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Jeff Halper

Jeff Halper (born 1946) is an American-born Israeli anthropologist and human rights activist who emigrated from Minnesota to Israel in 1973 following participation in the U.S. civil rights movement and resistance to the Vietnam War.^[1]^[2] He co-founded and directs the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD) in 1997, a non-governmental organization that documents and protests the Israeli policy of demolishing Palestinian homes in the occupied territories as a tool of territorial control and displacement.^[3]^[4] Halper frames the Israeli-Palestinian situation as a settler-colonial project rather than a symmetric conflict, advocating decolonization through a single democratic state granting equal rights to all inhabitants between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.^[5]^[6] He has authored influential works including Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine: Zionism, Settler Colonialism, and the Case for One Democratic State (2021) and War Against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification (2015), critiquing Israel's security doctrines and international complicity.^[7]^[8] Halper's activism, including non-violent direct actions, has resulted in repeated arrests by Israeli authorities, and in 2025 he was jointly nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize alongside Palestinian activist Issa Amro.^[9]^[10]

Early Life and Background

Childhood and Immigration to Israel

Jeff Halper was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1946, though he grew up in the small mining town of Hibbing, Minnesota.^[11] During his youth in the 1960s, Halper engaged in left-wing activism, including participation in the U.S. civil rights movement and protests against the Vietnam War.^[12] In 1973, at the age of 27, Halper immigrated to Israel from the United States, where he had been raised as an American Jew.^[13] ^[1] This move aligned with a wave of American Jewish immigration to Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War, though specific personal motivations for Halper's aliyah remain undocumented in primary accounts.^[14] Upon arrival, he initially worked for over a decade as a community organizer for the Jerusalem municipality, focusing on underserved Mizrahi Jewish neighborhoods.^[13]

Education and Academic Formation

Halper earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, graduating in 1968.^[15]^[16] He subsequently pursued advanced studies in anthropology, receiving a Ph.D. in cultural and applied anthropology from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee sometime before immigrating to Israel in 1973.^[12]^[14] His doctoral work focused on applied anthropology, reflecting an emphasis on practical engagement with social issues, which aligned with his early involvement in civil rights activities during his undergraduate years.^[17] This academic foundation in anthropological methods, particularly those addressing community dynamics and cultural adaptation, provided the analytical framework for his later research on development and political processes.^[18]

Academic and Professional Career

Teaching and Research Positions

Halper earned his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and subsequently held administrative and teaching roles in international education programs. He served as director of the Middle East Center for Friends World College, an experiential international study program affiliated with Long Island University, and later as the college's overall director for over a decade.^[13]^[12] In Israel, Halper worked as an adjunct lecturer in anthropology at the University of Haifa and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, focusing his courses and research on urban development, social change, and the history of Jerusalem.^[14] He advanced to a professorship in anthropology at Ben-Gurion University, where he continued teaching on these topics until his retirement.^[19] Beyond Israel, Halper taught anthropology courses at universities in the United States, Latin America, and Africa, often emphasizing cross-cultural development issues.^[13] His academic publications, numbering around 40 with over 200 citations, primarily addressed Middle Eastern social dynamics and urban policy, though he transitioned much of his efforts toward activism by the early 2000s.^[18]

Shift to Activism

Halper, who had built a career as an anthropologist teaching at Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, began intensifying his involvement in Israeli peace efforts during the 1990s, amid the Oslo peace process and continued policies of Palestinian home demolitions in the occupied territories.^[20] These demolitions, often justified by Israel on permit violations but criticized as tools for settlement expansion and population control, numbered in the thousands since the 1967 occupation, prompting Halper to apply his academic expertise on social conflict to direct intervention.^[11] In 1997, Halper co-founded the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD), transitioning from scholarly pursuits to leadership in nonviolent resistance against the demolitions, which he identified as a core mechanism of Israel's occupation strategy.^[21] ^[3] This organization focused on immediate actions like rebuilding destroyed homes and international advocacy, reflecting Halper's view—rooted in his fieldwork—that such policies entrenched control over Palestinian space rather than serving security needs. As ICAHD's coordinator, he stepped back from full-time academia, prioritizing grassroots campaigns over university lecturing, though he retained an "activist-scholar" identity blending research with political engagement.^[22] The founding of ICAHD represented a deliberate pivot, building on Halper's earlier human rights advocacy in Israel since his 1973 immigration, but marking his emergence as a prominent figure in challenging occupation practices through sustained, organization-led efforts rather than isolated academic critique.^[23]

