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HR

Human Resources (HR), also referred to as human resource management (HRM), is the organizational function dedicated to the recruitment, development, and management of an organization's workforce, including processes for hiring, training, performance evaluation, compensation, benefits administration, and compliance with employment regulations to support business objectives.^[1]^[2]^[3] HR professionals oversee employee relations, talent retention, and strategic alignment of human capital with organizational needs, often serving as intermediaries between management and staff to mitigate conflicts and enhance productivity.^[4]^[5] The discipline traces its roots to the early 20th century, emerging from industrial welfare initiatives in factories to address poor working conditions and labor unrest, with formal "employment clerks" handling daily hiring by the 1910s.^[6]^[7] It evolved into personnel management during the mid-20th century amid economic shifts like the Great Depression and post-World War II expansions, incorporating scientific management principles and union negotiations, before adopting the HRM label in the 1980s to emphasize proactive, strategy-integrated people management.^[8]^[9] Key milestones include responses to civil rights legislation in the 1960s, which expanded HR's role in equal employment and diversity compliance, transforming it from administrative record-keeping to a function influencing organizational culture and performance metrics.^[6]^[8] While HR has achieved notable successes in standardizing talent acquisition and reducing legal risks through policy enforcement, empirical research reveals mixed outcomes on its overall effectiveness, with employee perceptions of HR practices varying by organizational level and challenges in quantifying contributions to firm performance amid criticisms of bureaucratic inefficiencies and inconsistent alignment with core business priorities.^[3]^[10] Studies indicate that stronger HR systems correlate with improved employee outcomes during crises, yet gaps persist in bridging research findings with practical implementation, underscoring the need for evidence-based practices over procedural compliance.^[11]^[12]

Human Resources

Definition and Scope

Human Resources (HR) refers to the organizational function dedicated to the effective recruitment, deployment, training, compensation, and retention of employees, treating them as manageable assets whose productivity directly influences business outcomes. This approach aligns human capital—defined as the collective skills, knowledge, and experience of the workforce—with core operational and strategic goals, emphasizing measurable contributions to efficiency and output rather than interpersonal dynamics alone.^[13]^[14] Distinct from earlier personnel management, which focused on routine administrative duties like record-keeping and basic compliance, HR represents a paradigm shift toward a strategic orientation grounded in labor market economics, where individuals are positioned as investable resources capable of generating sustained value through optimization and development. Personnel approaches prioritized task-specific oversight and rule enforcement, often viewing employees transactionally, whereas HR integrates causal factors such as skill matching and motivation to enhance organizational performance.^[15]^[16] The scope of HR includes core activities such as payroll administration, employee benefits management, legal compliance with labor regulations, and performance assessment to ensure workforce alignment with productivity targets. These functions address empirical necessities like mitigating turnover costs—estimated at 20-50% of an employee's annual salary—and enforcing standards that prevent liabilities, without extending into operational tactics or historical developments. Globally, this domain drives substantial investment in supporting technologies, with the human capital management software market valued at $58.7 billion in 2024, reflecting its scale in enabling data-driven decisions.^[17]^[18]

Historical Evolution

The origins of human resource management trace to the late 19th century, when industrial welfare officers emerged in European and American factories to address harsh working conditions amid rapid industrialization and urbanization. These roles, often filled by women, focused on employee welfare, such as providing sanitation, ventilation, and moral guidance to mitigate high turnover and accidents, particularly among female and child laborers.^[19] This welfare approach responded to economic pressures like labor shortages and social reforms, evolving into structured employment practices by the early 1900s. Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management principles, detailed in his 1911 publication The Principles of Scientific Management, further formalized labor handling by applying time-and-motion studies to standardize tasks, select workers scientifically, and incentivize efficiency through piece-rate pay, aiming to resolve inefficiencies in industrial output.^[20]^[21] The interwar period saw the establishment of personnel departments in larger firms during the 1920s, driven by post-World War I labor unrest and the human relations movement, which, via Elton Mayo's Hawthorne experiments (1924–1932), demonstrated that social dynamics and worker morale influenced productivity beyond purely mechanical optimizations.^[22] Post-World War II economic expansion and union growth necessitated formalized personnel functions to navigate collective bargaining and compliance; the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which curtailed certain union powers like closed shops and secondary boycotts while mandating fair representation, compelled employers to develop structured employee relations to balance labor laws with operational needs.^[23] This era marked the professionalization of the field, with the founding of the American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA) in 1948, which provided standards for recruitment, training, and dispute resolution amid rising regulatory demands.^[24] From the 1950s onward, management thinker Peter Drucker's The Practice of Management (1954) reframed employees as "human resources"—valuable assets requiring investment in development and alignment with business objectives—shifting personnel roles toward strategic human capital management influenced by knowledge-based economies.^[8] By the 1980s, amid globalization, deregulation, and competitive pressures from offshoring and technological change, the field rebranded as human resource management (HRM), emphasizing proactive talent strategies over administrative compliance to adapt workforces to volatile markets.^[25] Early Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), emerging in the 1970s for payroll and records, digitized core processes by the 1990s–2000s, enabling data analytics for decision-making under economic imperatives for efficiency.^[26] These shifts were causally tied to legislative responses to labor dynamics and macroeconomic forces, transforming HR from reactive welfare to integral strategic functions.

Key Functions and Practices

Human resources (HR) departments primarily manage talent acquisition, employee development, compensation, and regulatory adherence to align workforce capabilities with organizational goals, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and profitability. Core practices include systematic recruitment processes utilizing applicant tracking systems (ATS) to screen candidates, which streamline sourcing and reduce administrative burdens.^[27] In the United States, the average time-to-hire stands at 44 days, reflecting the duration from job posting to offer acceptance, with variations by firm size and industry; larger organizations exceeding 1,000 employees often experience longer cycles due to multi-stage evaluations.^[28] ^[29] Training and development initiatives focus on skill enhancement through structured programs, with return on investment (ROI) calculated as the net benefits from improved performance divided by program costs. Empirical data indicate that firms with formalized training achieve 17% higher productivity and 218% greater income per employee compared to those without, attributable to reduced errors, faster onboarding, and elevated output per worker.^[30] Compensation structures encompass base salaries, bonuses, and equity incentives like stock options, designed to motivate retention and performance; these elements causally link to lower turnover rates, as aligned incentives foster long-term commitment and productivity gains.^[27] Compliance and risk management entail monitoring adherence to labor laws, such as those enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), to mitigate litigation exposure. In fiscal year 2024, the EEOC secured approximately $700 million in monetary relief for discrimination victims, encompassing settlements and judgments that represent direct costs to employers from unresolved claims.^[31] Effective HR practices in this domain, including regular audits and policy enforcement, correlate with reduced legal liabilities and operational disruptions. Overall, robust HR systems demonstrate causal ties to firm outcomes, with high-performance practices associated with 20-30% improvements in productivity metrics through better talent alignment and resource utilization.^[32] ^[33]

