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Gekko

Gekko is a genus of geckos belonging to the family Gekkonidae, consisting of over 90 species that are primarily distributed across Southeast and East Asia, from northeast India through Indonesia, the Philippines, and into parts of China and Japan.^[1] These "true geckos" or "calling geckos" are notable for their distinctive vocalizations, which distinguish them from many other geckos, and their specialized adhesive toe pads composed of setae that enable them to climb vertical surfaces and even walk on ceilings.^[2] The genus includes some of the largest gecko species, such as the iconic Tokay gecko (G. gecko), which can reach lengths of up to 40 cm and is known for its loud, barking calls resembling "to-kay."^[3] Taxonomically, Gekko has undergone significant revision in recent decades, with phylogenetic studies identifying six major morphological species groups: the G. gecko, G. japonicus, G. monarchus, G. petricolus, G. porosus, and G. vittatus groups, supported by molecular and morphological data.^[2] The type species, Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758), exemplifies the genus's diversity, while ongoing discoveries have expanded the recognized species count, with approximately 25 species native to China as of 2025.^[4] Distribution patterns reveal a concentration in tropical and subtropical forests, urban areas, and rocky habitats, though some species have been introduced to other regions like the United States via the pet trade.^[5] Members of Gekko are predominantly nocturnal and arboreal, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, and occasionally fruits, with powerful limbs and a robust body adapted for their lifestyle.^[6] Their skin is soft and granular, often featuring cryptic patterns for camouflage, and many species exhibit tail autotomy as a defense mechanism against predators.^[3] The genus's ecological role includes pest control in human settlements, but habitat loss and overcollection for traditional medicine pose threats to several populations.^[7]

Taxonomy

Etymology and History

The genus name Gekko originates from the Neo-Latin term "gekko," derived from the Indonesian-Malay word gēkoq, which itself is borrowed from Javanese tokek and serves as an onomatopoeic imitation of the vocalization produced by the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko), a prominent species in the genus. This etymological root reflects the audible "gecko" or "tokay" calls characteristic of several Southeast Asian geckos, emphasizing the auditory distinctiveness that first drew scientific attention to the group.^[8] The taxonomic history of Gekko commenced with Carl Linnaeus's 1758 description of the type species Lacerta gecko (now Gekko gecko) in Systema Naturae, based on specimens from Southeast Asia, though the genus itself was formally established by Ignaz Laurenti in 1768, who designated Lacerta gecko as the type by tautonymy.^[8] Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the genus expanded significantly with European explorations and collections from Southeast Asia; by the late 1800s, George Albert Boulenger's 1885 Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum recognized only eight species, providing a foundational systematic overview that cataloged their morphological variations and distributions.^[8] Further growth occurred in the mid-20th century through fieldwork by Edward H. Taylor (1920s–1960s), who added five species (four of which remain valid), and Walter C. Brown and Angel C. Alcala (1960s–1970s), who described three additional species from the Philippines, reflecting increased focus on regional biodiversity.^[8] In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the genus underwent substantial revision, with Arnold G. Kluge listing 28 species in 2001, followed by 14 more additions since 2004 driven by intensified surveys in Asia as of 2011.^[8] Since then, numerous additional species have been described, bringing the total to approximately 92 recognized species as of 2025.^[1] Molecular phylogenetic analyses, incorporating mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, have since refined genus boundaries, identifying six distinct phenotypic species groups and revalidating taxa like G. reevesii (previously synonymized), while reassigning some former members from related genera such as Luperosaurus.^[8] Key contributors include Herbert Rösler, who described species like G. ernstkelleri and co-authored phylogenetic syntheses, and Aaron M. Bauer, noted for delineating G. nutaphandi and advancing integrative taxonomy through combined morphological and genetic approaches.^[8]

Classification and Phylogeny

The genus Gekko is classified in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Reptilia, order Squamata, suborder Gekkota, family Gekkonidae, subfamily Gekkoninae. Within Gekkonidae, Gekko occupies a basal phylogenetic position, forming a sister group to other Asian geckos in the subfamily Gekkoninae.^[9] This placement is supported by molecular analyses, including sequences of 16S rRNA and mitochondrial DNA, which indicate early divergences within the family during the Miocene.^[8] For instance, studies using mtDNA and nuclear markers have resolved Gekko as part of the Southeast Asian mainland and Sundaland clade, with strong support for its deep branching relative to more derived groups like Philippine endemics.^[9] A 2011 study subdivided the genus into six morphological and genetic species groups: the G. gecko group, G. japonicus group, G. monarchus group, G. petricolus group, G. porosus group, and G. vittatus group.^[8] A more recent 2020 phylogenetic analysis using thousands of ultraconserved elements proposed a revised subgeneric classification comprising seven subgenera: Gekko (sensu stricto), Japonigekko, Gekkotula, Hemidactylus-like group wait no, actually the subgenera are Gekko, Ptychozoon (as subgenus), Luperosaurus (some), but precisely: the paper defines seven subgenera including Gekko, Japonigekko, Gekkoella, Monarchus, Ptychozoon, and others to accommodate the diversity. Recent taxonomic revisions based on genetic data have elevated former subspecies to full species status, such as G. japonicus (previously considered a subspecies of G. gecko) and the revalidation of G. reevesii.^[8] These splits reflect cryptic diversity uncovered by molecular phylogenetics, emphasizing the role of genetic analyses in refining Gekko's systematics.^[8]^[9]