Founding and Leadership of ICAHD

Establishment and Objectives

The Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD) was founded in 1997 by Jeff Halper, an Israeli-American anthropologist and long-time human rights advocate, and Meir Margalit, alongside other activists including Amos Gvirtz, Rabbi Arik Ascherman, Yoav Hess, and Yael Cohen.^[24]^[20] The organization emerged as a response to the Israeli government's practice of demolishing Palestinian homes in the Occupied Territories, which ICAHD identified as a systematic policy tool.^[25] Initially structured as a non-governmental organization, ICAHD operated as a grassroots direct-action group focused on non-violent resistance.^[25] ICAHD's core objective from its inception was to resist and oppose the demolition of Palestinian houses through hands-on interventions, such as physically blocking bulldozers and rebuilding destroyed structures, while documenting and publicizing the policy's impacts.^[26]^[20] The group aimed to challenge not only the demolitions themselves but the underlying occupation policies, framing them as violations of international law, including the Fourth Geneva Convention, and as mechanisms of territorial control and displacement.^[25] Beyond immediate resistance, ICAHD sought to mobilize Israeli civil society and influence international opinion to pressure for an end to Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories, advocating for a just resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that addresses root causes like settlement expansion.^[25]^[27] Halper, as co-founder and director, emphasized education and advocacy to reframe the conflict, positioning ICAHD as a political actor in achieving equality and peace between Israelis and Palestinians.^[25]

Key Activities and Campaigns

Under Jeff Halper's direction, the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD) prioritized non-violent direct actions to challenge Israel's policy of demolishing Palestinian homes in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and within Israel proper, framing these demolitions as tools of territorial control and displacement. Activists, including Halper, physically obstructed bulldozers during demolition operations and coordinated rapid-response rebuilds to symbolize resistance and highlight the policy's futility.^[4]^[11] Between 1997 and the early 2010s, ICAHD documented over 24,000 Palestinian structures demolished since 1967, using field monitoring, legal challenges, and public reports to pressure Israeli authorities and international bodies.^[28] A core campaign focused on reconstructing demolished homes as political protest, with ICAHD volunteers erecting temporary structures using rubble from the sites to underscore the demolitions' destructiveness. For instance, in July 2012, ICAHD completed a rebuild of Atta Jaber's home in Anata, East Jerusalem, which Israeli forces had demolished for the fifth time since 1998 due to lack of permits; this effort involved international participants and drew media attention to permit disparities.^[29] By 2024, ICAHD had rebuilt 189 such homes across multiple sites, primarily in areas like the West Bank and East Jerusalem, often integrating these actions with educational workshops for global solidarity groups.^[30] ICAHD's advocacy extended to international campaigns, including "Extended Study Tours" starting in the late 1990s, where participants—diplomats, journalists, and activists—witnessed demolition sites and engaged in hands-on rebuilding to influence foreign policy. Halper led these tours to lobby European and UN entities, arguing that demolitions entrenched occupation by design rather than administrative error. Domestically, ICAHD organized "Build, Harvest and Learn" camps from the 2000s onward, combining reconstruction with agricultural support in threatened communities to foster resilience against displacement.^[4] These efforts positioned ICAHD as the first Israeli organization to endorse boycott, divestment, and sanctions measures against settlement-related policies in the mid-2000s.^[20]

Broader Activism and International Engagement

Advocacy Efforts on House Demolitions

Jeff Halper co-founded the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD) in 1997 as a non-violent resistance group specifically to oppose Israel's demolition of Palestinian homes in the occupied territories, viewing the practice as a systematic tool for territorial consolidation rather than mere enforcement of building regulations.^[4] ICAHD's initial activities under Halper's leadership included direct interventions at demolition sites, where activists attempted to block bulldozers and document the events to raise awareness, alongside compiling data on demolitions to argue they violated Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits destruction of private property except in cases of absolute military necessity.^[25]^[31] A core component of Halper's advocacy involved symbolic rebuilding projects, where ICAHD volunteers reconstructed demolished Palestinian homes using salvaged materials to underscore the policy's destructiveness and foster community resilience; by 2015, the group had rebuilt 187 such structures out of an estimated 28,000-29,000 homes demolished in the occupied territories since 1967, according to ICAHD's records.^[32]^[33] These rebuilds served dual purposes: providing immediate aid to affected families and generating media coverage to pressure Israeli authorities, though Israeli officials maintained that most demolitions targeted unpermitted constructions in areas under civil administration.^[34] Halper extended his efforts through international campaigns, organizing speaking tours, study delegations, and lobbying efforts in Europe and the United States to advocate for sanctions against equipment suppliers facilitating demolitions, such as Caterpillar bulldozers.^[4] He emphasized empirical tracking of demolition rates—reporting spikes, for instance, in 2019 as among the highest since ICAHD's founding, with over 140 structures razed that year in the West Bank alone—to frame the policy as part of a broader strategy of displacement rather than isolated administrative actions.^[35] These advocacy pushes included annual reports and public statements attributing over 50,000 total demolitions in Israel proper and the territories from 1947 to 2022, though critics from pro-Israel monitoring groups contested ICAHD's figures for conflating wartime destructions with post-1967 permit-based demolitions and omitting enforcement against illegal Jewish settlements.^[33]^[20]

