Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

HawkEye 360

HawkEye 360, Inc. is an American company that operates a commercial constellation of small satellites in to detect, geolocate, and characterize (RF) emissions globally. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in , the company provides RF data analytics for applications including , spectrum monitoring, GNSS interference detection, and defense-related intelligence. The company's technology relies on clusters of three formation-flying microsatellites that use time-difference-of-arrival measurements to triangulate RF signal sources with high precision, enabling the mapping of emitters such as radars, communications, and signals. This approach, first demonstrated by the cluster launched in December 2018 aboard a rocket, has expanded into a multi-cluster constellation exceeding 30 satellites by 2024, with ongoing launches like Cluster 12 in June 2025 achieving full operational capability shortly thereafter. Since 2019, 360's satellites have collected over 80 million RF emitter geolocations, supporting persistent global monitoring and taskable data products for government and commercial clients. HawkEye 360's capabilities have secured significant contracts, including over $50 million in 2021 driven by demand for RF insights in and domains. The firm, initially developed from research by professors, focuses on delivering actionable intelligence to enhance amid increasing RF spectrum congestion and threats like and spoofing.

History

Founding and Initial Development

HawkEye 360 was founded in by Chris DeMay, Charles Clancy, Robert McGwier, and John Serafini to commercialize space-based (RF) signal detection and geolocation using constellations. The core idea originated from Clancy and McGwier, professors at specializing in wireless communications and , who recognized that advances in technology enabled persistent RF monitoring from , an approach previously limited to government systems. DeMay, with prior experience at the , contributed expertise in satellite operations, while Serafini served as CEO to drive business development. The company established headquarters in , positioning itself to serve defense, maritime, and spectrum management sectors with novel RF analytics. Initial development focused on prototyping RF detection payloads and satellite architectures capable of formation flying to enable triangulation-based geolocation of emitters. In May 2016, HawkEye 360 selected and SFL (Space Flight Laboratory) as partners to build the satellites for its mission, a demonstrator cluster of three microsatellites weighing approximately 55 kg each, equipped with receivers to capture signals across VHF to S-band frequencies. This phase involved ground-based testing of algorithms and simulations to validate the concept of using multi-spacecraft baselines for precise emitter positioning without relying on ground infrastructure. The Pathfinder satellites launched on December 3, 2018, as secondary payloads on a rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, , entering a at around 500 km altitude. Following deployment, the trio underwent commissioning, achieving full operational capability within two months through in-orbit calibration of RF sensors and formation control maneuvers. This milestone demonstrated the feasibility of commercial RF geoanalytics, collecting initial datasets on and illegal signals, and laid the groundwork for constellation expansion.

Funding Rounds and Financial Growth

HawkEye 360 raised $11 million in its in September 2017, led by Razor's Edge Ventures and including participation from Allied Minds and Ventures. This funding supported early satellite development and initial constellation deployment. In August 2019, the company secured $70 million in Series B financing, with new investors Ventures and joining existing backers like Razor's Edge Ventures. The proceeds enabled expansion of its geolocation capabilities and additional satellite launches. The Series C round, closed in April 2021, totaled $55 million and focused on scaling clusters, enhancing infrastructure, and advancing software. HawkEye 360 followed this with a $145 million Series D in November 2021, bringing total equity funding to approximately $281 million at that point and funding further constellation growth. In July 2023, the company completed a $58 million Series D-1 round to develop advanced architectures and accelerate for applications, with participation from investors including 8VC and NightDragon. This was extended by an additional $10 million in October 2023 from Ventures and existing insiders, establishing a for solutions and raising the D-1 total to $68 million. By mid-2023, HawkEye 360 had raised around $360 million in total equity funding across rounds. In April 2024, it obtained a $40 million commitment from to bolster technology infrastructure and production, part of $108 million in combined and equity raised over the prior 12 months.
Funding RoundDateAmount RaisedPrimary Purpose
Series ASeptember 2017$11 millionInitial satellite development
Series BAugust 2019$70 millionConstellation expansion and RF capabilities
Series CApril 2021$55 millionInfrastructure scaling and
Series D 2021$145 millionFurther constellation growth
Series D-1July-October 2023$68 millionAdvanced s and
Debt CommitmentApril 2024$40 millionTech and buildout
These successive rounds reflect sustained investor interest in 360's space-based RF geolocation technology, particularly amid growing demand for and applications, enabling the company to deploy over 20 satellites by and plan further expansions.