Criticisms and Controversies

Human Resources departments have faced criticism for contributing to bureaucratic expansion within organizations, where administrative roles, including HR, have proliferated faster than core business functions, potentially hindering agility and decision-making. Analyses indicate that from the 1980s to 2023, overall bureaucratic growth has correlated with stagnant wage growth relative to productivity gains, as administrative layers redistribute resources without proportional value creation.^[34]^[35] In corporate settings, HR headcount projections show specialists growing 8% from 2023 to 2033, outpacing average occupational growth, amid reports of HR maturity models linking larger HR teams to mixed business outcomes rather than consistent efficiency.^[36] Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives under HR oversight have drawn empirical scrutiny for yielding inconsistent results and fostering legal risks, particularly after the U.S. Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, which invalidated race-based admissions and prompted analogous challenges to corporate practices. Reverse discrimination claims surged in 2024, with courts facing a "flood" of lawsuits alleging preferential treatment disadvantages non-minority groups, including high-profile settlements exceeding $40 billion across related employment disputes.^[37]^[38] Data from corporate HR metrics reveal "DEI washing," where public commitments to diversity mask superficial hiring changes without sustained demographic shifts, while studies highlight DEI training's frequent failure to reduce biases or improve outcomes.^[39]^[40] A notable case illustrating HR's handling of dissent on merit-based practices is the 2017 firing of Google engineer James Damore, who circulated an internal memo citing biological and ideological factors in gender disparities in tech, arguing against ideological conformity in diversity efforts; Google terminated him for "perpetuating gender stereotypes," prompting lawsuits that exposed tensions between compliance-driven HR responses and open debate on hiring efficacy.^[41]^[42] Critics contend this reflects a pattern where HR prioritizes risk aversion and legal compliance over competence, as evidenced by mandatory trainings with low knowledge retention—often below effective thresholds—and unintended backlash effects like reinforced divisions.^[40] Economists have expressed skepticism about HR's net value added, with personnel economics frameworks, as advanced by scholars like Edward Lazear, emphasizing incentives and markets over expansive administrative interventions, suggesting HR often adds marginal productivity gains overshadowed by compliance costs and cultural rigidity.^[43] While HR has facilitated some talent pipelines, data-driven assessments underscore systemic overreach, where ideological biases in HR practices—potentially amplified by institutional leanings in academia and media—inflate inefficiencies without robust causal links to equitable or superior performance.^[44]

Impact and Recent Developments

Human resources functions have influenced economic productivity through workforce optimization strategies, such as talent allocation and performance management, which empirical studies link to higher organizational output; for instance, top performers in critical roles can deliver up to 800% greater productivity according to McKinsey analysis.^[45] However, HR's reliance on credentialism—prioritizing formal degrees over skills—has been critiqued for perpetuating inequality, as credential inflation devalues qualifications and restricts opportunities for those without higher education, with research showing sheepskin effects where diplomas yield disproportionate returns beyond skill acquisition.^[46] ^[47] In wage stagnation debates, HR policies enforcing rigid hiring criteria contribute indirectly by narrowing labor market access, though Bureau of Labor Statistics data highlights broader factors like policy choices suppressing wages for the majority since the 1970s, without isolating HR's causal role.^[48] Recent developments emphasize technology integration for causal impact assessment over anecdotal hype. AI adoption in HR has accelerated, with approximately 75% of teams in exploratory or experimental stages as of 2025, enabling scalable hiring processes that proponents claim reduce subjective bias, though algorithmic errors persist and require validation against empirical outcomes.^[49] Skills-based hiring has gained traction post-2023, adopted by 81% of employers in 2024 surveys, proving five times more predictive of job performance than education-based methods and yielding up to 25% reductions in time-to-hire, thus enhancing efficiency amid talent shortages.^[50] ^[51] ^[52] In 2025, backlash against diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives has intensified, with 28 states enacting laws since 2023 to restrict DEI offices, mandatory training, and related practices in public sectors, driven by concerns over preferential treatment resembling quotas and legal challenges under antidiscrimination statutes.^[53] People analytics has emerged as a countertrend, promoting evidence-based decisions via data on workforce metrics, with 2025 projections integrating AI for predictive insights into retention and performance, though only 10% of firms currently correlate such data to business results.^[54] ^[55] Financial wellness programs, responsive to inflation pressures, show mixed ROI; general wellness investments yield $4–$6 in productivity per $1 spent, but specific financial interventions offer elusive returns like $50 annual per-employee savings, necessitating rigorous evaluation.^[56] ^[57] AI's scalability pros are tempered by potential HR role displacement, with Gartner forecasting neutral net job impact through 2026 as automation handles low-complexity tasks, potentially requiring minimum human involvement mandates.^[58] ^[59]

Government and Politics

House Resolution

In the United States Congress, "H.R." designates bills introduced in the House of Representatives, followed by a sequential number assigned based on the order of introduction within each two-year congressional term, which begins anew after every general election.^[60]^[61] This prefix distinguishes House-originated bills from those introduced in the Senate, which use "S." H.R. bills can propose new laws, amend existing statutes, or appropriate funds, and H.R. 1 typically signals a priority measure from the House majority party.^[62]^[63] The legislative process for H.R. bills begins with introduction by a House member, after which the Speaker refers it to one or more standing committees for review. Committees conduct hearings, deliberate via markups, and may report the bill favorably, with or without amendments, to the full House; most bills die in committee without advancing. If reported out, the bill undergoes floor debate under rules set by the Rules Committee, followed by a vote; passage requires a simple majority. Successful H.R. bills then proceed to the Senate for identical consideration, potential conference reconciliation of differences, and presidential approval to become law.^[64]^[65]^[66] Across recent Congresses, thousands of H.R. bills are introduced—typically comprising the majority of the over 10,000 total bills filed—yet fewer than 5% ultimately enact into law, reflecting high attrition from partisan gridlock, procedural hurdles, and competing priorities.^[67] Significant H.R. bills have influenced major policy areas. In the 117th Congress (2021-2022), H.R. 1, the For the People Act, sought to expand voting access, curb campaign finance influences, and reform ethics rules but passed the House on March 3, 2021, before stalling in the Senate.^[62] Similarly, H.R. 6 in that Congress, the American Dream and Promise Act, aimed to provide deportation relief and a citizenship path for certain undocumented immigrants arriving as minors but advanced no further after House passage. In the 115th Congress (2017-2018), H.R. 1 evolved into the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted on December 22, 2017, which lowered individual and corporate tax rates, doubled the standard deduction, and restructured international tax rules, thereby altering federal revenue streams and economic incentives for years.^[68]^[63] H.R. 6 of the same Congress, the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act, signed into law on October 24, 2018, addressed the opioid crisis through expanded treatment access, provider incentives, and non-opioid pain management guidance under Medicare, contributing to shifts in public health policy amid rising overdose deaths.^[69] These examples illustrate how enacted H.R. bills can drive causal changes in fiscal, immigration, and health frameworks, though many proposals fail to materialize due to the process's stringency.

