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Krummlauf

The Krummlauf (German for "curved barrel") was a specialized bent barrel attachment developed by Nazi Germany during World War II for the Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44) assault rifle, designed to allow soldiers to fire bullets around corners or over cover without exposing themselves to enemy fire.^[1]^[2] This innovative but flawed device represented a desperate late-war effort to gain tactical advantages in urban and defensive combat, where direct line-of-sight was often limited.^[3]^[4] Development of the Krummlauf began in 1943 under the auspices of Rheinmetall-Borsig, with contributions from Colonel Hans Schaede and Albert Speer's research division, initially testing a 20 mm curved barrel on an 8 mm rifle before refining it for the 7.92 mm StG 44.^[2]^[1] The concept aimed to redirect projectiles through a precisely curved tube, using cold-formed steel construction to withstand the stresses of rifled firing, and incorporated vent holes to relieve gas pressure and prevent excessive barrel wear.^[3]^[4] Early prototypes disproved initial fears that a standard-diameter barrel would fail due to friction or deformation, proving surprisingly viable for short bursts despite the unconventional physics involved.^[1] The device came in two primary variants: the infantry model with a 30-degree bend, featuring a 14-inch barrel (including straight sections at each end) and a periscope-style reflector sight for aiming from behind cover, and a vehicle-mounted version with steeper angles up to 90 degrees for use in tanks like the Elefant tank destroyer.^[2]^[1] In operation, the 30-degree variant enabled firing at effective ranges of about 100 meters, while the 90-degree model allowed crew members to engage approaching infantry threats without leaving the vehicle, though it lacked precise aiming optics.^[3]^[4] Approximately 500 units of the tank variant were produced, along with 1,500 Zeiss reflector sights by January 1945, reflecting high hopes for its deployment among StG 44 users.^[2] Despite its ingenuity, the Krummlauf suffered severe limitations that curtailed its battlefield impact, including rapid barrel erosion from extreme centrifugal forces and gas pressures, with the 30-degree version lasting only about 300 rounds and the 45-degree model just 160 before replacement was needed—far short of the anticipated 6,000-round lifespan.^[3]^[1] Bullets frequently fractured or deformed at the curve's cannelure due to friction and stress, reducing velocity and accuracy to levels comparable to a short-range shotgun, while post-war U.S. testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground confirmed that intact projectiles were rare, often resulting in dangerous fragments.^[4]^[2] These issues, combined with violent recoil in steeper variants, rendered it impractical for widespread use, though it highlighted German engineering desperation in the war's final stages.^[1]

Development

Origins and Purpose

The Krummlauf, a curved barrel attachment for assault rifles, emerged from the intense urban warfare demands faced by German forces on the Eastern Front during World War II. Development was initiated in late 1943 by engineers at Rheinmetall-Borsig, including Colonel Hans Schaede, under the auspices of Albert Speer's research division, with early testing involving Mauser rifles. Initial prototypes tested a 20 mm curved barrel attached to an 8 mm rifle, followed by trials on the Mauser K98k with a 15-degree bend using 7.92×57 mm ammunition, which proved unsatisfactory and led to refinements for a 30-degree curve. This project addressed the need for weapons that could reduce infantry vulnerability in such environments, in response to the heavy casualties from close-quarters fighting in battles like Stalingrad, where soldiers were frequently exposed while advancing around corners or from cover.^[5]^[2]^[6] The primary purpose of the Krummlauf was to allow safe firing around obstacles or from protected positions, minimizing soldier exposure to enemy fire and enabling attacks from behind walls or barricades without direct line-of-sight aiming.^[1] This concept drew inspiration from World War I innovations, such as periscope rifles used in trench warfare to shoot over parapets, adapting those ideas to the more dynamic urban battles of the later conflict.^[5] As Allied advances intensified, the device was seen as a tactical edge for defensive operations in ruined cities. The project gained urgency through Adolf Hitler's directives for novel weaponry to counter overwhelming enemy superiority, with formal development orders issued in August 1944 for 10,000 units.^[7]^[5] Initial prototypes were tested on the StG 44 assault rifle platform, aligning with broader efforts to enhance existing small arms for late-war desperation tactics.^[6] Field trials occurred in late 1944 at locations like Debritz, evaluating the attachment's viability before limited production began—ultimately yielding only about 100-150 infantry attachments and 550 tank variants by the war's end—though the war's end curtailed widespread deployment.^[5]