Satellite Launches and Constellation Expansion

360 initiated its with the launch of the cluster, consisting of three satellites (Hawk-A, Hawk-B, Hawk-C), on December 3, 2018, aboard ' SSO-A mission into a at approximately 575 km altitude. This initial deployment served as a proof-of-concept for geolocation capabilities, operating in formation to demonstrate signal detection and from . Subsequent expansions involved deploying additional clusters primarily via rideshare missions on rockets, supplemented by dedicated launches from . Cluster 2 launched on January 24, 2021, via Transporter-1 at 508 km altitude; Cluster 3 followed on June 30, 2021, via Transporter-2 in ; Cluster 4 on April 1, 2022, via Transporter-4; and Cluster 5 on May 25, 2022, via Transporter-5. In 2023, Cluster 6 deployed on January 24 via at 558 km, and Cluster 7 on April 15 via Transporter-7. Launches accelerated in 2024 with Clusters 8 and 9 on April 7 via Bandwagon-1 in mid-inclination orbits around 45.6 degrees, Cluster 10 on August 16 via Transporter-11, and Cluster 11 on December 21 via as part of the Bandwagon-2 mission.
ClusterLaunch DateLaunch VehicleOrbit Details
1 (Pathfinder)December 3, 2018 SSO-ASun-synchronous, 575 km
2January 24, 2021 Transporter-1508 km, 97.3° inclination
3June 30, 2021 Transporter-2~550 km, sun-synchronous
4April 1, 2022 Transporter-4~442 km, 97.3° inclination
5May 25, 2022 Transporter-5~495 km, 97.6° inclination
6January 24, 2023~558 km, 95.2° inclination
7April 15, 2023 Transporter-7~512 km, 97.3° inclination
8April 7, 2024 Bandwagon-1~598 km, 45.6° inclination
9April 7, 2024 Bandwagon-1~594 km, 45.6° inclination
10August 16, 2024 Transporter-11598 km, 97.7° inclination
11December 21, 2024 (Bandwagon-2)Mid-inclination
12June 26, 2025, operational by September 2025
The constellation expanded to include mid-inclination orbits starting with Clusters 8 and 9, enhancing global coverage for RF signal detection beyond polar regions. By mid-2025, HawkEye 360 had deployed 12 clusters totaling 36 satellites, surpassing initial plans for 18-30 spacecraft, with the cluster retired in October 2024 to transition to next-generation models. Further growth includes a September 2025 contract with SFL Missions for three additional clusters (nine satellites) to bolster RF detection capacity and enable real-time data downlink. This expansion supports improved revisit rates, frequency coverage, and responsiveness to defense and commercial demands.

Technology

Satellite Constellation Architecture

HawkEye 360's is composed of small satellites deployed in clusters of three each, configured to fly in formation with spacing of approximately 125 kilometers along their orbital track to enable precise geolocation of signals through multilateration techniques. Each measures 0.20 m × 0.20 m × 0.44 m and has a launch wet mass of 13.4 kg, incorporating a centered on software-defined radios (SDRs) paired with RF front-end modules capable of tuning across a broad spectrum from 70 MHz to 6 GHz, with instantaneous bandwidths up to 56 MHz and potential extension to 18 GHz using low-noise block downconverters. The geolocation architecture leverages differential time of arrival (TOA) and frequency of arrival (FOA) measurements across the trio, providing baseline separation for accurate without reliance on ground-based receivers. The satellites operate in () at altitudes between 400 and 600 kilometers, with initial pathfinder in sun-synchronous orbits at 575 km altitude and 97.77° inclination for consistent revisit patterns and global coverage through multiple orbital planes. This distributed design enhances signal detection persistence and reduces latency in RF mapping, as the within each simulates a synthetic for interferometric processing, while inter-cluster distribution across inclinations ensures overlapping coverage for persistent monitoring of , terrestrial, and aerial emissions. Subsequent incorporate iterative improvements, such as expanded frequency detection and higher revisit rates, as demonstrated by Cluster 12, which achieved full operational capability on September 16, 2025, integrating seamlessly into the broader network. The architecture supports scalable expansion, with HawkEye 360 aiming for a long-term constellation of 20 totaling 60 satellites to achieve near-real-time global RF intelligence, though operational deployments as of mid-2025 include around 30 to 34 satellites across 11 to 12 , reflecting phased rollouts via rideshare launches from providers like and . partnerships, including with SFL Missions for , enable rapid iteration toward Block 3 architectures with enhanced reliability and performance. This modular approach prioritizes redundancy and , ensuring continued data collection even amid potential satellite decommissions, such as the planned retirement of the original trio in late 2024.

Radio Frequency Detection and Geolocating

HawkEye 360's (RF) detection and geolocating technology utilizes clusters of microsatellites in to passively capture and triangulate RF emissions from terrestrial and aerial sources, enabling the identification of signal origins without active transmission. Each cluster typically comprises three satellites flying in formation, spaced approximately 125 km apart along their orbital track, which facilitates precise multilateration for determining emitter locations. The satellites operate in a at an altitude of 575 km, allowing for repeated passes over target areas and broad global coverage. RF detection is performed using software-defined radios (SDRs) integrated with custom RF front-end modules and switchable antennas, such as quarter-wave dipoles, patches, and horns, to receive signals across a wide range from VHF (approximately 70 MHz) to Ku-band (up to 18 GHz). Onboard processors, including Zynq systems and for signal handling, capture raw signals, which are then analyzed for characteristics like , , and . This passive sensing approach detects emissions from sources including radars, VHF communications, and illegal transmissions, with initial commercial operations demonstrating geolocation of such signals beginning in 2019. Geolocating relies on time-of-arrival (TOA) and frequency-of-arrival (FOA) measurements from the synchronized receivers across the satellite cluster, leveraging GPS-derived timing for sub-microsecond precision. Multi-lateration algorithms—combining classical methods with proprietary enhancements—process these differentials to compute the emitter's geospatial coordinates, achieving high accuracy validated through aerial calibration tests and formation control within 5 km (1σ). Data can be processed onboard or relayed via inter-satellite links and ground stations, supporting applications in spectrum monitoring and threat detection with minimal latency. This formation-based technique represents a commercial innovation in spaceborne RF intelligence, distinct from ground- or air-based systems by providing persistent, wide-area surveillance.

Data Analytics and Processing

HawkEye 360's begins with onboard software-defined radios (SDRs) equipped with field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that capture wideband digital RF signals across frequencies from 100 MHz to 15 GHz. These systems employ techniques, such as (CFAR) filters for signal detection, to trigger and extract relevant emissions from raw captures, addressing constraints in size, weight, power, storage, and downlink bandwidth. This initial filtering reduces data volume while preserving key parameters for subsequent geolocation, enabling passive detection without alerting emitters. On the ground, raw signal data from the is transmitted to a secure environment for advanced proprietary . Geolocating occurs via time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements across multiple satellites in formation, yielding precise emitter positions, speeds, and courses independent of traditional aids like AIS. This pipeline transforms unstructured RF captures into structured , fusing with auxiliary datasets for enhanced accuracy. Analytics leverage and to classify signals, recognize modulations via convolutional neural networks, and generate actionable insights, such as identifying "dark vessels" through unique RF signatures or assessing risks. HawkEye 360 integrates tools like Autopilot for automated model development, streamlining risk evaluation while maintaining oversight of and validation. Ongoing enhancements incorporate deeper for spectrum analysis, supporting applications in domain awareness and threat detection.