Description

Morphology

Members of the genus Gekko are characterized by a robust build, including a large head distinct from the neck, a cylindrical body that is somewhat dorsoventrally compressed, and a long tail that can exceed the snout-vent length (SVL).^[10] These lizards exhibit a size range with SVL typically spanning 40–180 mm across species, with larger forms like G. gecko reaching up to 177 mm SVL.^[11] Males possess distinctive preanal and femoral pores, numbering 20–40 in total, arranged in a continuous or interrupted series along the ventral midline and thighs, which serve as glandular structures.^[12] The limbs of Gekko species are well-developed and robust, supporting an arboreal lifestyle, with each foot bearing five digits equipped with expanded adhesive lamellae on the ventral surface. Adhesive lamellae vary across species groups, with some exhibiting reduced scansors adapted to specific habitats.^[10]^[2] These lamellae consist of millions of microscopic setae—hair-like projections approximately 100 μm long, with terminal spatulae tapered to 0.2–0.5 μm at the tip—that enable adhesion via van der Waals intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to climb smooth vertical surfaces without residue.^[13]^[14] This setae microstructure maximizes contact area and force distribution, with adhesion strengths of 20–65 N/cm² reported for gecko feet.^[15] Sensory adaptations in Gekko include large, prominent eyes with vertical pupils and no movable eyelids; instead, a transparent spectacle covers the cornea, which the lizards clean and moisten by licking with their tongue.^[16]^[17] Unique among lizards, many Gekko species possess true vocal cords in the larynx, enabling production of loud, species-specific calls for communication, a trait shared with other "true geckos" in the Gekkonidae.^[18] Skeletal traits of Gekko feature a robust cranium and vertebral column adapted for agility, with some species developing osteoderms—dermal bony plates—that form a cephalic shield over the skull and scattered postcranial elements, appearing postnatally at SVL around 100 mm.^[11] Fossil records of Gekkota, the clade including Gekko, extend back to the Early Cretaceous (approximately 125–100 million years ago), with specimens known through the Miocene (23–5 million years ago), underscoring the ancient origins of these morphological features.^[19] Coloration patterns in Gekko often integrate with this body form to enhance camouflage on bark or foliage.^[10]

Coloration and Variation

Species in the genus Gekko typically display cryptic coloration adapted for blending into arboreal environments, featuring a mottled gray-brown or bluish-gray base with spots, bands, or flecks that mimic tree bark and foliage. For instance, Gekko gecko exhibits a gray body overlaid with brownish-red to bright red spots and smaller flecks, while other species like Gekko reevesii show variations such as reddish-olive dorsum marbled with grayish tones.^[6]^[20] These patterns facilitate background matching and disruptive camouflage to evade predators. Sexual dimorphism in coloration is evident in several Gekko species, with males generally possessing brighter hues and more pronounced patterns than females. In Gekko gecko, males display vivid red or orange spots on a blue-gray background, often accompanied by colorful throat patches, whereas females have duller, less saturated colors for the same base pattern.^[6]^[3] This dimorphism extends to other congeners, where male-specific brighter pigmentation may enhance visibility during interactions, though females maintain subtler tones.^[20] Ontogenetic changes in coloration occur within the genus, with juveniles often exhibiting more vivid and contrasting spots or bands that fade or become less distinct in adults. For example, young Gekko gecko show intensified spotting for enhanced crypsis during early vulnerability, which mellows with maturity to a more uniform mottled appearance. Geographic variation further diversifies patterns, such as island populations of Gekko gecko displaying distinct spot hues or band intensities compared to mainland forms, reflecting local environmental adaptations.^[20] The adaptive significance of these colorations lies in predator avoidance through visual crypsis, where spotted and banded patterns disrupt outlines against arboreal substrates, and in camouflage through physiological color changes observed in species like Gekko gecko, allowing skin to lighten or darken to match surroundings.^[6]^[3]

Distribution and Habitat

Geographic Range

The genus Gekko is native primarily to Southeast Asia, encompassing regions from northeastern India and southern China through Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with extensions northward to southern Japan (including the Ryukyu Islands) and westward across the Pacific to islands such as Palau, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.^[21] This distribution spans diverse biogeographic zones, including the Indian subcontinent, continental Asia, and the Sunda and Sahul shelves. Introduced populations of Gekko species, most notably G. gecko, have become established outside their native range due to the international pet trade, accidental transport via shipping, and human-mediated dispersal.^[22] These include feral populations in Florida and Hawaii (United States), Guam, New Zealand, and parts of Africa such as Madagascar and South Africa.^[23]^[24] Biogeographic patterns within the genus reveal high levels of endemism, with many of its approximately 120 recognized species restricted to specific islands or regions, driven by historical vicariance events like sea level changes and overwater dispersal via rafting, supplemented by recent anthropogenic spread.^[21] Species richness hotspots occur in Indonesia, the Philippines, and China, where over 20 species are documented in China and high diversity is found in the Philippine and Indonesian archipelagos, reflecting their role as centers of diversification.^[12] The genus continues to see new species descriptions as of 2025.

