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Fuchs

''Fuchs'' is a German and Yiddish surname meaning "fox" (from Middle High German ''vuls'', cognate with English ''fox''). It may refer to: For etymology and language usage, see the dedicated section.

Etymology and Language

Origins and Meaning

The German word Fuchs, denoting "fox," traces its origins to the Proto-Indo-European root puk-, meaning "tail," which likely referenced the animal's distinctive bushy tail.^[1] This root developed into the Proto-Germanic fuhsaz (also reconstructed as puḱsos, "the tailed one"), appearing in early Germanic languages.^[2] By the 8th century, it had evolved into Old High German fuhs, the earliest attested form in written records from that period, marking the emergence of distinct Germanic vocabulary for the fox.^[3] From Old High German fuhs, the term progressed to Middle High German vuhs around the 11th–12th centuries, solidifying into modern German Fuchs.^[3] Initially a literal reference to the animal, Fuchs underwent semantic shifts toward metaphorical connotations of cunning and slyness, reflecting cultural associations with the fox's perceived cleverness. This evolution is evident in 12th-century German literature, particularly in Heinrich der Glîchezâre's beast epic Reinhart Fuchs (composed ca. 1170–1180), where the protagonist fox embodies trickery and deceit in allegorical tales satirizing human society.^[4] Such usages highlight the word's transition from zoological descriptor to a symbol of guile, influencing idiomatic expressions in Germanic languages.^[1] In standard German pronunciation, Fuchs is articulated as /fʊks/, with a short vowel sound akin to the "u" in "book" followed by a voiceless "ks."^[5] English adaptations of the word, often encountered in surnames or loanwords, vary slightly to /fʊks/ or /fjuːks/, incorporating anglicized vowel shifts while retaining the core consonantal structure.^[6] This term also served as a basis for surnames, typically as a nickname for individuals noted for slyness or red hair resembling the fox's coat.^[7]

Usage in German and Yiddish

In German, the word "Fuchs" frequently appears in idiomatic expressions that draw on the fox's traditional association with cunning and shrewdness. A prominent example is "schlau wie ein Fuchs," meaning "as clever as a fox," used to describe someone exceptionally intelligent or sly in navigating situations.^[8] This proverb reflects longstanding cultural perceptions of the fox as a trickster figure, with roots traceable to medieval German literature and folklore where foxes embody wit and deception.^[3] In Yiddish, spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, "foks" (the Yiddish form of "Fuchs") carries similar connotations of cleverness and resourcefulness in literature and folklore. The fox often symbolizes quick thinking and survival instincts amid adversity, appearing in tales that highlight moral lessons through animal fables. This usage persists in Yiddish oral storytelling, where the fox contrasts with more straightforward animals to illustrate human cunning. Regional dialects of German-speaking areas extend "Fuchs" beyond the animal to specific cultural terms. In German, "Fuchs" denotes a light bay or chestnut horse color, referring to the reddish-brown coat reminiscent of a fox's fur, a designation common in equestrian contexts. In Austrian and broader German university slang, "Fuchs" slangily refers to a freshman or first-year student, particularly in fraternities, evoking the novice's need for sly adaptation to academic and social hierarchies.^[6] In 21st-century German pop culture, "Fuchs" inspires branding and media motifs leveraging the fox's playful, clever image. For example, the Düsseldorf brewery Im Füchschen employs cartoon foxes as its official mascot in advertising campaigns, portraying anthropomorphic characters in humorous scenarios to promote its Altbier, blending tradition with modern appeal.^[9] Such references appear in television ads and merchandise, reinforcing the word's vibrant, contemporary linguistic role.

Surname and People

Scientists and Academics

Klaus Fuchs (1911–1988) was a German-born theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to nuclear physics during World War II as part of the British Mission at Los Alamos Laboratory in the Manhattan Project. His work included key theoretical calculations on the implosion method for the plutonium bomb and the diffusion of uranium isotopes, aiding the development of the first atomic weapons. However, Fuchs was also a committed communist who spied for the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1949, providing detailed information on bomb design, including dimensions of the plutonium core and the use of explosive lenses, which accelerated the USSR's nuclear program by up to two years according to declassified assessments. Convicted in 1950 after confessing to British authorities, he served nine years in prison before being released and relocating to East Germany, where he continued research in theoretical physics at the Rossendorf Institute.^[10]^[11]^[12] Ernst Fuchs (1851–1930) was an Austrian ophthalmologist and pathologist renowned for his foundational work in ocular pathology and clinical ophthalmology. Serving as professor at the University of Vienna from 1880, he advanced the understanding of eye diseases through meticulous histopathological studies, describing conditions such as Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis, which remain eponymous in medical literature. His seminal textbook, Lehrbuch der Augenheilkunde (first published in 1889 and translated into multiple languages), integrated pathology, anatomy, and clinical practice, becoming a cornerstone for ophthalmic education worldwide and influencing generations of specialists. Fuchs' microscopic examinations of ocular tissues established systematic approaches to diagnosing inflammatory and degenerative processes, emphasizing the correlation between clinical symptoms and pathological findings.^[13]^[14] Sir Vivian Fuchs (1908–1999) was a British geologist and polar explorer whose expeditions significantly expanded knowledge of Antarctic geology and glaciology. Educated at Cambridge University, he began Antarctic fieldwork in 1929 and later directed the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (1947–1950), conducting geological surveys that mapped previously unexplored regions and collected rock samples revealing Gondwanan connections. Fuchs is best known for leading the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958), which achieved the first surface crossing of Antarctica from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea, covering 2,158 miles in 99 days using Sno-Cats and a Muskeg tractor; the journey yielded critical data on ice thickness, bedrock topography, and seismic activity, supporting theories of continental drift. Knighted in 1958, he subsequently served as director of the British Antarctic Survey (1958–1973), overseeing multidisciplinary research that advanced paleoclimatology and resource assessment in polar environments.^[15]^[16] Gunter Fuchs (born c. 1970s) is a contemporary German set theorist and logician, currently professor of mathematics at the College of Staten Island, City University of New York, specializing in infinitary combinatorics, descriptive set theory, and inner model theory. His research explores forcing axioms, large cardinals, and the structure of the real numbers under determinacy hypotheses, with influential papers such as "Set-theoretic geology" co-authored with J. D. Hamkins and J. Reitz in 2015. Fuchs has received recognition including invitations to major conferences like the Logic Colloquium and holds editorial roles in journals such as the Journal of Symbolic Logic; his work as of 2025 continues to address open problems in set theory, including consistency results for the axiom of determinacy.^[17]

