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Fu

Fu is a pinyin romanization of several Chinese characters (e.g., 傅, 富, 府, 符) with diverse meanings in language, arts, places, science, and other contexts. For specific uses, see the following sections: In language, In arts and entertainment, Places, Schools and universities, In science and technology, and Other uses.

In language

Chinese

The Chinese character 福 (fú) primarily signifies "prosperity," "fortune," "good luck," "blessing," or "happiness" in modern usage.^[1] Its origins trace to the late Shang dynasty oracle bone script (c. 1200 BCE), where it appears as a pictograph depicting a pair of hands holding a large jar or wine vessel, symbolizing an offering to deities in ritual supplication for divine favor and abundance.^[2] In the Shuowen Jiezi (c. 100 CE), the earliest comprehensive Chinese dictionary, it is defined as "祐也" (yòu yě), meaning "blessing" or "divine protection," from the "示" radical (indicating ritual or divine matters) with "畐" as the phonetic component. This underscores its association with ritual offerings seeking prosperity and well-being.^[1]^[3] This character holds profound cultural-linguistic significance, often invoked in auspicious contexts to invoke positive outcomes. During the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), 福 is a staple decoration, typically printed or calligraphed on red paper and affixed to doors or walls; it is sometimes deliberately inverted, as the pronunciation of "upside down" (dào) homophonically suggests "arrived" (dào), implying that fortune has come to the home.^[4] Symbolically, 福 is frequently paired with 禄 (lù, denoting prosperity or official salary) and 寿 (shòu, signifying longevity), forming the triad "Fu Lu Shou," which encapsulates the core aspirations for happiness, wealth, and long life in traditional Chinese cosmology and folklore.^[5] In feng shui practice, 福 serves as a potent talisman to harmonize qi (vital energy), attract prosperity, and ward off misfortune when strategically placed in living spaces, such as facing entrances to channel blessings inward.^[6] This enduring role underscores its evolution from a ritual emblem in ancient inscriptions to a ubiquitous symbol of optimism in contemporary Chinese culture.

Japanese

In Japanese, "fu" refers to the kana characters hiragana ふ and katakana フ, which represent the mora /ɸɯ/ in the modern language.^[7] These characters are integral to the syllabary systems derived from ancient Chinese characters adapted for phonetic use in writing Japanese. Hiragana ふ originated from cursive simplifications of the kanji 不 (meaning "not," pronounced "fu" in phonetic usage), while katakana フ developed from abbreviated portions of the same kanji 不 used in annotations.^[8] The historical development of these kana traces back to the man'yōgana script, an early system from the 8th century that employed Chinese characters solely for their phonetic values to transcribe Japanese sounds, as seen in texts like the Man'yōshū anthology.^[8] During the Heian period (794–1185 CE), hiragana emerged around the 9th century as a cursive form of man'yōgana, primarily used by women for literature and personal notes, while katakana solidified by around 951 CE for scholarly annotations and foreign terms.^[8] This period marked the kana's transition into distinct scripts, with ふ and フ stabilizing as representations of the "fu" sound. Pronunciation of the fu mora has evolved significantly; in Old Japanese (8th century), it was articulated as /pu/, reflecting a bilabial stop influenced by proto-Japanese phonology.^[9] By Early Middle Japanese (late 8th to 12th century), a sound shift occurred across the ha-row (はひふへほ), where initial /p/ lenited to the bilabial fricative /ɸ/ in most positions, though /pu/ specifically became /ɸu/, eventually realized as /ɸɯ/ in modern standard Japanese due to the unrounded high back vowel quality of /u/.^[9]^[7] This fricative pronunciation distinguishes fu from other h-row sounds, which shifted further to /h/. In contemporary usage, ふ and フ appear in native words like fū (風, "wind"), where hiragana ふ conveys the sound in compounds, and in loanwords such as Furansu (フランス, "France"), employing katakana フ for foreign elements.^[8] The characters occupy the sixth consonant-vowel pair in the traditional gojūon ordering, following the rows for a, ka, sa, ta, na, and preceding ma in the chart that structures kana memorization and dictionary ordering.^[8] Additionally, "fu" denotes wheat gluten in Japanese cuisine (麩), a term phonetically borrowed and written with ふ, though its culinary applications are distinct from orthographic roles.^[8]