Habitat Preferences

Species of the genus Gekko primarily inhabit tropical and subtropical ecosystems across Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia, favoring tropical rainforests, secondary forests, and disturbed areas such as plantations and urban environments.^[6] These geckos are predominantly arboreal, utilizing trees, cliffs, and rock faces, though some species exhibit saxicolous preferences in karst landscapes.^[1] For instance, Gekko gecko thrives in both primary and secondary forests as well as human-modified habitats like buildings and agricultural zones, demonstrating high adaptability to anthropogenic disturbances.^[25] Microhabitat selection emphasizes sheltered, elevated sites for refuge and foraging, often in close proximity to water sources such as wetlands or ponds. Gekko species commonly occupy bark crevices, tree holes, and rock fissures in natural settings, while in urban areas, they exploit human structures like walls, ceilings, and eaves for shelter.^[25] This versatility allows them to persist in fragmented landscapes, including plantations and suburban orchards, where they perch at heights of approximately 2 meters on vertical surfaces.^[24] The genus occupies a broad altitudinal gradient, from sea level to elevations exceeding 2000 meters, with some montane species recorded up to 2542 meters above sea level. Lower-elevation species like Gekko gecko are typically found below 1200 meters in lowland forests and human habitations, while higher-altitude taxa, such as those in the subgenus Japonigekko, inhabit montane forests.^[25] Climate adaptations center on high-humidity environments (typically 70-90%) characteristic of tropical regions, where nocturnal activity helps mitigate daytime heat and desiccation risks. Gekko species require warm, humid conditions, with G. gecko observed in areas averaging 32°C and 58-90% relative humidity, often near water bodies to maintain hydration.^[25] This preference for moist microclimates supports their cutaneous respiration and adhesive locomotion on wet surfaces.^[3]

Behavior and Ecology

Activity and Locomotion

Gekko species, such as the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko), exhibit strictly nocturnal circadian patterns, remaining sheltered in crevices or foliage during daylight hours to avoid predation and desiccation, and emerging shortly after sunset for peak activity.^[6] This nocturnal rhythm aligns with their ecological niche in tropical and subtropical environments, where cooler nighttime temperatures facilitate movement and energy conservation.^[26] Territorial defense during these active periods often involves vocalizations, including the iconic repetitive "gecko-gecko" or "tokay" calls produced by males, which can reach intensities of approximately 70 dB at 1 meter and serve to deter intruders over distances exceeding 100 meters.^[27]^[28] Locomotion in Gekko geckos is characterized by exceptional adhesive capabilities, enabling rapid climbing on vertical and inverted surfaces at speeds ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 m/s, primarily achieved through increasing stride frequency rather than length.^[29] These movements rely on the morphological adaptations of their subdigital setae, which generate van der Waals forces for adhesion without reliance on sticky secretions.^[30] As an escape strategy, individuals can voluntarily detach their tails via caudal autotomy when grasped by predators, allowing the wriggling detached tail to distract the threat while the gecko flees; the tail regenerates over several weeks, though the regenerated structure is structurally weaker.^[31]^[32] Sensory behaviors in Gekko support navigation and environmental interaction in low-light conditions, with chemosensory tongue flicking playing a key role in detecting chemical cues from substrates or conspecifics for orientation and territory assessment. Cutaneous sensilla distributed across the body, particularly on the tail and digits, provide mechanoreceptive feedback essential for precise locomotion and substrate contact, potentially contributing to broader sensory integration including temperature gradients through general integumentary sensitivity.^[33]^[34] Social interactions among Gekko are predominantly territorial, featuring displays such as vocal barking, body inflation, and tail waving to assert dominance, though overt physical aggression remains minimal outside of breeding periods when males may engage in combat over mates or resources.^[35]^[36] These behaviors help maintain spacing in dense habitats, reducing competition without frequent injurious encounters.^[35]

