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MIDROC

MIDROC, formally known as Mohammed International Development Research and Organization Companies, is a multinational investment wholly owned by Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi, an Ethiopian-born Saudi billionaire. Established in 1996, it operates primarily through its Ethiopian arm, which comprises over 40 companies engaged in diverse sectors including , agro-processing, , , , , , and . As Ethiopia's largest private investment entity, MIDROC has significantly contributed to the national economy by creating tens of thousands of jobs and driving industrial development, notably in where it has participated for over three decades. The group's global footprint extends to , the , with investments in petroleum refining via affiliates like Sweden's , though recent restructurings have involved asset sales to streamline operations. MIDROC's operations have yielded substantial financial growth, reporting a 134% surge in the fiscal year ending 2025, attributed to strategic adjustments amid economic challenges. While its expansive influence in has bolstered infrastructure and employment, the conglomerate's dominance in key sectors has occasionally drawn scrutiny for potential monopolistic tendencies, though of systemic abuse remains limited in credible analyses.

Founding and Ownership

Establishment and Early Development

The MIDROC Investment Group, acronym for Mohammed International Development Research and Organization Companies, was formally established in 1994 by as a for private investment in amid the nation's shift toward market-oriented reforms following the 1991 ouster of the military regime. , born in but having relocated to in his youth where he amassed wealth through contracts and , initiated operations via the founding of MIDROC PLC on October 22, 1993 (Gregorian ; equivalent to 12 Hidar 1986 ), in partnership with local investor Tadele Yidnekatchew Tessema. This entity focused on building , leveraging Al Amoudi's prior expertise in the sector. Early expansion capitalized on tenders, including the 1993 acquisition of the state-run Awash Marble Factory for 45 million with an initial registered capital of 43 million birr, marking MIDROC's entry into and . These foundational steps aligned with Ethiopia's emerging policies, enabling rapid scaling into complementary areas such as production and services by the mid-1990s. Further development in the late included the creation of MIDROC Gold Mine Pvt Ltd. Co. as a between Al Amoudi, his wife Sofia Salah Al-Amoudi, and the Ethiopian government, targeting and establishing MIDROC as a key player in amid limited foreign competition. By this period, the group's activities had diversified across , , and resources, generating and contributing to in a transitioning economy previously dominated by state enterprises.

Founder and Ownership Structure

Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Ali Al-Amoudi founded MIDROC as a diversified , beginning operations in in 1996 following the liberalization of the economy after the end of the regime. Al-Amoudi, an Ethiopian-born of Yemeni descent who holds Saudi citizenship, established the group to channel investments into key sectors such as , , and construction, leveraging his prior business experience in oil trading and international ventures. MIDROC operates as a privately held entity wholly owned by Al-Amoudi, with no public shareholding or external investors diluting control. The ownership structure centers on Al-Amoudi as the sole proprietor, managing the group through a network of subsidiaries under the MIDROC Investment Group umbrella, which coordinates activities across , , and the . While some international assets, such as operations, have undergone rebranding or divestitures in recent years— including a 2025 sale of refining interests to —the core Ethiopian holdings remain under Al-Amoudi's direct ownership without structural changes. This centralized model has enabled rapid decision-making but has also drawn scrutiny in contexts like Ethiopia's political transitions, where Al-Amoudi's influence is tied to his personal stake.

