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IND

An Investigational New Drug (IND) application is a formal request submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by a sponsor, such as a pharmaceutical company or researcher, to obtain permission for testing an unapproved drug or biological product in human clinical trials.^[1]^[2] The process mandates submission of preclinical data demonstrating the product's safety in animal studies, detailed manufacturing information to ensure quality and consistency, and proposed clinical trial protocols outlining study design, dosing, and risk mitigation strategies.^[1]^[2] The IND framework, established under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962, prioritizes patient safety by requiring evidence that the drug is reasonably safe for initial human testing before Phase 1 trials can commence.^[1] Sponsors must also commit to informed consent procedures and institutional review board oversight for ethical conduct.^[2] The FDA reviews submissions within 30 days, issuing a clinical hold if deficiencies pose unacceptable risks, such as inadequate pharmacology data or potential toxicity; otherwise, trials may proceed unless later safety issues arise.^[1] Types of INDs include commercial applications for market-bound products, investigator-initiated research INDs for academic or non-commercial studies, and emergency INDs for urgent, life-threatening situations bypassing standard timelines.^[1]^[2] This regulatory mechanism has facilitated the advancement of thousands of therapies since its inception, underpinning the transition from laboratory discovery to approved treatments while enforcing rigorous evidence-based safeguards against harm.^[1] Key requirements emphasize causal links between preclinical findings and human applicability, with ongoing reporting of adverse events to enable real-time risk assessment.^[2] Although the process demands substantial investment in data generation—often spanning toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution studies—it remains a cornerstone of causal realism in drug development, ensuring interventions are grounded in empirical validation rather than speculation.^[1]

Places

Geographic Locations

India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code IND.^[3] Covering approximately 3.287 million square kilometers, it is the seventh-largest country by land area and the most populous, with over 1.4 billion people as of 2023. Bordered by Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south, its geography includes the Himalayan mountain range, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Thar Desert, and diverse coastal regions along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indiana is a state in the Midwestern United States, historically abbreviated as IND or Ind. in postal and traditional usage prior to 1963, when the United States Postal Service standardized it to IN to avoid confusion with India and other terms.^[4] Spanning 94,321 square kilometers, it ranks 38th in area among U.S. states and had a population of about 6.8 million in 2020. Geographically, Indiana features flat to gently rolling plains in the north transitioning to more varied terrain in the south, including the Ohio River valley, Wabash River lowlands, and forested hills of the Knobs region; it borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, providing access to Great Lakes shipping. The state capital is Indianapolis, located centrally.

Airports and Codes

Indianapolis International Airport, designated by the IATA code IND, ICAO code KIND, and FAA location identifier IND, serves as the principal airport for Indianapolis, Indiana, and the surrounding region.^[5] Located 7 miles (11 km) southwest of downtown Indianapolis, it operates under the management of the Indianapolis Airport Authority and accommodates commercial passenger flights, cargo operations (including a major FedEx hub), and general aviation.^[6] The facility features three runways: 05L/23R (9,000 ft), 05R/23L (10,750 ft), and 14/32 (11,200 ft), with the longest supporting large jet aircraft.^[7] Elevation at the airport is 797 feet (243 m) above sea level.^[8] In 2023, the airport handled approximately 9.5 million passengers, reflecting its role as a medium-hub facility with nonstop service to over 50 domestic and international destinations via major carriers such as Delta, American, United, and Southwest.^[9] Daily operations include around 145 departures, facilitating connectivity across the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.^[10] Cargo throughput is significant, bolstered by its status as the second-largest FedEx hub globally after Memphis.^[11] The IND code is uniquely assigned to this airport by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for commercial scheduling and ticketing purposes, while the ICAO and FAA identifiers support international navigation and domestic regulatory functions, respectively.^[12] No other airports utilize the IND designation, ensuring unambiguous global reference.^[13] The airport has received accolades, including recognition as the Best Airport in North America by Airports Council International for multiple years, attributed to its facilities like the award-winning civilian military museum and efficient passenger processing.^[6]