In arts and entertainment

Literature

Fu (賦), a prominent genre in classical Chinese literature, represents a sophisticated form of rhymed prose poetry that intertwines descriptive prose with poetic structure, emerging as a major literary mode during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). Developed primarily for courtly display and subtle political persuasion, fu pieces often featured elaborate depictions of natural landscapes, imperial hunts, and moral allegories, serving as vehicles for epideictic rhetoric to praise or critique indirectly. The genre traces its roots to the sao-style poetry of the earlier "Songs of Chu" (Chuci), adapting its lyrical and invocatory elements into more expansive, enumerative compositions that reflected the cosmopolitan ethos of the Han empire.^[10] Central to fu's stylistic hallmarks are its use of parallelism and antithesis, which create rhythmic symmetry and contrast to heighten vividness, alongside varying line lengths, alliteration, and onomatopoeia for sensory immersion. These techniques enabled poets to craft encyclopedic narratives, blending factual enumeration with imaginative hyperbole, as seen in works that catalogued exotic flora, fauna, and artifacts to evoke grandeur or warn against excess. Structurally, fu texts typically divide into a fu-head (an introductory preface or prologue setting the scene), fu-body (the expansive core of description and argumentation), and fu-tail (a conclusive coda offering resolution or moral reflection), with prefaces often added by authors or commentators to clarify intent and emotional depth. This form not only entertained but also engaged readers in philosophical contemplation, drawing on Daoist and Confucian themes.^[10]^[11]^[12] A seminal example is Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fu" (Rhapsody on the Shanglin Park, c. 130 BCE), a grand da fu (greater rhapsody) that vividly portrays the emperor's expansive hunting park, employing lush, accumulative imagery to subtly admonish imperial extravagance; its presentation to Emperor Wu reportedly prompted reflection on resource allocation, underscoring fu's role in moral suasion. The genre reached its zenith in the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), where it shifted toward more personal and metaphysical explorations amid political turmoil, as evidenced by works like those of Cao Zhi. By the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), fu evolved into a tool for examination essays and integrated with shi poetry, influencing poets such as Du Fu—whose name shares the homophone with the genre—though it gradually yielded prominence to more concise forms while retaining its descriptive legacy in ambitious compositions.^[13]^[10]

Music

Heavy Into Jeff is an American alternative rock band formed in Syracuse, New York, in 1992, later relocating to San Francisco, known for their power pop influences. They released their debut album Fu in 1996, featuring tracks like "Mi Amigo" and "Buttons Down," which showcased their rhythmic style.^[14]^[15] Fu Manchu is an American stoner rock band formed in 1987 in San Clemente, California, whose name incorporates "Fu" from the fictional character Fu Manchu.

Places

In China

The ancient State of Fu was a minor vassal state during the late Western Zhou and middle Spring and Autumn periods (roughly 1046–476 BCE), located in the western part of modern Tongbai County, Henan Province. It was founded by a southern branch of the northern nomadic Rong-Di peoples and maintained ties to the Zhou royal house through descent from King Wen of Zhou, reflecting the complex ethnic and political integrations of the era. The state engaged in marital alliances with neighboring polities, such as the Man clan of the State of Deng, to secure its position amid regional rivalries. Archaeological discoveries, including bronze vessels with inscriptions detailing these relationships, have provided key evidence of Fu's cultural and political role, highlighting its contributions to early Zhou bronze artistry and ritual practices.^[16] Fu was eventually annexed by the State of Chu in the late Spring and Autumn period, leading to the establishment of Fu County as an administrative unit within Chu during the early and middle Warring States period (c. 475–221 BCE). This incorporation marked the end of Fu's independence and its integration into larger southern power structures. Excavations of bronzes and bamboo slips from associated sites continue to reveal details of Fu's governance and economy, underscoring its significance in understanding transitional dynamics between Zhou feudalism and Warring States centralization.^[16] In Chinese administrative history, the fu (府) served as a key prefecture-level division from the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) onward, functioning until its abolition in 1912 with the founding of the Republic of China. Positioned hierarchically below the province (sheng or shengdao) and above the county (xian), the fu was typically governed by a prefect (zhifu) from a major urban center, overseeing civil, fiscal, and judicial affairs for surrounding territories. Notable examples include Hangzhou Fu in Zhejiang Province, which managed a populous region and exemplified the fu's role in regional coordination during the Ming and Qing dynasties.^[17]^[18] The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) implemented significant reforms to the fu system as part of broader centralization efforts, inheriting and refining the Yuan-era provincial structure by dividing the empire into 13 provinces with approximately 100 fu prefectures. These reforms, initiated under the Hongwu Emperor, emphasized direct imperial oversight through the appointment of scholar-officials via the examination system, reducing local autonomy and enhancing tax collection and military readiness. Fu boundaries were adjusted to balance population and resources, contributing to administrative stability amid economic expansion.^[17]^[19] Geographically, "Fu River" denotes several waterways in China, with the Fujiang River in Sichuan and Chongqing provinces being the principal one. This 670 km-long river is a left-bank tributary of the Jialing River (itself a major Yangtze tributary), originating in the Min Mountains near Songpan County and flowing southeast through hilly terrain before joining the Jialing at Hechuan. Its basin covers about 36,400 km², characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate with annual precipitation exceeding 1,200 mm, 60–85% concentrated in the summer flood season (June–September). The Fujiang has a documented history of severe flooding, including devastating events in 1931 and 1998 that prompted modern hydrological interventions like reservoirs and dikes to mitigate risks in densely populated areas such as Mianyang City, with ongoing projects including the Zipingpu Dam for flood control as of 2025.^[20]^[21] Another significant Fu River is the Fuhe in Jiangxi Province, a tributary of the Gan River system approximately 280 km long, with a basin prone to seasonal inundation due to heavy rainfall and upstream deforestation. Hydrological records indicate recurrent floods impacting agriculture and urban centers like Fuzhou, leading to ecosystem studies on sediment transport and water quality.)