Artists and Entertainers

Daniel Fuchs (1909–1993) was an American novelist and screenwriter renowned for his depictions of Jewish immigrant life in Brooklyn during the Great Depression. His debut novel, Summer in Williamsburg (1934), launched the Williamsburg Trilogy, which also included Homage to Blenholt (1936) and Low Company (1937), chronicling the struggles of working-class families amid economic hardship and cultural transitions.^[18] These works drew from Fuchs's own experiences growing up in the Williamsburg neighborhood, blending realism with poignant social commentary on poverty, ambition, and community dynamics.^[19] Transitioning to Hollywood in 1937, Fuchs became a prolific screenwriter, contributing to over 30 films for studios like Warner Bros. and RKO. Notable credits include the noir thriller The Gangster (1947), which he adapted from his short story and which explored themes of crime and moral decay in urban underbelly settings, earning praise for its taut dialogue and atmospheric tension.^[18] Other significant works encompassed The Big Shot (1942) and uncredited contributions to classics like Casablanca (1942), where his narrative polish enhanced character-driven storytelling. Fuchs's screenwriting career bridged literary depth with cinematic efficiency, influencing mid-20th-century American film noir.^[20] Ernst Fuchs (1930–2015) was an Austrian painter, sculptor, and architect who co-founded the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism in 1946 alongside Arik Brauer and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, establishing a postwar movement that revived mythological and visionary art in opposition to abstract expressionism.^[21] His oeuvre featured intricate, symbolic compositions blending Christian iconography, alchemy, and surreal elements, often rendered in luminous oils and tempera on detailed canvases that evoked Renaissance mastery. Fuchs's early works, such as Prometheus (1950), showcased his fascination with archetypal figures and dreamlike narratives, drawing from influences like Hieronymus Bosch and Gustav Klimt.^[22] Throughout the 1960s to 1980s, Fuchs gained international acclaim through major exhibitions, including retrospectives at the Venice Biennale (1960) and the Centre Pompidou in Paris (1982), where his large-scale pieces like The Temple of the Holy Grail highlighted his evolution toward architectural integration of art.^[22] He also designed stage sets and interiors, such as the Albertina Museum frescoes in Vienna (1980s), fusing painting with spatial environments to create immersive, mystical experiences. Fuchs's contributions to Fantastic Realism emphasized spiritual depth and technical virtuosity, inspiring subsequent generations of visionary artists.^[23]

Politicians and Military Figures

Emil Fuchs (1874–1971) was a German Lutheran pastor and pacifist who joined the Social Democratic Party after World War I and became an early critic of the rising Nazi regime. Imprisoned by the Nazis in 1933 for his anti-fascist activities, he was released after international pressure but faced ongoing persecution, including dismissal from his teaching post.^[24] Fuchs later emigrated to the United States in 1936, where he continued his theological work emphasizing Christian socialism until his return to East Germany in 1949. Anke Fuchs (1937–2019) served as a prominent Social Democratic Party (SPD) politician in West Germany, holding the position of Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health from May to October 1982 under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. She focused on social reforms, including advancements in family policy and women's rights, and later became Vice President of the Bundestag from 1994 to 1998. Her tenure was marked by efforts to integrate health and social welfare systems amid Cold War tensions. Michael Fuchs (1949–2022) was a German politician affiliated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), representing the Rheinland-Pfalz region in the Bundestag from 2002 to 2017. As Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy from 2009 to 2013, he contributed to economic policy during the European debt crisis, advocating for fiscal stability and SME support. Fuchs later served as deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group until 2017, influencing debates on energy transition and digitalization. In the military sphere, Robert Fuchs (1895–1977) was a German Luftwaffe general during World War II, commanding the 1st Air Division from 1943 to 1945 in various theaters, including defensive operations against Allied bombing campaigns. Awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, his role involved coordinating fighter defenses in the later stages of the war. Austrian diplomat Martin Fuchs (1903–1969), a journalist turned foreign service officer, served in the Austrian legation during the interwar period and documented the 1938 Anschluss in his book A Pact with Hitler: The Death of Austria. Exiled after the Nazi annexation, he worked for the U.S. State Department during WWII and contributed to postwar Austrian diplomacy.^[25]