Transportation

Rail and Subway Systems

The Independent Subway System (IND), constructed and operated by the City of New York, represented a municipal effort to address overcrowding on the privately held Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) and Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit (BMT) lines through publicly funded expansion. Planning originated in the early 1920s amid capacity shortages, culminating in the Board of Transportation's adoption of a route plan on December 9, 1924, emphasizing trunk lines along Eighth and Sixth Avenues with provisions for express-local operations. Construction commenced on April 3, 1925, for the Eighth Avenue Line, reflecting a design philosophy prioritizing higher throughput via standardized infrastructure.^[14] The IND's inaugural segment, the Eighth Avenue Line, opened on September 10, 1932, extending 17.1 miles from Inwood-207th Street in Manhattan to Chambers Street, with immediate extensions planned to Brooklyn's Jay Street via the Ninth Avenue Elevated. IND rolling stock featured cars 60 feet 6 inches long and 9 feet 8 inches wide—dimensions enabling 10-car consists up to 600 feet, contrasting with IRT's narrower 8 feet 9 inches width and 51-foot lengths, thus supporting greater passenger volumes on B Division tracks. Platforms were engineered for these longer trains, and the system incorporated dual express-local tracks on major corridors to enhance efficiency.^[15]^[16] Key subsequent lines included the Queens Boulevard Line, operational from August 18, 1933, linking Manhattan to Jamaica in Queens via 42nd Street and extensions to 169th Street by April 24, 1937; the Sixth Avenue Line, opened December 15, 1940, utilizing former elevated rights-of-way south of 47th Street; and the Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown Line, providing G service across both boroughs. Further developments encompassed the Fulton Street Line extension to Euclid Avenue on November 29, 1948, and the Rockaway Beach Line conversion, completed June 28, 1956, after acquisition from the Long Island Rail Road. These routes formed an interconnected network emphasizing radial and crosstown connectivity, with total initial mileage exceeding 57 route miles by 1933.^[14] Post-1940 unification under the New York City Board of Transportation, IND infrastructure integrated into the unified subway's B Division, retaining distinct features like wider clearances for through-routing with former BMT lines while facilitating higher-frequency services on lines such as A, C, E (Eighth Avenue), B, D, F (Sixth Avenue and branches), and G (Crosstown). The system's emphasis on future-proofing—evident in aborted Second System plans for additional trunks like Second Avenue—underpinned its role in alleviating Manhattan-centric congestion, though financial and wartime delays curtailed full realization.^[14]

Medicine and Pharmaceuticals

Investigational New Drug

An Investigational New Drug (IND) application is a regulatory submission to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking authorization to administer an unapproved drug or biological product to human subjects in clinical investigations, prior to interstate shipment or use.^[1]^[2] This process ensures that sufficient preclinical data demonstrate a reasonable basis for proceeding to human testing, mitigating risks of harm while allowing evaluation of safety and efficacy.^[17] The IND framework applies to new chemical entities, biologics, or approved drugs proposed for new indications, routes, dosages, or patient populations.^[18] The IND regulatory pathway originated with the Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1962, enacted in response to the thalidomide disaster that caused thousands of birth defects, which underscored the need for pre-market proof of drug safety and efficacy beyond manufacturer claims.^[19] Prior regulations under the 1938 Act focused on safety demonstrations for market approval but lacked structured oversight of investigational use; the 1962 changes formalized the IND process under 21 CFR Part 312, requiring sponsors to submit detailed applications and await FDA review before initiating trials.^[20] This shifted from self-regulation by industry to federal scrutiny, emphasizing informed consent, institutional review boards (IRBs), and phased clinical studies (Phase 1 for safety, Phase 2 for efficacy signals, Phase 3 for confirmation).^[21] Sponsors—typically pharmaceutical companies for commercial INDs or individual investigators for research INDs—must file the application at least 30 days before trial initiation, during which the FDA reviews for clinical hold risks such as inadequate pharmacology/toxicology data or deficient protocols.^[22] Required components include: preclinical studies showing animal safety and pharmacokinetics; chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) data ensuring product quality; detailed clinical trial protocols outlining study design, endpoints, and statistical plans; investigator qualifications via FDA Form 1572; and environmental assessments if applicable.^[1]^[23] Submissions occur electronically in eCTD format since 2017, with serial numbering for amendments and annual reports mandatory thereafter.^[17] INDs fall into categories: commercial for industry-led development toward marketing approval; investigator-initiated for academic or non-commercial research on unapproved uses; and treatment INDs (expanded access) for patients with serious conditions lacking alternatives, allowing compassionate use outside trials under specific criteria.^[1] FDA non-approval of an IND does not preclude resubmission with additional data, but holds can delay progress; between 2010 and 2020, clinical holds affected about 10-15% of submissions, often due to manufacturing impurities or insufficient justification for pediatric extrapolation. Post-IND, sponsors report adverse events promptly, with Phase 1 trials typically involving 20-100 healthy volunteers to assess dosing and side effects.^[17] This system balances innovation with public protection, though critics note delays averaging 30 months from IND to New Drug Application filing, potentially hindering access to therapies.^[23]

