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Last Resort

"Last Resort" is a by the American rock band , serving as the from their 2000 album Infest. The track, written primarily by vocalist , draws from real-life experiences of desperation and crises, including a close friend's , framing as a misguided final option amid overwhelming personal failures like job loss and relationship breakdowns. Initially featured on the soundtrack for the wrestling comedy film , "Last Resort" propelled from local obscurity to mainstream success, topping the Modern Rock Tracks chart and peaking at number 57 on the Hot 100, while its aggressive rap-rock style epitomized the genre's dominance in early 2000s . By 2025, the song had amassed over 1.4 billion streams on alone, underscoring its enduring cultural footprint through radio play, , and covers. The , opening with the stark lines "Cut my life into pieces / This is my last ," sparked controversy shortly after release amid heightened sensitivity following school shootings, with some interpreting them as referencing violence rather than ; Shaddix has consistently clarified the intent as a raw depiction of to foster dialogue on , not endorsement. later re-recorded acoustic and reloaded versions, and Shaddix has advocated for , aligning the song's legacy with awareness efforts over sensationalism.

Conceptual and idiomatic meaning

Definition and common usage

The phrase "last resort" denotes a final option or recourse pursued only after all alternative courses of action have been exhausted or proven ineffective. It implies a measure of desperation or reluctance, as the chosen path is typically viewed as undesirable, risky, or inferior to prior attempts. This idiomatic expression underscores the sequential nature of , where escalation to a "last resort" occurs when empirical failure of earlier strategies leaves no viable substitutes. In common usage, "last resort" appears across personal, professional, and institutional contexts to describe endpoint solutions in problem-solving. For instance, individuals might reference borrowing money from family as a last resort for financial distress after depleting savings and options. In medical scenarios, experimental treatments are often positioned as a last resort following the inefficacy of standard protocols. Similarly, organizations may invoke legal action or restructuring as a last resort amid operational crises, highlighting the phrase's role in signaling threshold-based rather than impulsive choice. The term frequently pairs with qualifiers like "as a" to emphasize its conditional deployment, as in "suspension as a last resort" for disciplinary measures.

Etymology and historical development

The phrase "last resort" derives from the legal term en dernier ressort, literally meaning "in the last ," referring to the final appellate in the French judicial system where cases could no longer be appealed further. This expression entered English as "in the last resort" by the 1670s, initially retaining its connotation of ultimate recourse or final determination, as in legal or decisional contexts where no higher authority remained. The word "resort" itself traces to resortir ("to go out again" or "revert"), evolving in English from the late to signify turning to a course of action or resource, often by default. By the , the had broadened beyond strictly legal usage into everyday , denoting a measure adopted only after all alternatives had been exhausted, reflecting a pragmatic acknowledgment of sequential in problem-solving. Historical texts from the 1600s onward document its application in non-judicial scenarios, such as personal or strategic dilemmas, where it implied reluctance and extremity, as seen in English emphasizing finality amid depleted options. This shift paralleled broader linguistic trends toward metaphorical extensions of juridical terms, solidifying "last resort" as a staple for irreversible or desperate choices by the . The phrase's endurance stems from its alignment with observable human decision-making patterns, where empirical sequences of culminate in terminal actions, unadorned by later accretions like moral or ideological qualifiers. Unlike transient , its development avoided dilution through overuse, maintaining precision in denoting from prior inefficacy rather than mere preference.