Engineering Challenges

The development of the Krummlauf presented significant engineering hurdles in achieving reliable corner-firing capability with the StG 44 assault rifle, primarily stemming from the unconventional curved barrel design that forced bullets to alter trajectory abruptly.^[2] A key ballistic challenge was bullet path deviation caused by the intense forces acting on the projectile as it navigated the curve, including centrifugal effects that threatened stability of the 7.92×33 mm Kurz rounds. To mitigate this, engineers implemented rifling adjustments through a cold-forming process applied after bending the barrel, which helped impart spin and partially stabilize the bullet's flight, though accuracy remained limited to close ranges due to residual distortion and fragmentation.^[2]^[3] Extreme barrel wear from high-pressure gas erosion proved another major obstacle, as the rapid expansion of propellant gases and friction in the curved section rapidly degraded the bore, enlarging it at the throat and bend. This limited the device's lifespan to approximately 300 rounds for the 30-degree variant—equivalent to about 15 full 30-round magazines—necessitating frequent replacement of the entire attachment to maintain functionality.^[1]^[3] Heat dissipation issues further complicated prototyping, with intense frictional heating during bullet travel causing barrel distortion and potential warping under sustained fire. Designers addressed this partially by incorporating auxiliary vent ports in the initial straight section of the barrel to relieve excess gas pressure before the curve, reducing the risk of bursting, though the overall thermal stress still contributed to the short service life.^[1]^[8] Integration with the StG 44's gas-operated mechanism required careful adapter design, using a clamp or screw-thread mount at the muzzle to avoid altering the rifle's core components and ensure reliable cycling. This setup preserved the weapon's semi-automatic function but introduced challenges in managing redirected gas flow, which the vents helped alleviate without compromising the host rifle's operation.^[2]^[9]

Design Features

Barrel and Attachment Mechanism

The Krummlauf barrel was constructed from forged steel and featured internal rifling that extended through the curved section to maintain bullet spin despite the bend, with the rifling formed prior to cold-bending the barrel to accommodate the path without abrupt disruption.^[2] This design addressed the challenges of curve-induced forces on the projectile, though it still resulted in accelerated wear and occasional bullet fragmentation.^[1] The attachments were produced in multiple bend angles, including 30° for infantry use and 45°, 60°, and 90° variants primarily for vehicle mounting, enabling firing from protected positions at varying deflections.^[3] Attachment to the StG 44 rifle occurred via a quick-release muzzle device, utilizing an interrupted screw thread or clamp-on adapter at the rifle's barrel end for rapid installation and removal.^[10] This mechanism extended the overall length of the weapon by approximately 35 centimeters (14 inches) and increased its weight by about 2.5 kilograms, significantly altering the rifle's balance for corner-firing applications.^[1]^[11] To ensure reliable semi-automatic cycling, the gas system incorporated auxiliary ports in the initial straight section of the attachment, redirecting propellant gases around the curve and venting excess pressure to prevent operational failures.^[2] The barrel's construction included a protective outer casing enclosing the curved tube.^[10]

Sighting Systems

The primary sighting system for the infantry variant of the Krummlauf was a periscope-style assembly incorporating a mirrored prism to enable a 30° offset view, mounted above the barrel to align the shooter's line of sight with the curved bullet trajectory.^[12] This design allowed the user to maintain a standard cheek weld while observing the target and front sight post, which was positioned at the end of the curved barrel extension, with the rear sight located immediately behind the prism assembly.^[1] Alternative sighting configurations included simpler mirrored setups that facilitated faster attachment to the StG 44 rifle for rapid deployment in combat.^[1] For vehicle-mounted variants, such as the 90° bend intended for tank use, armored periscopes with adjustable angles up to 90° were integrated, often via a ball mount that allowed the weapon to pivot while providing protected observation from inside the vehicle.^[2] Calibration of these sights focused on short-range engagement, zeroing the system for an effective range of 100-150 meters while accounting for bullet drop and the lateral deviation induced by the barrel's curvature, which resulted in groupings of approximately 35 cm at 100 meters for the 30° infantry model.^[13] This compensation was essential given the inherent instability of projectiles navigating the bend, limiting practical use to close-quarters scenarios. The reliance on reflective surfaces in the periscope and mirror designs introduced limitations in low-light conditions, where glare from ambient light or muzzle flash could obscure the sight picture and reduce visibility.^[1]