Core Business Sectors

Mining and Resources

MIDROC's mining operations center on in , managed primarily through MIDROC Gold Mine PLC, which conducts , open-pit, and underground at sites including Legadembi and Sakaro. The Legadembi mine, situated about 500 km southeast of in the of Region, represents Ethiopia's largest deposit and has been operational since 1998 under a 20-year initially granted to MIDROC. By , cumulative production from Legadembi exceeded 52,000 kilograms, with the facility processing ore to produce doré bars containing both gold and silver. Beyond , MIDROC's resources portfolio encompasses dimensional stone production, including and quarrying, as well as geo-exploration services supporting mineral prospecting across . The group also pursues projects and provides ancillary services like water drilling for operations, contributing to broader resource development. In early 2025, MIDROC committed 26 billion (approximately $200 million at prevailing exchange rates) to modernize in the , aiming to enhance extraction efficiency and output through advanced technology and infrastructure. MIDROC's National Mining Corporation PLC supports these efforts by handling diverse mineral extraction and processing, including potential expansions into other commodities identified via ongoing exploration. These activities align with Ethiopia's push for industrial mining, though output remains concentrated in gold, which constitutes the core of MIDROC's metallurgical processing at dedicated plants. The company's resource ventures extend to oil exploration through affiliates like National Oil Ethiopia, which holds concessions for hydrocarbon prospecting, though active production has been limited.

Manufacturing and Construction

The Cluster of MIDROC Investment Group comprises 18 companies primarily focused on producing tyres, materials, construction-related products, items, and pharmaceuticals. Horizon Addis Tyre P.L.C., the sole tyre producer in , was established in 1972 with an initial annual capacity of 60,000 bias-ply tyres and 45,000 inner tubes, employing 260 workers at ; it transitioned to MIDROC ownership following the acquisition of foreign shares by Horizon Plantations, a group affiliate. Derba Midroc Cement operates an integrated cement plant in north , region, with a production capacity of 2.46 million tons per annum, sourcing from captive quarries; the facility achieved operational status post-construction approval in 2015 and underwent a US$282 million upgrade contract in 2022, with expansion plans announced in 2023 for an additional 2.74 million tons per year at Mughar Valley to double output and generate 3,000 jobs. MIDROC's construction activities center on the Construction and Real Estate Cluster, encompassing three entities: MIDROC Construction Ethiopia P.L.C., Huda Real Estate, and Gubalafto Consulting and Architects, offering services including design, supervision, foundation works, building erection, , asphalt road paving, and bridge construction. MIDROC Construction Ethiopia specializes in and building projects, producing and completing high-profile works such as the first phase of hotel in April 1998 and contributions to Addis Hotel. Recent initiatives include groundbreaking in February 2025 for a 2.6 billion luxury resort in , aimed at enhancing tourism infrastructure, and a 50 billion Birr (approximately $1 billion) residential village project announced in 2022 to address housing needs through integrated development.

Agriculture, Agro-Processing, and Other Diversified Operations

MIDROC's Agriculture and Agro-Processing Cluster focuses on large-scale farming and value-added processing in , leveraging extensive land holdings and regional climatic advantages for crop production and export. The cluster includes Ethio Agri CEFT , which operates 15 farms across approximately 31,000 hectares in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), Amhara, , and Tigray, cultivating from Wush-wush and Gumaro estates, , spices from Gemadro, Duyena, Ayehu, and Beha areas, as well as flowers, fruits, from Holeta, Bahirdar, and Ethio Dream sites, sugar cane, oil seeds, herbs, and essential oils at Ayehu, Lay Bir, , and farms. Crops such as grains and pulses are grown on 19,812.5 hectares at Ayehu, Upper Bir, Lower Bir, , and farms, supported by nutrient-rich soils and . Horticultural operations emphasize , with high-quality produced at Agri-flower, Agri-lake, and Ethio-Dream farms using advanced techniques for markets, alongside medicinal and aromatic plants like and lavender on 50 hectares at Bir, Ayehu, and Holeta farms. and are cultivated and supplied domestically through entities like Jittu PLC and Upper Awash Agro-Industries , often distributed via affiliated outlets such as Queen's Supermarkets. Agro-processing facilities include a plant in and an agro-processing unit at Ayehu under Ethio Agri, which handles products like , , and spices including and , with forest sourced from estates in Limmu, Bebeka, and Gemadro. Poultry processing forms a key component through ELFORA Agro Industries , which produces table eggs, broiler meat, and live chickens for local consumption and is expanding into exports. Ethio Agri CEFT employed 11,195 workers in 2023, comprising 3,605 permanent staff, 29 contractual, and 7,561 temporary laborers, reflecting significant labor-intensive operations. Beyond agriculture and agro-processing, MIDROC's diversified operations extend to , and , and sectors, integrating with its broader portfolio of over 40 companies to support , services, and property development in . These activities complement core agro efforts by facilitating market access and , though specific capacities in and are managed separately from farming clusters.