Geography

Settlements

Fuchs, California, is an unincorporated community in Calaveras County, United States, located in the Sierra Nevada foothills. It is part of the Rail Road Flat census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 316 according to the 2020 census, and features a rural character with historical roots in the late 19th century.^[26] Fuchsstadt is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany, with medieval origins tracing back to its first mention in 907. Today, it serves as a small administrative center with a focus on local governance and cultural preservation, and had an estimated population of 1,917 as of 2023.^[27]^[28]

Natural Features

The Fuchs Dome in Antarctica is a notable ice-covered dome located at coordinates 80°36′S 27°50′W.^[29] It was named after Sir Vivian Fuchs in recognition of his leadership during the 1958 leg of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, which achieved the first overland crossing of the continent.^[15] Small streams known as Fuchs Rivers or Fuchsbachs exist in Bavaria, Germany, often named for local fox populations (Vulpes vulpes) associated with the surrounding fauna.^[30] One such minor waterway, the Fuchsbach near the Allgäu region at approximately 47.65°N 10.19°E and 839 m elevation, flows through forested terrain and supports localized ecosystems without significant hydrological impact.^[30]

Organizations

Educational Institutions

Several educational institutions bear the name Fuchs, often honoring notable individuals or reflecting local heritage. One prominent example is the Fuchs Mizrachi School, an Orthodox Jewish college preparatory day school located in Beachwood, Ohio, serving students from preschool through grade 12.^[31] Established in 1983, the school emphasizes a dual curriculum that integrates rigorous general academics with Judaic studies, including Hebrew language instruction, Jewish history, and STEM programs to prepare students for higher education.^[32] As of the 2024-25 school year, it enrolled approximately 577 students with a student-teacher ratio of 8:1, fostering a community-oriented environment that promotes ethical leadership and cultural identity.^[33]^[34] In Germany, the Arno-Fuchs-Schule in Berlin exemplifies another institution named Fuchs, operating as a primary and secondary school with a focus on special education for students with intellectual disabilities.^[35] Founded to support inclusive learning, it provides tailored programs in basic skills, social integration, and vocational preparation across grades 1 through 10, serving children and youth in the Spandau district. The school's approach prioritizes individualized development, incorporating therapeutic elements and extracurricular activities to enhance cognitive and emotional growth. The Frances R. Fuchs Early Childhood Center in Beltsville, Maryland, represents a public special education facility named after educator Frances R. Fuchs, a pioneer in the field within Prince George's County.^[36] Rededicated in 1984, it caters to young children with developmental needs through preschool programs that emphasize early intervention, speech therapy, and foundational skills in a supportive setting.^[37] This center underscores the role of named institutions in advancing specialized early education, drawing on Fuchs's legacy of advocacy for inclusive practices.

Industrial Companies

Fuchs SE, headquartered in Mannheim, Germany (renamed from Fuchs Petrolub SE in July 2023), was founded in 1931 by Rudolf Fuchs as a family-owned business specializing in lubricants.^[38] It has grown to become the world's largest independent producer of lubricants and related specialties, offering over 10,000 products for industrial applications, including automotive, manufacturing, and energy sectors.^[39] As of October 2025, the company guided for full-year sales revenues of approximately €3.525 billion, in line with the previous year's level, reflecting steady performance amid market challenges.^[40] Fuchs SE operates more than 100 production and sales sites across over 40 countries, enabling localized service and global reach.^[41] Under its FUCHS2025 strategy launched post-2020, the company has emphasized sustainability, including commitments to transition to 100% renewable electricity where available by 2025 and developing low-emission lubricants to support e-mobility and resource efficiency.^[42] These initiatives align with broader goals of reducing environmental impact through product innovation and operational improvements, such as minimizing outgassing in high-performance greases for electric vehicles.^[43] The Fuchs Group, a family-owned enterprise based in Dissen, Germany, was established in 1952 by Dieter Fuchs, initially as a small spice trading operation that evolved into a major supplier for the food industry.^[44] Today, it remains privately held under DF World of Spices AG, with significant ownership by the nonprofit Dieter Fuchs Foundation, and focuses on spices, herbs, seasonings, blends, marinades, and technical flavor solutions.^[44] The company sources over 300 spice varieties from approximately 50 countries worldwide, ensuring traceability and quality in its supply chain.^[45] With operations spanning 10 countries across four continents and 20 locations, the Fuchs Group exports its products globally, serving food retail, processing, and international specialties markets.^[44] In the 2020s, it has innovated in organic products, launching lines like the Cafe Classics collection of organic seasonings and the Mirodenia brand featuring natural and organic ingredients for health-conscious cooking, alongside sustainable sourcing practices to reduce climate impact.^[46]^[47]^[48] OTTO FUCHS KG, a German manufacturer with operations in the United States, was founded in 1910 in Meinerzhagen as a metalworking firm and has specialized in forging aluminum and steel components for over a century.^[49] The company produces precision-forged parts using advanced hot-die forging technology for high-volume series in automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors, holding numerous patents for processes like multi-layer paint systems and structural components.^[50]^[51] Key innovations include automation in forging for reproducibility and efficiency, supporting lightweight construction in vehicles.^[50] OTTO FUCHS produces lightweight components for electric vehicles (EV), leveraging forging expertise to create aluminum chassis and structural elements that enhance EV range and efficiency, in line with industry shifts toward sustainable mobility.^[52]