Variants

Infantry Variant

The infantry variant of the Krummlauf, designated the "I" model, featured a 30° bend in the barrel extension, optimized for enabling soldiers to fire around building corners or from trench positions during close-quarters urban combat without exposing themselves to enemy fire.^[10]^[2] This configuration allowed the weapon to be positioned safely behind cover while directing fire toward threats. The total barrel length, including the curved attachment, measured approximately 70 cm, extending the standard StG 44 barrel of 41.9 cm.^[14]^[15] The attachment added 2.8 kg to the base weight of the StG 44, increasing the overall load to around 7.4 kg unloaded, which rendered it cumbersome for extended mobile operations but well-suited for static defensive roles in fortified positions.^[7] It maintained compatibility with the standard 7.92×33mm Kurz intermediate cartridge, fed from the rifle's 30-round magazines, though operators were instructed to limit firing to short bursts to mitigate excessive heat buildup and accelerated barrel wear.^[15]^[3] The barrel's service life was restricted to roughly 300 rounds before replacement was necessary due to erosion from the cartridge's velocity and the stresses of the curve.^[3] Production of the infantry variant was limited amid wartime resource constraints, with estimates suggesting several hundred units manufactured by early 1945. It was intended for general infantry use in defensive roles.^[3] The sighting system employed periscope or prism optics mounted above the receiver to provide the shooter with a reflected view aligned to the offset barrel.^[10]

Vehicle Variant

The vehicle variant of the Krummlauf, designated as the "P" (Panzer) version, was specifically engineered for mounting on armored vehicles such as tank destroyers like the Elefant to enable crew members to engage close-range threats without exposing themselves. This adaptation featured a pronounced 90-degree bend in the barrel, allowing the weapon to protrude through hatches, ports, or specially designed mounts on the vehicle hull, thereby covering dead zones around the tank vulnerable to infantry attacks. Additional vehicle variants with 45° and 60° bends were developed for flexible mounting options in different port configurations or bunker defenses. Unlike the infantry model, the P variant emphasized semi-fixed installations to withstand the rigors of vehicular operation.^[2]^[3] Mounting was achieved via a robust hemispherical steel ball assembly fitted into a cup joint, which permitted limited traversal and elevation while integrating with existing tank periscopes for sighting; this system extended the barrel approximately 1 meter beyond the hull for optimal firing angles from 45° to 90° relative to the vehicle. The reinforced mounting brackets added 4-5 kg to the overall weight, enhancing stability for sustained fire in defensive scenarios.^[2]^[3] To accommodate higher-volume fire in protected environments, the vehicle barrels incorporated thicker liners for improved heat dissipation, though practical durability remained limited to 200-300 rounds per unit before significant erosion and bullet fragmentation occurred, necessitating frequent replacements. This design was particularly intended for countering Panzerfaust-wielding infantry or threats in fortified positions, where the crew could fire indirectly from within the vehicle or bunker without risking direct exposure. Production reached approximately 500 units by early 1945, primarily by Rheinmetall-Borsig, underscoring its role in late-war defensive tactics.^[2]^[10]

Operational Use

Deployment in Combat

The Krummlauf attachment began limited deployment in late 1944, issued in small numbers to select German infantry units amid the intensifying Allied advances on both fronts. Designed to enable firing from cover without exposure, it was primarily allocated to experienced soldiers familiar with the StG 44 assault rifle, with production constrained by wartime resource shortages resulting in only a few hundred to low thousands of units across variants, primarily the 30-degree infantry model.^[2]^[4]^[3] It saw limited deployment in late-war defensive and urban combat scenarios in 1944-1945, allowing suppressive fire from cover, though issuance remained sparse due to ongoing material deficits and a scarcity of confirmed combat reports indicating negligible overall impact.^[1]

