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Line dance

Line dance is a choreographed form of group dancing in which participants arrange themselves in one or more lines or rows, facing the same direction, and perform a repeating sequence of steps in unison to music, typically without physical contact or partners.^[1] This style emphasizes synchronized footwork and leg movements, often incorporating arm gestures in more advanced routines, with step patterns counted in beats that align with the music's rhythm, such as 32- or 64-count phrases.^[2] The origins of line dance trace back to European folk traditions, including communal line formations like the carole and longways sets, which evolved into American contra dancing in the 19th century, featuring parallel lines of dancers performing mirrored steps.^[3] By the mid-20th century, it incorporated elements from square dancing and other folk forms taught in U.S. schools, but the modern iteration emerged in the 1970s and surged in popularity during the 1980s and 1990s, fueled by country music hits like Billy Ray Cyrus's "Achy Breaky Heart" (1992), which inspired dedicated dances.^[2] Over time, line dance has expanded beyond its country-western roots to encompass diverse genres, including pop, hip-hop, soul, and urban styles, as seen in widely performed routines like the "Cha-Cha Slide" (2000) and "Cupid Shuffle" (2007).^[2] This evolution reflects demographic shifts, particularly among baby boomers seeking recreational and health-oriented activities, with studies highlighting its benefits for physical fitness, balance, cognitive function, and social connectivity, especially for older adults and women in community settings.^[4] As of 2025, line dancing is experiencing a resurgence, fueled by social media platforms like TikTok and the rise of country-pop music, thriving in social clubs, fitness classes, and events worldwide while promoting inclusivity across ages, genders, and cultures through its accessible, non-partner format.^[1]^[5]

Definition and Characteristics

Definition

Line dance is a choreographed dance in which a group of people perform a repeating sequence of steps in unison, arranged in one or more lines or rows, with all participants facing the same direction.^[1] This formation allows dancers to execute identical movements simultaneously without physical contact or reliance on others for timing.^[6] Unlike partner dances such as square or contra dancing, which involve paired interactions, leading and following, or caller-directed formations, line dance requires no partner and focuses on independent, synchronized solo performance.^[7] Participants rarely interact during the dance, enabling accessibility for individuals of varying skill levels and social preferences.^[1] The term "line dance" emerged in mid-20th century American usage, with its first known appearance in 1948.^[8] Its roots trace briefly to folk traditions involving group line formations.^[1]

Key Characteristics

Line dancing is characterized by its formation-based structure, where participants arrange themselves in one or more parallel lines, facing the same direction, and execute synchronized movements without physical contact or the need for a partner.^[9] This setup facilitates easy entry and exit for dancers at any point, promoting a fluid social experience without requiring matched pairs or predefined roles.^[10] A core feature is the repetitive sequence of steps, typically organized into fixed choreographed routines of 32, 48, or 64 counts that repeat in alignment with the song's verses and choruses.^[9] Dancers adhere strictly to this pre-set choreography, with no room for improvisation, distinguishing it from freestyle forms that allow personal interpretation.^[9] Line dances are designed across varying levels of difficulty to accommodate diverse participants: beginner routines feature simple, straightforward steps with minimal turns; intermediate levels introduce syncopation, multiple direction changes, and basic styling; while advanced choreography incorporates complex footwork, intricate combinations, and phrased elements like tags or restarts.^[9] The form's inclusivity stems from its accessibility to individuals of all ages, physical abilities, and genders, as it requires no prior experience or athletic prowess and can be adapted for seated or low-impact participation. This egalitarian approach fosters social bonding in group settings, free from skill-based hierarchies or partner dependencies.^[11] Often performed to upbeat music genres like country or pop, line dancing emphasizes rhythmic precision over individual flair.^[9]