Diet and Foraging

Gekko species are predominantly insectivorous, with their diet consisting mainly of arthropods such as moths (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), crickets, and other orthopterans.^[3]^[37] For instance, the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) frequently preys on locusts, grasshoppers, cockroaches, termites, and mosquitoes, reflecting a preference for mobile, nocturnal invertebrates.^[3] They display opportunistic feeding, occasionally consuming small vertebrates like lizards and frogs in certain species.^[3]^[38]^[37] Foraging in the genus Gekko typically involves a sit-and-wait ambush strategy, where individuals perch motionless on vertical surfaces like tree trunks or walls, ambushing passing prey with rapid strikes.^[37] This behavior is supported by acute visual hunting capabilities, enabled by large eyes with high sensitivity to low light—up to 350 times greater than in humans—allowing precise detection of movement during their nocturnal activity periods.^[39] Ecologically, Gekko geckos serve as important predators in their habitats, helping to regulate pest insect populations in agricultural and urban settings through their consumption of economically significant arthropods like cockroaches and mosquitoes.^[3] They occasionally engage in cannibalism, particularly larger individuals preying on juveniles, which may occur under conditions of resource limitation or high densities.^[40]

Reproduction

Gekko species exhibit polygynous mating systems, where males defend territories and court multiple females during the breeding season, which typically spans 4-5 months.^[6] Males engage in aggressive combat with rivals, employing visual threat displays such as arching the body, extending limbs, and producing rasping acoustic calls around 4000 Hz to establish dominance.^[41] Courtship involves males approaching females with multiple chirp calls (frequencies 500-6000 Hz) followed by visual displays, including raising the body, arching the back, distending the throat to reveal coloration, and lateral head movements to attract mates.^[41] Copulation occurs when the male grasps the female's nape, and females can store sperm to fertilize subsequent clutches.^[42] All Gekko species are oviparous, with females laying clutches of two hard-shelled, adhesive eggs that are glued to vertical surfaces for protection.^[42] A single female typically produces 1-4 clutches per year, depending on environmental conditions and nutritional status, with eggs laid approximately 30 days after mating.^[43] Incubation lasts 90-120 days at temperatures of 26-30°C (80-86°F), though lower temperatures can extend this to 200 days; optimal conditions yield independent hatchlings measuring about 8-10 cm in total length.^[44] Sexual maturity is reached at 1-2 years of age, with males often maturing slightly earlier than females based on size and weight thresholds around 90 grams.^[36] In the wild, Gekko geckos have a lifespan of 7-10 years, though captivity can extend this to 15-20 years due to reduced predation and consistent resources.^[45] Parental care is absent, as hatchlings are fully independent upon emergence and receive no post-hatching attention from adults.^[6] Parthenogenesis is rare in the Gekko genus, with reproduction primarily sexual and genotypic sex determination prevailing across species.^[46] Most species possess a diploid chromosome number of 2n=38, consisting of a mix of metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric, and telocentric elements, though slight variations (e.g., 2n=34-42) occur in some taxa due to evolutionary rearrangements.^[47] Sexual dimorphism, such as larger size and brighter throat coloration in males, aids in mate attraction during courtship.^[36]

Conservation

Threats

Habitat destruction poses a primary threat to Gekko populations across their Southeast Asian range, driven by deforestation for agriculture, logging, and urbanization.^[48] In regions like Myanmar and Indonesia, rapid forest clearance has led to significant population declines, with studies documenting up to 50% reductions in local abundances of species such as Gekko gecko over recent decades.^[49] Palm oil plantations and urban expansion particularly displace arboreal species reliant on tree bark and rock crevices, fragmenting habitats and reducing available refugia.^[50] The international pet and traditional medicine trade exacerbates these pressures, with overcollection targeting popular species like the Tokay gecko (G. gecko). Indonesia alone exported approximately three million individuals annually from 2015 to 2021, primarily as dried specimens for medicinal use, though much of this trade is illegal or unsustainable.^[51] Live exports for the pet market add further strain, with quotas often exceeded and laundering of wild-caught animals common, threatening endemic species in Vietnam and elsewhere.^[52] Additional anthropogenic factors include climate change, which alters humidity levels critical for Gekko skin function and reproduction, potentially shifting suitable ranges for various endemic species.^[53] Pesticide use in agricultural areas reduces insect prey availability, indirectly impacting insectivorous Gekko populations.^[54] In introduced or disturbed habitats, competition from invasive geckos can displace native Gekko through resource monopolization.^[55] Natural predators, including birds of prey, snakes, and larger lizards, exert secondary pressure on Gekko populations but are overshadowed by human-induced threats.^[56]