Operations by Region

Ethiopia-Focused Activities

MIDROC's Ethiopia-focused activities, launched in 1996 under the ownership of Sheikh , constitute the core of the group's operations, encompassing more than 40 companies across key sectors and positioning it as Ethiopia's largest private entity. These endeavors prioritize resource extraction, industrial production, and , with investments directed toward basic sectors like health services, education, training, and transport . In the mining sector, MIDROC operates seven companies focused on geo-exploration, , and dimensional stone production, including at the Lega Dembi site and National Mining Corporation PLC. The group has pursued expansion through projects such as the $200 million in , announced in January 2025, aimed at enhancing sector technology and output. Additional mining-related investments include the Derba , which exploits limestone deposits 70 km north of for production. The agriculture and agro-processing cluster involves five companies producing commodities such as , fruits, and products, supporting Ethiopia's export-oriented farming initiatives. In September 2025, MIDROC signed a development agreement with the Sovereign Fund to advance private investments in alongside , targeting sustainable resource utilization and sectoral growth. Manufacturing activities, the largest cluster with 17 companies, cover , , pharmaceuticals, and related industries, exemplified by entities like Addis Gas & Plastics and Ethio . These operations contribute to industrial diversification, with the group reporting a 134% surge in 2024, attributed partly to and expansions. Construction and real estate efforts, handled by three companies including MIDROC Construction PLC and Huda Real Estate, focus on building projects and property development to bolster urban and infrastructural needs. Complementing these, the hospitality cluster operates four companies, managing assets like the Sheraton Addis hotel and Blue Nile Resort, to promote tourism infrastructure. The commerce cluster, with three companies, facilitates trade and resource management aligned with these sectors. Overall, these activities have driven economic contributions, including job creation across clusters, amid Ethiopia's industrial push.

European Operations

MIDROC's European operations are primarily coordinated through its Swedish-based holding entity, MIDROC Europe (now partially rebranded as Granitor in Sweden as of 2024), which oversees activities in , , , and energy sectors across . Headquartered in , this arm employed approximately 4,400 people in 2020 and focuses on development projects, contracting services, and innovative technologies supporting sustainable property and business ventures. A cornerstone of these operations is , 's largest fuel and refining company, fully owned by Mohammed Al-Amoudi since its acquisition via Corral Petroleum (a MIDROC entity) in 1994 and subsequent rebranding from OK Petroleum in 1996. operates two advanced refineries in — and —which rank among Europe's most modern, processing crude oil into fuels and increasingly biofuels as part of a strategic shift toward targets by 2035, including reduced carbon emissions and expanded renewable production. In the second quarter of 2025, reported sales of $2.7 billion, reflecting resilience amid volatility driven by global oil price fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. Beyond energy, MIDROC encompasses subsidiaries in specialized contracting and , such as O Contracting for management services and RCSL Group for monitoring and control, primarily serving projects in and neighboring countries. Granitor, as the restructured non-energy division, manages property investments and initiatives, including a minority stake held by Al-Amoudi in broader holdings that emphasize northern markets. These activities align with MIDROC's global diversification but adapt to European regulatory environments prioritizing environmental compliance and technological innovation, with operations extending sporadically to other regions for project-based work.