History

Folk Origins and Early Influences

The roots of line dance trace back to ancient and medieval European folk traditions, where communal group dances emphasized synchronized movements in linear or circular formations. English country dances, documented as early as the 17th century in John Playford's The English Dancing Master (1651), featured longways sets with lines of dancers facing each other, promoting progressive partnering and collective progression down the line.^[12] Similarly, Scottish reels, a Celtic form dating to the 16th century, involved sets of couples performing traveling figures and setting steps in quick 2/4 or 4/4 time, often in linear arrangements that alternated between progression and stationary patterns.^[13] These dances, suppressed in the Scottish Highlands during the 17th century under Presbyterian influence but revived in the Lowlands after 1700, laid foundational elements for non-partnered, unidirectional group synchronization. Native American group formations also contributed, particularly through circular ring dances and serpentine movements that influenced early American adaptations, blending communal expression with European structures in square and line variants.^[14]^[15] In 19th-century America, these influences evolved through regional adaptations, notably in New England where contra dancing emerged as a key precursor. Contra dances, derived from English longways sets, involved couples forming opposing lines for progressive figures like dosados and promenades, adapting the facing-line format to more fluid, unidirectional progressions without strict partnering requirements.^[16] This style gained prominence post-War of 1812, with manuscripts from 1780–1795 documenting over 200 longways dances in New England, such as "Pea Straw" and "Arcadian Nuptials," which retained linear formations while simplifying partner interactions.^[12] Square dance elements further shaped early line forms by incorporating non-partnered components, including individual step dances like flatfooting and buckdancing, where dancers in sets performed solo or group routines without fixed couples, drawing from Scots-Irish reels and African American caller traditions.^[14] A seminal example is the "Virginny Reel" (also known as the Virginia Reel), originating in the 1790s from English country dance "Sir Roger de Coverley" and Scottish reels, featuring two parallel lines of dancers in progressive linear formations that prefigured modern line dance synchronization.^[17] By the early 20th century, folk dance styles migrated westward with settlers from New England and the Appalachians, blending into cowboy culture through barn dances and community gatherings. Immigrants adapted quadrilles, polkas, and longways sets to rugged settings like wagon trains and cattle ranches, where dances served as vital social outlets amid labor-intensive lives, often featuring called figures on improvised floors.^[18] In the Western U.S., these traditions integrated with local cowboy customs, evolving into hybrid forms at events like trail drive celebrations, where linear progressions and group steps accommodated uneven gender ratios and emphasized communal participation over partnering.^[18] This migration set the stage for further commercialization in the mid-20th century.

Modern Development and Popularization

Line dancing emerged as a distinct form in the United States during the mid-20th century, evolving within the country-western social scene. In the 1950s and 1960s, early line dances such as the Madison, Hully Gully, and San Francisco Stomp gained traction at sock hops and community gatherings, often set to rock and roll or pop music, providing accessible group participation without partners.^[19] By the 1970s, disco influences spurred innovations like the Electric Slide, choreographed in 1976 by Richard Silver to accompany "Electric Boogie," and country-oriented steps in the Cowboy Boogie and L.A. Hustle, which took root in honky-tonks and TV appearances.^[20] These developments shifted line dancing toward structured, repeatable sequences tailored to country music, laying groundwork for broader appeal.^[19] The 1980s witnessed a boom in line dancing popularity, driven by the urban cowboy phenomenon and club culture in regions like Nashville and Texas. The 1980 film Urban Cowboy, featuring John Travolta and filmed at Gilley's Club in Houston, highlighted mechanical bull riding alongside country dance scenes choreographed by Patsy Swayze, inspiring a surge in honky-tonk venues and crossovers with pop-country sounds.^[21] This era saw over a dozen new line dances created for country hits, fostering dedicated club nights and social events that blended traditional western styles with contemporary energy.^[22] Early versions of dances like the Boot Scootin' Boogie, later formalized in 1991 by choreographer Bill Bader, emerged in these Texas and Nashville scenes, reflecting the growing commercialization of country music.^[23] The 1990s propelled line dancing to global prominence through chart-topping songs that transcended country genres. Billy Ray Cyrus's 1992 hit "Achy Breaky Heart" sparked a massive craze, with its accompanying line dance routine becoming a staple at parties and weddings, boosted by the song's sales exceeding three million copies in the U.S. alone.^[24] Similarly, Los del Río's 1995 "Macarena" introduced a non-country line dance with its infectious four-wall pattern, achieving worldwide ubiquity through music videos and live performances, thus broadening line dancing's demographic reach.^[25] Media exposure, including films and television, further embedded these routines in popular culture, leading to international classes and events. From the 2000s onward, line dancing adapted to digital and wellness trends, enhancing its accessibility and community role. Platforms like YouTube facilitated the sharing of tutorials and choreographies, enabling global learners to master routines from home and sparking viral challenges on TikTok.^[26] It integrated into fitness programs for its low-impact cardio benefits, with classes offered in gyms and senior centers promoting health across ages.^[19] Competitions, such as the United Country Western Dance Council (UCWDC) World Championships established in the late 20th century, elevated the art form, awarding titles in divisions like line dance since at least the 1990s.^[27] The COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 prompted virtual adaptations, with Zoom sessions and online videos sustaining groups and fostering remote social bonds during lockdowns.^[28] In the 2020s, line dancing experienced a notable resurgence, propelled by social media platforms like TikTok and the popularity of country-pop music. Viral challenges and tutorials contributed to renewed interest among younger demographics, while albums such as Beyoncé's Cowboy Carter (2024) highlighted line dancing in mainstream culture, leading to increased participation in classes and events as of 2025.^[5]^[29]