Medicine and Biology

Medical Conditions

Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), also known as Fuchs' dystrophy, is a progressive, bilateral disorder of the corneal endothelium characterized by the gradual loss of endothelial cells, leading to corneal edema, thickening of Descemet's membrane, and eventual vision impairment.^[53] First described in 1910 by Austrian ophthalmologist Ernst Fuchs, the condition typically manifests after age 50, with initial symptoms including blurred vision upon waking that improves throughout the day due to evaporation of overnight corneal fluid accumulation.^[54] As the disease advances, patients experience persistent glare, halos around lights, and reduced visual acuity from corneal guttae formation and bullous keratopathy.^[55] Management of FECD focuses on symptom relief in early stages and surgical intervention for advanced cases. Hypertonic saline drops or ointments are commonly used to reduce corneal swelling by drawing out excess fluid.^[56] For moderate to severe disease, endothelial keratoplasty procedures have become the standard, with Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) emerging as the preferred technique since the 2010s due to its use of a thin donor graft that closely mimics natural anatomy, resulting in faster visual recovery and lower rejection rates compared to earlier methods like Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).^[57] Recent advancements through 2025, including refined surgical tools and tissue selection protocols, have improved DMEK outcomes, with 10-year graft survival rates reaching approximately 75% in large cohorts.^[58] Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI), also termed Fuchs uveitis syndrome, is a chronic, low-grade anterior uveitis variant typically affecting one eye and characterized by subtle inflammation without pain or redness.^[59] Key diagnostic features include iris heterochromia (lighter iris in the affected eye), fine keratic precipitates scattered across the endothelium, posterior synechiae absence, and a high incidence of lens opacities leading to cataract formation in up to 80% of cases.^[60] The condition often presents insidiously with blurred vision or floaters, and glaucoma develops in about 10-30% of patients over time due to trabecular meshwork changes.^[61] FHI accounts for 2-11% of anterior uveitis cases in Western populations, with an estimated population prevalence of approximately 1 in 100,000, though it is rarer in Asian cohorts at less than 1% of uveitis referrals.^[62] Treatment primarily involves topical corticosteroids for inflammatory flares and monitoring for complications, with cataract surgery and glaucoma management as needed; long-term immunosuppression is rarely required given the mild course.^[59] Potential immune-mediated mechanisms have been proposed, though no strong causal genetic links have been confirmed. Genetic factors play a significant role in both conditions, with FECD showing strong heritability linked to European ancestry. Genome-wide association studies from 2020-2025 have identified multiple loci, including expansions in the TCF4 gene's CTG18.1 trinucleotide repeat, with an allele frequency of approximately 3% in European populations and associated with a >30-fold increased risk for FECD, particularly in females.^[63]^[64] Incidence of FECD is notably higher in Europeans, affecting 4-5% of individuals over age 40, compared to lower rates in East Asian and Middle Eastern groups.^[65]

Biological and Scientific Terms

The genus Fuchsia, comprising approximately 110 species of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, is a prominent biological term derived from the name Fuchs, honoring the 16th-century German botanist and physician Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566). These shrubs and small trees, native primarily to Central and South America with some species in New Zealand and Tahiti, are characterized by their pendulous, tubular flowers featuring vibrant red, pink, purple, or white sepals and petals, which attract hummingbirds and other pollinators. The genus was first described in 1703 by Charles Plumier in his work Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera, explicitly named after Fuchs for his foundational contributions to botany through accurate plant descriptions and illustrations. Leonhart Fuchs's influence extends to botanical nomenclature and scientific illustration, establishing standards for empirical observation in plant science that indirectly shaped terms like Fuchsia. His seminal 1542 publication De historia stirpium commentarii insignes cataloged nearly 500 plant species with woodcut illustrations based on living specimens, emphasizing precise morphology over medieval symbolism and laying groundwork for modern taxonomy. This work, drawing from classical sources like Dioscorides while incorporating field observations, promoted the use of vernacular and scientific names, influencing how genera such as Fuchsia were later formalized.^[66] In microbial and ecological contexts, the Fuchsia genus relates to naming conventions rooted in Fuchs's legacy, though not directly microbial; studies on plant-microbe interactions in Fuchsia species highlight symbiotic relationships with soil bacteria and fungi that aid nutrient uptake in diverse habitats. Additionally, the German term "Fuchs" meaning "fox" connects to zoological research on adaptations in the genus Vulpes (true foxes), where evolutionary studies examine traits like fur camouflage and thermoregulation in species such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), reflecting parallel naming inspirations from natural history observations akin to Fuchs's botanical pursuits.^[67]