Middle East Operations

MIDROC's operations in the Middle East are primarily concentrated in Saudi Arabia, where MIDROC Middle East serves as the regional arm of the conglomerate, focusing on engineering, construction, and related industrial services. Established to leverage Sheikh Mohammed Al-Amoudi's Saudi roots and early construction successes, the entity has undertaken large-scale infrastructure projects, contributing to the Kingdom's development in hydrocarbons, pipelines, and healthcare facilities. These activities align with broader investments in sectors such as security, transport, high-end manufacturing, fuel distribution, and biomedical products across the Arabian Peninsula. Key projects include the Underground Storage , a 15-year initiative employing 700 staff and up to 10,400 laborers for subterranean fuel storage infrastructure. In pipeline construction, MIDROC completed the 250 km from to the storage plant and the 360 km Riyadh-Qassim Pipeline using X65-grade materials for . The Yanpet Expansion in doubled ethylene glycol production capacity to 900,000 tons annually, involving the construction of 47 storage tanks. Healthcare infrastructure efforts encompass the expansion of Al Salama Hospital in , adding 80,000 m² and refurbishing 12,000 m² for a 400-bed facility. Additionally, since 1995, the group has handled over 100 sites annually and installed 1,300,000 communication lines. Through affiliated entities like MEPO Contracting and Management Services PLC, MIDROC Middle East provides end-to-end and solutions, including factory operations for products and trade in properties and commodities. These operations draw on the group's expertise from public works contracts that formed the foundation of Al-Amoudi's early business expansion in . Complementary investments under Al-Amoudi Holding Company extend into developments such as LaMoudi Residences Corniche and Al Amoudiya Compound, ventures like and Al Murjan Resort on the , and via Al Majal Service Master . These efforts underscore MIDROC's role in supporting 's economic diversification beyond oil, though detailed financial metrics for the regional division remain undisclosed in public records.

Economic Contributions and Impact

Job Creation and Infrastructure Development

MIDROC Investment Group (MIG) directly employs approximately 74,000 individuals across its operations, primarily in , spanning sectors such as , , , and . This figure encompasses roles in over 45 companies, with additional indirect generated through supply chains and partnerships, benefiting thousands more in local communities. Recent expansions, including newly operational projects as of September 2025, have added 47,810 jobs, contributing to Ethiopia's industrialization efforts amid economic challenges. In infrastructure development, MIDROC's construction arm, MIDROC Construction Ethiopia PLC, has executed projects including road , building, and urban developments, modernizing 's urban landscapes over three decades. A key initiative is the Derba MIDROC plant, operational since 2012 and located 70 kilometers north of , which produces up to 2.46 million tons of annually from local deposits, reducing import dependency and supporting nationwide needs. The project, partially funded by the , involved greenfield development with captive quarries, creating construction-related employment and enabling downstream infrastructure growth. These efforts align with MIDROC's mandate to invest in Ethiopia's basic , including and services, fostering long-term economic multipliers through skill training and local procurement. While direct job numbers are self-reported by the group, independent analyses affirm the conglomerate's role in Ethiopia's private-sector-led , though depends on regulatory and resource access.

Philanthropic and Social Initiatives

MIDROC Investment Group allocates 10% of its profits to initiatives, exceeding government obligations, with expenditures reaching 1.1 billion in the most recent for community projects including , , and for rural workers. These efforts emphasize support for such as feeding programs for the needy, shelter development, and water facilities in local communities. In education, subsidiaries like Derba MIDROC Cement have donated 40 million birr to construct a school in 's Mekane-Hiwot area, featuring 60 classrooms, a , ICT center, and laboratory, which increased student enrollment from 774 to 1,500. Healthcare initiatives include a 120 million birr donation to the city administration on March 31, 2020, for relief, marking the largest private contribution in at the time, supplemented by 10 million birr from MIDROC Technology Group employees. Additional contributions encompass procurement of machines for s and development of a alongside a nearly complete drug factory to bolster local production and reduce imports. Disaster relief efforts feature food donations such as 20,000 quintals of white maize and 150,000 kg of forage to drought-affected areas in Oromia's Guji, West Guji, and Borena zones in 2017, and 10,000 quintals each of rice and maize plus 10,000 bales of alfalfa (valued at approximately 35 million birr) to the Somalia Regional State. In agriculture-related social development, MIDROC signed a memorandum of understanding with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on September 2, 2024, to collaborate on dairy products, poultry breeding, and seed research. Further support includes construction of bread and flour factories and food centers to enhance food accessibility.