Performance Aspects

Formations and Walls

In line dancing, formations consist of single or multiple parallel rows of dancers facing the same direction, typically toward a designated "front wall" such as a stage, mirror, or the head of the room to facilitate synchronization and visibility.^[10] These lines allow participants to move independently without partners, emphasizing group cohesion through mirrored actions across the rows.^[10] The wall system provides a directional framework unique to line dancing, where dancers begin facing the front wall at 0 degrees (or 12 o'clock position). Choreography incorporates turns—quarter turns to the side walls at 90 or 270 degrees (3 or 9 o'clock), half turns to the back wall at 180 degrees (6 o'clock), or full turns completing 360 degrees—to rotate the group's orientation.^[30] Dances are categorized as one-wall (facing only forward), two-wall (alternating front and back), or four-wall (cycling through all directions), with four-wall being the most prevalent structure that restarts lines facing successive walls after each sequence.^[10]^[31] Phrasing in line dances ensures spatial realignment, as sequences commonly span 32 counts (beats) and incorporate a net 360-degree turn, returning dancers to the original front wall by the end.^[31] To accommodate musical variations, leaders may call "restart," prompting dancers to halt midway and recommence the sequence from count 1 on the current wall, or "tag," inserting brief additional steps (e.g., 4–8 counts) for phrasing adjustments before resuming.^[32] Etiquette for maintaining formations includes joining mid-dance at the end of a line or in the shortest row to prevent disruption, allowing late arrivals to integrate without breaking the parallel structure.^[33]

Basic Steps and Technique

Line dancing technique emphasizes precise footwork performed independently yet in synchronization across lines of dancers. Fundamental steps form the building blocks of most routines. The grapevine, a staple movement, involves stepping to the side with the right foot, crossing the left foot behind the right, stepping to the side with the right foot again, and then touching or closing the left foot beside the right, all over four counts to create a lateral traveling pattern.^[34] The shuffle, also known as a triple step, executes three quick steps—such as right-left-right—in the space of two beats, producing a smooth, gliding forward or side motion often counted as "quick-quick-slow."^[35] Pivot turns facilitate directional changes by stepping forward on one foot (e.g., the left) and rotating on the ball of that foot, typically 90 or 180 degrees, while shifting weight to maintain balance.^[34] Stomps provide rhythmic punctuation, consisting of a firm, downward step in place on one foot over a single beat to accentuate the music.^[34] Throughout these steps, weight shifts occur on specific counts to ensure seamless transitions and prevent imbalance, with the supporting foot fully bearing the body's load during crosses or turns. Body posture supports efficient execution and aesthetic appeal in line dancing. Dancers adopt an upright stance, standing tall with the head, shoulders, torso, hips, and feet aligned in a stacked vertical line to optimize balance and promote fluid motion without strain.^[36] Arms remain relaxed at the sides or incorporate gentle swings aligned with footwork, avoiding excessive tension that could disrupt the line's uniformity; in more advanced sequences, subtle hip isolations—isolating pelvic movements from the upper body—add stylistic flair while preserving core alignment.^[10] Timing and rhythm in line dancing align closely with the accompanying music, which predominantly features 4/4 time signatures. Steps are counted in sequences of four or eight beats (e.g., 1-2-3-4), with each movement corresponding directly to a musical pulse to foster group cohesion; syncopation enhances expressiveness through off-beat accents, such as inserting a quick step on the "and" between counts for rhythmic variation.^[10] The learning progression for line dance technique begins with slow-motion walkthroughs of individual steps without music, allowing dancers to internalize patterns and weight changes before adding rhythm.^[34] As proficiency grows, practitioners transition to full-speed practice with music, starting with simple routines to build confidence and then layering in complexities like syncopated shuffles or pivots. Common errors among beginners, such as improperly crossing feet during grapevines or drifting from wall orientation during turns, are addressed through repetitive drills and visual cues from instructors to reinforce spatial awareness and precision.^[35]

Music and Choreography

Associated Music Genres

Line dancing is predominantly associated with country-western music, particularly upbeat tracks in honky-tonk and two-step rhythms that emphasize steady, driving beats suitable for synchronized group movements.^[37] Songs like Brooks & Dunn's "Boot Scootin' Boogie" exemplify this genre's influence, with its lively tempo and rhythmic structure that propelled line dancing's popularity in the 1990s.^[38] This dominance stems from the dance's roots in Western folk traditions, where country music provides the energetic backdrop for communal performances at honky-tonks and rodeos.^[39] In addition to country, line dancing frequently incorporates pop and crossover hits, especially from the 1990s, which broadened its appeal beyond rural settings. Tracks such as the remix of "Cotton Eye Joe" by Rednex, a eurodance-pop fusion, and "Cha Cha Slide" by DJ Casper, blending hip-hop elements, became staples due to their catchy hooks and accessible rhythms.^[40] More recent examples include "Pour Me A Drink" by Post Malone featuring Blake Shelton (2024) and "I Had Some Help" by Post Malone featuring Morgan Wallen (2024), which have inspired new routines in country-pop fusion styles.^[41]^[42] These songs typically fall within an ideal tempo range of 100–140 beats per minute (BPM), allowing dancers to maintain comfortable pacing without excessive strain.^[43] Other genres have also influenced line dancing, including early hip-hop and R&B integrations as seen in the "Electric Slide," originally choreographed to Marcia Griffiths' reggae-infused "Electric Boogie."^[44] More contemporary adaptations feature Latin fusions, such as dances set to reggaeton or salsa rhythms, and occasional EDM tracks that adapt electronic beats for high-energy routines.^[45] Music selection for line dancing prioritizes clear phrasing aligned with 32- or 64-count dance structures, ensuring seamless restarts and repetitions that match the song's musical sections.^[9] Strong, predictable beats facilitate precise stepping, while lyrical themes often revolve around fun, romance, or celebration to enhance the social atmosphere of group dancing.^[46]