Science and Technology

Nuclear Technology

An improvised nuclear device (IND), also known as a clandestine nuclear weapon or fission bomb, is an explosive device incorporating fissile material—such as plutonium or highly enriched uranium—to achieve a nuclear chain reaction, distinct from conventional explosives or radiological dispersal devices like dirty bombs.^[24] Unlike state-built nuclear weapons, an IND relies on non-standard, improvised components and methods, potentially derived from stolen nuclear warheads, salvaged parts, or crudely assembled from acquired fissile material.^[25] The term gained prominence in U.S. national security contexts post-2001, highlighting terrorism risks, though successful fabrication demands rare expertise in nuclear physics, precise machining for criticality, and access to weapons-grade isotopes, barriers that render non-state production exceedingly improbable without state sponsorship.^[26] Technical feasibility hinges on achieving supercritical mass: for uranium-235, approximately 52 kilograms in a basic spherical configuration, or less with plutonium-239 (around 10 kilograms) aided by neutron reflectors like beryllium, but inefficiencies in improvised designs often yield yields below 10 kilotons TNT equivalent, far short of optimized bombs exceeding 100 kilotons.^[27] Assembly requires shielding against premature detonation from spontaneous fission or alpha-neutron reactions, plus a reliable initiator—challenges compounded by the need for high explosives to compress the core implosively, a process prone to fizzle yields (sub-kiloton failures) without advanced diagnostics. Historical precedents include theoretical designs like the "Urchin" initiator from the Manhattan Project, but modern IND simulations by agencies like Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory underscore that even with fissile material, amateur efforts typically fail due to impurities, geometric flaws, or insufficient compression.^[28] Upon detonation, an IND releases energy via blast wave, thermal radiation, prompt ionizing radiation (neutrons and gamma rays), and delayed fallout from induced fission products, with effects scaling by yield: a 10-kiloton device could vaporize structures within 0.5 kilometers, cause third-degree burns up to 3 kilometers, and expose survivors to lethal radiation doses exceeding 500 rem in the first hour.^[29] ^[30] Fallout patterns depend on ground vs. air burst, generating novel radioisotopes from pulverized soil, unlike pure fission bombs, with plume dispersion modeled by tools like the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's IND response frameworks predicting tens of thousands of casualties in urban settings. Countermeasures emphasize prevention through material safeguards under IAEA protocols, detection via portal monitors for smuggling, and response via evacuation, decontamination, and potassium iodide distribution, though official assessments from the CDC and FEMA note that IND threats, while catastrophic if realized, pale against conventional risks due to proliferation controls since the 1970s Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.^[31]

Astronomy and Physics

Indus is a faint constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, officially abbreviated as Ind by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It spans 294 square degrees, ranking 49th in size among the 88 modern constellations, and is visible primarily from latitudes south of +15° N. The constellation lies between right ascension 20h 20m to 22h 40m and declination -50° to -75°, bordering Grus to the north, Tucana and Octans to the south, Pavo to the east, and Microscopium and Sagittarius to the west.^[32] The constellation was introduced in the late 16th century by Dutch celestial cartographer Petrus Plancius, based on observations made during voyages by navigators Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman in the 1590s. Plancius depicted Indus on a celestial globe in 1598, portraying it as a figure representing a native inhabitant—possibly from the East Indies or the Americas—holding a spear or arrow. It first appeared in printed form in Johann Bayer's 1603 star atlas Uranometria, where it solidified its place among the southern constellations unknown to ancient Greek astronomers. Unlike prominent northern patterns, Indus lacks mythological associations from antiquity and serves mainly as a modern navigational aid for southern sky observers.^[32] Indus contains no stars brighter than third magnitude and hosts few notable deep-sky objects observable with amateur equipment, such as the globular cluster NGC 6752 in nearby Pavo but spilling into its border, or faint galaxies like IC 5152. Its brightest star, Alpha Indi (also called The Persian), is an orange giant of apparent magnitude 3.11, located approximately 101 light-years away with a luminosity 83 times that of the Sun. Beta Indi, at magnitude 3.65 and about 600 light-years distant, is another evolved orange giant, while Delta Indi is a white main-sequence star of magnitude 4.4 in a wide binary system. The constellation includes two confirmed exoplanet hosts: Psi Indi, with a Jupiter-mass planet, and Epsilon Indi, part of a triple-star system featuring a brown dwarf companion (Epsilon Indi B) and, as of 2024, a directly imaged super-Jupiter exoplanet (Epsilon Indi Ab) orbiting at 40 astronomical units, observed by the James Webb Space Telescope with a mass estimated at 6 Jupiter masses and temperature around 1,400 K.^[32]^[33]

