John Wick: Chapter 2
John Wick: Chapter 2 is a 2017 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Derek Kolstad, serving as the direct sequel to the 2014 film John Wick.[1][2] The story follows retired hitman John Wick, portrayed by Keanu Reeves, who is compelled by a marker—a blood oath from his past—to carry out an assassination in Rome for Italian crime lord Santino D'Antonio, played by Riccardo Scamarcio, resulting in a high-stakes bounty placed on his head by the international assassins' guild known as the High Table.[1][2] The film features a prominent ensemble cast, including Common as elite assassin Cassian, Ruby Rose as Santino's mute enforcer Ares, Ian McShane as the manager of the Continental Hotel Winston, Lance Reddick as concierge Charon, and Laurence Fishburne as the Bowery King, a leader of the homeless network aiding Wick.[2] Produced by Thunder Road Pictures, 87Eleven Productions, and Summit Entertainment, with Lionsgate as the distributor, John Wick: Chapter 2 had a production budget of $40 million and was filmed primarily in New York City and Rome.[3] It premiered at the ArcLight Hollywood on January 30, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on February 10, 2017.[1][4] Critically acclaimed for its intricate action choreography, stylish visuals, and expansion of the John Wick universe's lore—including the rules of the assassins' underworld—the film holds an 89% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 283 reviews, with critics praising its relentless pace and Reeves' performance.[1] Audiences similarly responded positively, awarding it an 85% score on the site from over 50,000 ratings, and it earned a 7.4 out of 10 on IMDb from more than 557,000 user votes.[1][2] Commercially successful, the movie grossed $92 million domestically and $171.5 million worldwide, surpassing its predecessor's box office performance and paving the way for future installments in the franchise.[4]Overview
Plot
John Wick attempts to maintain a quiet life following the events of the previous chapter, but his retirement is interrupted when Santino D'Antonio, a powerful crime lord, invokes a blood marker—a binding oath from John's past that helped him retire—to compel him to assassinate his sister, Gianna D'Antonio, who holds a seat on the High Table, the governing body of the international assassin underworld.[5] When John initially refuses, Santino destroys his home with an explosion, forcing him to accept the mission to protect what remains of his peaceful existence.[6] Traveling to Rome, John equips himself at the Continental's sister hotel, selecting custom weaponry and attire from specialists like the Sommelier, before infiltrating Gianna's lavish gala at her fortified palace.[5] He confronts and kills Gianna, honoring the marker, but upon returning to New York, Santino betrays him by placing a $7 million bounty on his head to eliminate any witnesses to his rise to power on the High Table.[6] This turns nearly every operative against him and thrusts him back into a relentless cycle of violence he sought to escape.[5] Fleeing pursuit, John seeks aid from the Bowery King, leader of the city's homeless underworld, forging an alliance after proving his desperation through a symbolic act of loyalty.[5] Intense battles ensue, including a fight near the Continental hotel in Rome against Gianna's bodyguard Cassian and a brutal catacomb fight against Santino's mute enforcer Ares and her henchmen, where John dispatches numerous attackers in close-quarters combat.[6] Back in New York, a signature sequence unfolds in a hall of mirrors, where John and Cassian engage in a disorienting, blade-based duel that highlights John's tactical precision.[5] Another pivotal confrontation occurs during a subway chase with Cassian, while in a separate hotel room attack at the Continental, John improvises kills using everyday objects, such as a pencil to fatally wound multiple assailants in a display of his lethal efficiency.[6] The Continental Hotel, a neutral sanctuary under manager Winston and concierge Charon, becomes the stage for the climax as John violates its no-business-on-premises rule to confront Santino, who has sought refuge there.[5] This breach escalates the conflict, drawing in the High Table's wrath; Winston declares John excommunicado, revoking his privileges in the assassin network and underscoring the rigid codes—blood oaths, markers, and safe havens—that govern the assassins' world and perpetuate his unending struggle.[6]Cast