Military

Vehicles and Equipment

The Fuchs armored personnel carrier (APC), designated Transportpanzer 1 (TPz 1), is a 6x6 wheeled vehicle developed by Daimler-Benz and manufactured by Thyssen-Henschel (now Rheinmetall Landsysteme), entering service with the German Bundeswehr in 1979 as the second wheeled armored vehicle in its inventory.^[68] Designed for multi-role operations, it features an all-welded steel hull providing protection against small arms and shell splinters, with amphibious capability via twin propellers and a top speed of approximately 105 km/h on roads.^[69] The vehicle accommodates a crew of two plus up to eight passengers in its standard APC configuration and includes an NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) overpressure system for contaminated environments, enabling safe troop transport and specialized reconnaissance tasks.^[68] Over 1,400 Fuchs 1 vehicles were produced, with more than 800 remaining in Bundeswehr service across over 40 variants by the 2020s, including engineering, command, and electronic warfare roles.^[69] Deployed operationally, more than 100 Fuchs vehicles supported German ISAF forces in Afghanistan during the 2000s, performing troop transport, route clearance, and improvised explosive device (IED) mitigation amid asymmetric threats.^[69] Upgrades to the Fuchs 2 configuration began in the 2000s, with significant enhancements in the 2010s and continuing through 2025; these include a more powerful MTU 6V 199 TE20 diesel engine (315 kW), increased payload to 9.4 tons, raised troop compartment for improved ergonomics, and modular armor kits offering protection against 14.5 mm armor-piercing rounds and artillery fragments.^[70] Recent contracts, such as a 2024 order for Fuchs 2 production kits for an international partner (deliveries 2024–2028) and a €17.5 million UK contract for Fuchs CBRN vehicle upgrades (awarded 2020), integrate digital C4I systems, central tire inflation, and add-on protection against mines and IEDs, ensuring relevance into the 2040s. In 2025, initial Fuchs vehicles were delivered to Ukraine under a Rheinmetall partnership for local production and support in ongoing conflicts.^[71]^[70]^[72] The Fuchs platform also supports ground surveillance through specialized radar variants, such as the battlefield surveillance radar (BFR) configuration equipped with the French-developed RASIT pulse-Doppler system, introduced to the Bundeswehr in the late 1980s on Fuchs chassis for mobile deployment.^[68] This I-band radar detects moving targets, distinguishing between personnel (up to 8 km), vehicles (up to 20 km), and low-flying aircraft or helicopters (up to 40 km in the enhanced RASIT-E version), providing real-time tactical intelligence for reconnaissance and artillery targeting.^[73] Integrated into Bundeswehr artillery observer and electronic warfare units, the system features a mast-mounted antenna for 360-degree coverage and operates in pulse-Doppler mode to filter ground clutter.^[74] Exports of Fuchs radar-equipped vehicles have continued into 2025, including components for partner nations' production lines and operational deliveries to allies like the UAE and UK, enhancing multinational interoperability.^[70] Historically, during World War II, "Otto Fuchs" served as a German code name for a Luftwaffe liaison unit based at Gambut airfield in North Africa, functioning as a fast reconnaissance element to support Panzergruppe Afrika's operations by monitoring Allied movements and coordinating air-ground intelligence in 1941–1942.^[75] This designation reflected the emphasis on agile scout vehicles and rapid reporting, akin to the fox's cunning, though specific vehicle types were standard Wehrmacht reconnaissance cars like the Sd.Kfz. 222.^[75]

Operations and Personnel

In the context of World War II, several German military personnel bearing the surname Fuchs held significant command roles within the Nazi regime's armed forces. Robert Fuchs, a career officer in the Luftwaffe, served as Kommodore of Kampfgeschwader 26 from September 1939 to October 1940, leading the bomber wing in operations over Norway and during the early phases of the Battle of Britain, for which he received the Knight's Cross of the [Iron Cross](/page/Iron Cross) on 6 April 1940.^[76] Later promotions elevated him to Generalmajor, after which he commanded Luftwaffen-Jäger-Regiment 33 from December 1942 to May 1943, Luftwaffen-Feld-Division 20 from August to September 1943, and finally the 1. Flieger-Division from November 1943 until the war's end in May 1945, overseeing air operations in multiple theaters.^[77]^[78] Wilhelm Fuchs, an SS-Oberführer and Oberst der Polizei, directed security operations in occupied territories as Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (BdS) in Serbia from April 1941 to January 1942, where he oversaw the systematic persecution, deportation, and execution of Jews and Roma populations as part of Einsatzgruppe Serbien.^[79] His tenure involved coordinating with local authorities to enforce anti-partisan measures and racial policies, resulting in the near-total elimination of Serbia's Jewish community by mid-1942; Fuchs was later transferred to Italy to continue similar roles until 1945.^[80] Captured after the war, he was tried and executed in Belgrade in January 1947 for war crimes.^[79]