Controversies and Criticisms

Environmental and Health Concerns at Lega Dembi

The Lega Dembi gold mine, operated by MIDROC Gold Mine PLC, has faced allegations of environmental contamination primarily from improper management of and processing chemicals, including and mercury used in . are stored in an impoundment located in a zone, allowing to flow over contaminated materials, which has led to elevated levels in nearby , sediments, and agricultural soils. Analysis of samples from streams adjacent to the mine revealed concentrations of mercury, , lead, and exceeding Ethiopian and international standards, with mercury in samples described as "incredibly high" in unreleased studies. , a key in processing, was detected in "considerable amounts" in both and soil samples outside the mine's boundaries. Air quality at the identified and mercury vapor as primary pollutants, contributing to broader atmospheric dispersion affecting surrounding rural areas. has impacted agricultural lands, with accumulating in sediments and croplands downslope from the mine, potentially leading to in food chains. These issues prompted widespread protests in the region's Shakiso district in April 2018, where locals reported crop damage, livestock deaths, and depletion linked to activities. The Ethiopian government suspended the mine's license in May 2018 in response to these demonstrations over and health risks, though operations resumed after a government audit claimed no significant environmental problems. Health impacts reported by communities near Lega Dembi include elevated rates of birth defects, rashes, respiratory illnesses, and cancers, which residents attribute to to contaminated sources used for drinking and . Unreleased studies from the area documented a high incidence of congenital anomalies, correlating with proximity to the mine and toxin levels in local . Mercury and contamination in has been specifically cited in complaints to the , highlighting risks of neurological and carcinogenic effects on indigenous populations reliant on surface . Despite these reports, MIDROC and government assessments have disputed the severity, emphasizing with protocols, though remains limited.

Human Rights and Community Displacement Allegations

Allegations of community displacement linked to MIDROC's operations have primarily centered on the expansion of the Lega Dembi gold mine in Ethiopia's Oromia Region, where the company acquired a 485 km² lease in the Guji Zone starting in 1997. Approximately 2,000 local farmers were reportedly displaced to accommodate the mining site, with communities claiming inadequate or pending compensation as of 2009. Protests erupted in Shakiso Woreda on December 4, 2009, highlighting not only displacement but also unmet promises of infrastructure like roads, schools, and clinics despite over a decade of operations. Human rights concerns escalated during subsequent demonstrations against the mine's impacts, including security force responses that allegedly involved excessive force. In April 2018, at least two protesters opposing the mine's renewal—citing health effects from —were killed by regional , prompting the Ethiopian to suspend MIDROC's in May 2018. Further allegations include arbitrary arrests and detentions of demonstrators labeled as "anti-development" or affiliated with opposition groups like the . A Ethiopian government report referenced voluntary relocations of affected communities under a with MIDROC and authorities to mitigate social and environmental harms, though details on the scale, process, or outcomes remain undisclosed. MIDROC has responded to claims by noting provisions of clean water, a , and educational donations, while declining direct comment on compensation disputes. Broader critiques from groups like the of Ethiopian Organizations (CEHRO) in 2024 have implicated ongoing operations post-2021 relicensing in rights violations, including exclusion of Guji people from economic benefits and persistent health risks, though specifics were not quantified anew. In other MIDROC projects, such as agricultural ventures, the Ethiopian government revoked portions of the company's leases in 2018 for failure to develop sites, amid reports that some investors, including MIDROC affiliates, had evicted neighboring farmers without delivering promised jobs or infrastructure. These actions underscore recurring tensions over acquisition practices in Ethiopia's investment-driven model, where and smallholder communities have faced dispossession for large-scale enterprises.