Human Rights

The abbreviation HR is sometimes used in international policy and advocacy to refer to human rights, distinct from its predominant association with human resources management in organizational contexts. This usage appears in references to bodies like the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), established in 2006 to address violations through reviews and resolutions, though full forms or variants like HRW (Human Rights Watch) are more standard.^[70] Foundational texts include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948, which enumerates 30 articles on civil, political, economic, and social rights without legal enforceability but serving as a moral benchmark.^[71] Binding instruments followed, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted on 16 December 1966 and entering into force on 23 March 1976, ratified by 173 states as of 2025 and obligating protections against arbitrary deprivation of life, torture, and discrimination.^[72] Enforcement of these frameworks faces empirical hurdles rooted in state sovereignty and lack of supranational coercion, with compliance varying by regime type and geopolitical leverage. Treaty bodies like the UN Human Rights Committee monitor ICCPR adherence through state reports and individual complaints, but implementation data reveal low follow-through; for example, a study of UN Human Rights Committee decisions found partial or non-compliance in over 70% of cases across sampled states from 1977 to 2010.^[73] Annual assessments quantify the scale: Amnesty International's April 2024 report on 2023 events detailed abuses including arbitrary detention and extrajudicial killings in 155 countries, while noting systemic underreporting in authoritarian regimes.^[74] Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2024 report similarly documented declines in 52 countries, driven by electoral manipulation and conflict, against gains in only 21, with even liberal democracies experiencing erosions in judicial independence and media freedom.^[75] These patterns reflect causal factors like elite incentives for repression and weak international sanctions, as violations persist despite ratification by over 150 states for core treaties. Intellectual tensions arise between universalist claims—that rights derive from inherent human dignity—and cultural relativism, where critics argue Western-centric norms impose on diverse societies, citing abstentions from UDHR by Saudi Arabia and others in 1948 on grounds of incompatibility with Islamic law. Empirical indices counter this by correlating higher rights adherence with measurable outcomes like reduced conflict and GDP growth, though NGO sources like Amnesty, criticized for selective outrage toward non-Western states, require cross-verification against state data. Enforcement gaps are widest in non-democracies, where 84 of Freedom House's "not free" countries in 2024 showed no improvements, underscoring reliance on domestic institutions over global norms.^[76]

Science and Technology

Heart Rate

Heart rate is the number of cardiac contractions per unit time, typically measured in beats per minute (bpm). For adults at rest, a normal range falls between 60 and 100 bpm when calm and seated or supine.^[77] This rate reflects the sinoatrial node's intrinsic pacemaker activity, modulated by autonomic nervous system inputs, with parasympathetic dominance lowering it during rest and sympathetic activation elevating it under stress or exertion.^[78] Measurement occurs through manual palpation of peripheral pulses (e.g., radial or carotid arteries), electrocardiography (ECG) capturing ventricular depolarization via electrodes, or consumer wearables employing photoplethysmography (PPG) for optical pulse detection or integrated single-lead ECG for electrical signals.^[79] ECG provides precise rhythm analysis, while PPG-based devices like smartwatches offer continuous monitoring but may introduce errors from motion artifacts or poor fit, with validation studies showing accuracies within 5 bpm under ideal conditions.^[80] Well-conditioned athletes often exhibit resting rates below 60 bpm, sometimes as low as 40 bpm, due to enhanced myocardial efficiency and increased stroke volume from chronic training, serving as a marker of cardiovascular fitness without implying pathology.^[81] Conversely, persistent rates exceeding 100 bpm at rest define tachycardia, which epidemiological data link to heightened cardiovascular disease risk, including arrhythmias and heart failure.^[82] Elevated resting heart rate independently predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, as evidenced by the Framingham Heart Study's 30-year follow-up of over 5,000 participants, where rates above 75-80 bpm correlated with up to threefold higher sudden death risk after adjusting for confounders like age, blood pressure, and smoking.^[83] Each 10 bpm increment beyond normal thresholds associates with 10-20% elevated mortality hazard in cohort analyses, reflecting underlying sympathetic overdrive or reduced vagal tone as causal intermediaries in atherosclerosis progression and arrhythmogenesis.^[84] In sports medicine, serial heart rate monitoring guides training intensity and recovery, with deviations signaling overtraining or dehydration.^[85]

Hazard Ratio

The hazard ratio (HR) measures the relative hazard of an event occurring in one group compared to another in survival analysis, typically estimated via the Cox proportional hazards regression model. This semi-parametric model posits that the hazard function for an individual, h(t \mid X) = h_0(t) \exp(\beta X), where h_0(t) is the baseline hazard and \beta is the coefficient for covariates X, yields an HR of \exp(\beta). An HR of 2.0, for instance, indicates that the instantaneous event rate in the exposed or treatment group is twice that in the reference group at any time point, assuming the proportional hazards (PH) assumption holds, which requires the HR to remain constant over time.^[86]^[87]^[88] In clinical trials, particularly oncology, the HR evaluates treatment effects on time-to-event outcomes like progression-free survival or overall survival. For example, the PACIFIC trial (published September 8, 2017) reported an HR of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.37-0.59) for disease progression or death with durvalumab consolidation after chemoradiotherapy versus placebo in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer, indicating a 52% reduction in hazard. Similarly, the KEYNOTE-522 trial (published February 9, 2022) found an HR of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.48-0.82) for event-free survival with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in early triple-negative breast cancer. Values below 1 suggest efficacy, with confidence intervals excluding 1 providing statistical evidence against the null hypothesis of no difference; these metrics enable comparisons across trials despite differing follow-up durations.^[89]^[90]^[91] Despite utility, the HR's validity hinges on the PH assumption, testable via methods like Schoenfeld residuals or time-dependent covariates, yet violations—common in heterogeneous diseases like cancer where risks evolve nonlinearly—can bias estimates toward null or exaggeration. For instance, deviations in immunotherapy trials have been documented, where early benefits wane, invalidating constant HRs and potentially overstating long-term effects. Further, HRs exhibit non-collapsibility, meaning marginal effects differ from conditional ones, and inherent selection bias in censored data complicates causal inference, as they average over survivors rather than absolute risks. Critiques highlight that unverified assumptions in total joint arthroplasty literature yield unreliable results, underscoring the need for sensitivity analyses or alternative models like accelerated failure time when PH fails.^[92]^[93]^[94]