Applications

Maritime Domain Awareness

HawkEye 360's (RF) geolocation satellites detect and track maritime vessels by capturing their RF emissions, such as signals, enabling persistent monitoring independent of weather or vessel cooperation. This approach identifies "dark vessels"—those that disable or spoof (AIS) transponders to evade detection—through waveform signature analysis, which classifies vessel types and cross-validates reported positions against RF-derived locations. The technology fuses RF data with open-source AIS and vessel registries to reveal behavioral patterns, including anomalous headings, velocities, and emission histories indicative of illicit operations. Key applications focus on countering illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, which depletes fisheries and undermines in exclusive economic zones (EEZs). In July 2023, HawkEye 360 partnered with the Fisheries Agency to supply RF analytics and training, targeting IUU in Pacific waters by integrating data with regional vessel tracking. Demonstrated instances include RF detection of Chinese-flagged vessels operating within Ecuador's Galápagos EEZ in 2020, where emissions from large fleets evading AIS highlighted coordinated incursions. The system's hourly global revisit rate supports scalable surveillance over vast theaters, outperforming optical methods limited by . Government contracts underscore operational deployment. In October 2023, HawkEye 360 received a $12.25 million Phase II award under the U.S.-led (IPMDA) initiative, delivering unclassified RF data via the SeaVision platform to allies for monitoring IUU fishing, humanitarian crises, and security threats in and Pacific Islands. This builds on prior efforts, including a U.S. Navy agreement with for RF analytics training. In May 2025, secured U.S. approval for HawkEye 360 technology to surveil dark ships across the , enhancing regional EEZ enforcement. By exposing non-cooperative actors and validating compliant ones, 360's maritime intelligence suite addresses visibility gaps in 70-80% of global waters beyond AIS range, supporting enforcement without direct confrontation. algorithms further refine detections, as in 2021 enhancements fusing RF with location data to flag IUU patterns at scale.

Defense and Intelligence Operations

HawkEye 360's (RF) geolocation technology supports defense and intelligence operations by detecting and locating signals from emitters such as radars, radios, and systems, enabling (SIGINT) and intelligence, , and (ISR) capabilities. The constellation's ability to geolocate VHF/UHF radios, maritime and land-based radars, and other RF sources from provides persistent monitoring for threat detection and in contested environments. In August 2025, HawkEye 360 integrated its RF data into military platforms during , fusing space-based signals with operational systems for real-time threat tracking and decision-making. The company has secured multiple contracts with U.S. government agencies for defense-related RF analytics and data delivery. In January 2022, HawkEye 360 received a $15.5 million from the to conduct RF analytics research, development, and experiments supporting national security missions. The (NGA) awarded a $10 million in September 2021 for RF mapping and detection capabilities, followed by a extension and task in September 2024 extending support through a third option year. In July 2024, an SBIR Phase II from AFWERX focused on enhancing national defense through advanced SIGINT delivery to equip leaders with mission-critical intelligence. Specific applications include air monitoring, where the satellites detect and geolocate emissions to identify threats and track adversary activity, strengthening early systems. The U.S. Army signed an agreement in August 2022 to test HawkEye 360's data for characterizing signals in operational scenarios, aiding and . Cluster 12 satellites, achieving full operational capability in September 2025, expanded SIGINT coverage with improved frequency detection and revisit rates for air detection and GNSS monitoring. These efforts integrate commercial RF data into military workflows, providing scalable, non-traditional without relying solely on dedicated government assets.

Telecommunications and Spectrum Management

HawkEye 360's RF geolocation enables by detecting and precisely locating electromagnetic emissions across wide frequency bands from its , facilitating the identification of unauthorized transmissions, sources, and usage patterns in . The system employs software-defined radios operating from 70 MHz to 6 GHz, utilizing time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) techniques to achieve geolocation accuracies that improve with multiple signal captures, as demonstrated in simulations where nine signal pulses reduced error bounds by an . In telecommunications applications, HawkEye 360 provides communications through RF usage surveys, delivering data on signal activity , propagation patterns, and global utilization trends to inform efficient allocation and congestion mitigation. This capability supports telecom operators and regulators in visualizing high- RF areas, tracking asset emissions, and preempting that could disrupt services like mobile or satellite communications. For instance, the technology surveys RF bands to maximize available for communications while minimizing overlaps, a process initiated commercially on February 26, 2019, with the geolocation of VHF channels, AIS signals, and marine radars. Spectrum monitoring services extend to protecting critical dependencies, such as GNSS signals, by detecting , spoofing, and events through space-based RF geolocation, thereby enhancing the resilience of positioning, , and timing systems integral to operations. These unclassified datasets allow analysts to access electromagnetic environment intelligence, aiding in assessment and policy enforcement for governance. Overall, the approach offers a persistent, global vantage unattainable from terrestrial sensors, enabling proactive management of the increasingly contested RF domain.