The principal cast of John Wick: Chapter 2 is led by Keanu Reeves, who reprises his role as the titular legendary assassin John Wick, a highly skilled hitman drawn back into the criminal underworld despite his desire for retirement.[7] Common portrays Cassian, the stoic and formidable head of security serving as a rival assassin to Wick.[7] Riccardo Scamarcio plays Santino D'Antonio, a ruthless Italian crime boss who leverages a past debt to manipulate Wick into action.[7] Ruby Rose embodies Ares, Santino's silent and deadly enforcer, a mute character who communicates exclusively through sign language.[7] Key supporting roles include Ian McShane as Winston, the authoritative manager of the Continental Hotel who upholds the organization's strict code of neutrality among assassins.[7] Lance Reddick appears as Charon, the impeccably professional concierge at the Continental, providing essential support to guests like Wick.[7] Laurence Fishburne takes on the role of the Bowery King, an enigmatic underworld figure leading a network of homeless informants outside the established assassin hierarchy.[7] Recurring characters from the first film feature John Leguizamo as Aurelio, a loyal chop shop owner and old acquaintance of Wick, and Bridget Moynahan as Helen Wick, John's late wife seen in poignant flashbacks.[7] To prepare for the film's intense action choreography, the actors participated in rigorous physical training regimens designed to enhance their combat proficiency and endurance, allowing many to perform their own stunts while relying on professional doubles for the most perilous sequences.[8]| Actor | Role | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Keanu Reeves | John Wick | The central protagonist, a retired assassin renowned for his lethal efficiency. |
| Common | Cassian | A disciplined assassin and antagonist, serving as a direct adversary to Wick in high-stakes confrontations. |
| Riccardo Scamarcio | Santino D'Antonio | An ambitious crime lord who enforces a blood oath to pull Wick back into his world. |
| Ruby Rose | Ares | Santino's loyal bodyguard, a non-verbal killer skilled in close-quarters combat and sign language. |
| Ian McShane | Winston | Overseer of the assassin sanctuary, enforcing rules that maintain fragile peace. |
| Lance Reddick | Charon | The Continental's concierge, offering discreet aid and maintaining hotel operations. |
| Laurence Fishburne | Bowery King | A shadowy leader of an alternative criminal faction, providing strategic alliances. |
| John Leguizamo | Aurelio | A trusted mechanic with ties to Wick's past, specializing in vehicle modifications. |
| Bridget Moynahan | Helen Wick | Wick's deceased wife, appearing in emotional flashbacks that underscore his motivations. |
Production
Development
Following the commercial and critical success of John Wick (2014), which grossed over $86 million worldwide on a $20–30 million budget, Lionsgate announced plans for a sequel in February 2015 during a conference call with investors.[9] The studio fast-tracked development, officially greenlighting the project in May 2015 and preparing to shop it at the Cannes Film Festival, capitalizing on the first film's profitability to expand the franchise.[10] Screenwriter Derek Kolstad returned to pen the script, building directly on the original by introducing deeper elements of the criminal underworld, such as the High Table—a governing council of international crime lords—and the blood oath marker, an unbreakable medallion-bound promise that forces the protagonist back into action.[11] Early drafts positioned the story just two weeks after the events of the first film, centering on John's attempt at retirement disrupted by a past debt to a former associate, which draws him into a global network of assassins and sets up conflicts involving Italian syndicates and shadowy enforcers.[11] Kolstad iterated on the screenplay multiple times, refining the 86-page final version to emphasize mythology and stakes while maintaining the neo-noir tone.[11] Chad Stahelski was confirmed as the solo director in September 2015, having co-directed the first film with David Leitch, who transitioned to executive producer on the sequel.[12] Thunder Road Pictures' Basil Iwanyk and Erica Lee served as producers, overseeing the project alongside Stahelski.[10] Lionsgate allocated a $40 million budget, double that of the original, to support expanded action sequences and world-building while ensuring the film's profitability potential.[13] Keanu Reeves recommitted to reprise his role as John Wick, anchoring the production's continuity.[9]Casting