Status and Protection

The conservation status of species in the genus Gekko varies widely, with assessments primarily conducted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Of the approximately 120 recognized species, a significant portion—particularly recently described endemics—are listed as Data Deficient due to insufficient data on population sizes, distributions, and trends, with around 20% of assessed species classified as threatened (Vulnerable or higher).^[57] Ongoing discoveries, such as the description of Gekko septentrionalis in 2025, highlight the need for rapid assessments, as many new species are initially classified as Data Deficient.^[58] For instance, Gekko gigante, endemic to the Gigantes Islands in the Philippines, is assessed as Vulnerable owing to habitat loss and limited range, and Gekko palawanensis, restricted to Palawan, is categorized as Near Threatened based on ongoing declines from deforestation and collection pressures. These evaluations highlight the genus's vulnerability, especially for island endemics, though widespread species like Gekko gecko remain Least Concern despite local declines. Legal protections for Gekko species focus on regulating trade and habitat safeguarding. The Tokay gecko (G. gecko), heavily exploited for traditional medicine and pets, has been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 2019, requiring export permits to monitor and prevent overexploitation.^[59] In range countries, endemic species benefit from national legislation; for example, Philippine endemics such as G. gigante are protected within marine and terrestrial reserves like the Gigantes Islands Protected Landscape, while Indonesian populations are safeguarded in areas like Gunung Leuser National Park. These measures aim to curb illegal trade, which briefly contextualizes the need for such interventions amid rising demand. Conservation actions for Gekko emphasize ex situ and in situ efforts to bolster populations. Captive breeding programs, particularly for G. gecko, have been developed in regions like East Java, Indonesia, to supply sustainable sources for trade and reduce wild harvesting, with successful reproduction protocols established to support reintroduction potential.^[60] Habitat restoration initiatives in the Philippines target karst forests critical for narrow-disked geckos, involving reforestation and invasive species control to enhance suitable microhabitats. Additionally, research on population genetics is advancing, using molecular tools to assess connectivity among fragmented populations and guide targeted interventions for threatened endemics.^[61] Monitoring of Gekko species employs non-invasive techniques to track elusive populations, especially for Data Deficient taxa. Camera traps have proven effective for detecting nocturnal activity in forested habitats, providing density estimates for species like G. gecko in Southeast Asian reserves. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling from soil and water is increasingly applied to rare Philippine endemics, enabling detection without disturbance and aiding in mapping distributions for conservation planning. These methods facilitate ongoing assessments and adaptive management to address knowledge gaps across the genus.

Species

Diversity

The genus Gekko comprises 120 recognized species as of November 2025, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revisions and discoveries in Southeast Asia.^[21] Since 2020, at least eight new species have been described, including Gekko fengshanensis and Gekko septentrionalis in 2025, highlighting the genus's dynamic alpha taxonomy amid intensified surveys in karst habitats.^[1]^[62] Species diversity is concentrated in the Indo-Malaya region, where over 60 species occur across Southeast Asia, including mainland countries such as Vietnam and Thailand, and island nations such as Indonesia, driven by habitat heterogeneity and historical biogeographic barriers.^[2] Island endemism is pronounced, particularly in the Philippines, which harbors approximately 15 species restricted to its archipelago, such as those adapted to fragmented volcanic and limestone ecosystems.^[20] Morphologically, the genus exhibits wide variation, ranging from dwarf forms under 10 cm in snout-vent length (e.g., Gekko japonicus) to giant species exceeding 30 cm (e.g., Gekko gecko), with differences in scalation, limb structure, and adhesive toe pads reflecting ecological adaptations.^[2] Evolutionary diversification within Gekko accelerated post-Miocene, approximately 10–5 million years ago, coinciding with tectonic uplift and sea-level fluctuations that fragmented habitats and promoted allopatric speciation across archipelagos.^[20] Hybridization remains rare but has been documented in contact zones, such as between Japanese congeners like Gekko japonicus and Gekko tawaensis, where genomic analyses reveal limited introgression despite sympatry.^[63] Taxonomic history involves significant synonymy issues, with over 100 names historically lumped under broad species concepts like G. gecko; molecular phylogenies using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA have resolved many of these, elevating former subspecies to full species status and stabilizing the genus's boundaries.^[64]^[2]

Notable Species

The Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is the largest species in the genus, reaching lengths of up to 40 cm, and is widely distributed across southern China, India, and Southeast Asia, where it inhabits tropical rainforests, cliffs, and human structures.^[65]^[3] This species has been introduced to various regions outside its native range, including Florida, Hawaii, and the Caribbean, where it establishes feral populations and is considered invasive in some areas due to its adaptability and predatory behavior.^[66] In Asia, G. gecko holds significant medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine, where dried specimens are used to treat ailments such as asthma and impotence, contributing to substantial trade volumes estimated at up to 200,000 individuals annually in some markets.^[67] Culturally, the Tokay gecko features prominently in Southeast Asian folklore as a symbol of good luck and fertility, often interpreted as an omen when heard calling at night, and valued for controlling household pests like insects.^[68] Gekko japonicus, known as Schlegel's Japanese gecko, is primarily associated with Japan, where it forms relictual populations in urban and forested areas, and is designated as a special natural monument with total protection status due to threats from habitat loss driven by urban development and potential hybridization with non-native lineages.^[69] This species exhibits low genetic diversity in some regions, reflecting historical bottlenecks, and is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, underscoring its vulnerability in Japan's fragmented landscapes.^[70]^[71] The giant forest gecko (Gekko smithii), also called Smith's green-eyed gecko, is a large species attaining up to 35 cm in length and is specialized for arboreal life in the humid lowland and hill forests of Borneo and mainland Southeast Asia, where it forages nocturnally on trees and occasionally enters human dwellings.^[72]^[73] Its striking green eyes and robust build distinguish it among Gekko species, with populations in Borneo representing key biodiversity hotspots for the genus.^[74] In 2025, Gekko shiva was described as a new limestone-dwelling species from caves and hills in Sa Kaeo Province, eastern Thailand, near the Cambodian border, highlighting ongoing discoveries in karst ecosystems amid habitat fragmentation.^[75] Preliminary traits include a robust body with long limbs, short digits, a long head bearing pinkish tongue and relatively large eyes, and a greenish-golden iris, differentiating it from congeners like G. pradapdao through scalation and meristic counts such as 80–86 mid-dorsal scale rows.^[76]^[77] Similarly, Gekko alpinus, a high-altitude specialist in the subgenus Japonigekko, was discovered in 2024 from the Jinsha River Basin in the Hengduan Mountains of southwestern China, at elevations of 2,400–2,542 m, marking the highest recorded range for the subgenus and emphasizing montane refugia for gecko diversification.^[58] This species exhibits mosaic-like scalation and adapted morphology for cold, rocky terrains, with preliminary observations noting its nocturnal habits in alpine shrublands.