Crisis Response and Humanitarian Aid

HawkEye 360's satellite constellation detects and geolocates radio frequency signals from activated emergency beacons, enabling faster search and rescue operations in maritime and other distress scenarios. This includes pinpointing Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) transmitting on 406 MHz, even when faulty GPS data is provided, as well as VHF distress channels 16 and 70, and Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals. The technology, first demonstrated by the company's Pathfinder satellites commissioned on February 26, 2019, provides independent verification of signal origins through formation-flying microsatellite clusters, reducing reliance on ground-based or GPS-dependent systems. These capabilities extend to broader crisis response by offering global, persistent monitoring of RF emitters, which can aid in locating ad-hoc communications or beacons during or conflicts where traditional fails. For instance, the constellation's design supports expedited geolocation for emergency beacons, complementing and humanitarian efforts by delivering location data within hours of signal detection. In humanitarian contexts, HawkEye 360 has engaged directly through the for (SIFU) initiative launched on April 26, 2022, where the company joined a steering of space firms to fund aid efforts amid the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Contributions supported delivery of medical supplies, , communication hardware for NGOs, mobile medical facilities, and refugee evacuations, raising nearly $1 million initially. By December 6, 2022, SIFU efforts had assisted over 247,000 , repaired housing for 103 families, and facilitated more than 9,500 evacuations.

Partnerships and Contracts

Commercial Collaborations

HawkEye 360 established a with on January 20, 2020, aimed at developing and delivering advanced solutions by combining HawkEye 360's (RF) geolocation data with Airbus's and analytics capabilities. This collaboration targets applications in and , enabling enhanced detection of illicit activities such as illegal fishing or through multi-source . In May 2019, HawkEye 360 partnered with Windward, a firm, to integrate RF signal into Windward's AI-driven for improved tracking and . The allows customers to verify locations reported via (AIS) against RF emissions, addressing discrepancies like AIS spoofing or dark operations, with demonstrations focused on seamless RF incorporation. Leidos joined as both an investor and strategic partner on January 6, 2022, contributing to 360's Series D funding round totaling $150 million, while collaborating on advanced analytics tools that leverage RF intelligence for defense-adjacent commercial applications. This alliance emphasizes joint development of collaborative platforms to process and visualize RF data for broader intelligence sharing. More recently, HawkEye 360 formed a partnership with ATLAS Space Operations on February 4, 2025, incorporating two ATLAS ground stations into its network to expand data downlink capacity and improve constellation responsiveness for commercial RF monitoring services. In April 2025, HawkEye 360 collaborated with General Atomics Integrated Intelligence (GA-i3) to integrate its RF data into the Optix multi-intelligence fusion platform, positioning HawkEye 360 as a channel partner and value-added reseller to enhance commercial users' situational awareness across domains. This integration supports real-time analysis of RF signals alongside other intelligence sources for applications in spectrum monitoring and threat detection. Additionally, on September 10, 2025, SFL Missions Inc. received a from HawkEye 360 to supply bus platforms for three new clusters dedicated to RF detection, bolstering the constellation's expansion for data services. These efforts underscore HawkEye 360's strategy of leveraging commercial hardware partnerships to scale its RF analytics offerings.

Government and Military Engagements

HawkEye 360 has secured multiple contracts with U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) entities to provide radio frequency (RF) geolocation data and analytics for enhancing maritime domain awareness and threat detection. In January 2022, the company received a $15.5 million contract from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to conduct RF analytics research, development, and experiments, including participation in military exercises such as the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) to test hybrid space-based RF detection capabilities. In September 2022, HawkEye 360 was awarded a contract by the (NRO) to assess, mature, integrate, and operationalize its commercial RF intelligence into the NRO's overhead architecture, focusing on RF signal detection from space. That same month, the U.S. Army signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the company to develop and demonstrate overhead RF-sensing capabilities for tactical warfighter support. The (NGA) engaged HawkEye 360 in September 2021 with an RF mapping contract to support analytics for military activity tracking and illicit trafficking detection; this was extended in September 2024 with a six-month period and a $2.5 million task order for emerging commercial analytics services. In October 2023, the U.S. Navy's awarded a $12.25 million II contract for RF data subscriptions, analytics, and training to improve maritime surveillance in the Pacific region, including and South areas, with a potential value up to $40.6 million. In July 2024, HawkEye 360 obtained a (SBIR) Phase II contract from the to deliver RFGeo and RFIQ data products aimed at detecting human activity and bolstering national defense applications. The company's RF data has been integrated into operational platforms for fusion, as demonstrated during the Talisman Sabre exercise in August 2025, enabling enhanced and threat geolocation. Additional engagements include a January 2023 subcontract from Slingshot Aerospace to monitor global GPS interference in support of the U.S. , and a March 2025 partnership with the for space threat tracking to improve operation resilience. These contracts underscore HawkEye 360's role in providing commercial RF data to augment RF capabilities, with integrations extending to allied operations.

Impact and Reception

Key Achievements and Innovations

HawkEye 360 pioneered the commercial use of formation-flying microsatellites in to detect, geolocate, and characterize (RF) signals across a broad spectrum, providing previously unavailable at scale from . This innovation leverages satellite clusters that triangulate RF emissions by measuring time-difference-of-arrival, enabling persistent monitoring of human activity indicators such as maritime vessel distress signals, illegal fishing, and spectrum interference without reliance on ground infrastructure. The company's technology has evolved through iterative payload upgrades, including expanded frequency detection bands and algorithms for distinguishing individual emitters. A major achievement was the deployment of its initial satellite trio in 2017, validating the core RF geolocation concept and paving the way for operational . By April 2024, 8 and 9 launched successfully via , expanding the constellation to 29 satellites with payloads offering five times greater data collection capacity and broader RF coverage compared to prior generations. Subsequent milestones included the August 2024 launch of 10, bringing the total to 31 satellites and enhancing global revisit rates, followed by 12 reaching full operational capability in 2025, which further improved frequency resolution and emitter characterization for applications in GNSS and spoofing detection. In July 2025, HawkEye 360 introduced advanced GNSS interference detection capabilities, incorporating a wider-frequency algorithm, GPS spoofing identification, and integration with its Mission Space platform to deliver near-real-time alerts for and . The company retired its satellites in October 2024 to transition to higher-performance models, while securing contracts for three additional clusters in September 2025 to sustain constellation growth and RF monitoring density. These developments have positioned HawkEye 360's constellation at over 30 operational microsatellites by mid-2025, setting benchmarks for commercial RF intelligence reliability and data throughput.

