMP received a call of shots fired in the area of Laboucan Road in Fox Lake. RCMP ...
[63]
Attempted murder outside Fort Vermillion on May 6, 2024
May 9, 2024 · Fort Vermilion RCMP received a call about shots fired outside town on May 6, 2024 at approximately 3:20 p.m. Three suspects were arrested.
[64]
Fire and Rescue - Mackenzie County
Jun 26, 2025 · Mackenzie County has three volunteer fire departments. One is located in La Crete, one in Fort Vermilion, and one in Zama City.
[65]
Waste Management - Mackenzie County
Jun 26, 2025 · Fort Vermilion Waste Transfer Station. Directions: East of 45 Street, Fort Vermilion. Hours of Operation: Tuesday – 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. ...
[66]
Fort Vermilion Community Library
The Library is OPEN to the public on Tuesday and Thursday from 12:30 - 8:00 pm and Friday and Saturday from 12:30 - 5:30 pm
[67]
The Village (Mackenzie Family Resource Network) | La Crete & Area ...
The Mackenzie Family Resource Network encompasses the four main service areas of High Level, La Crete, Fort Vermilion and Rainbow Lake.
[68]
St. Theresa General Hospital - Addiction and Mental Health
St. Theresa offers community addiction and mental health services for all ages, including assessment, treatment, and short-term outpatient services.Missing: rural isolation
[69]
Find Therapists and Psychologists in Fort Vermilion, AB
I understand the unique challenges – such as isolation, transportation, lack of access to support services - that Northerners face. ... mental health services.Missing: rural | Show results with:rural
[70]
[PDF] Appendix 5: Mackenzie County - Alberta NWSAR
MACKENZIE COUNTY. The largest county in Alberta, with the corporate office located in Fort Vermilion, and sub-offices in High Level, La Crete and Zama City.<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
Mackenzie County - Unemployment Rate
Feb 28, 2023 · The unemployment rate in Mackenzie County was 8.00% in 2021, declining -3.61% from 8.30% in 2016. The male segment had the largest decline ...
[72]
[PDF] Alberta Energy Outlook 2025 (ST98)
Jun 25, 2025 · In 2024, total capital expenditures for crude oil, natural gas, oil sands, and emerging resources continued to grow, reaching Cdn$31 billion, a ...
[73]
Minister Boissonnault announces federal investments to launch and ...
Sep 27, 2024 · Upgrade cabins and a camp in Northern Alberta with new equipment to create eco-friendly accommodations that support active outdoor enthusiasts ...<|separator|>
[74]
Focus on Geography Series, 2021 Census of Population
Dec 16, 2022 · In 2020, the median after-tax income of households in Mackenzie County (Specialized municipality) was $82,000, a change of 3.1% from $79,500 in ...Missing: economy agriculture oil gas forestry
[75]
Location & Maps | High Level, AB
High Level is located in the Northwestern region of Alberta on the Mackenzie Highway approximately 8 hours north of Edmonton. View a map of the area.<|separator|>
[76]
[PDF] MAR 19680058: FORT VERMILION - Alberta Energy:
Some 60 wells have been drilled for oil and/or gas within the map area. All of them have been dry and abandoned. Thus, the density of drilling is about I well ...Missing: peak | Show results with:peak
[77]
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/page.cfm?topic=5&dguid=2021A00054817095&lang=E
[78]
Fort Vermilion, Alberta. Fort Vermilion Airport
The Wop May Memorial Airport located 4.3km east-northeast of Fort Vermilion ... In 2018 the airport was named after Canadian Wop May a former bush ...Missing: CEZ4 medevac general
[79]
Locations - CanWest Air
Our Fort Vermilion base has regular cargo and freight operations, passenger charters, and offers medevac services both for remote communities in the area and ...Missing: general | Show results with:general
[80]
Fort Vermilion Airport to be Renamed This Weekend | KIX FM 106
Jul 12, 2017 · The Fort Vermilion Airport will have a new name this coming weekend. Effective on Saturday, July 15, 2017, will be called the Wop May Memorial Airport.Missing: CEZ4 2018 medevac general
[81]
ATCO Electric: Home
ATCO Electric provides electricity services, responds to outages, offers tailored services, and has a My ATCO app for outage notifications.Missing: Mackenzie water treatment broadband
[82]
ATCO | Gas
ATCO provides natural gas for homes, outdoor living, and as a reliable power source. They are committed to safe, reliable, and efficient service as a ...Contact Us · Product, Services & Rates · Careers · Rates & Billing
[83]
TELUS PureFibre Build Information - La Crete Chamber of Commerce
Throughout 2023 and 2024, TELUS will be working in local neighbourhoods to connect La Crete, Fort Vermilion, High Level, and the M.D. of Opportunity (Red Earth ...Missing: broadband expansions
[84]
Winter Maintenance - Mackenzie County
May 20, 2025 · Winter road maintenance is completed in accordance with Policy PW044: Road Maintenance, Repair and Snow Clearing and Removal.