Schools and universities

In the United States

The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, commonly known as Columbia Engineering, is the engineering and applied science school of Columbia University located in New York City. Originally established in 1864 as the Columbia School of Mines to train mining engineers amid the California Gold Rush, it evolved into a comprehensive engineering institution over the decades. In 1997, following a $26 million endowment gift from Chinese philanthropist and businessman Z.Y. Fu, founder of the Sansaio Trading Corporation, the school was renamed in his honor to recognize his contributions to education and technology. This donation supported faculty recruitment, scholarships, and infrastructure enhancements, positioning the school as a leader in engineering innovation.^[22]^[23]^[24] The school offers a wide range of undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs across key engineering disciplines, including biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and applied physics. These programs emphasize interdisciplinary approaches, combining rigorous technical training with humanities and research opportunities, such as hands-on projects in robotics, sustainable energy, and data science. As of 2025, enrollment stands at approximately 1,700 undergraduates, with additional graduate students pursuing advanced degrees in these fields, fostering a collaborative environment that integrates engineering with broader societal challenges.^[25]^[26]^[27] Notable faculty include Zvi Galil, a pioneering computer scientist and former dean who advanced algorithms and network theory, while alumni such as Savio Tung (BS’73), recognized for his contributions to investment management and service to the university, exemplify the school's impact on industry leadership. In recent years, Columbia Engineering has expanded its research initiatives in artificial intelligence and biotechnology; for instance, a 2024 gift from the Hughes Holden Foundation funded AI applications in mental healthcare, and by 2025, faculty integrated generative AI tools into curricula to enhance teaching in biomedical and computational fields. The school also partners with institutions like Fudan University for dual-degree programs in engineering and finance, promoting international exchanges.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]

In other countries

Fudan University, located in Shanghai, China, was founded in 1905 as Fudan Public School by the Chinese educator Ma Xiangbo, marking it as the first modern higher education institution established independently by a Chinese individual.^[32] Over the decades, it evolved into a comprehensive research university, notably through its 2000 merger with Shanghai Medical University, which strengthened its programs in medicine, law, and other disciplines across 35 schools and departments.^[33] In 2017, Fudan was selected for China's Double First-Class University Plan, a national initiative to develop world-class universities and disciplines, receiving substantial funding to enhance its global standing.^[33] As of 2025, the university enrolls approximately 45,000 students, including over 5,800 international students, and is ranked 30th globally in the QS World University Rankings 2026, underscoring its excellence in fields like medicine and social sciences.^[34]^[32] Fu Jen Catholic University, situated in New Taipei City, Taiwan, was originally established in 1925 in Beijing by Benedictine friars at the request of Pope Pius XI, with a mission to integrate Catholic values into higher education.^[35] Following its closure in mainland China amid political upheavals after World War II and the Chinese Civil War, the university was re-founded in Taiwan in 1961 at the behest of Pope John XXIII, relocating to its current campus to continue its Catholic-oriented academic pursuits.^[36] Emphasizing a holistic education rooted in faith, ethics, and service, Fu Jen offers comprehensive programs in humanities, sciences, medicine, and engineering across 12 colleges, serving a diverse student body.^[35] As of 2025, its enrollment reached approximately 26,000 students, supported by extensive international partnerships with over 300 universities worldwide, facilitating student exchanges, joint research, and collaborative programs.^[37]^[38]