Involvement in One-State Initiatives

Jeff Halper has been a prominent advocate for a one-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, framing it as a means to achieve decolonization and equal rights in a single democratic state encompassing historic Palestine. As a co-founder of the One Democratic State Campaign (ODSC), a Palestinian-led initiative established around 2018, Halper has played a key role in developing its political program, which outlines a 10-point plan for a multicultural, democratic state replacing Israel's current structure.^[7]^[36]^[37] In November 2020, Halper publicly introduced the ODSC's call to supporters, emphasizing that while most Palestinians favor a one-state outcome due to the erosion of two-state viability, the campaign seeks to build a broad coalition including Israeli Jews disillusioned with Zionism's settler-colonial dimensions. He serves on ODSC's Core Group of 15 (its executive committee), coordinates the Coordinating Team, and leads the Action Group to advance practical steps toward implementation.^[6]^[38] Halper's intellectual contributions include his 2021 book Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine: Zionism, Settler Colonialism, and the Case for One Democratic State, where he argues that Israel's expansionist policies have rendered partition unfeasible, necessitating a unitary state with constitutional protections for all ethnic and religious groups, including restitution for Palestinian dispossession. In ODSC-related writings and talks, such as a June 2024 presentation, he has promoted the campaign's vision of dismantling apartheid-like structures while rejecting ethnic supremacy, positioning it as an alternative to what he describes as inevitable genocide or apartheid under continued Israeli control.^[7]^[39]^[40] Earlier, in a May 2020 co-authored article with ODSC coordinator Awad Abdelfattah, Halper outlined decolonization as requiring the end of exclusive Jewish sovereignty, advocating for shared democratic governance amid Israel's settlement expansion, which by 2020 included over 700,000 settlers in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. His involvement extends to international advocacy, including discussions in New York in February 2019 to promote one-state dialogue among activists.^[41]^[42]

Political Views

Analysis of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as Settler-Colonialism

Jeff Halper characterizes Zionism as a settler-colonial project that seeks to establish and maintain a permanent Jewish polity on historic Palestine by displacing and marginalizing the indigenous Palestinian population, rather than viewing the Israeli-Palestinian situation as a bilateral conflict over disputed territory.^[7] In his 2021 book Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine, Halper defines settler-colonialism as a unilateral process in which foreign settlers invade a territory to replace its native inhabitants, claiming exclusive entitlement to the land through foundational violence and ongoing control mechanisms, distinct from classical colonialism's focus on resource extraction for a distant metropole.^[43] He argues that this framework reveals the inherent asymmetry of power, where Israel's "Matrix of Control"—encompassing military occupation, settlement expansion, and legal barriers—functions to consolidate demographic dominance and prevent Palestinian self-determination.^[7] Halper traces Zionism's settler-colonial dynamics to its origins in the late 19th century, when European Jewish immigration, organized under nationalist auspices, initiated land acquisition and demographic engineering to "Judaize" Palestine, culminating in the 1948 Nakba, which displaced approximately 720,000 Palestinians through 20 documented "transfer" mechanisms including expulsions and village destruction.^[43] Post-1948, he contends, Israeli policies such as the 1950 Law of Return—granting automatic citizenship to Jewish immigrants while the 1952 Citizenship Law denied it to most Palestinian refugees—and the post-1967 occupation, which saw another 350,000 displacements and the construction of over 250 settlements housing about 700,000 Israelis by 2021, perpetuated this replacement logic.^[43] Halper highlights house demolitions as a core tactic, with over 55,000 Palestinian structures razed since 1967 to clear land for settlements and enforce control, framing these not as security measures but as instruments of ethnic reconfiguration.^[43]^[44] Unlike extractive colonialism, where settlers typically depart after exploitation, Halper emphasizes that settler-colonialism like Zionism aims for permanence, creating a "no return" dynamic where indigenous elimination or assimilation is pursued to resolve the "problem" of native presence, as encapsulated in Zionist slogans like "a land without a people for a people without a land."^[43] He critiques mainstream framings of the issue as a "conflict" for symmetrizing unequal parties, obscuring Israel's role as the dominant actor maintaining a "Dominance Management Regime" via segmented governance—full citizenship for Jewish Israelis, limited autonomy for West Bank Palestinians, and blockade for Gazans—rather than genuine negotiation.^[43] This analysis, Halper asserts, is essential for strategy, as it identifies dismantleable colonial structures, such as discriminatory laws and settlement infrastructure, over futile two-state diplomacy that preserves the status quo.^[7] Halper's settler-colonial lens implies that resolution demands decolonization: the dismantling of Zionist supremacy through land restitution (noting 85% of 1948-seized land remains state-held), implementation of UN Resolution 194's right of return, and replacement with a single democratic state ensuring civil equality for all inhabitants between the Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea.^[43] He proposes a "tripartite alliance" of Palestinians, dissenting Israeli Jews, and global civil society to apply pressure, drawing parallels to South Africa's transition but acknowledging Zionism's unique religious and refugee dimensions, which he argues do not negate its colonial essence.^[43] While Halper's framework has gained traction in activist and academic circles critical of Israel, it has faced pushback for downplaying Jewish indigenous historical ties to the land, the absence of a Zionist metropole, and the movement's origins in response to millennia of diaspora and pogroms, elements that proponents of national self-determination highlight as distinguishing Zionism from imperial settler projects.^[7]