Keanu Reeves was secured early for his return as John Wick following the first film's commercial success, which grossed over $86 million worldwide on a $20 million budget, prompting Lionsgate to announce plans for the sequel in February 2015, with the project officially greenlit in May 2015.[9][10] Negotiations resulted in Reeves receiving a salary of $2-2.5 million for Chapter 2, an increase from the $1-2 million he earned for the original, reflecting his elevated value as the franchise's lead.[14] The casting process emphasized actors capable of handling the film's demanding action sequences, with new additions selected for their physicality and alignment with the story's international scope. Rapper and actor Common was cast as Cassian, the head of security for a female crime lord and a primary antagonist, due to his prior experience in action roles like those in Wanted and Smokin' Aces. Italian actor Riccardo Scamarcio was chosen as Santino D'Antonio, leveraging his heritage and prominence in European cinema to authentically portray the Camorra-affiliated villain. Ruby Rose was selected as Ares, Santino's enforcer, drawing on her emerging action credentials from roles in Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and her ability to embody a silent, formidable presence; the character was revised to be non-verbal just before filming, using sign language to heighten her enigmatic threat.[15][16][17] Assembling the ensemble presented challenges in identifying performers comfortable with the sequel's intensified stunt requirements, as the production demanded authentic "gun-fu" choreography blending firearms with martial arts. Fight coordinator Jonathan Eusebio oversaw training that incorporated judo, jiu-jitsu, sambo, and kali for knife work, preparing actors for sequences that prioritized rhythm and character-driven combat over reliance on doubles. Common, for instance, committed to performing his own stunts after rigorous daily sessions, including Sundays, to match Reeves' proficiency and elevate Cassian's tailored fighting style. Reeves himself underwent six months of eight-hour daily training to build on his foundational skills, underscoring the physical toll that filtered casting toward dedicated action talents.[18][19] Director Chad Stahelski and writer Derek Kolstad incorporated diversity efforts to mirror the film's global assassin mythology, casting international talent like Scamarcio and Italian actress Claudia Gerini alongside prominent roles for women and people of color, including Rose, Common, and Laurence Fishburne. This approach drew inspiration from the Wachowskis' inclusive world-building in The Matrix, ensuring representation across races, nationalities, and genders in New York and Rome settings.[20] For supporting roles, Laurence Fishburne was cast as the Bowery King after proactively approaching Reeves during his training visits, expressing enthusiasm for the first film and seeking involvement in the underworld faction leader. His veteran status, including prior collaboration with Reeves in The Matrix, brought gravitas to the enigmatic figure heading a network of homeless operatives.[21]Filming
Principal photography for John Wick: Chapter 2 commenced on October 26, 2015, in New York City and concluded on February 12, 2016, encompassing a production period of approximately four months.[22] The shoot prioritized efficiency, with director Chad Stahelski emphasizing a streamlined schedule to maintain momentum in the action-heavy sequences.[23] The film relied heavily on practical effects to achieve its visceral action, blending real stunts with minimal digital augmentation in a 60/40 practical-to-digital ratio. Stunt coordinator Jonathan Eusebio and the 87Eleven Action Design team developed the signature "gun-fu" choreography, integrating firearms handling with martial arts in fluid, long-take sequences that minimized cuts for immersive realism.[24] Notable examples include the hall-of-mirrors finale, rehearsed over three months with movable set pieces on wheels and shot in five days using techniques like crew blackouts and mirror refractions inspired by classics such as Enter the Dragon.[23] These innovations, including precise blocking for John Wick's 128 on-screen kills, demanded extensive pre-production planning and weekend rehearsals in rented spaces to coordinate complex fights without compromising safety or pacing.[18] Filming spanned multiple locations to capture the story's global scope. In New York City, exteriors of the Continental Hotel were shot at the Beaver Building on 1 Wall Street, while subway scenes utilized Montreal's Place-des-Arts station to double for the city's underground. Bowery sequences, featuring underground networks, were filmed in Manhattan's historic Bowery district, with some adjacent exteriors in nearby New Jersey areas for logistical flexibility. In Rome, key scenes included the catacombs beneath the Forum of Caesar and Clivo Argentario for Wick's descent into the underworld, and the ancient Baths of Caracalla—standing in for an opera house during Gianna's coronation party—where the site's vast ruins hosted large-scale action amid winter conditions. Montreal soundstages handled most interiors, including hotel suites and catacomb extensions, allowing controlled environments for intricate sets.[25][26][27] Logistical challenges arose from coordinating high-intensity action across international sites, particularly in Rome during February's cold, rainy weather, which complicated outdoor shoots at historic venues like the Baths of Caracalla. Italian filming permits for sensitive archaeological areas required meticulous negotiations to protect sites while accommodating pyrotechnics and crowds. Additionally, actor Keanu Reeves sustained minor injuries, such as a hand gash during fight scenes, necessitating on-set medical adjustments without major script alterations. Post-2017 analyses highlight how the film's stunt innovations, like seamless gun-fu integration and practical long takes, elevated American action cinema, influencing subsequent franchises by prioritizing actor-driven choreography over heavy CGI reliance.[28][29]Music