In science and technology

Biology

In population genetics, Fu's F denotes a family of statistical tests developed by Yun-Xin Fu to assess deviations from neutral evolution in DNA sequence data. Introduced in 1993 with Wen-Hsiung Li, the core statistics include Fu and Li's D and F, which evaluate the excess of derived (new) mutations relative to neutral expectations. Fu and Li's D focuses on singleton mutations (those appearing in only one sequence), computed as D = \frac{a_1 - E(a_1)}{\sqrt{V(a_1)}}, where a_1 is the observed number of singletons among external mutations (polarized using an outgroup), E(a_1) is the expected value under neutrality, and V(a_1) is its variance; both expectation and variance are derived from coalescent theory for a sample of size n under the infinite-sites model with mutation rate parameter \theta = 4N_e \mu. Fu and Li's F extends this to all external mutations (not shared by two or more sequences), using F = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (n - i) \eta_i - E(\sum (n - i) \eta_i)}{\sqrt{V(\sum (n - i) \eta_i)}}, where \eta_i counts mutations unique to the i-th lineage in a coalescent tree; these tests detect signals of purifying selection or population size changes by comparing observed mutation patterns to neutral predictions. A related statistic, Fu's F_S, was proposed by Fu in 1997 specifically to detect excesses of rare alleles indicative of population growth, hitchhiking (selective sweeps), or background selection. Unlike D and F, which emphasize derived alleles, F_S is based on the site frequency spectrum under the infinite-alleles model and is computed as F_S = \ln \left( \frac{P(K \geq k \mid \theta)}{1 - P(K \geq k \mid \theta)} \right), where k is the observed number of alleles (or segregating sites) in a sample of n genes, \theta is the population mutation parameter estimated from the data (e.g., via Watterson's estimator \hat{\theta} = S / \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 1/i, with S the number of segregating sites), and P(K \geq k \mid \theta) is the tail probability from Ewens' sampling formula, involving unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind |s(n, j)| summed as P(K \geq k \mid \theta) = \frac{\sum_{j=k}^n |s(n, j)| \theta^j / j!}{\sum_{j=1}^n |s(n, j)| \theta^j / j!}. Negative values of F_S signal more alleles than expected under neutrality, often due to an influx of recent mutations; for example, in analyses of human mitochondrial DNA sequences from diverse populations, significantly negative F_S (e.g., F_S = -24.6, p < 0.001) has revealed recent expansions following bottlenecks. The statistic's power derives from its sensitivity to the probability distribution of allele counts, contrasting with Tajima's D by prioritizing rare variant excess over overall polymorphism levels. These Fu's F statistics are widely implemented in software such as DnaSP, which computes them from aligned DNA sequences or VCF files, enabling neutrality tests on polymorphic sites. F_S is particularly effective for detecting selective sweeps, where a beneficial mutation rapidly increases in frequency, reducing diversity and increasing rare variants in linked regions; for instance, in bacterial genome scans for antibiotic resistance loci, negative F_S has identified sweeps in Escherichia coli populations. By 2025, integrations with genomic big data have expanded their utility, with tools like PopGenome (R package) and scikit-allel (Python library) allowing computation on whole-genome datasets exceeding millions of sites, as seen in population studies of non-model species using low-coverage sequencing.^[39]^[40]