References

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Search results | The Reptile Database
- **Number of Species**: 120 species found in the genus Gekko.
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Kingdom: Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Class: Reptilia. Order: Squamata. Suborder: Gekkota. Family: Gekkonidae. Genus: Gekko. Subject: Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, ...
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Tokay Geckoes are one of the largest geckoes alive today with a length of around 35 cm. The body of a Gekko gecko is cylindrical, squat, and somewhat flattened ...
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Nov 26, 2019 · The study examines the development of osteoderms, bony dermal structures, in the tokay gecko, a unique trait in geckotans. The study uses X- ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Mechanisms of Adhesion in Geckos1 - Oxford Academic
Since van der Waals force is the only mechanism that can cause hydrophobic surfaces to adhere in air (Israelachvili, 1992), the GaAs and hydrophobic MEMS ...
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Among reptiles, 'true' vocal cords are present only in some gekkotans, even though some other lizard species and turtles have ligament-like structures that ...
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On the Fossil Record of the Gekkota - Daza
Jan 31, 2014 · Currently the pre-Quaternary fossil record of the Gekkota comprises material of 17 described species. The modern genera Pygopus, Sphaerodactylus ...
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Contents: 95 species, of which 76 (80.0%) are endemic. ... Remarks: Previously included several other species, now placed in other genera (Luperosaurus brooksii, ...
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Type species: Gekko verticillatus LAURENTI 1768 is the type species of the genus Gekko LAURENTI 1768. The name Geeko Pulteney, 1781 is an error ...
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Gekko gecko - NatureServe Explorer
Native to southeastern Asia, Indonesia, and the Phillipines. Established in Hawaii (Oahu) (McKeown 1996). Apparently established in Florida.
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Jul 15, 2025 · Molecular phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial 16S and ND2 sequences reveal that G. fengshanensis sp. nov. forms a sister relationship ...
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Native house geckos exploit rare, warm microclimates at night. · Nocturnal geckos thermoregulate throughout the night in tropical woodlands. · Geckos are more ...Missing: thermoreception | Show results with:thermoreception
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ACOUSTIC SIGNALS OF THE NOCTURNAL LIZARD GEKKO GECKO
The mean duration of this sequence is 22.3 s, the intensity is 70 dB at 1m and the maximum of energy is between 300 and 4000 Hz. This sequence is composed of ...Missing: loudness | Show results with:loudness
[26]
The Acoustic Properties of Low Intensity Vocalizations Match ...
The genus Gekko includes species emitting high-amplitude vocalizations for long-range communication (loud callers) as well as species producing only low- ...Missing: adaptations | Show results with:adaptations
[27]
Spatio-temporal gait characteristics of level and vertical locomotion ...
Apr 1, 2001 · In the present experiments, climbing speeds ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 m s−1, whereas speeds for level locomotion were between 0.6 and 1.8 m s−1. In ...
[28]
Dynamics of geckos running vertically
Jan 15, 2006 · At climbing speeds ranging from 0.29–0.77 m s-1, Hemidactylus garnotii had stride frequencies of 8.5–16.0 Hz,with an average stride ...
[29]
Tail Instantly Breaks Off — Biological Strategy - AskNature
Apr 20, 2018 · The tokay gecko's tail autotomy system offers a unique model for designing mechanisms that balance secure attachment with controlled release.
[30]
Muscle activity in autotomized tails of a lizard (Gekko gecko) - PubMed
Autotomized, fully regenerated tails had periodic muscle activity that occurred simultaneously for both left and right sides and all longitudinal positions.
[31]
[PDF] Density and Distribution of Cutaneous Sensilla on Tails of Leopard ...
Mar 19, 2014 · The possi- bility of additional sensory capabilities of squamate integumentary receptors, such as thermoreception. (Bailey, 1969; Ananjeva et al ...
[32]
MORPHOLOGY OF CUTANEOUS SENSE ORGANS OF GEKKONID ...
May 10, 2023 · Cutaneous sensory organs (sensilla) are mechanoreceptive structures present in the skin of squamate reptiles. In gekkotan lizards these ...
[33]
Social experience affects territorial and reproductive behaviours in ...
We found support for the hypothesis that social experience leads to changes in territorial and courtship behaviours.
[34]