Advocacy for One-State Solution and Decolonization

Halper frames the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a settler-colonial enterprise, arguing that Zionism's foundational structures—encompassing land expropriation, population management, and control of legitimacy—necessitate decolonization to achieve resolution.^[7] In his 2021 book Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine: Zionism, Settler Colonialism, and the Case for One Democratic State, he posits that only the dismantling of these Zionist mechanisms of domination can liberate Palestine, replacing them with a single democratic state encompassing historic Palestine where Jews and Palestinians enjoy equal rights.^[45] This approach, he contends, addresses the irreversibility of Israeli settlement expansion, which by 2021 included over 700,000 settlers in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, rendering territorial partition infeasible.^[46] As a co-founder of the One Democratic State Campaign (ODSC), established in the late 2010s, Halper promotes a multicultural framework for this state, emphasizing collective rights for both peoples alongside individual equality, constitutional protections against discrimination, and shared economic resources.^[47] The ODSC's 10-point program, which Halper helped develop, outlines decolonization steps such as land restitution, refugee return under international law, and the repeal of discriminatory laws like Israel's 2018 Nation-State Law, aiming to transform Israel from an ethnocracy into a binational democracy.^[48] He has articulated this vision in public forums, including a 2023 ICAHD statement contrasting it with what he describes as the alternatives of apartheid or ethnic cleansing in a Jewish-only state.^[40] Halper's advocacy extends to international engagement, where he urges global civil society to pressure Israel toward decolonization rather than endorsing stalled two-state negotiations, which he views as perpetuating colonial dynamics.^[49] In ODSC initiatives, he collaborates with Palestinian and Israeli partners to build coalitions, including joint declarations issued in 2020 calling for supporters to back the one-state model as a viable path to justice.^[47] Critics from pro-Israel perspectives, however, contend that such proposals undermine Jewish self-determination by prioritizing demographic parity over Israel's existence as a Jewish state, though Halper maintains that true decolonization requires mutual recognition of both national narratives within a shared polity.^[50]

Positions on Two-State Solution and Palestinian Rights

Halper has argued that the two-state solution, once a potential framework for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, became unviable by the 2010s due to extensive Israeli settlement construction in the West Bank, which by 2012 exceeded 500,000 settlers and fragmented Palestinian territory, rendering a contiguous Palestinian state territorially impossible.^[51] He contends that Israel's policies, including annexation plans and control over borders, resources, and airspace, have transformed the proposed Palestinian entity into a dependent Bantustan-like arrangement rather than a sovereign state, effectively amounting to "two-state apartheid."^[52]^[53] In a 2023 analysis following the Gaza war escalation, Halper described revived two-state advocacy as a mechanism to normalize Israeli dominance while pacifying Palestinian resistance, without addressing underlying power imbalances.^[53] By 2025, he rejected UN efforts to "revive" the two-state model as illusory, asserting that any such "state" would remain subordinate to Israel, lacking genuine independence.^[54]^[55] As an alternative, Halper advocates a single democratic state encompassing historic Palestine, where Israelis and Palestinians coexist with equal civil and political rights, implemented through decolonization that dismantles settler-colonial structures such as segregated land regimes and military occupation.^[52]^[56] As a member of the One Democratic State Campaign (ODSC) since at least 2019, he promotes a multicultural framework that balances individual rights with collective identities, potentially including a regional confederation for economic integration while upholding UN Resolution 194 on Palestinian refugees' right of return.^[52]^[51] This approach, in his view, avoids the ethnic separation of two states, which he sees as perpetuating inequality, and instead fosters a shared polity grounded in international law and human rights.^[40] Regarding Palestinian rights, Halper emphasizes full equality as indivisible from ending apartheid-like conditions, arguing that separation under a two-state rubric fails to rectify historical dispossession or ensure self-determination, as evidenced by ongoing demolitions and restrictions affecting over 2 million Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.^[57]^[58] He frames Palestinian liberation not merely as territorial sovereignty but as decolonized citizenship, including access to land, water, and mobility currently denied under Israeli control, which he quantifies through ICAHD data showing over 50,000 Palestinian structures demolished since 1967.^[40] In 2023, amid Gaza operations displacing over 1.9 million people, Halper positioned the one-state model as the sole path to avert "genocide" by guaranteeing Palestinians parity in a binational democracy, rejecting ethnic purification in favor of inclusive governance.^[40]^[59] While acknowledging Israeli security concerns, he maintains that true rights for Palestinians require dismantling dominance, not coexistence under perpetual occupation.^[51]