Other uses

Martial arts

In the context of Chinese martial arts, "fu" forms part of the term "gongfu" (or "kung fu"), which literally translates to "achievement through effort" or "skill acquired via time and hard work," encompassing a broad range of combat systems emphasizing discipline, technique, and physical conditioning.^[41]^[42] This nomenclature reflects not just fighting prowess but any mastery attained through persistent practice, distinguishing it from wushu, a more modern, performative variant. The character "fu" in this compound symbolizes the dedicated effort central to martial philosophy, underscoring the transformative power of sustained training.^[41] The historical roots of gongfu trace to the Shaolin Temple, founded in 495 CE during the Northern Wei dynasty under Emperor Xiaowendi, where Buddhist monks integrated martial exercises for health and defense.^[43] Legend credits the Indian monk Bodhidharma, arriving around the 6th century CE, with developing early Shaolin kung fu to combat physical weakness from prolonged meditation, incorporating dynamic movements inspired by animals and basic stances like horse-riding and snake forms.^[44] Over centuries, this evolved into diverse styles, including Wing Chun—a compact, efficiency-focused system originating in southern China during the 19th century, emphasizing centerline theory and rapid strikes—and Tai Chi Chuan, an internal art with roots in 17th-century Chen family practices but drawing from 5th-century Shaolin freehand exercises for cultivating balance and vitality.^[45]^[46] Gongfu gained prominence in the West through 1970s action films, building on earlier 1960s imports that introduced martial arts cinema to international audiences.^[47] Bruce Lee's starring roles in films like The Big Boss (1971), Fist of Fury (1972), and Enter the Dragon (1973)—the latter a landmark U.S.-Hong Kong coproduction—propelled kung fu into global stardom, breaking box-office records and inspiring widespread interest in Chinese combat traditions.^[48] Core training principles involve qi cultivation, the internal vital energy harnessed through breathing, meditation, and fluid motions to enhance strength, endurance, and mental focus, as seen in qigong-integrated practices across styles.^[45] Modern standardization came with the International Wushu Federation's founding in 1990, which promotes competitive wushu as a sport while preserving gongfu's heritage through international events and over 100 member federations.^[49]

Surnames

Fu is a common Chinese surname, most frequently romanized from the characters 傅 (Fù) and 符 (Fú), with less common variants including 伏 (Fú). The character 傅, meaning "teacher," "master," or "aid," traces its origins to Fu Yue (傅說), a legendary prime minister and advisor to King Wu Ding during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE), whose descendants adopted the name.^[50]^[51] Similarly, 符 derives from ancient official titles referring to tallies or seals used in governance during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), symbolizing authority and verification.^[52] The surname ranks among the more prevalent in China, with an estimated 7 million bearers as of recent demographic data, placing it approximately 47th in frequency nationwide.^[53] Historically, the surname is linked to prominent figures, including the mythical emperor Fu Xi (伏羲), revered as one of the Three Sovereigns and credited with inventing writing, fishing nets, and the bagua trigrams around 2852–2737 BCE.^[54] Fu Xi, born with a serpent's body in legend, is considered an ancestor of humanity and a cultural hero in Chinese mythology, with his name incorporating the character 伏, meaning "to prostrate" or "subdue."^[50] In modern times, notable bearers include Fu Chengyu (born 1951), a prominent energy executive who served as chairman of Sinopec, China's largest oil refiner, from 2011 to 2015, and previously led CNOOC as CEO.^[55] The Fu surname has spread through Chinese diaspora communities, particularly in Southeast Asia and the United States. In Southeast Asia, it is often romanized as Foo among Hainanese descendants, with significant populations in Singapore and Malaysia tracing back to 19th-century migrants from Hainan province.^[56] In the U.S., the surname appeared 8,370 times in the 2010 census, reflecting immigration waves from China and Taiwan.^[57] This global distribution underscores the surname's enduring ties to overseas Chinese networks.