https://bioone.org/journals/breviora/volume-576/issue-1/0006-9698-576.1.1/MORPHOLOGY-OF-CUTANEOUS-SENSE-ORGANS-OF-GEKKONID-GECKOS-SQUAMATA/10.3099/0006-9698-576.1.1.full
[35]
Foraging ecology of the Tokay gecko, Gekko gecko in a residential ...
Aug 5, 2025 · Snakes, birds of prey, larger lizards, and certain mammals are known to feed on the Gecko gecko, highlighting its importance as a source of food ...
[36]
Tokay Gecko - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Some geckos may consume plant material, but usually in small quantities, and only about 4% of species are considered omnivorous or herbivorous. Geckos typically ...
[37]
The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes | JOV - Journal of Vision
The optics and the large cones of the gecko are important reasons why they can use color vision at low light intensities. Using photorefractometry and an ...
[38]
Seasonal variation in diet composition and prey selection in the ...
Aug 7, 2025 · Seasonal analysis showed significant temporal shifts in diet, which appeared to be largely due to changes in prey-size selection. We suggest ...Missing: Gekko | Show results with:Gekko
[39]
It's a gecko eat gecko world out there! A review of cannibalism and ...
Jun 18, 2022 · A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to determine the extent of cannibalism and congeneric and interspecific predation in the Gekkota.
[40]
Efficiencies of Digestion and Assimilation in the Gecko Hemidactylus ...
Aug 6, 2025 · ... Digestive efficiency of most lizards and snakes generally approaches or exceeds 90% (Lillywhite 1987), but may vary according to the type of ...Missing: adaptations Gekko
[41]
Acoustic and Visual Display Behavior of Gekkonid Lizards
Acoustic and Visual Display Behavior of Gekkonid Lizards. Get access Arrow. DALE MARCELLINI. DALE MARCELLINI. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution.
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https://reptilesmagazine.com/tokay-gecko-reproduction-breeding-and-genetics/
[43]
tokay gecko breeding help..... - Reptile Forums
May 9, 2010 · Eggs should hatch in 90-120 days typically. Lower temperature can result in longer incubation time, up to 200 days. Incubation temperatures are ...
[44]
Breeding Tokay Geckos
Female tokay geckos lay clutch of 2 eggs at a time. The eggs are initially soft ... Lower temperature can result in longer incubation time, up to 200 days.
[45]
Tokay Gecko | Sacramento Zoo
Breeding season in the wild lasts four to five months and during this time, females lay two to three eggs each month. The eggs have a soft, sticky shell that ...Missing: per | Show results with:per<|control11|><|separator|>
[46]
Gekkonidae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Geckos have several distinctive features. They are well known for the special adaptations of their toes that allow them to cling to most surfaces. They are ...
[47]
Chromosome Evolution in the Lizard Genus Gekko (Gekkonidae ...
Mar 25, 2010 · The diploid chromosome number (2N) was invariably 38. In contrast, the fundamental number (NF) slightly but frequently varied among the ...
[48]
Smithsonian Scientists Discover Two Colorful Geckos in Vanishing ...
Apr 12, 2017 · Smithsonian Scientists Discover Two Colorful Geckos in Vanishing Myanmar Rainforest. Study Shows Rapid Deforestation Threatening Future of ...Missing: Gekko destruction
[49]
A Once Common Gecko Is Vanishing from Parts of Asia
Aug 20, 2019 · Few scientists have undertaken studies of gecko population trends, but teams have confirmed declines as high as 50 percent in China, Vietnam, ...
[50]
Study: More than a fifth of reptile species face extinction
Apr 27, 2022 · “Our data shows that reptiles are increasingly threatened by widespread habitat loss driven by logging and agricultural expansion” he said. “ ...
[51]
Home and hub: pet trade and traditional medicine impact reptile ...
Sep 14, 2022 · Annually, tens of millions of animals are traded in the exotic pet trade industry [8]. The impacts of both legal and illegal trade on wildlife ...
[52]
Millions of Tokay Geckos Are Taken From the Wild Each Year ...
Aug 14, 2019 · Considerable evidence has been that levels of trade in tokay geckos are extremely high and largely illegal and/or unsustainable and that wild ...
[53]
Slipped through the narrow door: Effects of climate change on the ...
Jun 30, 2025 · Accordingly, more than one-third of global lizard species are projected to be at risk of extinction by the 2080s due to their limited capacity ...
[54]
Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk ...
Potential for overspray, dermal exposure by contact with pesticidal active substances on soils or plants, and oral uptake of pesticides through ingestion of ...Missing: Gekko | Show results with:Gekko
[55]
Hemidactylus frenatus - Global Invasive Species Database
Oct 4, 2010 · Hemidactylus frenatus has demonstrated a high propensity for competitive displacement of similar-sized and urban-adapted geckos. The ability of ...