The score for John Wick: Chapter 2 was composed by Tyler Bates and Joel J. Richard, who returned from their work on the first film to create an original soundtrack blending rock and electronic elements with orchestral textures.[30] Their 23-track album expands on the hybrid style of the predecessor, incorporating aggressive, frenetic rhythms driven by electronic pulses alongside orchestral tension from instruments like cello, mandolin, and operatic vocals, particularly to evoke the film's Roman setting with nods to Vivaldi and Italian musical history.[30] This approach heightens the intensity of action sequences, such as the opening car chase underscored by the track "Plastic Heart," performed by Ciscandra Nostalghia, which sets a brooding tone with its brooding synths and vocal layers.[31] Additional licensed tracks integrate seamlessly into emotional and high-stakes moments, including "John Wick Mode" by Le Castle Vania, which pulses through club fight scenes with its driving electronic beats, and "A Job to Do" by Jerry Cantrell, adding a raw rock edge to reflective beats.[31] The sound design, led by supervising sound editor Mark Stoeckinger and sound designer Alan Rankin, further amplifies the "gun-fu" choreography through customized effects like layered, resonant gunshots and visceral impacts that mimic a rhythmic ballet, achieved via collaborative Foley work and amplified mixes to emphasize precision and momentum.[32] Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack digitally on February 10, 2017, coinciding with the film's theatrical debut, followed by a CD edition on March 3; it features the core score tracks alongside the featured songs, totaling 73 minutes.[30] The composition's motifs, such as the recurring "Story of Wick" theme variations, established a sonic continuity that influenced subsequent franchise entries, where Bates and Richard evolved the electronic-orchestral framework into more expansive arrangements for films like John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum.[33]Release
Marketing
The promotional campaign for John Wick: Chapter 2 launched in September 2016 with the release of the first official poster, depicting Keanu Reeves as the titular hitman surrounded by armed assailants, which underscored the film's high-stakes action narrative.[34] Additional posters followed, including an international version in October 2016 showing Reeves in a dynamic, shadowed pose, and character-focused designs in early 2017 that highlighted supporting cast members like Common and Riccardo Scamarcio.[35][36] These visuals maintained a noir aesthetic, building on the cult appeal of the original film by emphasizing John Wick's relentless pursuit and the expanded criminal underworld. Trailers played a central role in generating buzz, starting with a teaser on October 5, 2016, that previewed Wick's return to violence through cryptic scenes of combat and lore hints like the blood oath marker.[37] The full trailer debuted at New York Comic-Con on October 8, 2016, showcasing elaborate fight choreography, such as the catacombs shootout, and Wick's line "Do you want a war?" to amplify the sequel's spectacle.[38] A second official trailer arrived on December 19, 2016, further revealing plot elements like the Continental Hotel's rules while teasing intensified gun-fu action.[39] These promotions effectively leveraged the first film's fanbase by promising deeper world-building and escalated violence. Brand partnerships integrated seamlessly with the film's themes, notably with Carl F. Bucherer, whose luxury timepieces appeared on characters including director Chad Stahelski, a brand ambassador, and were prominently featured during the Los Angeles premiere on January 30, 2017.[40] This tie-in extended product placement into real-world events, aligning the watchmaker's elegance with the franchise's sophisticated assassin culture. No large-scale "blood oath" experiential events were tied to external brands, though the marker prop inspired fan replicas and merchandise.[41] Lionsgate's strategy focused on digital innovation and targeted outreach to action enthusiasts, with a social media campaign emphasizing non-stop motion clips and behind-the-scenes stunt footage to capture the film's kinetic energy.