Performance Limitations

The Krummlauf's accuracy was severely compromised by the curved barrel's effect on projectile stability, with bullets often deforming or fracturing as they navigated the bend, resulting in severe inaccuracy beyond close ranges (under 50 meters), suitable primarily for suppressive fire where precision was less critical than volume of fire. Beyond these distances, the weapon's performance degraded rapidly, making it unreliable for aimed shots in defensive scenarios.^[2] Maintenance proved highly demanding, as the extreme stresses on the barrel led to rapid wear and required replacement after roughly 10-15 magazines (300 rounds) for the 30-degree model and even fewer (about 160 rounds) for the steeper 45-degree version, severely complicating frontline logistics amid scarce resources.^[3] The curved sections eroded quickly, enlarging and ovalizing under repeated firing, which exacerbated accuracy issues and necessitated specialized tools and parts not readily available to infantry units.^[2] Trials and user reports highlighted significant handling challenges, including pronounced recoil offset that caused the weapon to "jump" violently and torque the shooter, alongside the complexity of the periscope sighting system that demanded extensive training.^[2] The setup was awkward and fatiguing due to the steep learning curve and overall discomfort.^[8] Comparatively, the Krummlauf underperformed against basic alternatives like hand grenades for clearing cover or corners, as its mechanical unreliability and short barrel life outweighed any tactical novelty, ultimately relegating it to the status of an impractical gimmick rather than a viable combat tool. Post-war U.S. Ordnance tests confirmed these flaws, deeming the concept unfeasible for widespread adoption despite its innovative intent.^[2]

Legacy

Post-War Analysis

Following the end of World War II, Allied forces captured several examples of the Krummlauf attachment, which had been developed to enable the Sturmgewehr 44 to fire around corners and obstacles without exposing the operator. The U.S. Ordnance Department conducted detailed analyses of these captured devices in 1945, as documented in Ordnance Technical Intelligence Report No. 347, dated July 18, 1945. This report highlighted the innovative but impractical design, particularly the rapid barrel wear caused by the curved path of the projectile, which led to erosion and fragmentation risks after several hundred rounds.^[2] These evaluations underscored the Krummlauf's role as an experimental desperation measure rather than a viable combat tool, influencing early Cold War assessments of German small arms innovations. No direct adoption occurred in U.S. designs.^[2] Soviet forces also evaluated captured Krummlauf samples in late 1945, conducting firing trials on a 90-degree variant attached to the StG 44 at the Scientific-Research proving ground in Schurovo, Moscow region. These tests revealed severe reliability problems, including barrel deformation, bullet deformation, and frequent malfunctions after fewer than 100 rounds, leading to the trials being stopped. Despite the failures, the device was deemed "very interesting," with suggestions for further testing on other Soviet weapons like the Mosin-Nagant M91/30, PPSh-41, and Sudaev avtomat model 1944. Declassified Soviet reports do not directly link the evaluation to the development of the AK-47.^[16] Few Krummlauf units survived the war intact, with preserved examples now held in military museums for historical study. Notable among these are examples in U.S. collections at the Aberdeen Proving Ground (now part of the U.S. Army Ordnance Training Support Facility), alongside a display at the Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology in Koblenz, Germany. These artifacts provide tangible evidence of the device's engineering challenges and its limited impact on broader firearms evolution.

Modern Reproductions and Influence

In the 21st century, reproductions of the Krummlauf have been crafted primarily for collectors, museums, and demonstration purposes, often using inert or modified components to replicate the original design without the hazards of live fire. One notable example is a reproduction of the Type I curved barrel device, complete with a launcher and paired with an inert StG 44, which was offered at auction in 2017, highlighting ongoing interest in this WWII oddity among firearms enthusiasts.^[17] In 2024, firearms expert Ian McCollum provided further historical analysis in a Forgotten Weapons video, exploring the device's development and post-war testing.^[6] The Krummlauf's unconventional design has left a mark on popular media, appearing in educational documentaries and video games that explore obscure military history. McCollum demonstrated a functional example (likely a preserved original or close reproduction) in a 2014 video for the Forgotten Weapons YouTube channel, firing it to illustrate its mechanics and flaws, which has garnered millions of views and sparked discussions on experimental weaponry.^[10] In gaming, the attachment features as a disassembly option for the StG 44 in World of Guns: Gun Disassembly (2014), allowing players to interact with its components virtually, though it has not been integrated into major titles like Call of Duty: WWII despite fan suggestions for its inclusion as a quirky weapon variant.^[18] Hobbyists have experimented with simplified recreations, often leveraging modern manufacturing for non-functional models. 3D-printable STL files for scaled-down Krummlauf attachments, such as the Vorsatz P variant, have become available online since around 2020, enabling enthusiasts to produce detailed replicas for dioramas, RC tank models, or custom displays without the need for metalworking.^[19] Attempts to adapt the concept to contemporary platforms, like offset sighting on AR-15 rifles for corner-peeking, remain experimental and impractical for combat, focusing instead on visualization aids rather than curved barrels.^[20] Culturally, the Krummlauf endures as a symbol of desperate wartime innovation in firearms history, admired for its audacious engineering despite its impracticality. While no direct military successors emerged, its core idea of engaging targets from cover without exposure influenced later non-curved solutions, such as the Israeli-developed CornerShot device (introduced in the early 2000s), which pivots a pistol around corners using a camera and mirror system for SWAT and special forces applications.^[21] This legacy underscores the Krummlauf's role as a conceptual precursor rather than a blueprint for adoption.