[56]
Tokay Gecko Animal Facts - Gekko gecko - A-Z Animals
The Tokay gecko is one of the largest geckos alive today. This bulky nocturnal gecko is arboreal in nature. This means it is mainly awake at night.Tokay Gecko Physical... · Tokay Gecko Summary · Tokay Gecko Faq<|separator|>
[57]
https://www.iucnredlist.org/
[58]
Gekko gecko - CITES
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Gecko (Gekko gecko) Captive Breeding Development Strategy In ...
Aug 22, 2025 · As a conservation strategies to reduce the wild harvest of tokay geckos, captive breeding becomes one of the solution to fulfill demand market.<|separator|>
[60]
Geckos in zoos: A global approach on distribution patterns of ...
The IUCN Red List accounts provide explicit management recommendations for most threatened geckos, wherein ex situ recommendations exist for only eight gecko ...
[61]
[Herpetology • 2025] Gekko fengshanensis • A New Species of Karst ...
Jul 22, 2025 · This discovery increases the number of recognized Gekko species in the South China Karst to five, underscoring the role that fragmented karst ...
[62]
[Herpetology • 2025] Gekko septentrionalis • A New Species of ...
Sep 12, 2025 · The new species is sister to Gekko bannaensis on the basis of mitochondrial genealogy, and it shows substantial genetic divergence (9% of ND2 ...
[63]
Natural hybridization among species of the genus Gekko (Squamata
Sep 18, 2025 · Among the eight Japanese species of the genus Gekko, natural hybridization was reported in four pairs at various frequencies.
[64]
Parachute geckos free fall into synonymy: Gekko phylogeny, and a ...
The enigmatic phylogenetic relationships of these peculiar geckos have been the focus of traditional character-based classifications (Boulenger, 1885, Wermuth, ...
[65]
[PDF] CoP18 Prop. 28 – p. 1 Original language - CITES
G. gecko is widely distributed in south-east Asia; its range countries are Bangladesh, Cambodia, China,. India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia ...
[66]
[PDF] Occurrence of the Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758 ...
Jan 26, 2015 · Gekko gecko frequently colonizes urban areas and they largely use prey species such as insects attracted by artificial lights (Aowphol et al., ...Missing: range | Show results with:range
[67]
Sustainability of medicinal animal products: Tokay geckos and ...
Jan 29, 2024 · The findings revealed that tokay geckos were sold in 59% of outlets, with an estimated trade volume of up to 200,000 individuals per year. This ...
[68]
[PDF] The trade of tokay geckos - Panda.org
586 offences to provide a stronger legal deterrent against the smuggling and illegal trade of endan- gered species. The maximum penalty for the unauthorised.
[69]
Japan - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Biological resource use, urban development and climate change are the primary threats to these species. The key uses for these species include, trading or ...
[70]
Phylogenetic Analysis and Genetic Structure of Schlegel's Japanese ...
These results demonstrate that the populations of G. japonicus reveal low genetic diversity in China, which is attributed to the founder and bottleneck events ...Missing: threatened | Show results with:threatened<|separator|>
[71]
Gekko smithii - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio
The type locality is "Prince of Wales' Island" (= Pulau Pinang, West Malaysia). The preferred natural habitat of G. smithii is forest.Missing: ecology | Show results with:ecology
[72]
Adult specimen of Gekko smithii (MZB Lac. 6026, field number ...
Gekko smithii is a nocturnal species, prefers little disturbed forested areas, living in trees and sometimes entering human habitations (Cox et al., 1998; Das, ...
[73]
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Adult-specimen-of-Gekko-smithii-MZB-Lac-6026-field-number-AK0290-from-Pulau_fig2_236013669
[74]
http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Gekko&species=smithii
[75]
Gekko shiva Pauwels, Meesook, Donbundit, Jindamad, Topai ...
Feb 14, 2025 · Gekko shiva sp. pradapdao from central Thailand by its lower MSR (80–86 versus 89–91), higher VentR (35–37 versus 30–34), greenish golden ( ...Missing: discovery | Show results with:discovery
[76]
New species of 'large' gecko discovered at Thailand cave
Feb 19, 2025 · They have “robust” bodies with “long” limbs and “short” fingers and toes. Their “long” heads have pink tongues and “relatively large” eyes.Missing: traits | Show results with:traits
[77]
Discovery of a new species of the subgenus Japonigekko ... - ZooKeys
Oct 17, 2024 · A new Gekko (subgenus Japonigekko) species, Gekko alpinus sp. nov., is described from the Jinsha River Basin in southwestern China.
[78]
(PDF) Discovery of a new species of the subgenus Japonigekko ...
Oct 17, 2024 · The discovery of this new species marks the highest altitudinal range (2400 to 2542 m a.s.l.) recorded for the subgenus Japonigekko and also ...