Choreography Creation

Line dance choreography is typically created by individual choreographers or collaborative teams who design sequences of steps synchronized to the structure and phrasing of a selected song. These creators often work independently or through organized events, such as workshops hosted by the Line Dance Association of Australia (LDAA) or U.S.-based conventions like those organized by prominent figures such as Robert Royston. The primary goal is to produce routines that are accessible, engaging, and adaptable for group performance in lines, ensuring the dance enhances the music's rhythm and emotional flow without requiring partners.^[47]^[48] Key design elements include incorporating mirror imaging, where steps are structured to allow dancers on either end of a line to face the same direction without confusion, promoting seamless group execution. Choreographers balance easier foundational sections with more challenging segments to accommodate varying skill levels, while embedding "hooks"—memorable, repetitive phrases like distinctive kicks or turns—that align with musical accents for better retention. Tools such as count sheets, which document steps in 8-count phrases using standardized terminology (e.g., "step right forward"), and video demonstrations aid in refining and communicating the routine.^[49]^[50]^[48] Common structures follow the song's format, including an introduction to ease dancers in, verses for steady progression, choruses for high-energy repetition, and bridges for transitions, often divided into 32-count sections to match typical phrasing. To handle song variations, choreographers add tags—short, repeated sequences for extra beats—or restarts, where the dance loops back to an earlier point, ensuring synchronization across different recordings. Difficulty is rated using systems like those from Linedancer Magazine, ranging from Absolute Beginner (simple, slow steps) to Advanced (complex turns and syncopations), often on a 1–5 scale to guide teaching.^[49]^[51]^[48] The evolution of choreography creation has shifted from oral transmission in the 1970s, where routines were taught verbally at social gatherings, to digital sharing via online databases like CopperKnob since the early 2000s, enabling global access to over 168,000 step sheets and fostering rapid dissemination and feedback among choreographers worldwide.^[52]^[53]

Styles and Variations

Country-Western Styles

Country-Western line dancing embodies the boot-scootin' aesthetic deeply rooted in American rural traditions, where dancers often don cowboy hats, boots, and denim attire to evoke the spirit of the Old West.^[54] This style emerged prominently in the late 1970s and 1980s, with early choreographed routines like the "Tush Push," created in 1980 by Jim Ferrazzano, featuring hip bumps and cha-chas that highlight playful, energetic movements.^[55] Another iconic example is the "Watermelon Crawl," choreographed in 1994 by Sue Lipscomb to Tracy Byrd's hit song of the same name, incorporating stomps and twists that mimic casual, fun Southern escapades.^[56] These dances emphasize synchronized footwork without partners, fostering a communal vibe in settings like honky-tonks. The style draws strong influences from regional U.S. hubs, particularly Texas and Nashville, where the Texas two-step's quick-quick-slow rhythm has shaped line dance patterns, blending partner dance elements into group formations.^[57] In Texas, venues like historic Gilley's popularized the form through lively club scenes tied to rodeo culture, while Nashville's honky-tonks, such as the Nashville Palace, host ongoing line dancing to live country bands, emphasizing steps that narrate tales of farm life and ranching through stomps and shuffles.^[58] This storytelling aspect is evident in routines that imitate everyday rural activities, like kicking up dust or herding cattle, reinforcing the genre's connection to Western heritage.^[59] Beginner-friendly country-Western line dances typically feature simple 32-count routines across four walls, incorporating fundamental steps such as grapevines—side steps with a behind cross—and alternating kicks for accessibility.^[60] These are often taught in honky-tonks or dance halls, where participants in cowboy boots and hats practice in lines, building confidence through repetitive, non-contact patterns ideal for social gatherings.^[61] Country-Western line dancing peaked in popularity during the 1990s, fueled by hits like Billy Ray Cyrus's "Achy Breaky Heart," which sparked a nationwide craze and influenced country music production.^[62] Following a decline in mainstream appeal by the early 2000s, the style has seen revival in senior centers, where classes promote physical health and social bonds, as seen in Nashville programs drawing dozens of older adults weekly.^[63] It persists at festivals like Austin City Limits, where traditional routines blend with live performances to sustain cultural relevance.^[55]