Criticisms and Controversies

Disputes Over Factual Claims on Demolitions and Policies

Halper and the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD), which he founded, have asserted that Israeli authorities demolished at least 175,000 Palestinian homes and structures since November 1947, including approximately 52,000 during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War (known as the Nakba to Palestinians) and over 50,000 additional structures since 1967 in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza.^[60] ^[4] These figures encompass administrative demolitions for lack of permits, punitive measures against families of attackers, and those during military operations, framing them as a deliberate policy to restrict Palestinian development and facilitate settlement expansion.^[31] Critics have disputed the aggregation and context of these totals, arguing that ICAHD conflates wartime combat damage from 1948—where structures were destroyed amid active conflict—with post-1967 administrative enforcement under military law in occupied territories.^[61] Independent verification of historical figures remains challenging due to incomplete records and varying definitions of "homes" versus other structures like sheds or wells, with some analyses noting that ICAHD's estimates rely on secondary compilations prone to double-counting or unconfirmed reports.^[50] For instance, Halper has cited around 12,000 demolitions specifically linked to permit denials since 1967, but this has been contested by evidence of Palestinian construction growth in areas under Palestinian Authority (PA) control post-Oslo Accords (1993–1995), where 95% of West Bank Palestinians reside and the PA issues building permits, alongside documented illegal builds in East Jerusalem despite available legal avenues.^[61] Regarding policy motivations, Halper has claimed that fewer than 2% of demolitions since 1967 serve credible security purposes, attributing the practice primarily to political control rather than legal compliance.^[22] Israeli officials and the Civil Administration counter that the majority target unpermitted structures in Area C (60% of the West Bank under full Israeli control), where zoning laws prohibit building in agricultural or strategic zones to preserve open spaces and infrastructure; data from the Civil Administration indicate over 16,000 demolition orders issued against Palestinian structures in Area C from 1988 to 2016, though actual executions are lower (e.g., 681 structures demolished in 2023, displacing about 1,200 people).^[62] Punitive demolitions, which Halper frequently highlights, were largely halted by a 2005 Israeli High Court ruling requiring individualized assessment, reducing them to rare cases (fewer than 10 annually in recent years), though critics of ICAHD note its continued inclusion of pre-ruling data inflates perceptions of ongoing policy.^[63] These disputes reflect broader methodological differences: ICAHD draws from advocacy-oriented compilations emphasizing cumulative impact, while Israeli data and monitors like the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) focus on verifiable post-1967 incidents, reporting 1,000–2,000 annual demolitions or orders in recent decades, often for violations amid high rates of unpermitted Palestinian construction (estimated at 20–75% in affected areas due to permit denial rates exceeding 90% for Palestinian applications in Area C).^[64] Halper's portrayal of demolitions as systematically denying "homes for the young generation" has been challenged by demographic evidence of Palestinian population growth and urban expansion, including in PA-governed zones, suggesting enforcement gaps rather than absolute prohibition.^[61] Organizations like NGO Monitor have further questioned ICAHD's credibility, citing its alignment with boycott campaigns and selective framing that overlooks Palestinian non-compliance with Oslo-era planning frameworks.^[20]

Accusations of Anti-Zionism and Impact on Israeli Security

Critics, including organizations such as NGO Monitor and CAMERA, have accused Jeff Halper of anti-Zionism based on his explicit self-identification as "an anti-Zionist Israeli Jew" in his 2021 book Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine: Zionism, Settler Colonialism, and the Case for One Democratic State.^[65]^[66] Halper frames Zionism as a form of settler-colonialism requiring decolonization through a single binational state, a position that proponents of Israel's existence as a Jewish-majority nation-state argue effectively denies Jewish self-determination and seeks to dismantle the state's foundational ideology.^[50] This advocacy aligns with historical bi-nationalist ideas opposed by mainstream Zionism during Israel's founding, and Halper's rejection of a two-state solution in favor of equal rights for all inhabitants in one polity has been described by detractors as a veiled call for Israel's demographic transformation, rendering it untenable as a refuge for Jews.^[50] Halper's rhetoric has drawn specific ire for statements perceived to undermine Israel's security imperatives. In a June 2004 public assertion, he stated that "the Palestinians' need to resort to terrorism raises moral questions for us," a phrasing NGO Monitor and others interpret as rationalizing Palestinian violence as a legitimate response to Israeli policies rather than condemning it outright, thereby eroding the moral basis for Israel's defensive measures.^[67]^[68] Similarly, Halper's portrayal of the West Bank separation barrier as an "apartheid" tool rather than a security fence—credited with reducing suicide bombings by over 90% post-2002 construction, per Israeli security data—has been criticized for delegitimizing proven countermeasures against terrorism.^[69]^[70] Regarding impacts on Israeli security, pro-Israel analysts contend that Halper's international advocacy, including through ICAHD's alignment with the 2005 Palestinian BDS call and his speaking engagements at forums like Muslim Student Union conferences, fosters global delegitimization campaigns that isolate Israel diplomatically and economically.^[20]^[68] These efforts, they argue, amplify narratives equating Israeli self-defense with colonialism, potentially eroding support for military aid—such as the annual $3.8 billion from the U.S.—and bolstering boycotts that strain Israel's defense budget and technological edge, which relies on exports generating over $12 billion annually to fund domestic security innovations.^[66] Halper's critique of Israel's "national security state" model, while framed by him as enabling impunity, is viewed by critics as weakening deterrence by portraying security policies as aggressive expansionism rather than responses to existential threats from groups like Hamas, which have launched over 20,000 rockets since 2001.^[71]^[70] Such positions, per NGO Monitor, do not advance peace but incite opposition that compromises Israel's ability to maintain qualitative military superiority amid ongoing hostilities.^[68]