Economic and policy applications

Lender of last resort in central banking

The (LOLR) function enables a to supply emergency to financial institutions facing acute but temporary shortages, thereby averting broader systemic panics that could arise from depositor runs or market freezes. This role distinguishes from commercial lenders by leveraging their unique capacity to create base money, ensuring without requiring taxpayer funds in the initial response. The mechanism addresses mismatches inherent in , where short-term liabilities exceed immediately realizable assets during stress, but it presumes the borrower remains fundamentally to avoid subsidizing . The conceptual foundations trace to Henry Thornton's 1802 treatise An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain, where he advocated that the should advance funds liberally during internal drains on reserves to restore confidence, distinguishing such interventions from routine operations. Thornton emphasized that these loans should carry a premium to deter while signaling support, a principle rooted in observing 18th- and early 19th-century British banking crises. refined this in his 1873 book Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market, codifying the "Bagehot rule": s must lend freely (without limit) to illiquid but solvent institutions, secured by good , and at penalty rates above the market norm. Bagehot drew from the Bank of England's responses to overbanking episodes, such as the 1866 Overend-Gurney crisis, arguing that hesitation amplifies contagion as markets doubt the 's resolve. In practice, the exemplified the LOLR from the mid-19th century onward, intervening in crises like 1847, 1857, and 1866 by discounting eligible bills at elevated rates, which contained panics without exhausting reserves. By the late 1800s, such actions had become institutionalized, with the Bank's serving as the primary tool, backed by Treasury of specie payments when needed to bolster credibility. The U.S. , established in 1913 partly to provide this function domestically, invoked it during banking collapses and more extensively in modern episodes; for instance, in March 2020 amid market turmoil, the Fed expanded repo operations and access, injecting over $1 trillion in liquidity to stabilize funding markets. Similarly, during the 2007-2008 , the Fed's Term Auction Facility and credit lines adhered to Bagehot principles by offering short-term loans against high-quality at rates penalizing prolonged reliance. Central banks today adapt the LOLR to encompass non-bank entities in interconnected systems, as seen in the European Central Bank's 2011-2012 long-term operations, which provided €1 trillion in three-year loans to banks against diverse collateral to counter sovereign debt spillovers. These interventions require rigorous collateral valuation and often involve international coordination, such as swap lines totaling $586 billion peak in to supply dollar abroad. Empirical analyses of historical data confirm that prompt LOLR actions reduce crisis duration and output losses, with U.K. evidence from 1870-1914 showing interventions mitigated real GDP contractions by facilitating asset fire sales avoidance. However, execution demands distinguishing liquidity from solvency issues , a challenge amplified by opaque balance sheets in complex institutions.

Insurer of last resort in property and disaster coverage

In property and disaster insurance, an insurer of last resort refers to government-mandated programs that provide basic coverage to property owners unable to secure policies from private carriers, typically in high-risk areas vulnerable to events like wildfires, hurricanes, or floods. These mechanisms, often state-operated or state-overseen, function as residual markets to prevent uninsurable gaps that could destabilize housing markets or property values, but they offer limited perils coverage—such as fire, wind, lightning, and vandalism—excluding comprehensive protections like liability or theft, with policy limits commonly capped at $1–3 million per property. Premiums are substantially higher than private market rates, reflecting elevated risks without subsidies, and eligibility requires proof of private market rejection. State-level FAIR (Fair Access to Insurance Requirements) plans exemplify this role, established across nearly all U.S. states since the initially to address urban riot-related fire risks, later expanding to zones. Managed as pools by participating private insurers under regulatory oversight, FAIR plans allocate risks proportionally among members; deficits from claims exceeding premiums trigger statewide assessments on all property policies, effectively spreading costs to low-risk policyholders. In , the FAIR Plan, serving as the primary last-resort provider for wildfire-exposed properties, grew from fewer than 6,000 policies in to over 423,000 by mid-2023 amid private carrier withdrawals, culminating in a $1 billion assessment following major 2020–2021 fires and further strains from 2025 events. Legislative reforms signed on October 9, 2025, introduced new financing tools, including catastrophe bonds, to bolster solvency without direct taxpayer bailouts. Similar programs exist in coastal states, such as Florida's for hurricane wind coverage or Beach Plans in , where policies have ballooned to millions in exposure amid rising sea levels and storm frequency. At the federal level, the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), administered by FEMA since 1968, operates analogously for flood perils, which private insurers historically avoid due to catastrophic aggregation risks. Covering over 4.7 million policies with $1.3 trillion in assets as of 2025, the NFIP mandates participation in special flood hazard areas for properties with government-backed mortgages, providing standardized coverage up to $250,000 for structures and $100,000 for contents. It has faced repeated short-term reauthorizations, including an extension to September 30, 2025, after a lapse in early 2025 that halted new policies and renewals, underscoring its role as a backstop even as private flood options emerge. Unlike state FAIR plans, NFIP funding relies on premiums, reserves, and Treasury borrowing—accumulating $20.5 billion in debt by 2023 from underpricing relative to full-risk rates—without broad assessments but with implications for federal budgets during mega-events. These programs have expanded significantly since 2020, driven by intensified disasters and private market contraction in states like , , and , where non-renewal rates in high-risk ZIP codes reached 80% above national averages by 2024. Coverage remains basic and temporary, intended to bridge to private insurance post-mitigation, though enrollment surges signal systemic challenges in pricing climate-amplified risks without distorting development incentives.