Contemporary and Urban Variations

Contemporary line dancing has evolved beyond its traditional roots to incorporate urban influences from R&B and hip-hop genres, particularly in southern U.S. cities like Atlanta, where dances emphasize rhythmic body isolations such as rolls and sways alongside confident, expressive styling.^[64] The "Cupid Shuffle," released in 2007 by singer Cupid on his album Time for a Change, exemplifies this shift with its simple side steps, kicks, and pivots set to upbeat R&B tracks, quickly becoming a staple at urban parties and clubs for its accessibility and energetic vibe.^[65] Similarly, the "Wobble," popularized by Atlanta rapper V.I.C. in 2008 from his album Beast, features hip circles, shoulder wiggles, and directional marches that highlight hip-hop flair and body attitude, often performed in lines at social gatherings to foster communal movement.^[66]^[64] Internationally, line dancing has fused with local music styles, creating vibrant adaptations in Asia and Europe that blend global pop with regional flair. In Asia, K-pop has inspired fan-created line routines, such as those to BTS tracks like "Dynamite" (2020), which incorporate synchronized arm waves, foot slides, and group formations reminiscent of idol choreography, performed at fan events and dance studios for high-energy participation.^[67] In Europe, Latin fusions integrate salsa elements like quick footwork and hip accents into line formats, as seen in the intermediate-level "Latin Fusion" routine choreographed by Scott Blevins and Jo Thompson Szymanski in 2021, featuring 32-count patterns with rumba walks and turns to Latin rhythms, popular in social dance scenes across the continent.^[45] Fitness and party variants have shortened traditional patterns to 16 counts for quicker learning and sustained intensity, making them ideal for high-energy environments like weddings and workout classes. Zumba-line hybrids combine the aerobic benefits of Zumba's interval training with line dance's structured lines, using pop and Latin tracks for cardio-focused sessions that include grapevines, shuffles, and jumps to burn calories in a party atmosphere.^[68] These adaptations prioritize fun and accessibility, often featuring simplified steps for group synchronization at receptions or fitness events. Inclusivity expansions since the 2010s have introduced adaptations for diverse communities, including LGBTQ+ variations that infuse drag-inspired elements like exaggerated poses and thematic costuming into routines performed at queer events, promoting empowerment through playful, non-binary expression.^[69] Wheelchair-accessible versions, developed in the same decade, modify steps with seated pivots, arm isolations, and directional pushes—such as in the "EZ Polka" choreographed by Kaie Seger in 2019—to enable full participation in line formations, ensuring the dance form's communal joy reaches mobility-impaired dancers.^[70]

Cultural Significance

Line dance serves as a communal activity that promotes social interaction and emotional well-being by bringing participants together in synchronized group formations, fostering camaraderie and a sense of shared accomplishment.^[71] The format's emphasis on following a leader or choreographed steps in lines or circles encourages communication and mutual support among dancers, reducing feelings of isolation and enhancing community bonds, particularly in settings where individuals might otherwise feel hesitant to participate.^[72] Its low barrier to entry—no partner required and beginner-friendly routines—further facilitates broad involvement, allowing people from varied backgrounds to join without prior experience or specialized skills.^[73] Line dancing commonly occurs in diverse community venues that reinforce its role in social cohesion, including nightclubs and bars where lively group sessions build excitement among attendees, community centers offering accessible classes for locals, and schools integrating it into physical education curricula to teach coordination and teamwork.^[74]^[75] Beyond recreation, it contributes to therapeutic applications, such as programs for Parkinson's patients, where the rhythmic, repetitive movements aid in improving motor control, balance, and mood through structured group engagement.^[76] These settings often incorporate line dance into team-building events or wellness initiatives, helping participants develop confidence and interpersonal connections in a supportive environment.^[72] The dance's inclusivity enhances its community appeal, as it is inherently gender-neutral—requiring no paired roles or physical contact—making it welcoming for dancers of all gender identities and expressions.^[69] Age-diverse groups thrive in these sessions, from children learning basics in school to seniors benefiting from low-impact socialization, which empowers beginners by providing clear progression toward mastery and a non-judgmental space for personal growth.^[77] Annual events like the Vegas Dance Explosion, held in Las Vegas since 1999, exemplify this by drawing thousands for workshops, performances, and social gatherings that emphasize learning and networking across demographics.^[78]