References

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Klaus Fuchs, a German-born physicist and part of the British Mission at Los Alamos, was a spy for the Soviet Union, passing on critical information on the ...
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Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs (1911-1988) was a German-born atomic scientist who emigrated to Great Britain in the late 1930s. He worked on the joint U.S./British ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Klaus Fuchs, British physisist and spy - UMKC School of Law
Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs was born in Germany in 1911. As a young man, he was interested in politics and became a member of the German Communist Party. As the ...
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A German-born naturalized British citizen, Fuchs was one of about 20 British scientists who came to the United States in December 1943 to contribute to the ...
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Originating from Old English "fox" and Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz, meaning a fox; also a 1660s verb meaning "to delude," reflecting craftiness and wile.
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From Middle English fox, from Old English fox(“fox”), from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz(“fox”), from Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Fuchs pronunciation in German [ de ] Phonetic spelling: fʊks Male from Germany Male from Germany Male from Germany
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English. Etymology. From German Fuchs. Doublet of Fox and Vos. Pronunciation. IPA: /fjuːks/. Audio (Southern England): Duration: 2 seconds.0:02, (file) ...
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Schlau wie ein Fuchs sein. Literal Translation – As clever as a fox. English Meaning – As clever as a fox. You must be as smart as a fox if you're brilliant ...
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The fox was also employed in the magic of the time. The tail of a fox was suspended between the eyes of the horse to protect it against the evil eye (Shab. 53a); ...
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Translation for 'Fuchs' using the free German-English dictionary by LANGENSCHEIDT -– with examples, synonyms and pronunciation ... sorrel, bay, chestnut (horse).
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Check out the ever-popular cartoon fox campaign that has become a mascot of Füchschen in Düsseldorf. These freakish Füchse have been campaigned throughout ...
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Feb 10, 2024 · Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs (1911-1988) was a very talented theoretical physicist and was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Ernst Fuchs' contribution to ophthalmology exceeds purely the delineation of ocular diseases and the detailed description of signs.
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Mar 5, 2008 · Sir Vivian Fuchs, FRS, polar explorer and Director of the British Antarctic Survey, 1958-73, died on November 11 aged 91.
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Gunter Fuchs joined the CSI math faculty in Fall 2009. He received his PhD in 2003 from Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.
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Aug 11, 1993 · ... gangster who dominated her life. His other screenplays include "The ... The books -- "Summer in Williamsburg," "Homage to Blenholt" and ...Missing: American | Show results with:American
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Poster for The Gangster (1947) The Gangster (1947). Poster for The Big Shot ... Daniel Fuchs (June 25, 1909 – July 26, 1993) was an American screenwriter, fiction ...
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Nov 9, 2015 · Ernst Fuchs, whose works combined a love of colour and texture with clear lines, mysticism and religious themes, died Monday at 85.
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Collection: Emil Fuchs Papers - Archives & Manuscripts
Emil Fuchs (1874-1971) was the first Lutheran pastor to join the Social Democratic Party in Germany after World War I. He was a pacifist and became a member of ...
[29]
A Pact with Hitler: The Death of Austria - Martin Fuchs - Google Books
Title, A Pact with Hitler: The Death of Austria ; Author, Martin Fuchs ; Publisher, V. Gollancz, 1939 ; Original from, Indiana University ; Digitized, Aug 25, 2008.
[30]
Geschichte & Lage - Zahlen, Daten, Fakten, Fuchsstadt
Geschichtliche Zeittafel. 806/07. Markung Kissingen und ein Ort „Fahstat“ genannt. 907. Erste urkundliche Erwähnung: Kloster Echternach tritt seine ...
[31]
Fuchs Dome - Australian Antarctic Data Centre
Large ice-covered dome rising over 1,525 m, between Stratton and Gordon Glacier's in the central part of the Shackleton Range. First mapped in 1957 by the CTAE ...<|separator|>
[32]
Glaciological history and structural evolution of the Shackleton Ice ...
Jan 16, 2023 · Over the 60-year period of observation we find significant rift propagation on the Shackleton Ice Shelf and Scott Glacier and notable structural changes.
[33]
World Future Policy Award goes to Tiroler Umweltanwaltschaft
On 9 October 2025, the World Future Council (WFC) announced that the Tyrolean Environmental Ombudsoffice is awarded a World Future Policy Award (WFPA) 2025.
[34]
Fuchsbach, Germany - GeoNames
History; Tags; Alternate names. Fuchsbach ca. 839 m. 2924103. H STM stream. Germany DE » Bavaria 02. 47.64658, 10.19062. N 47°38′48″ E 10°11′26″. geotree .kml .