[85]
Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
The history of the Fort Vermilion area is vast, fossils and bones ("Rocks Tell Tales" exhibit) are remnants of the pre-human history of the Fort Vermilion Area.
[86]
Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre and Tourist Information - Travel Alberta
Boasting over 16,000 photos, 22,000 archives, 8000 objects, and 2 heritage houses - there is much to explore! The history of the Fort Vermilion area is vast, ...Missing: attractions | Show results with:attractions
[87]
Days Gone By - Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
The first Fort Vermilion Agricultural Society was incorporated on July 28, 1938 and it sponsored the Fort Vermilion Fall Fair on September 6, 1938.
[88]
https://fortvermilionheritage.com/
[89]
St. Luke's Anglican Church, Fort Vermilion, Alberta - HeRMIS
Luke's Anglican Church, Fort Vermilion ... First Protestant church in Fort Vermilion, built by A. C. Garrioch Interior furnishings built by Reverend Malcolm Scott.Missing: permanent 1877
[90]
St. Lukes Anglican Cemetry - Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
... Fort Vermilion. St. Luke's Cemetery is located on the site of the original Anglican mission. An attractive fieldstone fence borders it. Within the cemetery ...Missing: Church 1877
[91]
Tour Alberta's North - Mackenzie Frontier Tourist Association
Check out SS D.A. Thomas Day Park Along River Rd, equipped with a boat launch and dock, day-use area, shelter, fire pits, overlooking the Peace River. A great ...
[92]
Ponton River Valley - Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
It provides excellent wildlife habitat with various ungulates using it as a travel corridor and calving range. The river supports several fish species, with ...
[93]
Ecospaces - Fort Vermilion Heritage Centre
These 'Ecospaces' include the Ducks Unlimited Gull Lake Wetland, the Wadlin Lake Pelican Colony, candidate and designated Natural Areas of Watt Mountain, the ...
[94]
Fort Vermilion, Alberta. Fantasy North Golf & Country Club. Over 150 ...
CLOSED in 2020: Fantasy North Golf & Country Club is not operational. (photo taken 2022). Fort Vermilion, Alberta. DiscoverThePeaceCountry.com.
[95]
Settlement - Adventurous Albertans - Sarah Brick
Two days after high-spirited Ailie Lendrum, 19, married Fred Brick, an independent fur trader, she set out on the difficult 700-mile journey to Fort Vermilion.
[96]
Randle just misses rodeo championship - Ammsa.com
Randle, a Metis from Fort Vermilion, was the season leader in Canada in 1998. He was the Bud Pro Tour champion in 1997 and '99, and was appearing his fifth ...
[97]
Rookie rides high at Canadian Finals Rodeo | CBC Sports
Nov 5, 2001 · In addition to Sirett in bull riding, the top money winners this season were Kenton Randle of Fort Vermilion, Alta., in bareback, Glen O ...
[98]
He's an Indian cowboy at the Canadian Finals Rodeo
Dec 9, 2014 · With the passing of Ft. Vermilion's Kenton Randle (Metis) a few years back, there has really only been one bronc rider of note from Native ...
[99]
Will Ferguson | Alberta.ca
William Stener Ferguson was born on October 9, 1964, in the former fur-trading post of Fort Vermilion. His father, John Ferguson, was a schoolteacher who ...
[100]
Will and Ian Ferguson introduce new sleuth in I Only Read Murder
Jun 22, 2023 · Ian and Will were two of six siblings who grew up in Fort Vermilion in northern Alberta. Their upbringing inspired Ian's 2004 memoir Village ...
[101]
From the archives: Moderate Dave Hancock learns to speak up
Sep 12, 2014 · The youngest of seven children, Hancock was living in Fort Vermilion and going to high school in nearby La Crete at the time. His father was ...
[102]
Premier Dave Hancock: 10 things to know about Alberta's new premier
Mar 23, 2014 · Dave Hancock becomes the 15th premier in Alberta history when he gets sworn in Sunday. Here are 10 other things worth remembering about David Graeme Hancock.Missing: Vermilion | Show results with:Vermilion
[103]
Rotary Luncheon; Premier Dave Hancock | Rotary Club of Edmonton
Mr. Hancock was born in Fort Resolution, N.W.T. He lived in Hazelton, B.C., and the northern Alberta community of Fort Vermilion, graduating from La Crête ...