Global Popularity and Impact

Line dancing has achieved significant international adoption since the late 20th century, extending far beyond its American country-western origins. In Europe, particularly the United Kingdom, the dance form exploded in popularity during the 1990s, fueled by hits like Billy Ray Cyrus's "Achy Breaky Heart," which inspired widespread classes and social events as a low-impact exercise option.^[5] Organizations such as the Line Dance Association, founded in 2000, formalized training and awards to support its growth across the continent.^[79] In Asia, Japan emerged as a key hub, with the establishment of the country's first American-style country line dancing team, Natsuco Grace & Dancing Texas, which operates schools in Tokyo, Kanagawa, and other regions to promote the activity among local enthusiasts.^[80] Meanwhile, in Africa, line dancing has been adapted to incorporate indigenous rhythms and communal traditions; for instance, events like Stepping on Ghana Grounds blend African American line dance steps with Ghanaian group movements, reflecting a fusion that honors local musical heritage while introducing structured formations.^[81] The cultural impact of line dancing has permeated global pop culture, particularly through social media platforms in the 2020s. TikTok challenges have revitalized the practice, making it accessible to younger generations and integrating it with contemporary music; for example, Dasha's 2024 hit "Austin" spawned over 600,000 user-generated videos featuring custom line dances, propelling the song to No. 11 on Billboard's Emerging Artists chart.^[29] Similarly, Beyoncé's "Texas Hold 'Em" from her 2024 album Cowboy Carter inspired fan-created routines shared worldwide, from Texas to Uganda, bridging diverse communities.^[29] These viral trends have also boosted economic sectors indirectly, contributing to the growth of the global dancewear market—valued at $1.1 billion in 2020 and projected to reach $1.7 billion by 2030—through increased demand for apparel suited to casual and social dancing.^[82] Additionally, line dancing enhances dance tourism, as events and classes draw international visitors to venues like country music festivals, fostering local commerce in regions with strong traditions.^[83] Post-2000s, line dancing faced a decline in its traditional country scenes, often relegated to perceptions of corniness amid shifting music tastes, leading to reduced participation in pure Western formats.^[29] This downturn was offset by the emergence of hybrid forms that incorporate diverse genres, such as hip-hop, jazz, and pop, allowing choreographers to create routines for artists like Ed Sheeran or Pitbull, thus broadening appeal and sustaining interest.^[5] These evolutions play a dual role in preserving folk heritage—drawing from European and African communal dance traditions to maintain cultural continuity—while enabling innovation through new choreography that adapts to modern contexts.^[84] Looking toward future trends as of 2025, line dancing is exploring virtual reality (VR) integrations to expand accessibility. Programs like AARP Pennsylvania's "Step Into Joy," a six-episode virtual series launching in October 2025, offer beginner-friendly sessions via online platforms, allowing participants to learn classic moves like heel digs from home without prior experience.^[85] Complementing this, AI-assisted choreography tools are emerging, with generators like Wondera and DeepMotion enabling users to create custom routines by analyzing music rhythms and suggesting steps, democratizing the design process for instructors and hobbyists alike.^[86]