Criticisms, moral hazard, and market distortions

Critics argue that the lender-of-last-resort function of central banks fosters by encouraging to pursue riskier lending and strategies, secure in the expectation of emergency support during crises. Empirical analyses of emergency lending programs, such as those implemented post-2008, reveal heightened bank risk-taking post-bailout, with institutions increasing and reducing precautionary buffers due to diminished of failure. For instance, studies of bank bailouts during the global found that rescued banks subsequently expanded riskier assets, amplifying systemic vulnerabilities over time. The "too-big-to-fail" perception exacerbates these issues, distorting market discipline by allowing large institutions to access funding at lower costs than smaller competitors, as creditors anticipate government intervention to avert contagion. This subsidy incentivizes excessive growth in bank size and interconnectedness, with pre-2008 market pricing implying near-certainty of rescues for major banks, thereby privatizing profits while socializing losses and undermining competitive incentives for prudence. Such distortions contributed to the 2008 crisis, where implicit guarantees enabled unchecked expansion of subprime exposures, as evidenced by heightened credit default swap spreads for non-rescued smaller entities compared to presumed protected giants. In the realm of insurer-of-last-resort mechanisms, such as the U.S. (NFIP) established in 1968, manifests through subsidized premiums that discourage mitigation efforts and promote development in high-risk flood zones. Econometric estimates indicate that NFIP availability has increased flood damages by encouraging population growth in vulnerable areas, with effects roughly proportional to expanded insured populations and leading to cumulative claims exceeding $100 billion by 2020, far outpacing premiums collected. The program's $20 billion-plus debt to the U.S. Treasury as of 2023 underscores how backstop coverage distorts land-use decisions, fostering uneconomic building and heightened exposure to recurrent disasters like Hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Sandy (2012). These interventions collectively impair price signals in and markets, as providers and borrowers alike anticipate public absorption of tail risks, leading to underpricing of hazards and inefficient . While proponents cite crisis prevention, detractors highlight long-term costs, including repeated fiscal burdens—such as the $700 billion program in —and erosion of private-sector incentives for resilience-building.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films

Last Resort (2000) is a British drama film written and directed by Paweł Pawlikowski in his feature debut, starring Dina Korzun as Tanya, a Russian woman who travels to the United Kingdom with her young son Artiom (Artyom Strelnikov) to join her fiancé, only to be denied entry and confined to a dilapidated seaside hostel in Margate while awaiting asylum processing. The film explores themes of displacement, isolation, and tentative human connections, including Tanya's relationship with a local arcade worker played by Paddy Considine, and was shot improvisationally with non-professional elements to capture raw authenticity. It premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on August 25, 2000, and earned widespread critical praise for its poignant depiction of refugee experiences, achieving a 7.2/10 rating on IMDb from over 2,000 users and a 94% approval score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 72 reviews. Other films bearing the title include Last Resort (1986), an American comedy directed by and starring as a Los Angeles man assisting Soviet Jewish refugees adapt to life in the U.S. after their arrival via the . The 1996 drama Last Resort, directed by Lyman Dayton, depicts a wilderness rehabilitation program for troubled teenagers struggling with issues like drug abuse and delinquency, receiving mixed reviews with a 4.8/10 score. In 2023, an action thriller titled Last Resort, directed by Jean-Marc Minéo and starring as a former operative who turns vigilante after his family is targeted, was released theatrically on January 6 in limited markets, garnering a 4.8/10 rating from 210 users for its straightforward revenge narrative but criticized for low-budget production constraints. Upcoming projects include a 2025 horror-thriller Last Resort premiered at the , following influencer Nikki Delgado () and others trapped on a remote , and The Last Resort (2026), a set in the directed by , starring and .