Computing and Data

In numerical computing, particularly within the Microsoft Visual C++ runtime library, the notation "-1.#IND" (or variants like "1.#IND") denotes an indeterminate value resulting from undefined floating-point operations, such as division by zero in certain contexts or square roots of negative numbers, which map to the IEEE 754 standard's Not-a-Number (NaN). This printing convention, unique to Microsoft's implementation, distinguishes indeterminate forms from other special values like infinity ("1.#INF"), aiding debugging by explicitly signaling computational anomalies rather than generic NaN outputs seen in other systems.^[34]^[35] In cryptography, a subfield of computer science, IND abbreviates "indistinguishability," forming the basis for security definitions like IND-CPA (indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack), where an encryption scheme is secure if an adversary cannot distinguish ciphertexts of two chosen plaintexts with non-negligible advantage, even after querying an encryption oracle. Introduced in foundational works by Goldwasser and Micali in the early 1980s, this computational indistinguishability model underpins the security proofs for systems like RSA-OAEP and elliptic curve encryption, ensuring confidentiality against polynomial-time attackers without relying on information-theoretic secrecy.^[36]^[37] Less commonly, IND refers to Inverse Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 networking protocols, an extension to standard Neighbor Discovery that enables a node to query which routers list it as a neighbor, facilitating reverse topology mapping in large-scale data center or enterprise environments. This protocol, defined in RFC 7421 published in 2015 by the IETF, addresses limitations in forward-only discovery for efficient data plane management.

Mathematics

Algebraic Structures

Ind-schemes and ind-groups represent extensions of classical algebraic structures to infinite-dimensional settings via filtered colimits, known as inductive limits, in the categories of schemes and algebraic groups, respectively. These structures formalize objects that lack finite presentation but retain algebraic properties, enabling the study of automorphism groups and other infinite phenomena in algebraic geometry. Introduced to address limitations of finite-type varieties, ind-structures preserve operations like group multiplication or scheme morphisms while accommodating directed systems of embeddings.^[38] An ind-scheme is a contravariant functor from the category of affine schemes (with the Zariski or étale topology) to sets, representable as a colimit of a filtered diagram of schemes connected by closed immersions. This ensures that ind-schemes behave like schemes locally but globally capture infinite unions or completions, such as the infinite affine line as a colimit of finite segments. Coherent sheaves on ind-schemes are defined via pullback from the approximating schemes, supporting derived categories and intersection theory. For instance, the affine Grassmannian in loop groups can be realized as an ind-scheme, facilitating computations in geometric representation theory.^[39]^[40] Ind-groups, pioneered by I. R. Shafarevich in 1966, consist of inductive limits of algebraic groups over directed posets of closed subgroup inclusions, endowing them with a compatible group structure and tangent Lie algebra. Unlike finite-dimensional algebraic groups, ind-groups need not be finitely generated but admit Hopf algebra descriptions via colimits of coordinate rings. Shafarevich applied this to the automorphism group of affine space \mathbb{A}^n (for n \geq 2), which forms an ind-group generated by affine and elementary transformations, exhibiting wild behavior absent in dimension 1. These structures also model Cremona groups and birational transformation groups, where finite-type approximations reveal generating sets and relations. Lie algebras of ind-groups inherit infinite-dimensional extensions, aiding infinitesimal analysis despite the absence of exponential maps in general.^[38]