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[PDF] General Dance Etiquette
If you need to drop out of a line mid-dance, try to do so when you reach the top or bottom. When joining a line, choose the shortest set to avoid overcrowding.
[32]
53 Line Dancing Steps You Need to Know!
Jun 4, 2025 · Following are 53 of the common line dance steps that are found over and over again in line dances. Check out my list below!Charleston · Chassé · Chug · HitchMissing: formations system
[33]
Mastering Country Line Dance: A Step-by-Step Guide | LoveToKnow
Discover the popular steps and variations of country line dancing. Perfect for beginners, this guide will help you dance confidently at any social event.
[34]
[PDF] Line Dance Step Levels & Step Glossary
Body alignment. The body is made up of three parts; upper torso, center and lower torso. Proper body alignment contains stacked posture. Body angle. While steps ...
[35]
Country Line Dance Songs - A List of 20 of the Best | Holler
Feb 19, 2025 · Before there was the Cupid Shuffle and the Cha Cha Slide, the country-western line dances such as Texas Two-Step and the Watermelon Crawl ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[36]
3 Country Hits From the 1990s That Made Line Dancing a Craze
Sep 17, 2025 · Videos by American Songwriter · “Boot Scootin' Boogie” – Brooks & Dunn · “Chattahoochee” – Alan Jackson · “Achy Breaky Heart” – Billy Ray Cyrus.
[37]
10 Best Country Line Dance Songs - Billboard
Jan 23, 2024 · The 1980s saw country music and line dancing surge in popularity, following the 1980 release of the John Travolta-starring movie Urban Cowboy.
[38]
Top 20 Popular Line Dance Songs - Billboard
Nov 2, 2017 · Here's a list of the 20 best popular line dance songs for groups, from the wobble to American country wedding classics.
[39]
Line Dance Songs by BPM - CopperKnob
Line Dance Songs by BPM ; I'm Coming Out by Diana Ross, 110 ; I Can't Go For That by Hall & Oates, 110 ; **Think by Aretha Franklin, 110, N ; Alone by Bee Gees, 110.
[40]
Electric Boogie by Marcia Griffiths - Songfacts
Commonly known as the "Electric Slide," the line dance craze that swept America in the '90s actually has its roots in '70s Jamaica.
[41]
Latin Fusion - Line Dance (Dance & Teach) - YouTube
Nov 17, 2021 · Latin Fusion - Line Dance Latin Fusion Count: 32 Wall: 4 Level: Intermediate Choreographer: Scott Blevins (USA) & Jo Thompson Szymanski ...Missing: EDM | Show results with:EDM
[42]
Phrasing And Music - Dancin' Feats
The tag can be one count, two counts, eight counts, or more. Some choreographers like to call these bonus steps. That way the glass is half full. A restart is ...
[43]
Line Dance Association of Australia: Home
The LDAA is a not-for-profit organisation which aims to promote and support line dancing across Australia.Why Line Dance · Australian Line Dance... · Australian Line Dance Championships
[44]
How to Choreograph a Line Dance
Aug 13, 2016 · To choreograph a line dance, outline the song, use dance components, phrasing music, and material knowledge. Step sheets are important, but not ...
[45]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7-84g5LRZQ
[46]
https://dancinfeats.com/DF-Phrasing-Music.html
[47]
https://ldaa.com.au/
[48]
CopperKnob - Linedance Stepsheets
Line dance Step Sheets and Information, including teaching videos and articles.Search Results · Most Popular Line Dance · Line Dance Choreographers · LoginMissing: history | Show results with:history
[49]
CopperKnob - Apps on Google Play
CopperKnob is an App which allows you to browse over 130,000 linedance stepsheets from the CopperKnob website. Stepsheets can be saved locally to allow for ...<|separator|>
[50]
http://www.kickit.to/Kickish.pdf
[51]
History – Kool Kickers Line Dancing
Line dancing first started in the United States of America (USA) sometime in the late 1970's to early 1980's.
[52]
Watermelon Crawl - Ibiblio
Mar 14, 2000 · Music: Watermelon Crawl by Tracy Byrd (136-140 BPM). Choreographer: Sue Lipscomb, Cadillac Ranch (night club), Illinois, 1994.
[53]
Country Dance Lessons in Brentwood, TN
The Two-Step is the most popular Country Western partner dance, a staple in any country bar. Dancers follow a counter-clockwise line of dance, effortlessly ...
[54]
Nashville Palace -Nashville's No. 1 Honky Tonk
Whether you're an expert at Texas two-stepping, line dancing, or just looking to learn, the Palace offers live music that keeps the floor packed every night.
[55]
Where Nashville Locals Go to Dance: 8 Spots to Check Out
Aug 6, 2025 · For a truly authentic Nashville line-dancing experience, Nashville Palace delivers multiple nights a week. Every Tuesday, instructors from ...
[56]
20 Beginner Line Dances You Should Know (with Videos ...
Aug 11, 2025 · Cowboy Hustle; House Party; Rocket to the Sun; Black Velvet; Boot Scootin' Boogie; Two-Step (the line dance-not the partner dance!)<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
Line Dance Instruction - Grapevines - YouTube
Feb 21, 2012 · Find this video lesson and other line dances like Slap Leather, Watermelon Crawl, Sleazy Slide, Tush Push and many more all available on DVD ...
[58]
The Timely Comeback of Country Line Dancing
Oct 6, 2023 · Country line dancing is making a resurgence. What started in the 1970s, and became wildly popular in the 1990s, was due for a comeback.
[59]
In North Nashville, Line Dancing Becomes A Lifeline Out Of Isolation ...
Sep 22, 2020 · This free dance class would bring dozens of senior citizens to the gymnasium each Tuesday and Thursday morning.Missing: revival | Show results with:revival