Company Responses and Regulatory Interactions

In May 2018, following widespread protests over alleged chemical from the Lega Dembi , Ethiopia's of Mines suspended MIDROC Mine Plc's operations and , prompting the company to agree to the halt while requesting an expanded to evaluate risks in nearby communities and water sources. A government-commissioned audit later that year concluded no major environmental violations, enabling and partial resumption of activities by 2019, despite international appeals urging further scrutiny. MIDROC has publicly denied allegations of environmental and health harms, including a 2023 refutation of claims linking the mine to soil and water contamination with heavy metals like and mercury, asserting compliance with national standards and absence of causal evidence tying operations to reported birth defects or illnesses. The company has not issued detailed public rebuttals to concerns over community or violations, with observers noting minimal remediation initiatives despite regulatory dialogues. In 2021, the European Investment Bank's complaints mechanism investigated environmental and social grievances at Lega Dembi, acknowledging protest links to MIDROC's practices but closing the case without mandating operational changes, as the project fell outside active EIB financing. Ethiopian regulators have maintained oversight through periodic audits, though reports highlight persistent contamination and displacement issues under MIDROC's management, with no documented actions since the 2018 .

Recent Developments and Future Plans

Financial Performance and Expansions (2020s)

In the early , MIDROC Investment Group underwent a from MIDROC Ethiopia Technology Group and focused on operational recovery amid challenges including the and regional conflicts in . By 2024/25, the group reported a 134% surge in net profit, reaching significant growth driven primarily by commodity price adjustments rather than increased production volumes. Gross profit rose 73% to 86.9 billion , with quarterly profits hitting 7.4 billion Birr, reflecting a five-year turnaround that included cost efficiencies and market adaptations. This financial rebound enabled substantial expansions, particularly in . MIDROC Gold, the group's flagship arm, resumed full operations at the Lega Dembi mine in region following a 2023 suspension due to environmental protests, ramping up production in 2025 to capitalize on Ethiopia's export incentives. The company holds licenses for Lega Dembi, Sakaro, and Metekel sites, with ongoing investments aimed at extending mine life through and processing upgrades. Owner Sheikh Mohammed Al Amoudi, released from Saudi custody in 2021 after a 2017 arrest on charges, signaled renewed commitment to with announcements of mega projects in September 2025, including further mining and agro-processing expansions under MIDROC. These initiatives, backed by the group's improved liquidity—including a 764 million Birr employee bonus—align with , positioning MIDROC to boost exports in , , and . The expansions also incorporate 10% of profits allocated to community programs, though exact investment figures remain undisclosed due to the group's private status.

Key Projects and Technological Advancements

MIDROC's flagship mining project is the Lega Dembi Gold Mine, located approximately 500 km south of , which was privatized and awarded to the group in 1997. The operation includes open-pit and extraction at Lega Dembi and Sakaro sites, processing an annual average of 1.6 million tonnes of ore to yield about 4,500 kg of gold-silver doré bars. Since commencing full operations in 1998, MIDROC has optimized the open-pit layout, processing plant, and support facilities, while developing mining capabilities to extend the mine's life. In January 2025, MIDROC announced a $200 million plant in Ethiopia's , aimed at enhancing refining efficiency, minimizing resource waste, and boosting local revenue through centralized of artisanal output. This initiative represents a shift from scattered small-scale operations to industrial-scale facilities, supporting Ethiopia's broader sector growth. In , MIDROC has expanded through subsidiaries like Ethio Agri CEFT, developing plantations such as the Wush-Wush , and Horizon Plantations, targeting large-scale in the Somali Regional State. A notable technological advancement occurred in 2020 when MIDROC introduced systems via a with Alkhorayef Industries, supplying equipment valued at 1.2 billion to enable up to three crop cycles annually on irrigated , previously limited to one or two. Complementary has been implemented at sites like Jittu Farm for precise water delivery and crop management. The Derba MIDROC Cement Plant, approved in November 2015 and situated 70 km north of , leverages local deposits for production, contributing to Ethiopia's materials through integrated and . These projects underscore MIDROC's focus on resource extraction and agro-industrial scaling, with technologies marking early adoption of mechanized farming methods in Ethiopian contexts.

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