Culture and Society

Psychological Dimensions

Individualism (IND), in cultural psychology, refers to a value orientation emphasizing personal independence, self-reliance, and the prioritization of individual goals over group obligations.^[41] This construct, often contrasted with collectivism (COL), shapes psychological processes such as self-concept, where individuals in IND-oriented cultures view the self as autonomous and distinct from others, fostering an independent self-construal.^[42] Empirical studies, including cross-cultural surveys, indicate that IND correlates with higher emphasis on personal achievement and uniqueness, as measured by scales like the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (INDCOL), which distinguishes horizontal (equality-focused) and vertical (hierarchy-accepting) variants.^[43] Cognitively, IND influences attribution styles and decision-making, with individuals attributing success to internal factors like effort rather than external harmony, leading to analytic thinking patterns over holistic ones observed in COL contexts.^[44] Motivationally, IND promotes intrinsic drives tied to self-actualization, as evidenced by higher rates of entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in IND-dominant societies, though this can manifest as reduced conformity and greater tolerance for dissent. Emotionally, IND cultures report more frequent experiences of pride and guilt linked to personal failings, but lower relational harmony, contributing to patterns of emotional expression that prioritize authenticity over suppression for group sake.^[41] On mental health outcomes, IND orientations are associated with elevated risks of isolation and psychological distress, including higher suicide rates in longitudinal multinational data, potentially due to weaker social support networks and emphasis on self-reliance over interdependence.^[45] Conversely, IND fosters resilience through enhanced self-efficacy and problem-solving autonomy, as seen in studies linking it to adaptive coping in individualistic Western samples versus collectivistic Eastern ones.^[46] These effects vary by horizontal versus vertical subtypes, with horizontal IND promoting egalitarian self-expression and vertical IND aligning with competitive achievement, influencing interpersonal dynamics like reduced in-group favoritism but increased intergroup bias in primed experiments.^[47]^[48] Overall, while IND drives personal agency, its psychological costs include diminished communal buffering against stress, underscoring trade-offs in cultural adaptations.^[49]

Organizations and Business

Industry and Commercial Uses

In the pharmaceutical industry, the Investigational New Drug (IND) application serves as the primary regulatory mechanism for companies to initiate human clinical trials of novel therapeutics, enabling the transition from preclinical research to potential commercialization.^[1] Commercial INDs, distinct from research INDs, are typically filed by corporate sponsors such as biotechnology firms or pharmaceutical manufacturers with the intent to gather data supporting eventual marketing approval via a New Drug Application (NDA).^[2] These applications must include comprehensive preclinical data, manufacturing information, and proposed clinical protocols to demonstrate the drug's safety for initial human testing, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviewing submissions within 30 days to allow trials to proceed or impose a clinical hold if risks are deemed unacceptable.^[1] The commercial utility of INDs lies in their role as a gateway for monetizing drug candidates, as successful Phase I-III trials under an active IND can lead to FDA approval and market entry, generating billions in annual revenue for approved products. For instance, sponsors must comply with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards for drug production and ensure ongoing safety reporting, which facilitates scalable manufacturing and positions the product for broad commercial distribution upon approval.^[50] In 2023, the FDA received over 1,000 commercial IND submissions, reflecting the high volume of industry investment in pipeline development amid a global biopharmaceutical market valued at approximately $1.5 trillion. This process underscores causal dependencies in drug commercialization, where empirical safety and efficacy data from IND-enabled trials directly inform regulatory decisions and market viability, often requiring iterative amendments to protocols based on emerging trial results.^[51] Beyond initial filings, INDs support expanded access programs, such as Treatment INDs, allowing commercial distribution of investigational drugs to patients with serious conditions outside trials when no alternatives exist, thereby bridging gaps in revenue generation during late-stage development.^[1] Industry stakeholders, including contract research organizations (CROs), leverage IND frameworks to outsource trial management, optimizing costs and accelerating timelines—critical for maintaining competitive edges in patent-protected markets. However, challenges persist, including high attrition rates (over 90% of INDs fail to reach approval) due to insufficient efficacy or unforeseen toxicities, which demand rigorous first-principles validation of biological mechanisms prior to large-scale investment.^[52] These dynamics highlight the IND's centrality to risk-managed innovation in commercial biopharma, where regulatory compliance directly correlates with financial outcomes.^[53]