[60]
A History of Hip-Hop Dances - Complex
Jan 19, 2013 · Wobble. Wobble. Song: VIC "Wobble" (2008). Coming from the hustle and electric slide lineage is the Wobble, a line dance that has become the ...
[61]
21 best 2000s dance craze songs: "Crank That" to "Lean Back"
Jun 23, 2024 · Cupid's "Cupid Shuffle" became a cultural phenomenon when it was released in 2007. The popular line dance song quickly gained traction in the ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[62]
Wobble by V.I.C. - Songfacts
This song finds Atlanta rapper V.I.C. telling the ladies what he'd like them to do on the dance-floor. He is aided by the production of Michael "Mr ...
[63]
Dynamite BTS l B.T.S(방탄소년단) l Improver Line Dance ... - YouTube
Sep 3, 2020 · Dynamite BTS l BTS(방탄소년단) l Improver Line Dance l 다이나마이트 비티에스 라인댄스 Count : 32 Wall : 4 level : Improver Chor : J(Junghye) ...
[64]
Zumba -Line Dance (Improver / Intermediate )Jose Miguel Belloque ...
May 11, 2018 · Zumba -Line Dance (Improver / Intermediate )Jose Miguel Belloque Vane (NL), Roy Verdon. 121K views · 7 years ago ...more ...
[65]
The Rise of Queer-Friendly Social Dances - Dance Magazine
Sep 9, 2024 · Social dance culture is becoming increasingly queer-friendly, often flipping the script on the strict gender binary these genres have traditionally upheld.
[66]
EZ Polka (wheelchair line dance) - YouTube
Apr 24, 2019 · 32 count, 4 wall, easy level line dance for wheelchair dancers Choreo by Kaie Seger (Estonia) Performed by wheelchair linedance group ...Missing: accessible 2010s
[67]
The Orthopedic Benefits of Line Dancing: Fun, Fitness, and Healthy ...
Apr 3, 2024 · Line dancing isn't just about physical benefits—it fosters social interaction and community. Dancing in a group setting encourages camaraderie ...
[68]
Benefits of Line Dance Classes - Destination Wellness
Aug 26, 2025 · Social connection: Participating in group classes fosters a sense of community and belonging. Confidence boost: Mastering new routines ...
[69]
Line Dancing - McLean Community Center
This fun and exciting class combines low, moderate and high-energy dance routines from a variety of decades. No experience or partner necessary.Missing: venues nightclubs
[70]
Country Dance Lessons and Venues in the DC/MD/VA area
Resources to find country-western dance classes, lessons, events and venues in the DC, Maryland, and Northern Virginia area.
[71]
Teaching Dance in Elementary Physical Education - The PE Specialist
We learn a group line dance as a warmup and then learn jumprope skills for the rest of the lesson. I like to teach dances that kids will actually be able to use ...
[72]
Parkinson's Disease Exercises: Line Dance - YouTube
Apr 26, 2021 · ... Parkinson's, but also for physical therapists looking for ways to properly support and engage clients living with Parkinson's. Join Wendy ...
[73]
8 Easy Line Dances for Seniors - Juniper Communities
Jul 10, 2025 · Discover 8 easy line dances for seniors that help support wellness, memory, balance, mobility, and connection with Juniper Village at ...
[74]
Vegas Dance Explosion 2024: Celebrating 25 Years in Sin City
Nov 13, 2024 · It started in 1999 when lovebirds Jackie and Doug Miranda first took to a California dance floor. Their passion for line dancing exploded ...
[75]
How line dancing became cool again - from village hall to TikTok craze
Sep 12, 2025 · It has no single origin, but draws on folk dance traditions across Europe and Africa and was consolidated as a dance style within the US country ...
[76]
Line Dance Association
Founded in 2000. The Line Dance Association created in 2002 its first "Hall of Fame Awards" and in 2003 its training program for Pro's, and the technical ...
[77]
Natsuco Grace & Dancing Texas - Country Dance Group in Japan
Natsuco Grace & Dancing Texas is Japan's first American country line dancing team. We have dancing schools mostly in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Kyusyu and more.
[78]
The Untold Story of Line Dancing in Africa: Rhythms, Culture, and Evolution Revealed! | Madison Manor
### Summary of Line Dancing in Africa, Especially South Africa
[79]
How TikTok Made Line Dancing Cool Again - Texas Monthly
Apr 25, 2024 · Line dancing was born on disco dance floors in the seventies (think: the Hustle), influenced by folk dances, contredanse, and square dances from ...
[80]
Dancewear Market share, Size | Industry Growth 2021-2030
The global dancewear market was valued at $1.1 billion in 2020, and is projected to reach $1.7 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2021 to 2030.
[81]
Dancewear Market Size, Trends Analysis and Forecast 2028
The Global Dancewear Market size is expected to reach $1.4 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 5.0% CAGR during the forecast period.
[82]
Line Dancing: History, Styles, and How to Get Started
Today, there are countless types of line dances that cater to a wide range of musical genres, including country, pop, rock, and even hip-hop. Each style has its ...
[83]
Step Into Joy: A Virtual Line Dancing Program - AARP States
Thursday, October 30, 2025 | 6:00–6:30 PM ET Register here » Saddle up for a toe-tapping good time! Learn classic country line dance moves like heel digs ...
[84]
Ultimate Guide - Top 5 AI Line Dance Generators 2025
Ultimate Guide - Top 5 AI Line Dance Generators 2025: 1. Wondera; 2. RunwayML Gen-2; 3. DeepMotion; 4. Soundraw; 5. Blender AI.Missing: assisted | Show results with:assisted