Responses to Criticisms from Palestinian and Israeli Perspectives

Halper has faced accusations from Israeli critics, including organizations like NGO Monitor, of promoting anti-Zionism by rejecting a Jewish state and framing Israel's policies as inherently colonial, which they argue delegitimizes Israel's right to exist as a Jewish homeland.^[68] In response, Halper maintains that his critique targets political Zionism's settler-colonial implementation rather than Zionism as a cultural or historical movement for Jewish self-determination, distinguishing between Judaism's ethical traditions and what he describes as Zionism's distortion through state power and expansionism.^[72] He argues that equating opposition to occupation with antisemitism serves to silence Jewish dissenters like himself, citing Israel's own efforts to mobilize global Jewish support against critics as evidence of an assault on Judaism's prophetic critique of injustice.^[73] Israeli progressive Zionists, such as those from Partners for Progressive Israel, have rebutted Halper's advocacy for a one-state solution as unrealistic and anti-Zionist, claiming it ignores post-1948 violence and Palestinian rejectionism while overemphasizing demolitions without verifying numbers like his estimate of over 47,000 Palestinian homes destroyed since 1948.^[50] Halper counters by emphasizing empirical data from UN and Israeli sources on demolitions—documenting 28,000 structures demolished between 1967 and 2019, primarily for lacking permits rarely granted to Palestinians—and framing the one-state model as a decolonial necessity given settlement expansion's irreversibility, which he quantifies as over 700,000 settlers by 2023.^[35] He posits that a binational state fusing cultural Zionism with Palestinian rights offers parity, rejecting two-state viability based on Israel's matrix of control, including 600+ military checkpoints and segregated infrastructure as of 2021.^[32] From Palestinian perspectives, figures like Ali Abunimah and Omar Barghouti have critiqued ICAHD's 2012 binational proposal as insufficiently de-Zionizing, arguing it accommodates Jewish-Israeli identity without requiring settlers to relinquish colonial privileges or fully dismantle Zionist structures, potentially perpetuating inequality under a democratic guise.^[74] Halper responded in 2013 by defending the proposal's focus on mutual recognition, asserting that demanding Jews "de-Zionize" themselves alienates potential allies and overlooks shared decolonization, where Palestinians gain equality without erasing Jewish cultural presence; he advocates a transitional confederation leading to one state with equal rights, rights of return implemented gradually, and land restitution based on pre-1948 claims adjusted for equity.^[74] This stance, he argues, avoids the "warehousing" of Palestinians in bantustans or apartheid, drawing on South African parallels where decolonization integrated without total cultural erasure.^[75] Palestinian advocates have also questioned Halper's emphasis on Israeli-Jewish agency in one-state advocacy, viewing it as diluting calls for unilateral Palestinian resistance or full liberation without compromise.^[76] In reply, Halper underscores his Israeli identity as enabling internal pressure against occupation—evidenced by ICAHD's rebuilding of 200+ demolished homes since 1997—and insists on joint Palestinian-Israeli coalitions for feasibility, citing failed Oslo accords (1993-2000) as proof that external imposition ignores ground realities like fragmented Palestinian territories under Area C control (60% of West Bank).^[4] He maintains that his framework prioritizes Palestinian rights to self-determination within a single polity, rejecting criticisms as counterproductive to building the critical mass needed for decolonization.^[32]