Other Uses

Miscellaneous Acronyms

In transportation, IND designates the Independent Subway System of New York City, a municipal rapid transit network constructed during the 1930s as the third major subway system, distinct from the earlier private Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit (BRT) lines; it opened on September 10, 1932, with the Eighth Avenue Line and expanded to include the Sixth Avenue and Queens Boulevard lines by 1940.^[15]^[54] In aviation, IND serves as the IATA code for Indianapolis International Airport, the primary international airport serving Indianapolis, Indiana, handling over 5 million passengers annually as of 2023 and featuring two runways exceeding 10,000 feet in length.^[6]^[12] In international sports governance, IND is the three-letter country code assigned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to India, used in official Olympic results, team designations, and events since the early 20th century; for instance, India competed under IND at the 2024 Paris Olympics, securing six medals.^[55] In linguistics and grammar, IND abbreviates "indicative," referring to the verb mood employed to convey factual statements, questions, or assertions of reality, as opposed to subjunctive or imperative moods; it predominates in declarative sentences across Indo-European languages, such as "The experiment succeeded" in English indicative form.^[56] In U.S. regulatory pharmacology, IND denotes an Investigational New Drug application, a submission to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required prior to initiating human clinical trials for novel therapeutics; enacted under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 and amended by the Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962, it mandates preclinical safety data and has processed over 1,000 submissions annually in recent years.^[1]