Food

Fu (麩), also known as wheat gluten, is a traditional ingredient in Japanese cuisine, consisting of dried sheets or shapes made from the protein component of wheat flour. It serves as a versatile, meat-free protein source with a chewy, spongy texture that readily absorbs the flavors of surrounding ingredients in dishes.^[58]^[59] The origins of fu trace back to Buddhist vegetarian traditions, introduced to Japan from China by Zen monks during the Muromachi period (1336–1573), where it was valued as a high-quality alternative to animal proteins in temple cuisine. Initially a luxury item due to the scarcity of wheat, fu became more accessible during the Edo period (1603–1868) with improved agricultural practices and imports. It holds particular significance in shojin ryori, the vegetarian cuisine of Buddhist temples, where it features prominently in Kyoto's temple meals as a symbol of harmony with nature and adherence to precepts against harming living beings.^[58]^[59]^[60] Production begins with kneading wheat flour and water into a dough, which is then vigorously washed to remove the starch, isolating the elastic gluten mass. This gluten is shaped into forms—such as flowers, leaves, or simple rounds—before being steamed (for fresh nama-fu, which has a firm, custard-like texture) or baked and dried (for yaki-fu, the common shelf-stable variety). Dried fu requires rehydration by soaking in warm water for 5–10 minutes until it expands and softens, achieving a silky consistency suitable for cooking; over-soaking can cause it to disintegrate. Unlike yuba, which is the skin formed on boiled soy milk, fu is distinctly wheat-based and lacks soy's natural oils.^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61] In culinary applications, fu is commonly added to clear soups, miso-based broths, and hot pots like sukiyaki, where it simmers briefly in the final stages to soak up savory broths and mimic the texture of meat or seafood. It also appears in stir-fries, simmered dishes, and even confections such as fu-manju (steamed buns filled with sweet bean paste). Its neutral flavor and absorbent quality make it ideal for both everyday meals and elaborate kaiseki presentations in Kyoto cuisine.^[58]^[59]^[60] Nutritionally, fu is prized for its high protein content, providing approximately 28 grams of protein per 100 grams of dried product, with minimal fat and about 369 calories, making it a low-fat, cholesterol-free option for plant-based diets. It contains all essential amino acids, iron, B vitamins, and calcium, supporting its role as a staple in vegetarian nutrition, though it is unsuitable for those with gluten sensitivities.^[59]^[61]

Historical objects

In ancient China, the term fu (符) denoted tallies crafted from bamboo or wooden slips, primarily employed during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE) for administrative purposes such as accounting, tax collection, and contracts. These artifacts facilitated secure transactions through a split-tally system, wherein a single slip or board was inscribed with details and then divided—typically into two or three portions (e.g., left, middle, and right)—with each party retaining a matching segment featuring corresponding notches and inscriptions for later verification. Inscriptions were rendered in seal script (zhuanshu 篆書), an archaic, pictorial form of Chinese writing that ensured durability and authenticity on the perishable materials.^[62] The functional design of fu tallies emphasized accountability in governance; for instance, in tax-related contracts, the left portion might authorize disbursement, while the right confirmed receipt, with notches indicating quantities like grain or labor units. Archaeological evidence from Qin and Han sites, building on Zhou precedents, confirms their widespread use in household management and official records. Notable examples include tripartite wooden tallies from the Tuzishan tomb (dated 214 CE), measuring approximately 24.7 cm, with notched edges and notations for "disburse" and "receive," illustrating continuity into the Han period (206 BCE–220 CE). Bamboo slips from the Mawangdui tombs (ca. 168 BCE) further reveal administrative documents akin to fu systems, including inventory lists and household tallies that tracked funerary goods and obligations, underscoring their role in both daily and ritual economies.^[62]^[63] Excavations in the 20th century, such as the Juyan Han slips discovered in the 1930s, yielded over 10,000 wooden artifacts from frontier outposts, many functioning as fu tallies for military provisioning, debt verification, and contract enforcement, thereby affirming their integral place in imperial administration. These finds, spanning the Western Han era, demonstrate how fu evolved from Zhou-era prototypes to standardized tools under the Qin (221–206 BCE) and Han, with inscriptions detailing payments in kind like silkworm cocoons from 28 households. By the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), advancements in papermaking largely supplanted bamboo and wooden fu tallies, though the split system influenced later documentary practices. The term fu also denoted administrative divisions, to which these tallies provided essential governance tools.^[64]^[62]