Criticisms and Operational Challenges

HawkEye 360 has encountered operational difficulties with its , notably in maintaining orbital stability. In August 2023, three satellites from 6 suffered irreparable failures in their systems, supplied by Austria-based Enpulsion, which prevented control and maintenance. This issue was exacerbated by heightened solar activity, causing atmospheric drag that accelerated the satellites' descent into lower orbits, leading to their eventual deorbiting ahead of schedule. Such propulsion challenges highlight broader risks in operations, including dependency on third-party components and vulnerability to events. Despite these setbacks, HawkEye 360 has continued deploying new clusters, with updates in October 2024 confirming operational status for Clusters 9 and 10 after initial commissioning phases. Criticisms of HawkEye 360 primarily center on privacy implications of its RF geolocation capabilities when applied to contexts. Privacy advocates, including , have raised concerns over the use of such technologies by border agencies like for monitoring migrant movements, arguing that space-based RF detection enables expansive tracking that may encroach on individual privacy without adequate safeguards. Frontex declined to confirm specific utilization of HawkEye 360 data, though the technology's ability to detect RF emissions from vessels in AIS "dark" areas aligns with efforts to identify unauthorized maritime crossings. These applications underscore tensions between security objectives and data protection, though no formal legal challenges against HawkEye 360 itself have been publicly documented in this domain.