References

[1]
Forgotten Weapons: The Nazis' Desperate Attempts to Curve a Bullet
Jul 13, 2016 · The Krummlauf would give the crew a way to shoot at enemy soldiers trying to approach the vehicle with explosives or incendiaries. An example ...
[2]
Nazi Secret Weapon: The Krummlauf StG44 - The Armory Life
Nov 10, 2020 · The Krummlauf (bent barrel) is an entirely new idea in controlling and changing the direction of the delivery of a bullet. It consists of a bent ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Germany Hoped the Krummlauf Would Change the Outcome of WWII
Oct 24, 2022 · The Krummlauf was developed in 1943, after the German Army began researching an attachment that could change the course of bullets fired through the straight ...
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This bent-barrel rifle was one of Nazi Germany's most weird weapons
May 25, 2023 · The Krummlauf is a bent barrel attachment for the STG 44, which is often credited as the first assault rifle.
[5]
Krummlauf: a device for shooting from the corner - Military Review
Dec 7, 2016 · At the end of 1943, the German company Rheinmetall received an order from the military for the development of special devices - curved barrels ...
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Second World War Weapons That Failed | Imperial War Museums
The Krummlauf was a curved barrel attachment for the German Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44) assault rifle, which enabled the weapon to be fired around corners. Its ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
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MP43 with 30 degree Vorsatz J curved barrel attachment and ...
This rifle is fitted with a curved barrel attachment. The development of this device was intiated on the orders of Hitler himself in August 1944. Its object was ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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History of the Krummlauf Device: Hitler's Folly (One of Many)
Jul 7, 2024 · Today we are taking a look at the backstory of the famously recognizable Krummlauf device, the curved barrel attachment for the StG-44.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
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Oct 29, 2014 · This was intended to help bleed off excess gas to prevent bursting of the barrel as the bullet rounded the curve. This required a triangular ...Missing: integration operated system adapter
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Sep 5, 2014 · A German Sturmgewehr with a “krummlauf”, or curved barrel attachment. This is the 30 degree type, intended (as goofy as this sounds) for firing around corners ...Missing: integration operated system adapter
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Centrefire automatic rifle - StG44 | Collection Object - Royal Armouries
With Krummlauf Vorsatz J curved barrel attachment for infantry use ... Dimensions. Barrel, Length, 30.71 in. Barrel, Length, 780.0 mm. Overall, Length, 49.41 in.
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Sep 20, 2023 · Weapons were developed with 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-degree-curved barrels and used a mirror-prism rear sight. ... Sight for the Krummlauf Device ( ...
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One unusual addition to the design was the Krummlauf; a bent barrel attachment for rifles with a periscope sighting device for shooting around corners from ...
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Mar 1, 2025 · 44 barrel is 15 ins., thus with the 30 degree attachment, the bullet travel is 29 ins. A check of this 30 degree barrel shows that the first ...Missing: Krummlauf variant specifications
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Barrel length, mm, 419 ; Weight empty, kg, 5,22 ; Magazine capacity, rounds, 30 ; Cyclic rate of fire, rounds/min, 500 ...
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Developed in 1945 amid the chaos of the war's final stages, the Krummlauf was a response to intense urban battles, like those in Berlin, helping infantry ...
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Apr 27, 2020 · *Based on the drawings, barrel replacement process was very simple – the barrel was connected to the sleeve with a thread and locked with an M5 ...Missing: replaceable liners
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Explore the Krummlauf STG-44, a fascinating curved-barrel rifle attachment that showcases Nazi Germany's innovative ballistic engineering.
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Krummlauf Type I Curved Barrel Device w/Launcher & Inert StG44
May 6, 2017 · ... krummlauf-equipped assault rifle or machine gun could be used by ... prism sight housing, and mild handling marks overall. The prism ...
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Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, STG44, update on 21 July 2015, 2014. World of Guns: Gun Disassembly, Stg.44/MP44, Krummlauf barrel attachment, 2014. Call of ...<|separator|>
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Nov 19, 2019 · The 30° version like the one shown had a lifespan of only 300 rounds.Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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