[42] A key digital element was an interactive chatbot launched in early February 2017, accessible via SMS by texting "WICK" to 313131, where users engaged in a personalized narrative mimicking assassin communications, complete with photo analysis for bonus scene unlocks using machine learning.[43] This neo-retro tool enhanced fan immersion ahead of the February 10 release. The campaign culminated in a Super Bowl LI TV spot on February 5, 2017, a 30-second ad replaying trailer highlights with Wick's vengeful rampage to reach a broad audience.[44] Viral momentum grew from online memes and speculation about Wick's kill count, which fans debated based on trailer snippets, heightening anticipation for the sequel's body count exceeding the original's 77. Leaked set footage of practical stunts, including hallway fights, also circulated on social platforms, further fueling hype among action cinema communities. International premieres, such as in Rome and London, incorporated thematic elements like Continental Hotel replicas for press events, extending the campaign's global reach.[45]Theatrical release
John Wick: Chapter 2 had its world premiere at the ArcLight Hollywood theater in Los Angeles on January 30, 2017.[46] The film was distributed theatrically by Lionsgate in the United States, receiving a wide release on February 10, 2017, across 3,113 theaters.[47][48] Internationally, releases varied in early 2017, with openings in markets including Italy on March 17, Australia on May 11, and the United Kingdom on February 17.[4][46] The movie has a runtime of 122 minutes and received an MPAA rating of R for strong violence throughout, some language, and brief nudity.[48][49] It was presented in 2D format during its initial run.[50] The film achieved a strong domestic opening weekend, earning $30.4 million from 3,113 theaters.[51] In subsequent years, limited re-releases occurred, including screenings in Australia in 2023 amid ongoing franchise momentum.[51]Home media
John Wick: Chapter 2 was released on Digital HD on May 23, 2017, followed by DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray formats on June 13, 2017, distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.[52][53] The home media editions included bonus features such as behind-the-scenes featurettes on the film's action choreography and production, as well as deleted scenes featuring additional sequences with Keanu Reeves' character.[54] The film performed strongly in physical media sales, becoming a top-selling packaged media release of 2017 with 1.71 million combined DVD and Blu-ray units sold, generating $52.2 million in domestic video sales revenue. These figures represented a significant boost for Lionsgate, with Blu-ray accounting for 64% of first-week sales.[55][4][56] As of November 2025, John Wick: Chapter 2 is available for streaming on Peacock (added May 2025 following the success of Chapter 4) and Netflix in select regions. It was temporarily available on Hulu from August 2025 as part of a rotation deal but has since been removed.[57][58][59] Rental and purchase options are offered on platforms including Prime Video and Apple TV for approximately $3.99 to rent or $14.99 to buy.[60] YouTube TV provides access through add-on channels like Peacock.[61] The film has been included in franchise collection sets, such as the John Wick: Chapters 1-4 Blu-ray box set released on October 17, 2023, by Lionsgate, which features all four movies on eight discs with digital copies. A 4K UHD version of the complete collection followed on October 31, 2024, incorporating the original 2017 4K master of Chapter 2.[62] These bundles have remained available through retailers like Amazon and Target into 2025.[63]Reception
Box office performance
John Wick: Chapter 2 was produced on a budget of $40 million.[4] The film earned $92 million in North America and $79.5 million in other territories, resulting in a worldwide gross of $171.5 million.[4][51] It debuted with $30.4 million domestically over its opening weekend.[48] The sequel demonstrated strong audience retention, grossing $16.2 million in its second weekend—a 47% decline boosted by positive word-of-mouth that sustained its performance through subsequent weeks.[4][64] Internationally, it outperformed the original John Wick by nearly doubling the prior film's overseas earnings of $43.4 million, which helped propel the sequel to surpass the first entry's total haul.[65] This financial success marked a profitable return exceeding four times the budget, aligning with patterns seen in other action sequels like Taken 2, which similarly amplified its predecessor's performance with a worldwide gross of $376.9 million on a $45 million budget.[66] Adjusted for inflation using U.S. Consumer Price Index data, the film's 2017 worldwide gross equates to approximately $226 million in 2025 dollars.[67] In retrospect, amid the franchise's expansion to over $1 billion globally by 2023, Chapter 2's box office achievements underscored its role in escalating the series' narrative scope and commercial viability, moving beyond the standalone revenge tale of the original to establish a broader criminal underworld.[68][69]Critical reception