References

  1. [1]
    Hawkeye 360: Home
    HawkEye 360 is the first commercial company to detect, geolocate, and characterize a broad range of RF signals from our growing constellation in Low Earth Orbit ...Technology · About Us · Communications Mapping · RF-sensing satellites
  2. [2]
    HawkEye 360 - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
    HawkEye 360 is a data analytics company that develops space-based radio frequency mapping. The company operates a commercial satellite constellation.
  3. [3]
    RF Spectrum, Maritime & GNSS Monitoring - Hawkeye 360
    HawkEye 360 was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in Herndon, Virginia.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
  4. [4]
    HawkEye 360 Technology | RF Geolocation via Satellite Constellation
    No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
  5. [5]
    HawkEye 360's Inaugural Satellite Cluster “Pathfinder” Turns Five ...
    Dec 4, 2023 · The three Pathfinder satellites launched on December 3, 2018, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket out of Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.Missing: key | Show results with:key
  6. [6]
    HawkEye 360's Cluster 12 Achieves Full Operational Capability
    Sep 16, 2025 · By detecting, geolocating, and characterizing radio frequency emissions worldwide, HawkEye 360 delivers trusted domain awareness and early ...
  7. [7]
    HawkEye 360 Launches Next-Generation Cluster 4 Satellites
    Apr 4, 2022 · Cluster 4 expands HawkEye 360's existing nine-satellite constellation, which has collected more than 80 million emitter geolocations since 2019.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
  8. [8]
    HawkEye 360 - eoPortal
    Jun 17, 2025 · The mission provides spaceborne geolocation of radio frequency (RF) emitters, both terrestrial and aerial, for a range of commercial ...
  9. [9]
    MORGAN STANLEY: Disrupting Defence – HawkEye 360 - APDR
    Dec 28, 2021 · The technology and idea for HawkEye 360 was originally developed by two Virginia Tech professors, Charles Clancy and Bob McGwier, along with ...
  10. [10]
    HawkEye 360 Spectrum Monitoring | RF Geolocation & GNSS Security
    HawkEye 360 delivers advanced spectrum monitoring with RF geolocation to detect GNSS interference, jamming, and spoofing, strengthening global navigation ...
  11. [11]
    Revolutionizing RF Analytics To Make The World Safer - HawkEye 360
    Chris DeMay, Charles Clancy, and Bob McGwier came up with the idea for HawkEye 360 based on the premise that small satellite technology had matured ...
  12. [12]
    Herndon start-up HawkEye360 wants to send fleets of tiny satellites ...
    Nov 23, 2016 · CEO Serafini is a former Army infantryman who founded the company with Virginia Tech professors T. Charles Clancy and Robert McGwier. Another co ...
  13. [13]
    Allied Minds Forms HawkEye 360 Unit - Quick Facts - RTTNews
    They are co-founding HawkEye 360 with Chris DeMay, who most previously worked for the National Reconnaissance Office. DeMay will be joining HawkEye 360 as Chief ...
  14. [14]
    [PDF] Precision RF-Emitter Geolocation from Space by the HawkEye 360 ...
    To be launched in Q4 2018, the HawkEye 360 (HE360) Pathfinder mission will validate key enabling technologies and operational methods necessary to provide ...
  15. [15]
    Deep Space Industries and SFL Selected to Provide Satellites for ...
    May 26, 2016 · Deep Space Industries, Inc. has been selected by HawkEye 360 as the satellite provider for its Pathfinder small satellite mini-constellation ...Missing: initial | Show results with:initial
  16. [16]
    HawkEye 360 Announces Successful Launch of First Three Satellites
    Dec 3, 2018 · “The successful launch of our Pathfinder satellites is the biggest moment in our company's young history,” said John Serafini, CEO, HawkEye 360.Missing: early | Show results with:early
  17. [17]
    A HawkEye 360 Pathfinder Satellite Joins Our Collection
    Sep 6, 2022 · SpaceX launched three Pathfinders from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, in December 2018. These were the first HawkEye 360 satellites to ...Missing: early | Show results with:early
  18. [18]
    How Much Did HawkEye 360 Raise? Funding & Key Investors | Clay
    May 23, 2025 · Series A. Amount Raised: $11 million; Date: September 2017; Lead Investors: Razor's Edge Ventures, Allied Minds · Series B. Amount Raised: $70 ...Missing: history | Show results with:history<|separator|>
  19. [19]
    Series A - HawkEye 360 - Crunchbase Funding Round Profile
    HawkEye 360 Logo. HawkEye 360. Announced ... Raytheon Raytheon Technologies is an aerospace and defense company that provides advanced systems and services.<|separator|>
  20. [20]
    HawkEye 360 raises $70 million Series B financing - SpaceNews
    Aug 6, 2019 · HawkEye 360's Series B round attracted new investors Airbus and Esri as well as additional funding from existing investors including Razor's ...
  21. [21]
    HawkEye 360 Secures $55 Million Series C Funding Round
    Apr 12, 2021 · HawkEye 360 secured $55 million to expand satellite clusters, ground infrastructure, and software for high-speed data processing.
  22. [22]
    HawkEye 360's new funding reflects ongoing investor appetite for ...
    Jul 13, 2023 · The D-1 funding round follows on from a $145 million Series D the company closed in November 2021. HawkEye has now raised around $360 million ...
  23. [23]
    HawkEye 360 Receives $58 Million in Series D-1 Funding to ...
    Jul 13, 2023 · The funding will be used to develop new space systems and expand analytics that support high-value defense missions.
  24. [24]
    HawkEye 360 Closes Additional $10 Million in Series D-1 Funding ...
    Oct 18, 2023 · HawkEye 360 and Lockheed Martin Corporation have signed a strategic cooperative agreement to further the development of end-to-end remote sensing solutions.<|separator|>
  25. [25]
    HawkEye 360 Secures $40 Million Debt Commitment
    Apr 2, 2024 · HawkEye 360 secured $40 million debt from SVB to enhance tech infrastructure and satellite buildout, part of a $108 million raised in 12 months.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  26. [26]
    HawkEye 360 Announces Successful Launch and First Contact with ...
    Dec 21, 2024 · Launched December 20, 2024, via launch integrator Exolaunch, as part of the Bandwagon-2 rideshare mission with SpaceX from Vandenberg Space ...
  27. [27]
    HawkEye 360 to Retire Pathfinder Satellite Trio, Ushering in the ...
    Oct 9, 2024 · HawkEye 360 is retiring Pathfinder satellites to make way for Cluster 11, which will enhance capabilities and expand coverage, and will not ...
  28. [28]
    SFL Missions to provide spacecraft buses for HawkEye 360 RF ...
    Sep 11, 2025 · SFL Missions in Toronto will provide spacecraft bus units for three new HawkEye 360 satellite clusters, totaling nine satellites, to expand RF ...
  29. [29]
    HawkEye 360 Launches Latest RF Collection Satellite Cluster