[35]
Fuchs Mizrachi School
Fuchs Mizrachi School is an Orthodox Jewish college preparatory day school offering educational programs for preschool through grade 12, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
Fuchs Mizrachi School - Access Jewish Cleveland
Fuchs Mizrachi School was established in 1983 and is geared towards children ages 12 months – 18 years whose families are seeking a quality general and Judaic ...
[37]
Fuchs Mizrachi School in Beachwood, OH - Niche
Sep 30, 2025 · Fuchs Mizrachi School is a highly rated, private, Jewish school located in BEACHWOOD, OH. It has 426 students in grades PK, K-12 with a student-teacher ratio ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
Unsere Schule - Arno Fuchs Schule
Die Arno-Fuchs-Schule in Berlin eine Grundschule und Schule der Sekundarstufe I und II mit dem sonderpädagogischen Förderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung im ...Missing: Deutschland | Show results with:Deutschland
[39]
Our School Story and Mission Statement
Our school was rededicated in March 1984 and renamed Frances R. Fuchs, a pioneer in special education in Prince George's County. Contact.Missing: institutions | Show results with:institutions
[40]
Search for Public Schools - Frances R Fuchs E C C (240051001134)
Use the Search For Public Schools locator to retrieve information on all U.S. public schools. This data is collected annually directly from State Education ...Missing: institutions | Show results with:institutions
[41]
Corporate History | FUCHS SE
A modest founder. The story of FUCHS reflects the courage of Rudolf Fuchs, an entrepreneur who was only 21 years old when the company was founded in 1931.
[42]
About FUCHS | FUCHS SE
Founded in 1931 as a family business in Mannheim, FUCHS is now the world's largest independent supplier of innovative lubrication solutions.
[43]
How Does Fuchs Petrolub SE Company Work? - Matrix BCG
Oct 22, 2025 · For 2025, Fuchs SE projects sales revenues of approximately EUR 3.7 billion and an EBIT of around EUR 460 million. This growth is expected ...
[44]
Company | FUCHS SE
**Summary of FUCHS SE (https://www.fuchs.com/group/the-company/company/):**
[45]
Sustainability Management | FUCHS SE
FUCHS is committed to switch to renewable (“green”) electricity by 2025 in all countries where this instrument is available. In the year 2024 the share of Green ...
[46]
[PDF] Annual Report - Fuchs
Dec 31, 2024 · To prevent these issues, FUCHS has developed specialized high-performance greases. These excel with low outgassing and minimal particle ...
[47]
The company - Fuchs Gruppe
The history of our company is undoubtedly also the history of one man. Today we would say, Dieter Fuchs founded a successful start-up in Lower Saxony in 1952.
[48]
Value chain - Fuchs Gruppe
300 spices from 50 countries worldwide. Raw materials quality is essential for the quality of the end product, which is why procurement and traceability are ...
[49]
Introducing our Cafe Classics Collection of Organic Seasonings
These limited edition seasonings are not only trendy, but also incredibly versatile. Keep reading to learn more about these four yummy seasonings. Maple ...Missing: company 2020s
[50]
Consumer Brands - Fuchs Gruppe
Mirodenia offers natural seasonings and sour borscht for healthy cooking. Our products are made from natural and organic ingredients and are aimed at anyone who ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[51]
In good Taste: Fuchs Gruppe's climate action recipe - ClimatePartner
Aug 1, 2025 · Fuchs's portfolio includes traditional spices and herbs, technological flavour solutions for industrial use, and international delicacies. In ...
[52]
Company History - bei OTTO FUCHS
The history of OTTO FUCHS KG began in 1910 with the entry of Metall- und Armaturenwerke Meinerzhagen GmbH in the commercial register.
[53]
Manufacturing Process - Products and Processes - OTTO FUCHS KG
Forging – maximum precision down to the smallest detail Our OTTO-FUCHS hot-die forging technology enables exact reproducibility in large and small series ...Manufacturing Process · Forging -- Maximum Precision... · Extrusion -- Quality By The...Missing: steel founded automation EV
[54]
Patents Assigned to Otto Fuchs KG. - Justia Patents Search
Abstract: A vehicle component with a multi-layer paint system and a method for producing the same. The vehicle component has a multi-layer paint system ...Missing: steel automation EV
[55]
Automotive - Markets - OTTO FUCHS KG
Our pioneering work in lightweight construction enables us to significantly increase the efficiency and range of electric vehicles.Automotive · Otto Fuchs As A Force To Be... · Solutions That Redefine...
[56]
Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Apr 6, 2025 · Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED) is a progressive, bilateral corneal disorder that leads to corneal endothelial dysfunction, fluid retention, and vision ...
[57]
One Hundred Years of Fuchs' Dystrophy - Ophthalmology
One hundred years ago, Professor Ernst Fuchs published his original description of the corneal dystrophy that presently bears his name. 1. Fuchs, E.
[58]
Fuchs endothelial dystrophy: MedlinePlus Genetics
Fuchs endothelial dystrophy is a condition that causes vision problems. The first symptom of this condition is typically blurred vision in the morning that ...
[59]
Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Aug 8, 2023 · TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT · Topical NaCl 5% (Muro 128) drops and ointment at night to help dehydrate the cornea. · Ruptured bullae should be treated as ...
[60]