Hormone Receptor

Hormone receptors are specialized proteins that selectively bind hormones, triggering intracellular signaling cascades to regulate physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These receptors are classified primarily by the chemical nature of their ligands: steroid hormone receptors, which are intracellular nuclear receptors binding lipid-soluble hormones like estrogens and glucocorticoids, and peptide hormone receptors, which are typically transmembrane proteins binding water-soluble hormones such as insulin and growth factors. Steroid receptors, upon ligand binding, undergo conformational changes, dimerize, translocate to the nucleus, and modulate gene transcription via direct DNA binding or cofactor recruitment, representing a genomic signaling pathway that can take hours to manifest effects.^[95] In contrast, peptide hormone receptors often couple to G-proteins or tyrosine kinases, activating rapid non-genomic pathways involving second messengers like cAMP or IP3, which amplify signals through kinase cascades for quicker cellular responses.^[96] This distinction underscores the causal link between hormone solubility, receptor localization, and signaling kinetics, enabling precise control over target tissues.^[97] A prototypical steroid hormone receptor is estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily encoded by the ESR1 gene, which binds estradiol with high affinity and influences proliferation in estrogen-responsive tissues like the breast and uterus. ERα exists in inactive complexes with heat shock proteins in the cytoplasm or nucleus; hormone binding dissociates these chaperones, enabling receptor phosphorylation, dimerization, and binding to estrogen response elements (EREs) on DNA to activate or repress target genes involved in cell cycle progression and differentiation.^[98] Dysregulation of ERα signaling, often through overexpression or mutation, drives hormone-dependent pathologies, highlighting its causal role in maintaining endocrine homeostasis via ligand-inducible transcriptional control.^[99] In oncology, hormone receptors serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, particularly in breast cancer where approximately 70-80% of invasive cases are hormone receptor-positive (HR+), expressing ER or progesterone receptor (PR) that promote tumor growth via estrogen signaling. Targeted therapies exploit this dependency; tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), competitively binds ERα in breast tissue, antagonizing estrogen-induced proliferation and reducing recurrence risk by 40-50% in adjuvant settings for ER+ early-stage disease.^[100] Clinical trials since the 1970s, including the NATO and Scottish trials, established tamoxifen's efficacy, with meta-analyses confirming its blockade of ER signaling as the mechanistic basis for tumor suppression without broad cytotoxic effects.^[101] Such precision underscores causal realism in endocrine oncology, prioritizing receptor-ligand interactions over indiscriminate interventions.^[102] Key advances in elucidating hormone-receptor dynamics stem from methodological innovations like the radioimmunoassay (RIA) developed by Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson in the 1950s, which enabled precise quantification of peptide hormones at picomolar levels, revealing feedback loops and receptor saturation in vivo. Yalow received the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for RIA's application to hormones like insulin, facilitating empirical studies of receptor occupancy and signaling thresholds that underpin modern endocrinology.^[103] This technique's sensitivity—detecting hormones 10-100 times below bioassay limits—causally linked circulating levels to receptor-mediated effects, transforming understanding from qualitative to quantitative models of hormonal action.^[104]

High Resolution

High resolution (HR) in computing and displays denotes the capacity to render or capture images with a high density of pixels, enabling greater detail and clarity. This is quantified by the total pixel count—such as width by height in pixels—or pixels per inch (PPI) for perceived sharpness on screens. For instance, 4K Ultra High Definition (UHD) specifies a minimum of 3840 × 2160 pixels, allowing for finer granularity in visual output compared to lower standards like 1080p (1920 × 1080).^[105]^[106]^[107] Standards for display resolutions have evolved significantly since the introduction of Video Graphics Array (VGA) by IBM in 1987, which supported 640 × 480 pixels and marked an early benchmark for consumer computing displays. Subsequent advancements included Super VGA (SVGA) at 800 × 600 pixels in the early 1990s, progressing to Full HD and beyond to accommodate demands for multimedia and professional applications. These developments reflect increases in hardware capabilities, with modern HR standards prioritizing aspect ratios like 16:9 for widescreen compatibility.^[108]^[109] In applications such as computer graphics and virtual reality (VR), HR enhances realism by reducing pixelation and improving immersion; for example, VR systems employ techniques like super resolution upscaling to achieve effective high pixel densities per eye, mitigating artifacts like the screen-door effect. Adoption in consumer devices is widespread: in 2023, over 51.8% of smartphone displays featured at least 1080 × 1920 resolution, with premium segments shifting toward Quad HD (2560 × 1440) or higher for enhanced viewing.^[110]^[111] However, HR imposes trade-offs, including elevated computational demands for rendering and processing, which necessitate more powerful graphics processing units (GPUs) and increase bandwidth requirements. Additionally, higher pixel counts elevate energy consumption in displays and devices, particularly in power-constrained environments like mobile VR headsets, where balancing detail against battery life remains a key engineering challenge.^[112]^[113]

Places and Geography

Croatia

Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state in Southeast Europe bordered by Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the Adriatic Sea, with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code HR assigned to denote the country internationally.^[114] The code has been in use since Croatia's recognition as an independent nation following its secession from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The capital and largest city is Zagreb, situated in the northwest along the Sava River.^[115] Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991 amid the dissolution of Yugoslavia, a decision formalized by the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) to sever ties with the federal structure.^[116] This led directly to the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995), a conflict involving Croatian forces against Yugoslav People's Army units and local Serb militias, resulting in significant territorial losses initially but ultimate Croatian control over approximately 80% of its claimed territory by war's end through operations like Storm in 1995.^[117] The war caused an estimated 20,000 deaths and displaced hundreds of thousands, with formal Yugoslav withdrawal completed by November 1995 via the Dayton Agreement framework.^[117] As of the mid-2024 estimate from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the population stands at 3,866,233 inhabitants, reflecting ongoing demographic challenges including emigration and low birth rates since the 2021 census figure of 3,871,833.^[118] Croatia acceded to the European Union on 1 July 2013 as its 28th member, following treaty ratification, and adopted the euro as legal tender on 1 January 2023, replacing the kuna and integrating into the eurozone's monetary policy.^[115]^[119] The service sector dominates the economy, with tourism playing a pivotal role; it accounts for about 20% of GDP through direct and indirect effects, driven by coastal destinations like Dubrovnik and Split attracting over 20 million visitors annually in recent peak years.^[120]