    Jan 15, 2025 · It will follow Clusters 9 and 10 into service – both of which became operational during 2024 – and replace Hawkeye 360's pioneering Pathfinder ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  30. [30]
    HawkEye 360 – Cluster 7 - SFL Missions
    SFL was selected in 2018 to develop and launch the three-satellite HawkEye 360 Pathfinder Cluster to demonstrate small satellite capabilities for geolocation ...
  31. [31]
    https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4075&context=smallsat
  32. [32]
    HawkEye 360 Begins First-of-its-Kind Commercial Geolocation of ...
    Feb 26, 2019 · HawkEye 360 satellites fly in a commercially unique formation that independently pinpoints the geographical origin of a wide range of RF signals.
  33. [33]
    [PDF] Real Time RF Processing for Space-Based Analytics - CERN Indico
    Senior Processing Engineer, Hawkeye 360. Real Time RF Processing for Space ... ▻ Goal: Trigger and extract "relevant" RF data out of wideband digital captures.<|separator|>
  34. [34]
    [PDF] Geolocation of RF Emitters with a Formation-Flying Cluster of Three ...
    Located in Herndon, Virginia, HawkEye 360 is developing an end-to-end architecture for detecting, geolocate and analyze RF spectrum. Analytic reports, fused ...
  35. [35]
    HawkEye 360 Sky-High Insights - Effectual
    Using a novel commercial satellite constellation to identify, process and geolocate RF signals, the company fuses its unique satellite data with supplementary ...Missing: processing | Show results with:processing
  36. [36]
    Unleashing the Power of RF Data - Via Satellite
    Jul 24, 2023 · HawkEye 360's RF geolocation and maritime analytics allow organizations to pinpoint where vessels experience gaps in AIS reporting while ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  37. [37]
    HawkEye 360 uses Amazon SageMaker Autopilot to streamline ...
    Apr 13, 2021 · We used Amazon SageMaker Autopilot to rapidly generate high-quality AI models for maritime vessel risk assessment, maintain full visibility and control of ...
  38. [38]
    High tech company of the Month, Hawkeye 360
    Nov 5, 2024 · Building on its robust satellite infrastructure, HawkEye 360 is preparing to introduce more advanced AI capabilities into its data processing ...
  39. [39]
    [PDF] maritime intelligence - Hawkeye 360
    Sep 10, 2025 · MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS AT SCALE. HawkEye 360's Maritime Intelligence product suite provides a scalable way to expose non-cooperative ...
  40. [40]
    HawkEye 360 Maritime Intelligence | Dark Vessel Detection & RF Tracking
    No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
  41. [41]
    https://seapowermagazine.org/hawkeye-360-satellite-system-tracked-chinese-activity-near-galapagos/
  42. [42]
    [PDF] Navigating the Waves - Hawkeye 360
    HawkEye 360's RF technology is capable of revisiting areas globally up to once per hour for improved maritime domain awareness. Page 7. WHITEPAPER: Maritime.
  43. [43]
    HawkEye 360 Awarded $12.25 Million Phase II Contract by the ...
    Oct 31, 2023 · This phase II contract reflects HawkEye 360's continued work with the Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA), which was ...
  44. [44]
    HawkEye 360 gets U.S. Navy contract for maritime surveillance in ...
    Oct 31, 2023 · The unclassified data will be shared via SeaVision, a web-based platform used by the U.S. and allies to improve maritime domain awareness.
  45. [45]
    India secures HawkEye 360 tech deal with US for maritime ...
    May 4, 2025 · India has secured US approval to buy HawkEye 360 satellite-based surveillance technology, aimed at boosting its maritime domain awareness in the Indo-Pacific.<|separator|>
  46. [46]
    HawkEye 360 Increases Analytic Capabilities to Combat Illegal ...
    Jun 9, 2021 · Leveraging open fishing data, location data, and other fused maritime data sets, the deep learning algorithm can identify the underlying ...
  47. [47]
    HawkEye 360 Cluster 12 Satellites Reach Full Operational Capability
    Sep 17, 2025 · HawkEye 360 Cluster 12 satellites are now fully calibrated, commissioned, and integrated into its larger constellation system.
  48. [48]
    New HawkEye 360 Satellites Strengthen SIGINT Capability
    Sep 19, 2025 · HawkEye 360 has expanded its space-based signals intelligence constellation with the declaration of full operational capability for its ...
  49. [49]
    U.S. Army signs agreement to test space data from HawkEye 360 ...
    Aug 25, 2022 · Hawkeye 360 satellites can locate and characterize signals from devices like VHF radios, UHF push-to-talk radios, maritime and land-based radar ...
  50. [50]
    HawkEye 360 RF Data Powers Military Platforms in Talisman Sabre ...
    Aug 5, 2025 · HawkEye 360's data integration into this dynamic operational environment enables defense partners to maintain consistent situational awareness ...
  51. [51]
    HawkEye 360 RF Data Goes Live in Military Platforms for First Time
    Aug 11, 2025 · HawkEye 360's space-based RF data now fuses with military systems in real time, enhancing threat tracking, geolocation, and decision-making.
  52. [52]
    HawkEye 360 Awarded $15.5 Million Contract with Air Force ...
    Jan 11, 2022 · Through the agreement, HawkEye 360 will provide radio frequency analytics research, development, and experiments to help the government ...
  53. [53]
    HawkEye 360 wins radiofrequency mapping contract with ...
    Sep 30, 2021 · The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency has issued a $10 million contract to commercial satellite company HawkEye 360 to help it detect and map ...
  54. [54]
    NGA Contract Extension 24 - Hawkeye 360
    Sep 26, 2024 · HawkEye 360, a leader in RF data and analytics, is pleased to announce that it has been awarded a third option year via a six-month contract extension.
  55. [55]
    HawkEye 360 Awarded SBIR Phase II Contract to Enhance National ...
    HawkEye 360 announces it has been selected by AFWERX for a SBIR Phase II contract, focused on the delivery ...
  56. [56]
    HawkEye 360 Air Defense Radar Monitoring
    HawkEye 360 enhances air defense with RF detection and geolocation, providing critical radar monitoring to identify threats, track activity, and strengthen ...
  57. [57]
    HawkEye 360 Communications Mapping | RF Spectrum Usage Surveys
    No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
  58. [58]
    [PDF] spectrum monitoring - Hawkeye 360
    Sep 10, 2025 · HawkEye 360's Spectrum Monitoring solution extends the reach of signals intelligence operations by providing unclassified,.
  59. [59]
    Hawk Eye 360 - GOMspace
    HawkEye 360 Inc., which is developing a radio frequency (RF) detection and mapping system using a constellation of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), ...
  60. [60]
    HawkEye 360 Begins First-of-Its-Kind Commercial Geolocation of ...
    Feb 26, 2019 · Search and rescue efforts can be aided through geolocation of emergency beacons, even when broadcasting incorrect GPS coordinates. HawkEye 360's ...<|separator|>