References

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Investigational New Drug (IND) Application - FDA
Get to know the investigational new drug application (IND). This includes the types, laws and regulations, and emergency use of INDs.
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What is an IND? - NIH Clinical Center
An Investigational New Drug Application (IND) is a request for authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to administer an investigational ...
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IN - India - ISO
Alpha-2 code. IN ; Short name. INDIA ; Short name lower case. India ; Full name. the Republic of India ; Alpha-3 code. IND.
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State Abbreviations - Who we are - About.usps.com
Indiana, Ia. Ind. Ind. IND, IN. Iowa, --, Iowa, Iowa, IOWA, IA. Kansas, --, Kans. Kans. KANS, KS. Kentucky, Ky. Ky. Ky. KY, KY. Louisiana, La. La. La. LA, LA.
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Thank you for choosing the Indianapolis International Airport (IND), voted Best Airport in North America by Airports Council International and Best Airport in ...Advertising at IND · Do Business at the Airport · Work for Airport Business... · FlightsMissing: IATA | Show results with:IATA
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Indianapolis International Airport - KIND - AOPA
Overview ; Attendance: Attended. Year-round, 7 Days a Week,All. FAA ; Runways: 05L/23R, 05R/23L, 14/32. Longest paved runway: 11,200 ft (3,414 m) ; Elevation: 796 ...
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Indianapolis International Airport – IATA Code – IND (~ 9.5 M Passengers) Indianapolis Airport is one of the medium-sized US airports, located 11 km from ...List of airports · Indianapolis International... · Need a better travel inbox?
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Notable airports include Indianapolis International Airport (IND) which is home to the world's second largest hub for FedEx, behind Memphis International ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Indianapolis International is located in United States, using iata code IND, and icao code KIND.Find out the key information for this airport.
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This airline and airport code search engine provides an official source for codes assigned by IATA.
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Dimensions of the IND cars were 60'6" length, 9'8" width. They were nearly full railroad car width but seven feet shorter than the BMT steels even though ...
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Investigational new drug means a new drug or biological drug that is used in a clinical investigation. The term also includes a biological product that is used ...Import and export requirements. · Title 21 · 312.20 – 312.38 · Administrative Actions
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Jan 30, 2023 · Federal controls over the drug supply began with inspection of imported drugs in 1848, although the first federal biologics law, which addressed ...
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Oct 9, 2015 · When submitting original IND applications, sponsors are expected to send their applications in triplicate (one original and two copies).
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The FDA defines an “investigator” to be the “individual who actually conducts a clinical investigation (ie, under whose immediate direction the drug is ...
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Improvised Nuclear Device (IND). Definition. A device, including adversary-modified U.S. or foreign nuclear weapons, incorporating nuclear (actinide) materials, ...
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If nuclear yield is achieved, results would resemble a nuclear explosion described on this page; Like nuclear explosions, IND explosions can be evaluated ...Nuclear Detonation: General... · Improvised Nuclear Devices...
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The June workshop began when Daniel Flynn, the committee member who moderated this session, briefly summarized the health effects of an IND detonation.
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Improvised nuclear device (IND) response planning is a fundamental part of Federal response planning. The nuclear detonation scenario is one of 15 national ...
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Apr 17, 2024 · An improvised nuclear device (IND) is a type of nuclear weapon. When an IND explodes, it gives off four types of energy: a blast wave, intense light, heat, and ...
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An Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) is a type of nuclear weapon. When an IND explodes, it gives off four types of energy: a blast wave,.
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An improvised nuclear device (IND) is a small nuclear weapon that was created from illegally obtained equipment and materials. Despite their size, small nuclear ...
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Indus - Constellation - NOIRLab
Indus is a southern hemisphere constellation and was first mapped by European explorers in 1598. The constellation was created by Petrus Plancius.
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Jul 24, 2024 · The bright flux and wide separation of Eps Ind Ab mean that the planet is ideally suited to spectroscopic characterization efforts, which ...
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Feb 21, 2013 · What does -1.#IND mean?: A survey of how the Visual C runtime library prints special floating point values. Raymond ...
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Dec 7, 2008 · Dividing a positive number by zero produces a positive infinity and dividing a negative number by zero produces a negative infinity.<|separator|>
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This definition is called “Indistinguishability under Chosen Plaintext Attack”, or just “IND-CPA” for short. The definition is formalized as a game between an ...
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Chapter 8: Security against Chosen Plaintext Attacks
CPA security is often called “IND-CPA” security, meaning “indistinguishability of ciphertexts under chosen-plaintext attack.”
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Aug 6, 2025 · The systematic study of ind-varieties and ind-groups was started by Shafarevich in [2, 3]. ... (5), 25:1-2 (1966),. 208–212. [3] I. R. ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] arXiv:math/0612371v1 [math.AG] 13 Dec 2006
Dec 13, 2006 · (1.1.3) Definition. An ind-scheme Y is called locally locally compact, if it has an open covering by locally compact ind-schemes.
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Horizontal Individualism –seeing the self as fully autonomous‚ and believing that equality between individuals is the ideal.
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Apr 2, 2020 · Individualistic values are associated with more suicidal behavior and psychological distress, whereas collectivistic values with less suicidal ...
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Western Individualism and the Psychological Wellbeing of Young ...
Dec 22, 2021 · Finding across the 14 studies reviewed largely showed individualism to be associated with a reduced satisfaction with life, along with an ...
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Individualism–collectivism and intergroup bias - Wiley Online Library
Mar 27, 2025 · The current article offers a focused review of the link between individualism-collectivism (Ind-Col) and intergroup bias.
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Converging Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism ...
Oct 9, 2025 · PDF | The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and empirically ...
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Is an Increase in Individualism Damaging Our Mental Health?
Jul 28, 2017 · Contrariwise, intense individualism can lead to more isolation, more loneliness, and more alienation. The conclusion? Social activity is good ...
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What is the Difference Between Research and Commercial IND ...
Oct 1, 2017 · When a drug company or sponsor, like the National Cancer Institute, submits an IND application, it is generally considered a commercial IND.
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IND vs NDA: what is the difference? - Ideagen
Oct 6, 2021 · An IND is the first step for clinical trials, while an NDA is the final step to market after clinical trials, and is more complex.
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Jun 25, 2019 · A commercial IND is one for which the sponsor (usually a corporate entity) intends to commercialize the product by eventually submitting a ...
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The Essential Role of INDs in Biopharmaceutical Development
Sep 28, 2023 · An Investigational New Drug (IND) application is an exemption needed to distribute new drugs for clinical trials, and the FDA assesses it to ...
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The Independent Subway - nycsubway.org
The Independent, or IND, was the last of the three former competing subway systems. Built by the city to be "independent" of the interests of the IRT and BMT, ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
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Paris 2024 Olympics: Full list of country names and codes for IOC ...
Jul 24, 2024 · India - IND. Indonesia - INA. Islamic Republic of Iran - IRI. Iraq - IRQ. Japan - JPN. Jordan - JOR. Kazakhstan - KAZ. Kyrgyzstan - KGZ. Kuwait ...
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Indicative Mood Definition: 6 Indicative Mood Examples - MasterClass
Aug 19, 2021 · In grammar, the indicative mood is a verb mood that the speaker or writer uses to express information that sounds factual.