Sports

Home Run

In baseball, a home run occurs when a batter hits a fair ball that enables them to circle all bases and reach home plate safely, scoring a run, typically without interruption by defensive plays. This most commonly happens when the ball clears the outfield fence in fair territory on a fly ball, but it can also result from an inside-the-park home run, where the ball stays in play and the batter reaches home due to speed and fielding mishaps; the latter type accounts for fewer than 0.5% of home runs in the modern era (post-1950). Under Major League Baseball (MLB) rules, a home run awards the batter one run, plus one run for each base runner, and counts as a hit in official statistics; if hit with bases loaded, it drives in four runs total. Ground-rule doubles—where a fair ball bounces over the fence—do not qualify as home runs. Home runs have profoundly influenced baseball's strategic evolution and outcomes. Sabermetric analysis, using run expectancy models, quantifies a typical home run's value at approximately 1.4 runs above average, reflecting the guaranteed run for the batter plus the expected contribution from baserunners (averaging about 0.4 additional runs based on historical on-base probabilities). This outsized impact stems from the play's isolation from defensive variance, making it a high-leverage event that can swing game margins decisively; for instance, teams averaging one more home run per game than opponents win roughly 80% of contests, per linear weights regressions. Inside-the-park variants carry higher risk due to reliance on speed and errors, reducing their net value compared to over-the-fence hits. Historically, home run frequency varied sharply across eras. During the dead-ball period (circa 1900–1919), softer balls, larger fields, and strategies emphasizing contact over power kept totals low: MLB-wide home runs per game averaged under 0.3 per team, with seasonal leaders rarely exceeding 10 (e.g., 12 league-wide leaders under 10 from 1900–1920). The shift to "live" balls in 1920, coupled with Babe Ruth's power-hitting archetype, quadrupled output almost immediately, as Ruth hit 54 that year amid a 40% run-scoring surge. A later spike occurred in the 1990s–early 2000s "steroids era," when performance-enhancing drug (PED) use drove league home runs to 1.2 per game by 2000—double prior norms—with eight of 13 players hitting 40+ in 1998 later linked to PEDs, including Mark McGwire's admitted steroid use during his 70-home-run 1998 season. MLB's lax testing until 2003 fueled the controversy, inflating records like Barry Bonds' 73 in 2001, though subsequent bans reduced totals by 20–30% post-2005. MLB records underscore home runs' prestige amid these shifts. The single-season mark is 73, by Bonds in 2001; the American League record is 62, tied by Roger Maris (1961) and broken by Aaron Judge on October 4, 2022, against the Texas Rangers. Career leader Bonds holds 762, though PED associations have prompted debates over legitimacy, with clean-era benchmarks like Judge's 62 valued higher in some analytics for contextual purity. These feats correlate with MVP awards and team success, as power hitting remains a core offensive driver despite defensive and pitching countermeasures like increased velocity and shift strategies.

Arts and Media

Film and Television

H.R. Pufnstuf is a children's live-action puppet television series produced by Sid and Marty Krofft, which aired on NBC for 17 episodes from September 6, 1969, to December 27, 1969.^[121] The plot centers on a boy named Jimmy, played by Jack Wild, and his magical talking flute Freddie, who are shipwrecked on Living Island after boarding a deceptive boat; there, they ally with the dragon mayor H.R. Pufnstuf to evade Witchiepoo, a witch intent on seizing the flute's powers.^[122] The series features oversized puppets, vibrant sets, and musical numbers, blending fantasy adventure with moral lessons on friendship and perseverance.^[123] Despite its single-season run, H.R. Pufnstuf garnered immediate popularity among children and adults for its whimsical, psychedelic aesthetic, leading to cult status sustained by reruns into the 1970s and beyond.^[122] Critics and viewers noted its innovative use of life-sized puppets and practical effects, influencing later family programming, though some attributed its short duration to high production costs rather than low viewership.^[123] A companion feature film, Pufnstuf, released on May 27, 1970, expands the series' narrative with Jimmy and Freddie navigating Living Island's inhabitants, including H.R. Pufnstuf and Witchiepoo, in a quest to escape while incorporating live-action songs and guest stars like Cass Elliot.^[124] The movie, directed by Hollingsworth Morse, mirrors the TV show's tone but adds theatrical spectacle, achieving modest box office success and reinforcing the franchise's appeal through home video releases in later decades.^[125] Other productions with "HR" in the title include the 2014 TV movie HR, a drama depicting an HR director whose perspective shifts after a head injury, prompting her to challenge conventional workplace policies; however, it received limited distribution and mixed reviews for its niche exploration of corporate dynamics.^[126] More prominently, Human Resources (2022–2023), a Netflix animated series spinning off from Big Mouth, portrays mythical creatures in a bureaucratic "HR" firm regulating human hormones, emotions, and relationships, earning praise for its adult humor and voice cast including Aidy Bryant and Randall Park across two seasons totaling 20 episodes.^[127]

Fictional Characters

H.R. Pufnstuf serves as the title character and mayor of Living Island in the American children's television series H.R. Pufnstuf, which aired on NBC from September 6, 1969, to December 27, 1969, with reruns until 1972. The character is portrayed as a bipedal anthropomorphic dragon who aids the boy Jimmy and his sentient flute Freddy in resisting attempts by the antagonist Witchiepoo to seize the flute.^[121]^[128] The dragon's costume was performed by Roberto Gamonet, marking his sole credited acting role.^[129] In the CW superhero series The Flash, H.R. Wells appears as a multiversal variant of physicist Harrison Wells from the alternate Earth-19, debuting in the third season premiere on October 4, 2016. Played by Tom Cavanagh, H.R. Wells functions as an inventor and conceptual contributor to Team Flash, distinguished by his eccentric humor, caffeine dependency, and optimistic demeanor that contrasts with the more serious iterations of the Wells archetype.^[130]^[131] His storyline culminates in a sacrificial act to safeguard Iris West from the villain Savitar in the season finale aired May 23, 2017.^[132]

Other Media

In music, H.R., born Paul D. Hudson on February 11, 1956, serves as the lead vocalist for Bad Brains, a hardcore punk band formed in Washington, D.C., in 1979 that pioneered the fusion of punk, reggae, and hardcore styles.^[133] The band's self-titled debut album, released in 1982, featured rapid tempos and complex instrumentation, influencing subsequent punk and metal acts.^[134] In video games, HR denotes Hunter Rank, a core progression mechanic in Capcom's Monster Hunter series, first introduced in Monster Hunter (2004) for the PlayStation 2. Hunter Rank quantifies player advancement through quest completion, unlocking higher-difficulty hunts, advanced equipment, and multiplayer brackets, with tiers typically including low rank (HR 1–6), high rank (HR 7+), and master rank in expansions.^[135] Ranks are capped until story milestones to guide pacing, as seen in Monster Hunter: World (2018), where HR advances to 16 post-main quest before further grinding.^[136] In literature and art books, H.R. Giger, the Swiss surrealist artist (1940–2014), authored volumes showcasing his biomechanical designs, beginning with Necronomicon in 1977, which collected over 400 ink and airbrush illustrations inspired by H.P. Lovecraft's mythos.^[137] Subsequent works include Necronomicon II (1985) and Biomechanics (1990), documenting his evolution toward hybrid organic-mechanical forms through reproductions and essays.^[138] These publications, printed in limited editions, emphasize Giger's technical precision in themes of erosion and fusion.^[139]