  61. [61]
    Trio of HawkEye 360 formation-flying microsatellites launched for RF ...
    Jul 3, 2021 · The HawkEye 360 constellation detects and geolocates RF signals for maritime situational awareness, emergency response, national security and ...
  62. [62]
    Space Industry Launches Humanitarian Initiative to Support Ukraine
    Apr 26, 2022 · The initiative will be run by a steering committee, which includes HawkEye 360, National Security Space Association (NSSA), ABL Space Systems, ...
  63. [63]
    Space Industry for Ukraine Initiative Reaches New Heights
    Dec 6, 2022 · SIFU funds have assisted over 247,000 refugees, 103 families in need of housing repairs and heating supplies, over 9,500 evacuations.
  64. [64]
    HawkEye 360 and Airbus Form Strategic Partnership
    Jan 20, 2020 · Through the partnership, Airbus and HawkEye 360 will deliver high-impact geospatial intelligence solutions not currently available.Missing: collaborations | Show results with:collaborations
  65. [65]
    HawkEye 360 and Airbus Form Strategic Partnership - Yahoo Finance
    Jan 20, 2020 · Through the partnership, Airbus and HawkEye 360 will deliver high-impact geospatial intelligence solutions not currently available. Both ...Missing: Leidos Windward ATLAS
  66. [66]
    HawkEye 360 and Windward Partner to Provide Deeper Insights ...
    May 22, 2019 · Windward will integrate HawkEye 360's services into its platform to provide a seamless customer experience. The partnership will demonstrate how ...Missing: Leidos ATLAS
  67. [67]
    HawkEye 360 and Windward Announce Partnership
    Windward is committed to offering the best AI solutions for the maritime domain. We have recently partnered with HawkEye 360 due to their RF analytics ...Missing: collaborations | Show results with:collaborations
  68. [68]
    HawkEye 360 Adds Leidos as Investor to Bring Series D Round to ...
    Jan 6, 2022 · Leidos enters into strategic partnership to develop advanced collaborative analytics leveraging HawkEye 360's unique RF intelligence data.
  69. [69]
    Leidos announces investment in innovative commercial radio ...
    Jan 5, 2022 · Leidos has announced it will make a strategic investment in HawkEye 360, the world's leading commercial provider of space-based radio ...
  70. [70]
    ATLAS Announces Strategic Partnership HawkEye 360
    Feb 4, 2025 · ATLAS secured a strategic partnership with Hawkeye 360 by integrating two ATLAS ground stations into its existing ground network coverage.Missing: details | Show results with:details<|separator|>
  71. [71]
    HawkEye 360 and General Atomics Integrated Intelligence Partner ...
    Apr 24, 2025 · This groundbreaking solution delivers HawkEye 360's all-domain RF data out of the box, while enabling correlation with other disparate intelligence sources.Missing: pipeline | Show results with:pipeline
  72. [72]
    HawkEye 360 and General Atomics Integrated Intelligence Partner ...
    Apr 24, 2025 · This collaboration establishes HawkEye 360 as a channel partner and value-added reseller of the Optix platform. This groundbreaking solution ...<|separator|>
  73. [73]
    SFL Missions Inc. Awarded Contract to Develop Three New ...
    Sep 10, 2025 · TORONTO, September 10, 2025--SFL Missions Inc. has been awarded a contract to provide spacecraft bus units in support of three new HawkEye ...
  74. [74]
    SFL Missions Inc. Awarded Contract to Develop Three New ...
    Sep 10, 2025 · SFL Missions Inc. has been awarded a contract to provide spacecraft bus units in support of three new HawkEye 360 satellite Clusters, ...Missing: private | Show results with:private
  75. [75]
    HawkEye 360 wins $15.5 million AFRL contract - SpaceNews
    Jan 11, 2022 · The US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) awarded HawkEye 360 a $15.5 million contract to provide radio frequency analytics research and development.Missing: engagements | Show results with:engagements
  76. [76]
    HawkEye 360 Awarded Radio Frequency Contract by the National ...
    Sep 28, 2022 · The contract will assess, mature, integrate, and operationalize commercial RF intelligence into the NRO's integrated overhead architecture.Missing: engagements | Show results with:engagements
  77. [77]
    U.S. Army Signs Cooperative Research and Development ...
    Aug 25, 2022 · HawkEye 360 will develop and demonstrate new commercial overhead RF-sensing capabilities that could provide relevant tactical support for the warfighter.
  78. [78]
    National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Awards HawkEye 360 RF ...
    Sep 27, 2021 · HawkEye 360's data will support a variety of analytics missions for NGA, including military activity and the trafficking of military, nefarious, ...Missing: engagements | Show results with:engagements<|separator|>
  79. [79]
    Slingshot Aerospace Awards Contract to HawkEye 360
    Jan 19, 2023 · Slingshot Aerospace awarded the RF data provider a contract to provide data for Slingshot's space-based monitoring and detection of RF threats.Missing: engagements | Show results with:engagements
  80. [80]
    HawkEye 360 partners with Space Force for real-time space threat ...
    Mar 30, 2025 · This collaboration improves real-time response capabilities to space-based events and strengthens the resilience of U.S. satellite operations.
  81. [81]
    HawkEye 360 Launches Advanced GNSS Interference Detection ...
    Jul 29, 2025 · The new GNSS-I detection includes a wider frequency algorithm, GPS spoofing detection, terrain adjustment, 15x increased geolocation density, ...Missing: method | Show results with:method
  82. [82]
    HawkEye 360 Achieves Successful Orbit Deployment of Clusters 8 & 9
    Apr 8, 2024 · Clusters 8 and 9, increasing HawkEye 360's constellation to 29 satellites, include upgraded payloads for 5x greater data collection, broader ...Missing: key milestones
  83. [83]
    HawkEye 360's Cluster 10 Satellites Launched Successfully and ...
    Aug 16, 2024 · Cluster 10 will advance HawkEye 360's mission of delivering precise and actionable RF insights, ensuring expanded coverage and improved ...Missing: key achievements
  84. [84]
    HawkEye 360 - SFL Missions
    SFL Missions will provide spacecraft bus units for three new HawkEye 360 satellite clusters, expanding RF detection and enabling real-time data download.
  85. [85]
    'Irreparable' thrusters and solar activity push 3 HawkEye 360 ...
    Aug 9, 2023 · HawkEye 360 is the latest to experience problems in orbit, due to an “irreparable” failure of propulsion systems made by Austria-based Enpulsion, compounded by ...
  86. [86]
    HawkEye 360 Operational Status of Cluster 9 and Cluster 10
    Oct 24, 2024 · HawkEye 360 now operates a growing constellation of 31 satellites, delivering global situational awareness across land and sea. Cluster 10 will ...
  87. [87]
    Space: The Final Frontier of Europe's Migrant Surveillance
    Jul 26, 2021 · The EU's border agency, Frontex, refused to directly answer specific questions relating to the use of Hawkeye 360, FlyingFish, or the ...