References

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The Fu 賦 is a major genre of Chinese literature, intricately involved with the society and culture of imperial China from the Han through the Qing dynasties.
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Initially this was a wine vessel 畗 being presented 廾 to a deity; the hands were removed and the omen radical 示 was added.
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[30]
Chinese Tycoon Gives Columbia $26 Million - The New York Times
Oct 1, 1997 · The businessman, Z. Y. Fu, is giving the engineering school $26 million. Columbia will put the money in endowment and use the income to recruit ...
[31]
Programs | Columbia Engineering
Not sure where to start? Use our Program Finder to browse programs by discipline, level of study, and format. Program Finder · Return to home. The Fu ...Undergraduate Programs · Master's Programs · Doctoral Programs
[32]
Areas of Study | Columbia Undergraduate Admissions
Engineering Minors · Aerospace Engineering · Applied Mathematics · Applied Physics · Biomedical Engineering · Chemical Engineering · Civil Engineering · Computer ...
[33]
Columbia University Acceptance Rate - Top Tier Admissions
Located in New York City, it has a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 6,000 (4,500 in Columbia College and 1,500 in the Fu Foundation School of ...
[34]
Distinguished Alumni Recognized with 2025 Engineering Medals
May 1, 2025 · The 2025 recipients are Thomas Caulfield (Egleston Medal), Savio Tung (Johnson Medal), and Zvi Galil (Pupin Medal).Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[35]
Hughes Holden Foundation Gift to Columbia University to Fund ...
Jun 24, 2024 · This contribution will support groundbreaking work at Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering & Applied Sciences ('Columbia ...
[36]
An AI-Enhanced Education | Columbia Engineering
Aug 1, 2025 · Faculty across the Engineering School and partners are finding new and innovative ways to integrate generative AI in the classroom.Missing: expansions | Show results with:expansions
[37]
FISF Comprehensively Pushes Forward Double-degree ...
May 25, 2022 · As approved by the university, recently FISF signed an agreement with the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia ...
[38]
About FDU
Fudan University was established in 1905 as Fudan Public School. It was the first institution of higher education to be founded by a Chinese person.
[39]
Fudan University - NTU Ranking
Fudan University was established in 1905 as Fudan Public School. Fudan University was merged with Shanghai Medical University in 2000, forming a new, ...Missing: founding QS Double Class
[40]
Fudan University
Fudan University was established in 1905 as Fudan Public School. It was the first institution of higher education to be founded by a Chinese person.
[41]
Fudan University : Rankings, Fees & Courses Details | TopUniversities
Fudan University was established in 1905 as Fudan Public School. It was the first institution of higher education to be founded by a Chinese persona. The name ...
[42]
Fu Jen Catholic University | World University Rankings | THE
Fu Jen Catholic University was established in Beijing in the 1920s by Benedictines and moved to the island nation of Taiwan in 1961 with the help of the ...
[44]
Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei « IAJU
Year of foundation: 1925 ; Address: No. 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, 24205, Taipei ; Country: Taiwan, Province of China.
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Fu Jen Catholic University - Center for Global Education
Fu Jen has established partnership with more than 300 universities worldwide, promoting international academic cooperation and activities, such as exchange ...
[46]
Statistical Properties of New Neutrality Tests Against Population ...
In the case of Fu and Li's D* statistic, the power drop is caused by a marked decrease in the actual significance level (i.e., the size of the test). In fact, ...
[47]
Population genomic structure of the sea urchin Diadema africanum ...
Sep 28, 2024 · To detect recent demographic changes from the COI, we calculated different neutrality tests, including the Tajima's D, Fu's Fs and the Ramos- ...Results · Methods · Ddradseq Libraries...
[48]
Kung fu | History, Origin, & Facts | Britannica
Oct 18, 2025 · The Shaolin Temple, the construction of which began in 495 under the orders of the Wei emperor Xiaowendi, bears testimony to his success. It was ...
[49]
Kung fu etymology - ERIC KIM ₿
١٩‏/٠٢‏/٢٠٢٥ · The term Ã¢â‚¬Å“kung fuÃ¢â‚¬Â comes from the Chinese characters Ã¥Å Å¸Ã¥Â¤Â« (gÃ…Â ngfÃ…Â«). Literally, these characters mean Ã¢â‚¬Å“achievement ...
[50]
Shaolin Temple | History, Description, & Facts | Britannica