People

Notable Individuals

Harry Robbins Haldeman (October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) served as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon from January 1969 to April 1973, acting as the gatekeeper to the president and enforcing a strict organizational structure in the administration.^[140] Born in Los Angeles to a successful businessman father, Haldeman graduated from the University of Southern California in 1948 and worked in advertising before entering politics, managing Nixon's 1962 gubernatorial and 1968 presidential campaigns.^[140] ^[141] His role in the Watergate scandal led to his resignation in 1973 and a 1975 conviction for conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury, resulting in a 2.5- to 8-year prison sentence of which he served 18 months.^[140] Hans Ruedi Giger (February 5, 1940 – May 12, 2014), known professionally as H.R. Giger, was a Swiss artist renowned for his biomechanical style blending organic and mechanical forms, which influenced surreal and horror genres.^[142] Born in Chur, Switzerland, to a pharmacist father, Giger studied architecture and industrial design in Zurich before focusing on airbrushed paintings and sculptures depicting nightmarish fusions of human anatomy with machinery.^[142] ^[143] He gained international acclaim for designing the xenomorph creature and environments for the 1979 film Alien, earning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in 1980 alongside director Ridley Scott.^[144] Herbert Raymond McMaster (born July 24, 1962) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served as National Security Advisor from February 2017 to April 2018 under President Donald Trump, advocating for strategic clarity in foreign policy amid internal administration debates.^[145] A 1984 graduate of the United States Military Academy, McMaster commanded armored cavalry during the Gulf War's Battle of 73 Easting in 1991, earning the Silver Star for leadership in destroying an Iraqi Republican Guard brigade.^[145] Post-retirement in 2018 after 34 years of service, he has held fellowships at Stanford's Hoover Institution, authoring books on military history and strategy such as Dereliction of Duty (1997), which critiqued U.S. leadership failures in Vietnam.^[145]^[146] Henry Lawrence Garfield (born February 13, 1961), professionally known as Henry Rollins, rose to prominence as the lead vocalist of the hardcore punk band Black Flag from 1981 to 1986, contributing to the genre's raw intensity through albums like Damaged (1981).^[147] Born in Washington, D.C., Rollins began in the D.C. punk scene with the band State of Alert before replacing Black Flag's original singer and later forming the Rollins Band, blending punk, alternative rock, and spoken word across over 20 albums.^[147] Beyond music, he has authored books of poetry and prose, hosted radio shows, acted in films such as Johnny Mnemonic (1995), and toured extensively as a spoken word performer addressing social and personal themes.^[148]^[149]

Other Fields

Religion

In academic theology and religious studies, HR commonly abbreviates "History of Religions," denoting the scholarly discipline that empirically analyzes the origins, development, and comparative aspects of religious traditions worldwide, often employing historical, anthropological, and sociological methods.^[150]^[151] This usage appears in peer-reviewed journals, seminary guides, and academic abbreviation lists, reflecting its role in non-confessional scholarship rather than doctrinal theology.^[152] Less frequently, HR has been noted as an informal abbreviation for the Holy Rosary, a Catholic devotional practice involving recitation of prayers like the Hail Mary and Our Father while meditating on scriptural mysteries from the lives of Christ and the Virgin Mary, traditionally comprising 20 decades divided into Joyful, Sorrowful, Glorious, and Luminous sets.^[153] This application is sporadic and not enshrined in official liturgical texts or encyclicals, such as Pope Leo XIII's Supremi apostolatus officio (1883), which promotes the Rosary without employing HR. No major religious doctrines, rites, or historical figures are verifiably centered on the HR acronym, limiting its doctrinal impact.

Languages

The ISO 639-1 code "hr" designates the Croatian language, a South Slavic tongue primarily spoken in Croatia and by Croat communities abroad, with core vocabulary and grammar standardized in the 19th century based on the Štokavian dialect.^[154] This code derives from "Hrvatski," the native term, and facilitates digital localization, software internationalization, and linguistic databases under standards maintained by the International Organization for Standardization.^[154] In East Asian linguistics, HR denotes Hokkien Romanization, a set of Latin-script systems for transcribing Hokkien (Southern Min Chinese) variants spoken by over 60 million people in Taiwan, Fujian province, and diaspora communities in Southeast Asia.^[155] These systems evolved from Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), or "vernacular script," pioneered by Protestant missionaries such as Walter Henry Medhurst, who published early Hokkien-English materials in Amoy (Xiamen) around 1832 to aid evangelism and trade.^[156] POJ employs modified Latin letters, diacritics for seven tones, and nasal markers to capture Hokkien's phonology, including coda consonants absent in Mandarin, enabling precise phonetic notation for dialects like Taiwanese Hokkien and Penang Hokkien.^[155] Variants of HR, such as those promoted by Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang since the early 21st century, adapt POJ for local orthographic consistency, incorporating audio aids and simplified rules for non-native learners while preserving dialectal distinctions like initial /ŋ-/ sounds rendered as "ng-."^[155] Missionaries transported refined POJ to Taiwan by the mid-1800s, where it supported Bible translations and literacy efforts until Japanese colonial bans in 1937; post-1945 revival efforts, including church publications, sustained its use despite competition from Mandarin-centric scripts.^[156] Today, HR systems inform digital tools and heritage education, countering script attrition in Hokkien communities amid dominant Hanzi usage.^[155]

Transportation

The Highland Railway (HR), formed on February 1, 1865, through the amalgamation of the Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Railway and the Inverness and Perth Junction Railway, operated extensive lines in northern Scotland, extending from Perth northward to Inverness and further to Wick, Thurso, and Kyle of Lochalsh.^[157] The company, headquartered in Inverness, absorbed over 249 miles (401 km) of track via mergers and expansions, primarily serving the transport of fish, agricultural produce, and passengers across the Highlands.^[158] It introduced notable locomotives, such as the Jones Goods 4-6-0 class in 1894, which were the most powerful mainline engines in Britain at the time with a tractive effort of 24,362 lbf, designed for heavy freight and passenger duties on challenging terrain.^[159] The HR ceased independent operations in 1923 under the Railways Act, merging into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.^[160] In contemporary rail systems, HR abbreviates Heavy Rail, a fixed-guideway transit mode characterized by electric-powered vehicles operating on dedicated tracks with high platform loading, full-grade separation from roadways, and capacities for high-frequency service in urban environments.^[161] Heavy Rail systems, such as those in major U.S. cities, feature cars with motive capability, steel wheels on steel rails, and automatic train control, distinguishing them from light rail by their infrastructure scale and operational intensity.^[162] These systems prioritize efficiency for dense passenger volumes, though they incur higher facility maintenance costs compared to bus or light rail modes due to extensive fixed infrastructure.^[163] HR also designates the international vehicle registration code for Croatia (Hrvatska), appearing as a sticker or on license plates to identify vehicles from the country under the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.^[164] Croatian plates typically include a two-letter regional code, the national coat of arms, and numerals, with HR confirming national origin for cross-border recognition.^[165] This code facilitates vehicle identification in international transport without implying specific safety metrics tied to the designation itself.