Literature

"Last Resort" (2022) is a satirical by Andrew Lipstein, his debut work published by , centering on an aspiring writer named Caleb who appropriates a friend's personal for his own literary success, exploring themes of , , and the of creative ambition in City's literary scene. The narrative blurs fact and , drawing acclaim for its propulsive plot and social observation while critiquing the contrivances of artistic creation. "The Last Resort" (1998) by Alison Lurie, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author for her 1984 novel "Foreign Affairs," depicts a naturalist writer and his wife vacationing in Key West, Florida, where they confront human vanity, aging, and interpersonal desires among retirees and locals. The story highlights themes of truth and consequences in personal relationships, set against the backdrop of island eccentricity. "The Last Resort" (2019) by Marissa Stapley follows multiple couples attending a wellness retreat in amid an approaching hurricane, unraveling secrets about , , and in strained marriages. The examines psychological tensions and survival instincts, with the storm serving as a catalyst for revelations about why individuals remain in dysfunctional partnerships. Other works include "Last Resort" (2023) by Scott Pratt, the tenth installment in the Joe Dillard legal thriller series, featuring a Tennessee lawyer navigating a high-stakes case involving corruption and personal peril. Additionally, "The Last Resort" (1998) by Paul Leonard is a Doctor Who tie-in novel published by BBC Books, involving the Seventh Doctor and companions in a time-travel adventure at a mysterious resort. These titles reflect varied genres, from literary satire and domestic drama to genre fiction, often employing the phrase to evoke desperation or final sanctuaries.

Music

"Last Resort" is a song by band , serving as the from their second studio Infest. Released on April 25, 2000, the track addresses themes of desperation, , and , inspired by a friend's struggles with . It peaked at number 57 on the and number 4 on the Mainstream Rock Airplay chart. In the UK, it reached number 3 on the singles chart and has been certified triple platinum. The song has endured commercial success, amassing over 1.4 billion streams on as of recent data and inspiring remixes such as "Last Resort (Reloaded)" with Jeris Johnson in 2021, which topped the Hot Songs chart. re-recorded it for their 2020 album 20/20, updating the production while retaining core lyrics like "Cut my life into pieces / This is my last resort." "The Last Resort" is the closing track on the Eagles' 1976 album , written by and . The song critiques unchecked development and , tracing a from East Coast origins to the exploitation of California's natural beauty, with lines evoking to commerce: "Some hand is moving us to a golden beach / Of pure white sands where we will drink our fill." It was not released as a but remains a fan favorite for its orchestral arrangement and thematic depth, often interpreted as a on human impact on untouched lands. Other notable uses include Trentemøller's 2006 electronic album The Last Resort, featuring tracks like "Take Me Into Your Skin," and Midland's 2022 country album The Last Resort: Greetings From, with its exploring personal reflection. Covers and reimaginings, such as Falling in Reverse's acoustic "Last Resort (Reimagined)" in 2023, further highlight the phrase's resonance in rock and alternative genres.

Television

Last Resort is an television series created by and that aired on . The show premiered on September 27, 2012, and concluded after 13 episodes on January 24, 2013, following ABC's decision not to renew it for a second season announced in November 2012. It centers on the crew of the USS Colorado, a commanded by Marcus Chaplin ( Braugher), who defies orders to launch a nuclear strike on after receiving them through an unverified channel, leading to the crew being branded traitors and seeking refuge at a outpost on a remote island. The series explores themes of loyalty, command decisions, and geopolitical tension, with supporting performances by as Sam Kendal and supporting cast including and . Produced by , the series drew comparisons to submarine thrillers like for its tense, confined settings and moral dilemmas faced by the crew amid pursuits by U.S. forces and local island dynamics. Critical reception was generally positive, with a 79% approval rating on based on 42 reviews, praising its high-stakes action and Braugher's commanding presence, though some noted pacing issues in later episodes. On , it scored 74 out of 100 from 31 critics, reflecting solid execution of its premise despite competition in the 2012 fall schedule. Audience ratings averaged 7.3 out of 10 on from over 22,000 users, with viewers appreciating the ensemble dynamics but lamenting its early cancellation which left plot threads unresolved. 90 Day: The Last Resort is an series on , debuting in 2023 as a of 90 Day Fiancé, featuring couples from the franchise attending an intensive therapy retreat at a couples to address relationship crises including and communication breakdowns. The format follows participants through group sessions, individual counseling, and confrontational exercises over multiple episodes per season, with Season 1 airing nine episodes starting August 2023 and Season 2 premiering in late 2024. It has drawn mixed responses for sensationalizing personal conflicts, though proponents credit it with highlighting real relational interventions absent in typical formats. An earlier series, The Last Resort (1979), was a short-lived CBS sitcom depicting college students employed in a hotel kitchen, styled after National Lampoon's Animal House with chaotic humor, but it ran for only 15 episodes before cancellation due to low ratings.