Publications and Intellectual Output

Major Books and Articles

Halper's major publications consist primarily of books that analyze the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through anthropological and activist lenses, often framing it as a form of settler-colonialism and critiquing Western involvement in perpetuating the status quo. His works draw on his fieldwork and advocacy with the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD), emphasizing empirical observations of policies like home demolitions and settlement expansion.^[77] His early academic book, Between Redemption and Revival: The Jewish Yishuv in Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century (Westview Press, 1991), examines the socio-economic and religious dynamics of the Jewish community in Ottoman Jerusalem, based on archival research into community organization and revivalist movements.^[78] An Israeli in Palestine: Resisting Dispossession, Redeeming Israel (Pluto Press, first edition 2008; second edition 2010) chronicles Halper's personal engagements in Palestinian territories, documenting over 500 house demolitions he witnessed and arguing that Israeli policies constitute systematic dispossession, while proposing a redemptive path for Israel through ending occupation.^[77] In Obstacles to Peace: A Reframing of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (ICAHD, first edition circa 2003; fourth edition 2009), Halper reframes the conflict not as symmetric but as one where Israel's matrix of control—encompassing settlements, walls, and checkpoints—renders a two-state solution unviable, supported by maps and data on infrastructure asymmetry.^[79] War Against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification (Pluto Press, 2015) posits that Israel exports a "pacification" model of low-intensity conflict management to global powers, citing arms exports valued at $7.4 billion in 2012 and collaborations with U.S. firms, positioning Israel as a laboratory for urban warfare technologies tested in Gaza and the West Bank.^[80] Halper's most recent book, Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine: Zionism, Settler Colonialism, and the Case for One Democratic State (Pluto Press, 2021), applies settler-colonial theory to Zionism, advocating de-Zionization and a single democratic state with equal rights, drawing on comparisons to Algeria and South Africa, and estimating over 700,000 Palestinian refugees as central to resolution.^[7] Beyond books, Halper has contributed articles to academic and activist outlets, including pieces in the Journal of Palestine Studies on resistance strategies like sumud (steadfastness) and non-violent protest, analyzing their tactical limitations against structural occupation.^[81] He has also written op-eds for platforms such as Mondoweiss and Haaretz, critiquing normalization deals and post-October 7, 2023, dynamics, though these lack the systematic depth of his monographs.^[82]^[83]

Influence and Reception

Halper's publications have garnered citations totaling over 1,200 across academic and activist literature as of recent Google Scholar metrics, reflecting modest influence primarily within critical studies of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and securitization theory.^[84] His framework of Israel's "Matrix of Control"—detailing interconnected policies of settlement expansion, resource allocation, and military dominance—has been referenced in analyses of Palestinian spatial constraints and hybrid governance, though often in outlets aligned with pro-Palestinian advocacy rather than mainstream international relations scholarship.^[85] War Against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification (2015) received praise from international law scholar Richard Falk for its tripartite structure: a granular examination of Israel's occupation tactics, its arms export industry valued at over $7 billion annually by 2015, and the broader implications for global counterinsurgency models adopted by Western militaries.^[22] The book highlighted Israel's export of crowd-control technologies and surveillance systems to 100+ countries, positioning it as a key provider in a "global pacification" paradigm, a thesis echoed in subsequent discussions of militarized neoliberalism.^[86] However, reviewers noted theoretical inconsistencies, such as abrupt shifts between empirical case studies and broader geopolitical claims, potentially diluting its analytical rigor.^[87] Reception in activist media, including Electronic Intifada, emphasized its exposé of Israel's weapons testing in occupied territories as enabling unchecked policy implementation.^[88] Obstacles to Peace (2009, revised 2016 and 2020), a visual and analytical guide to over 500 documented house demolitions in East Jerusalem and the West Bank between 1967 and 2009, has functioned as a practical resource for human rights monitoring and advocacy training, influencing NGO reports on settlement infrastructure's role in fragmenting Palestinian territory.^[89] It reframes the conflict through quantifiable barriers like 700+ checkpoints and barriers by the mid-2000s, but its impact remains confined to civil society circles skeptical of negotiated settlements, with limited penetration into policy-oriented think tanks.^[90] Halper's later work, Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine (2021), advocating a one-state decolonization model, has informed settler-colonial interpretations in progressive discourses, including linkages to global movements like Black Lives Matter, where it underscores Zionism's structural parallels to other eliminationist projects without negating Jewish historical ties.^[91] Yet, its reception underscores a divide: embraced in leftist and Palestinian solidarity networks for challenging two-state orthodoxy, it faces dismissal in pro-Israel analyses as overlooking security imperatives driving Israel's demographic engineering, with empirical claims on land appropriation (e.g., 78% of historic Palestine under Israeli control by 1948) scrutinized for selective framing amid contested partition histories.^[49] Overall, Halper's output exerts outsized sway in biased academic echo chambers—often left-leaning institutions prone to amplifying anti-occupation narratives—while empirical critiques highlight gaps in addressing Palestinian agency or rejectionist stances, limiting broader scholarly consensus.^[92]

Awards, Recognition, and Later Activities

Honors Received

In 2003, Halper received the Human Rights Award from the United Nations Association in Washington for his activism against Israeli house demolitions in the occupied territories.^[93] Halper was jointly awarded the Kant World Citizen Prize in 2009 by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations in Germany, shared with Brazilian Bishop Dom Luiz Cappio; the foundation cited his efforts to address structural violence affecting both Palestinians and Israelis through nonviolent resistance and policy advocacy.^[94] In 2006, Halper was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize alongside Palestinian activist Ghassan Andoni by the American Friends Service Committee, recognizing their joint work in fostering Israeli-Palestinian dialogue and nonviolent activism against occupation policies.^[95] In 2025, Norwegian MP Ingrid Fiskaa nominated him again, this time with Palestinian human rights defender Issa Amro, for their contributions to peacebuilding and resistance to settlement expansion in Hebron.^[96]