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Mar 28, 2025 · Identify patients eligible for tamoxifen therapy based on clinical indications, such as hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Implement ...
[102]
Tamoxifen as the First Targeted Long Term Adjuvant Therapy ... - NIH
The idea that longer therapy with adjuvant tamoxifen in patients with ER positive breast cancer was not fashionable at the start. This is the way it is with ...
[103]
Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon A. Berson - Science History Institute
In 1977 Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her and Berson's development of RIA as it applied to tracing hormones in the body. Since ...
[104]
[PDF] Rosalyn S. Yalow - Nobel Lecture
The receptor site assays for the peptide hormones have the presumed advantage of measuring biologic activity but are generally at least 10-to 100-fold less.
[105]
https://www.lenovo.com/us/en/glossary/high-resolution/
[106]
Everything you need to know about image resolution. - Adobe
Resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image.
[107]
What is resolution and why it matters for your monitor | Samsung US
Jun 24, 2025 · A higher resolution means the screen can display more pixels to provide sharper details, more realistic images, and a larger working space.
[108]
A beginner's guide to video resolution (p.1) - Pixop
Nov 9, 2021 · In 1987, IBM came up with the VGA display, with a resolution of 640 x 480, which was the standard used for many years thereafter.
[109]
The revolution in 4K resolution - Barco
Nov 21, 2023 · When referring to the UHD resolution, the industry rounded up the horizontal pixel count to 4000 pixels and it became popularly known as 4K.
[110]
https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/vr-image-quality-meta-quest-super-resolution/
[111]
Smartphone Display Market Size, Share | CAGR of 7%
In 2023, the 1080 x 1920 display resolution segment held a dominant market position in the smartphone display market, capturing more than a 51.8% share. This ...
[112]
Graphics Computing for High-Performance XR - AV & VR Solutions
Discover the importance of graphics computing in creating High-Performance XR in this article featuring Mechdyne architect Gary Quasebarth.
[113]
https://www.vektrapc.com/blogs/blogs-news/the-impact-of-graphics-cards-on-vr-and-ar-experiences
[114]
HR - Croatia - ISO
Alpha-2 code. HR ; Short name. CROATIA ; Short name lower case. Croatia ; Full name. the Republic of Croatia ; Alpha-3 code. HRV.
[115]
Croatia – EU country profile | European Union
Geographical size: 56 594 km · Population: 3 861 967 (2024).Missing: estimate | Show results with:estimate<|separator|>
[116]
25 June – Independence Day | Croatian Parliament
The 25 June is a memorial day marking the historic decision of Sabor (Parliament), passed on that date in 1991, to initiate the process of disassociation from ...
[117]
The Conflicts | International Criminal Tribunal for the former ...
Croatia - 1991-1995 Croatia declared independence on the same day as Slovenia. But while Slovenia's withdrawal from the Yugoslav Federation was comparatively ...<|separator|>
[118]
STAN-2025-3-1 Population Estimate of the Republic of Croatia, 2024
Aug 29, 2025 · POPULATION ESTIMATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, 2024. According to the mid-2024 population estimate, the Republic of Croatia had 3 866 233 ...
[119]
Croatia and the euro - Economy and Finance - European Commission
Croatia joined the European Union in 2013 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2023.
[120]
Research Update: Croatia 'A-/A-2' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Positive
Sep 12, 2025 · We estimate that tourism contributes about 20% of GDP, and its contribution to output could increase further over the medium term. External ...
[121]
H.R. Pufnstuf (TV Series 1969–1970) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (2,113) When "H.R. Pufnstuf",made its premiere on NBC-TV on September 6,1969, the show became an immediate hit with not only with kids,but adults as well. The series ...
[122]
H.R. Pufnstuf Blew into Town on This Day in 1969 - Remind Magazine
Sep 6, 2023 · While the show only lasted one season, it truly became a cult classic. It wasn't that the show wasn't successful, it was, but it was very ...
[123]
H. R. Pufnstuf was one completely wacky & fun vintage kids' TV show
Aug 10, 2023 · There were only 17 episodes made of H. R. Pufnstuf, but the kitschy kiddie TV show earned its cult status through reruns that aired through ...
[124]
Pufnstuf (1970) - Turner Classic Movies - TCM
Jimmy discovers the cave in which the inhabitants of Living Island reside and meets H. R. Pufnstuf, a friendly dragon who is the island's mayor. Disguised as a ...
[125]
https://every70smovie.blogspot.com/2016/07/pufnstuf-1970.html
[126]
HR (TV Movie 2014) - IMDb
Rating 4.2/10 (33) HR is a 2014 drama about a head injury that changes the HR director's outlook, leading her to throw out standard practices.
[127]
Watch Human Resources | Netflix Official Site
Human Resources is a 'Big Mouth' spinoff about creatures juggling romance, workplace drama, and human clients' needs. It's a raunchy, witty, adult animation, ...
[128]
H.R. Pufnstuf - TheTVDB.com
Feb 4, 2008 · H.R. Pufnstuf tells the story of a boy named Jimmy who finds himself stranded on Living Island with his magic gold flute Freddy. Here, Jimmy and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[129]
HR Pufnstuf Facts: 14 Details About the Saturday Morning Classic
Jun 25, 2024 · HR Pufnstuf stars British actor Jack Wild as Jimmy, a teen with a magic talking flute who is lured onto a mystical boat that ends up shipwrecked on Living ...
[130]
The Flash: Will the Real Flash Please Stand Up? - DC Comics
Nov 1, 2016 · ... H.R. Wells is all about. He's the goofy idea man standing in stark contrast to his Earth-2 counterpart, Harry. So far it seems like Earth-19 ...
[131]
The Flash: Coffee Love - DC Comics
May 9, 2017 · On top of that, Tracy and H.R. share a love of caffeine. Fans of The Flash know that H.R.'s coffee addiction has been well-documented throughout ...
[132]
The Flash: Crisis on Infinite Wellses - DC Comics
Nov 14, 2017 · Harrison Wells was a character who should only have lasted for a single season on The Flash. He should have not been seen again at the ...
[133]
HR of Bad Brains - Covert Booking
Paul “HR” Hudson is best known as the front man of the iconic punk band Bad Brains, formed in 1979. With unprecedented speed and precision, Bad Brains took ...