Oct 16, 2025 · The Shaolin Temple, the construction of which began in 495 under the orders of the Wei emperor Xiaowendi, bears testimony to his success. It was ...
[51]
Shaolin, the Influence - Bodhidharma
One legend suggests that Bodhidharma developed Shaolin Kung Fu to help heal cramps from lengthy hours of meditation. Another says that he developed it to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[52]
Tai chi chuan | Definition, Meaning, History, Forms, & Facts | Britannica
Oct 29, 2025 · Freehand exercise to promote health was practiced in China as early as the 3rd century, and, by the 5th century, monks at the Buddhist monastery ...
[53]
The Original Street Fighting Man - Origins osu.edu
Oct 27, 2016 · Beginning in 1954 at the age of thirteen Lee studied the Wing Chun style of kung fu in Hong Kong under legendary master Ip Man.
[54]
Top 9 Martial Arts Movies of the 1960s Ranked - Black Belt Magazine
Nov 27, 2023 · 9. Dragon Inn · 8. Come Drink with Me · 7. The One-Armed Boxer · 6. The Sword of Doom · 5. The Assassination · 4. The Chinese Boxer · 3. Golden ...
[55]
Bruce Lee | Biography, Martial Arts, Movies, Death, Son, & Facts | Britannica
### Summary of Bruce Lee's Role in Popularizing Chinese Martial Arts in the West
[56]
About IWUF
The International Wushu Federation (IWUF), which was established on October 3rd, 1990, is the international federation (IF) that governs wushu in all its forms ...
[57]
Fu Name Meaning and Fu Family History at FamilySearch
Mandarin and Cantonese form of the surname 傅, meaning 'master' or 'teacher' in Chinese: (i) said to be borne by descendants of Fu Yue (傅說)(died c. 1246 BC ).Missing: variants 2020 bearers
[58]
Fu Surname Meaning & Fu Family History at Ancestry.com®
The surname 傅, pronounced "Fu," translates to 'master' or 'teacher.' It is believed to have originated from Fu Yue, a prime minister from the Shang dynasty.Missing: variants bearers
[59]
Chinese surname No. 251 Fu2 [符] - RootsWeb
Chinese surname No. 251 Fu2 [符]. Long2 means : coincide, symbol, written charm, seal, chop. Variations include Foo, Pu, Fu. The history of surname Fu2 [符] ...Missing: 傅禆<|separator|>
[60]
Fu Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
Learn the fascinating origin of the Fu surname; its meaning & distribution. Unlock your family history in the largest database of last names.Missing: 2020 census
[61]
Fu Xi | Creator God, Chinese Culture, Ancestor Worship | Britannica
Oct 22, 2025 · Fu Xi, first mythical emperor of China. His miraculous birth, as a divine being with a serpent's body, is said to have occurred in the 29th century bce.
[62]
Fu Chengyu - ICVCM
He was Chairman and CEO of CNOOC, Chairman of SINOPEC, member of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of CPC and member of the 12th Standing ...
[63]
Foo Clan Association (Singapore)
Foo Clan Association is the oldest Hainanese clan group in Southeast Asia. It was originally founded by pioneers sharing the Foo surname to establish a contact ...
[64]
Fu last name popularity, history, and meaning
Meaning of Fu. A Chinese surname meaning "blessing" or "good fortune," or referring to a person from the state of Fu. Fu, ...Missing: variants 2020
[65]
Fu: Savoring the Tastes and Textures of Japan's Traditional Vegan ...
May 28, 2025 · Fu is a traditional Japanese food made from wheat gluten. Spongy and protein-rich, it absorbs the flavors of other ingredients.<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
What Is Fu? A Guide To Japanese Wheat Gluten
Jul 20, 2023 · At that time, Zen monks were strictly forbidden to eat meat, and Fu was thus highly prized as a top-quality dietary protein to rival tofu and ...Missing: origins 12th
[67]
Fu (Wheat Gluten) 麩 - YUCa's Japanese Cooking
Apr 13, 2022 · Fu (麸) is a processed food made mainly from gluten. Gluten is produced by kneading wheat flour with water. Since there is still some starch ...
[68]
Fu, the mother of seitan | JustHungry
Mar 6, 2008 · 100 grams of dried fu has 369 calories, almost no fat and 28 grams of protein. So like seitan, it's a pretty good vegan protein.Missing: cuisine nutrition
[69]
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Below is a merged response summarizing all information related to "fu" or tallies in ancient China from the provided segments. To retain the maximum amount of detail in a dense and organized format, I will use a combination of narrative text and a table in CSV format for key details. The narrative provides an overview and context, while the table captures specific data points (e.g., definitions, materials, archaeological finds) across the segments.
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http://www.hnkgs.com/show_news.aspx?id=975
[71]
Juyan Hanjian 居延漢簡(www.chinaknowledge.de)
Feb 14, 2020 · The wooden slip texts of Juyan 居延date from the Han period 漢(206 BCE-220 CE) and were discovered in the ruins of ancient watchtower ...