Video games and other media

Last Resort is a horizontal scrolling shoot 'em up arcade video game developed and published by SNK in 1992. It supports one or two players controlling a fighter spacecraft across seven stages set in dystopian urban and wasteland environments, combating robotic enemies and massive bosses. Weapons include upgradable options such as straight-firing lasers, homing missiles, and grenades, with power levels increasing up to three times via collected items; a detachable pod unit provides additional firepower and protection. The game's cyberpunk visuals, including detailed cityscapes and biomechanical designs, drew inspiration from the anime film Akira, as confirmed by former SNK artist Mitsuo Kodama. Ports appeared on the Neo Geo AES home console and Neo Geo CD, with modern re-releases under the ACA NeoGeo label for platforms including Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC via services like GOG and Steam, incorporating features such as online leaderboards and adjustable difficulty. A separate indie title titled Last Resort, developed by Pixel Heart and released in early access on Steam in 2021, is a top-down co-op for up to four players defending a Martian from invaders using procedurally generated levels and upgradeable . Unlike the SNK original, it emphasizes cooperative multiplayer and survival mechanics over arcade-style progression. In other media, "The Last Resort" serves as the title of the ninth episode in the Sonic X anime series, originally broadcast on June 1, 2003, in , where Sonic and friends confront Dr. Eggman at a coastal hideout. The phrase also titles a chapter in the Dragon Ball manga (Weekly Shōnen Jump issue #1, 1993), depicting desperate tactical maneuvers during the Cell Games arc.

Specific proper nouns and other uses

Brands and commercial entities

Last Resort AB is a skateboarding footwear and apparel brand founded by Pontus Alv and Sami Alv, producing shoes and clothing designed specifically for skateboarders with an emphasis on durability, simplicity, and independence from corporate influence. The brand's inaugural shoe model, the VM001, was released in 2019 and has remained a core offering, reflecting its ethos of functionality for street skating. The Last Resort operates as a in , curating beachwear, swimwear, and resort apparel from various designers to evoke travel and leisure aesthetics. Complementing this, The Last Resort Apparel specializes in casual using natural fabrics like cotton gauze and linen, targeting resort, , and everyday wear markets. Last Resort Company LLC functions as a supplier of tools, preparation products, and educational resources, drawing from the founder's experience with to promote in crisis scenarios. Smaller entities bearing the name include cancellation services like Last Resort Consulting in and apparel lines such as Last Resort Supply Company, though these lack the prominence of the aforementioned brands.

Geographical and institutional references

The Last Resort is a nonprofit association founded to provide services using devices like the Sarco suicide capsule, operating under Swiss law that permits for competent adults. It collaborates with organizations such as and maintains compliance with Switzerland's legal framework for end-of-life choices, emphasizing participant autonomy and medical oversight. In Australia, particularly Victoria, Bushfire Places of Last Resort—designated as Neighbourhood Safer Places—serve as government-identified refuges for communities facing extreme bushfire threats when evacuation or property defense fails. These sites, selected for natural or constructed features offering temporary protection from radiant heat and embers, include locations such as Aireys Inlet, Anglesea, Deans Marsh, Jan Juc, Lorne, Moriac, Mount Moriac, and Winchelsea in the Surf Coast Shire, as well as additional sites in shires like Corangamite and Glenelg. Authorities stress these are not fully fireproof shelters but last-ditch options, with survival dependent on factors like arrival timing and fire intensity; Victoria's Country Fire Authority designates them under state emergency planning protocols updated post-2009 Black Saturday fires.

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