[134]
H.R's positive mental attitude, in all its punk contradiction, provides ...
Mar 11, 2025 · H.R., born Paul Hudson, first made waves as the frontman of the all-Black Washington, D.C., hardcore punk band Bad Brains. The band's 1982 self- ...
[135]
Hunter Rank - Monster Hunter World: Iceborne Guide - IGN
Jan 26, 2018 · Hunter Rank is a mechanic that is basically a stand-in for level in Monster Hunter World. Hunter Rank - abbreviated to HR - is capped until certain milestones ...Missing: explanation | Show results with:explanation
[136]
Monster Hunter Wilds Hunter Ranks Explained - Icy Veins
Hunter Rank (HR) measures progression, granting access to new quests, monsters, and equipment. It has Low (HR1-8) and High (HR16+) ranks.Missing: explanation | Show results with:explanation
[137]
The official WebSite of H.R.Giger-Books
The official WebSite of H.R.Giger-Books. All books are directly available! Click on the book cover to place your order...Missing: publications | Show results with:publications
[138]
HR Giger books
H.R. Giger's Necronomicon I · H.R. Giger's Necronomicon 2 · H.R. Giger's Biomechanics · H.R. Giger's New York City · H.R. Giger's Alien · H.R. ...
[139]
Books - HR Giger Museum
HR Giger's outstanding life, work and oeuvre are comprehensively illuminated by a large number of books, available both in the museum and in the webshop.
[140]
H. R. Haldeman - Spartacus Educational
Harry Robbins Haldeman, the son of a successful businessman, was born in Los Angeles on 27th October, 1926. His father, Harry Francis Haldeman, ...
[141]
H.R. Haldeman - Biography - IMDb
HR Haldeman was born on October 27, 1926 in Los Angeles, California, USA. He was married to Joanne Horton. He died on November 12, 1993 in Santa Barbara, ...
[142]
Complete biography - HR Giger Museum
Sep 11, 2024 · HR Giger was born in Chur as the second child of Melly Giger-Meier and the pharmacist Hans Richard Giger. Above their Steinbock pharmacy is the large, dingy ...
[143]
Museum - HRGiger.com
Dec 12, 2012 · H. R. Giger is recognized as one of the world's foremost artists of Fantastic Realism. Born in 1940 to a chemist's family in Chur, Switzerland, ...
[144]
HR Giger. TASCHEN Books
HR Giger (1940–2014) was a Swiss painter, sculptor, and designer, who combined surrealist influences and dark fantasies to create his very own biomechanical ...
[145]
H.R. McMaster | Hoover Institution
Upon graduation from the US Military Academy in 1984, McMaster served as a commissioned officer in the US Army for thirty-four years. He retired as a lieutenant ...
[146]
[PDF] Lt. Gen. (Ret.) H.R. McMaster Biography - Congress.gov
H. R. McMaster is the Fouad and Michelle Ajami Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. He is also the Bernard and Susan Liautaud Fellow at ...
[147]
Henry Rollins - The Creative Independent
Henry Rollins is an American musician, writer, actor, radio host, activist, spoken word artist, and comedian. He was the singer of the hardcore punk band Black ...
[148]
The Portable Henry Rollins - Penguin Random House
Henry Rollins is an artist whose legendary, no-holds-barred performances encompasses music, acting, and written and spoken word. As Details magazine said ...
[149]
Henry Rollins Biography | Fandango
Henry Rollins had one of the more diverse careers in punk rock, evolving from the fearsome lead singer of Black Flag to a respected writer, ...
[150]
8 Abbreviations 68 - Liverpool University Press
Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Edited by X. Léon-Dufour. 2d ed. 1972. DCG ... HR. History of Religions. HT. History Today. HTh. Ho Theológos. Hok. Hokhma.
[151]
https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/preferred-standard-abbreviations
[152]
https://helpdesk.asburyseminary.edu/portal/api/kbArticles/261791000000566047/attachments/76zgi11fca778c0664deb935ea230988f059d/content
[153]
hr - "Holy Rosary" by AcronymsAndSlang.com
What does hr stand for? Hop on to get the meaning of hr. The Acronym /Abbreviation/Slang hr means Holy Rosary. by AcronymAndSlang.com.
[154]
ISO 639-2 Language Code List - The Library of Congress
Dec 21, 2017 · hr, Croatian, croate, Kroatisch. hsb, Upper Sorbian, haut-sorabe, Obersorbisch. hun, hu, Hungarian, hongrois, Ungarisch. hup, Hupa, hupa, Hupa- ...<|separator|>
[155]
Penang Hokkien Romanisation System
Jul 16, 2021 · Hokkien Romanisation Lessons. from Clubhouse. LESSON. ①. 音頭 ... https://penanghokkien.com/media/PGHK-HR-2021-07-10.mp3. 00:00. 00:00. 00:00 ...
[156]
1196. Handbook of Taiwanese Romanization / David L. Chen/11 ...
Feb 15, 2018 · ... Hokkien dialect (understood by both Choân-chiu and Chiang-chiu peoples). They eventually brought Pe̍h-ōe-jī 白話字 to Taiwan in the mid-1800's.
[157]
The Railway
The two companies amalgamated on 1st. February 1865 to form the Highland Railway. Meanwhile construction northwards from Inverness had already started, with a ...
[158]
The Highland Railway – Part 2 | Roger Farnworth
Jun 28, 2025 · The Highland Railway (HR) Company was based in Inverness. It was formed by merger, absorbing over 249 miles (401 km) of line.<|separator|>
[159]
Highland Railway 'Jones Goods' 4-6-0 - Rapido Trains UK
The result was a handsome 4-6-0 with 20in by 26in cylinders, 5ft 3 1/2in diameter driving wheels and a tractive effort of 24,362lbs. The HR board authorised ...
[160]
Highland Railway Society
Welcome. The Highland Railway ran from Perth in Central Scotland north to Inverness and then on up the east coast to Wick and Thurso.Missing: history - | Show results with:history -
[161]
National Transit Database (NTD) Glossary | FTA
Feb 17, 2009 · High platform loading. Heavy Rail Passenger Cars (HR). Vehicle type: Rail cars with: • Motive capability. • Driven by ...
[162]
[PDF] Compendium of Definitions and Acronyms for Rail Systems
Jun 20, 2019 · • Rail modes (heavy rail (HR), light rail (LR), commuter rail (CR), inclined plane (IP), cable car. (CC) and Monorail/Automated guideway (MG).
[163]
2022 NTD Data Summary - Operating Expenses
Modes like Heavy Rail (HR) and Light Rail (LR) have notably higher Facility Maintenance costs due to upkeep of large transit stations and fixed guideway. On ...
[164]
Croatia - Plonk It
Stickers with the letters HR can be found on Croatian cars. HR stands for Hrvatska, the Croatian name for Croatia. NOTE: These were mainly used before EU plates ...
[165]
Croatia license plate (HR) in 2025 - Matriculasdelmundo
The code HR identifies Croatia. The license plates of Croatia may be used with the international registration code HR next to it on the back part of the car.