Emerging Innovations in the Treatment of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal ...
Oct 21, 2025 · Currently, the gold standard treatment for FECD is Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). This advanced surgical procedure involves ...
[61]
Ten-year outcomes after DMEK, DSAEK, and PK: insights on graft ...
Jan 8, 2025 · Our 10-year graft survival rates (75% for DMEK, 73% for DSAEK, and 92% for PK) highlight a significant challenge for endothelial keratoplasty ...
[62]
Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Fuchs uveitis syndrome (FUS) is a chronic, typically unilateral, mild anterior uveitis that was first described by Ernst Fuchs in 1906.
[63]
Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis - EyeWiki
Oct 6, 2025 · The prevalence of peripheral chorioretinal scars in FHI varies from 7%-65% of cases, with most studies noting a prevalence of 10%.Disease Entity · Etiology · Diagnosis · Physical examination
[64]
Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocylitis: Clinical Characteristics and ... - NIH
Dec 1, 2016 · The most common presenting complaint of patients was a decrease in vision (78%) followed by floaters in 20% and heterochromia in 2% of cases.Missing: prevalence | Show results with:prevalence
[65]
Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis (FHI) - MalaCards
Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) is an ocular disease of unknown etiology occurring in a very small percentage (0.5-6.2%) of uvietis cases, characterized ...
[66]
Genetic and Demographic Determinants of Fuchs Endothelial ...
Oct 1, 2024 · A recent FECD comorbidity association study demonstrated that female sex and European ancestry increase the risk of developing FECD by 4.6 fold ...Missing: HLA 2020-2025
[67]
TCF4-mediated Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: Insights into a ...
Manhattan plot illustrating a genome wide significant association between Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and a region on chromosome 18, encompassing ...Missing: HLA | Show results with:HLA
[68]
Genome-wide association study of Fuchs' endothelial corneal ...
May 12, 2025 · The genetic etiology of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is not yet fully elucidated. While the disease is widespread and the ...Missing: HLA | Show results with:HLA
[69]
[PDF] Fuchs, Leonhard (1501-1566). De historia stirpium commentarii ...
A doctor first and a botanist second, Fuchs put his emphasis on the pharmacological aspects of plants. After his descriptions, we can find the therapeutic ...
[70]
Transfer of Knowledge: Art of Botanical Illustration - UMN Libraries
Aug 11, 2021 · Leonhart Fuchs, physician and a founding father of botany, quotes ancient authors such as Dioscorides, Galen, and Pliny as to its uses.Missing: Leonhard | Show results with:Leonhard
[71]
Transport tank 1 Fox Transportpanzer 1 Fuchs - GlobalSecurity.org
Sep 19, 2013 · As the Hummel the Fox is used as an electronic warfare and reconnaissance vehicle. The communication of the opponent can be detected ...
[72]
Fuchs Evolution | Rheinmetall
The Fuchs APC has been introduced across all branches of the armed forces as a capability carrier and enjoys a very high reputation among the troops due to its ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[73]
Fuchs 2 Armoured Personnel Carrier - Army Technology
Sep 2, 2021 · The Fuchs 2 armoured personnel carrier is a new version of the 6×6 Fuchs (Fox) Transportpanzer 1. It is built by German armoured tracked vehicles and turret ...Recommended Buyers Guides · Self-Protection · Fuchs 2 EngineMissing: 2010s | Show results with:2010s
[74]
Overview — 3190B RASIT — Ground Radars - Military Periscope
A long-range -- 40-km (24.8-mi) -- tactical battlefield surveillance radar, capable of identification and acquisition of ground or very low flying targets.Missing: Fuchs | Show results with:Fuchs<|separator|>
[75]
Rasit - Radartutorial.eu
The „Rasit“ (Radar d'Acquisition et de Surveillance Intermédiaire du Terrestre) was introduced into the Bundeswehr in 1986/87 on the “Fuchs” transport tank as ...
[76]
German Code Names during CRUSADER
Sep 19, 2011 · OTTO FUCHS. based at GAMBUT, has a G.A.F. liaison officer. Fox. OTTO HAMSTER. Oberquartiermeister (Panzergruppe?) OTTO LUCHS. Ic of Panzergruppe.
[77]
Knights of the Battle of Britain - Casemate Publishers US
... Luftwaffe aircrew member recipient, and the fifth overall, was Oberst Robert Fuchs, Kommodore of Kampfgeschwader 26. His award was made on 6 April 1940. The ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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1. Flieger-Division
GenMaj Robert Fuchs, 7.11.43 - 8.5.45. Ia: Obstlt Hans-Joachim Osterroth, 12.4.42 - 4.1.43; Hptm Georg Hornig (acting), 1942; Maj Sigismund Freiherr von ...
[79]
Luftwaffen-Feld-Division 20
Kommandeure: GenMaj Wolfgang Erdmann, 1.4.43 - 5.4.43; Oberst Hermann Aue, 5.4.43 - 8.43; GenMaj Robert Fuchs, 8.43 - 1.9.43; GenMaj Erich Fronhöfer (Heer), ...
[80]
Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two
At his post-war trial in Yugoslavia in 1946, the head of the. SS in Serbia, Colonel Wilhelm Fuchs, cited, as a mitigating factor, that 'he ordered the Jews ...
[81]
[PDF] Gypsies in Yugoslavia During World War II - BYU ScholarsArchive
testimony, SS colonel Wilhelm Fuchs, chief of the Einsatzgruppe for Serbia prior to January, 1942, stated: “I often gave Jews (or Gypsies) to be shot in ...
[82]
Klaus Fuchs | MI5 - The Security Service
Fuchs was given the codename REST and was transferred in 1942 to another GRU agent, Ursula Beurton (codenamed SONYA). The two met regularly in Banbury, ...