Post-2020 Developments and Ongoing Work

Following the escalation of conflict after the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel, Halper intensified his commentary through monthly video updates as ICAHD director, framing the Israeli response in Gaza as an extension of settler-colonial policies rather than a balanced territorial dispute. In these addresses, he critiques Israeli military actions, political maneuvers by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and international diplomatic efforts, urging global activism to pressure Israel. For example, his September 2025 update highlighted Netanyahu's alleged prioritization of political survival over ceasefire prospects, while his October 2025 installment marked the second anniversary of October 7 by analyzing Hamas's breakout from Gaza as a resistance act within a liberation framework and endorsing the Global Sumud Flotilla to challenge the blockade.^[97]^[98] Halper has advocated for intensified grassroots efforts, including boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) against Israel, as seen in his August 2025 update warning against diverting energy solely to protests amid ongoing Gaza operations and calling for sustained isolation of Israel. He has supported international coalitions, issuing ICAHD statements on events like the September 2025 UN High-Level International Conference on the Question of Palestine, where the organization demanded accountability for alleged regime actions. Additionally, Halper critiqued U.S. political proposals, such as former President Donald Trump's September 2025 Gaza plan, labeling it a "shameful and cynical" performance that fails to address Palestinian self-determination.^[99]^[100] His post-2020 intellectual efforts emphasize decolonization and a one-state solution granting equal rights to all residents between the Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea, rejecting two-state viability amid settlement expansion. This stance appears in contributions to outlets like Mondoweiss, where he outlines pathways from apartheid-like conditions to shared citizenship, and in responses to normalization deals post-Abraham Accords. Halper continues public engagements, such as Instagram discussions on October 2025 West Bank incursions, maintaining ICAHD's focus on house demolitions as tools of territorial control despite ongoing Israeli security operations.^[82]^[101]^[102]

References

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In 2005, Jeff told me that every time he is arrested and sentenced to community service for his ICAHD actions, he tells "the judge I am serving the community ...
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Mar 26, 2007 · Founded in 1997, ICAHD is led by Jeff Halper, formerly affiliated with Ben Gurion University. While some of ICAHD's activities are ...
[28]
ICAHD-Statistics on House Demolitions (1967-2009)
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Rebuilds Home Demolished Five Times - icahd
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Dec 31, 2024 · 1.4 ICAHD has also been involved in rebuilding 189 Palestinian homes done primarily as a form of non-violent political protest though we ...<|separator|>
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Jeff Halper - An Israeli challenging the occupation | Middle East Eye
Feb 12, 2015 · He and his volunteers have rebuilt 187 Palestinian houses out of a total of 29,000 destroyed. He counts it as a success that 175 of them are ...
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Statistics on House / Structure Demolitions – November 1947 ... - icahd
Sep 23, 2022 · Beginning already in 1947 and extending throughout the 1948 war and into the next decade, Israel systematically demolished some 52,000 ...
[34]
Rebuilding Demolished Homes Archives - ICAHD
ICAHD have worked with Atta Jaber and his family since they suffered their first home demolition in 1998 – rebuilding two of his homes after they were ...
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Comments by Jeff Halper on Israel's Increasing House Demolitions
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The 'One Democratic State Campaign' program for a multicultural ...
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[37]
A Bold Vision For Israel/Palestine: One Democratic State For All Its ...
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unless, of course, it takes the form of two-state apartheid, which it ...
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No, Mr. Halper, whoever incites against Israel does not want peace
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ICAHD endorses one-state solution, warns against "warehousing" of ...
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Unsung Heroes - Haaretz Com
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[94]
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[96]
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[97]
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Oct 6, 2025 · Photo: “Intense” Israeli bombardment in Gaza continue. UNHCR. As the second anniversary of the Hamas attack is marked and the subsequent ...
[98]
Jeff Halper's September 2025 Update - Netanyahu's Plan for Total ...
Sep 8, 2025 · ICAHD's Jeff Halper speaks about Netanyahu's desire for political survival thus his war on Gaza must continue despite most of the Israeli ...
[99]
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[100]
ICAHD's Jeff Halper responds to the Trump's Gaza plan ... - YouTube
Sep 30, 2025 · A shameful and cynical performance by Trump and Netanyahu to end the so-called war. Jeff Halper pleads for the world to understand what is ...Missing: criticism responses
[101]
The fight for Palestinian rights in the era of normalization
Nov 5, 2020 · But Palestinians and their allies can still use grassroots power to strategically counter this new reality. By Jeff Halper November 5, 2020 8.
[102]
ICAHD's Jeff Halper discusses current incursions happening in ...
Oct 11, 2025 · ICAHD's Jeff Halper discusses current incursions happening in Palestine right now. To watch Jeff's full update and find more ways to support ...