John Wick: Chapter 2 received positive reviews from critics, who lauded its escalation of the action and mythology from the first film. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a Tomatometer score of 89% based on 283 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10.[1] The site's consensus reads: "An antidote to overly elaborate action films, John Wick: Chapter 2 doubles down on both the mythology and the violence of the first film, delivering a great deal of entertainment."[1] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 43 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reception.[70] Critics frequently praised the film's action choreography for its precision and creativity, with standout sequences like the mirror room fight highlighted for their innovative use of reflections and close-quarters combat.[71] Reviewers also commended the expanded world-building of the assassin underworld, noting how elements like the High Table and marker system enriched the lore without overwhelming the narrative.[72] Keanu Reeves' stoic performance as John Wick was another point of acclaim, with critics appreciating his physical commitment and emotional restraint that anchored the high-octane proceedings.[5] Publications like IGN described it as ratcheting up the brutality and lore effectively, awarding it an 8.5/10 and calling it a strong sequel that fulfilled expectations.[73] Some detractors criticized the plot for its repetitiveness, arguing that the revenge-driven structure echoed the original too closely without sufficient innovation.[74] Others pointed to an over-reliance on graphic violence, suggesting it occasionally overshadowed character development or deeper thematic exploration.[75] A few reviews noted that the influx of new lore risked overloading the story, making certain exposition-heavy moments feel contrived.[76] Audience reception was similarly enthusiastic, with an 85% score on Rotten Tomatoes from over 50,000 verified ratings.[1] Polled viewers gave it an average of 4.2/5, praising the film's relentless pace and memorable set pieces, including John Wick's tally of 128 kills.[77] It earned an A- grade from CinemaScore based on opening-night audiences, reflecting strong word-of-mouth approval.[78] In retrospect, especially amid the franchise's later entries, Chapter 2 has been viewed as a peak for balancing spectacle and setup, with anniversary reflections in 2024 underscoring its role in elevating the series' formula.[79]Accolades
John Wick: Chapter 2 earned recognition predominantly in technical, music, and stunt categories, reflecting its innovative action choreography and production design. The film accumulated several nominations and a handful of wins from genre-specific awards, highlighting its impact on action filmmaking. The score, composed by Tyler Bates and Joel J. Richard, won the Film Music Award at the 2017 BMI Film & TV Awards, honoring its pulse-pounding contributions to the thriller genre.[80] In promotional categories, the film secured a win for Best Action TV Spot at the 2017 Golden Trailer Awards for the "Big Vengeance" trailer, created by AV Squad for Lionsgate, while also earning a nomination for Best Action trailer with "Vengeance."[81]Wins and Nominations
| Award Ceremony | Year | Category | Result | Recipient/Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI Film & TV Awards | 2017 | Film Music | Win | Tyler Bates, Joel J. Richard (score)[80] |
| Golden Trailer Awards | 2017 | Best Action TV Spot | Win | "Big Vengeance" (AV Squad, Lionsgate)[81] |
| Golden Trailer Awards | 2017 | Best Action | Nomination | "Vengeance" (AV Squad, Lionsgate)[81] |
| Taurus World Stunt Awards | 2018 | Best Stunt Coordinator and 2nd Unit Director | Nomination | Marc Desourdy, Claudio Pacifico, J.J. Perry, Darrin Prescott[82] |
| Taurus World Stunt Awards | 2018 | Best Work with a Vehicle | Nomination | John Wick driving a vintage Mustang into the Continental Hotel (Joe Dryden, Jeremy Fry, Ryan Hanna, Daniel Hernandez, Robert Nagle)[82] |
| Empire Awards | 2018 | Best Thriller | Nomination | N/A[83] |
| Teen Choice Awards | 2017 | Choice Action Movie Actor | Nomination | Keanu Reeves[84] |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | 2017 | Best Action Sequence | Nomination | N/A (specific sequence not detailed in sources)[84] |
| Hollywood Professional Association Awards | 2017 | Outstanding Sound - Feature Film | Nomination | Mark Stoeckinger, Alan Rankin, Andy Koyama, Martyn Zub, Gabe Serrano (Formosa Group)[85] |