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Macavity

Macavity is a fictional ginger cat character created by the poet T. S. Eliot, serving as the protagonist of the poem "Macavity: The Mystery Cat" in his 1939 collection Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats.^[1] Portrayed as a tall, thin, and cunning master criminal with sunken eyes, a deeply lined brow, and unkempt whiskers, Macavity is dubbed the "Hidden Paw" and the "Napoleon of Crime" for his ability to defy the law, levitate, and always provide an alibi, ensuring he is never found at the scene of his misdeeds, which range from petty thefts like stealing milk to grand larcenies such as rifling jewel cases or losing Admiralty plans.^[1] He is described as outwardly respectable yet a fiend in feline shape, a monster of depravity who controls other notorious cats like Mungojerrie and Griddlebone as agents in his operations.^[1] The character draws inspiration from Eliot's fascination with cats and criminal archetypes, blending whimsical feline traits with the elusiveness of figures like Professor Moriarty from Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, though Eliot's work emphasizes playful rhythm and light verse.^[2] Macavity's poem, with its repetitive chorus and vivid imagery, exemplifies Eliot's approach to poetry as beginning with rhythm to evoke ideas and images, contributing to the book's enduring appeal as a children's classic infused with adult wit.^[2] Macavity achieved widespread cultural prominence through Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Cats, which premiered in 1981 and adapts Eliot's collection into a sung-through production featuring dance and spectacle.^[3] In the musical, Macavity emerges as the primary antagonist, an elusive villain who employs supernatural teleportation to terrorize the Jellicle tribe of cats, kidnapping Old Deuteronomy to disrupt their annual ball.^[4] The song "Macavity," performed by ensemble members like Bombalurina and Demeter, directly incorporates lyrics from Eliot's poem, heightening the character's menacing aura through dramatic staging and choreography.^[4] This adaptation propelled Cats to become one of the longest-running musicals in Broadway history, with Macavity's role symbolizing chaos and villainy amid the show's themes of feline society and redemption.^[3]

Origins and Inspiration

Etymology

The name "Macavity" was invented by T. S. Eliot for the character in his poem "Macavity: The Mystery Cat," first published in 1939 as part of Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. Eliot modeled the feline criminal on Professor James Moriarty, the arch-nemesis of Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle's stories, describing both as the "Napoleon of Crime." In a 1937 letter to his publisher Frank Morley, Eliot stated, "I have done a new cat, modelled on the late Professor Moriarty but he doesn't seem very popular: too sophisticated perhaps," indicating the direct inspiration for the character's elusive, masterful villainy.^[5] Eliot's approach to naming his cats in the collection blended phonetic rhythm with suggestive meaning, often drawing from sound patterns and literary allusions rather than established words. For Macavity, the name was crafted to facilitate internal rhymes central to the poem's structure, such as with "gravity" in the line "His powers of levitation would make a fakir stare, / And when you reach the scene of crime—Macavity's not there!" and "depravity" in references to the cat's moral corruption. This rhyming necessity underscores Eliot's playful yet precise wordplay, prioritizing auditory flow in his light verse. The name "Macavity" also serves as a pun on "Moriarty."^[5] The prefix "Mac-" evokes Scottish or Gaelic naming conventions (as in "Macbeth" or "Macaulay"), potentially adding a layer of exotic mystique, though Eliot did not comment on this aspect. Overall, "Macavity" exemplifies Eliot's technique of coining names that are euphonic and evocative, enhancing the poem's whimsical yet sinister tone without relying on pre-existing etymological roots.^[5]

Literary Influences

T.S. Eliot modeled the character of Macavity on Professor James Moriarty, the notorious criminal mastermind from Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, particularly as depicted in "The Final Problem" (1893). In a 1937 letter to his publisher Frank Morley, Eliot wrote, "I have done a new cat, modelled on the late Professor Moriarty but he doesn't seem very popular: too sophisticated perhaps," noting the character's sophisticated yet elusive nature. This inspiration is evident in Macavity's portrayal as an arch-villain who orchestrates crimes while evading capture, much like Moriarty's role as the "Napoleon of crime" who operates beyond the reach of authorities.^[5] The poem's depiction of Macavity further echoes Victorian literary traditions of criminal archetypes found in penny dreadfuls and theatrical melodramas, where master criminals exhibit depravity blended with intellectual cunning. Eliot's choice of the name "Macavity" likely serves a poetic function, rhyming with "gravity" in the line describing the cat's defiance of physical laws, while evoking a sense of mystery akin to Moriarty's shadowy persona.^[5] These elements combine to create a feline antagonist that parodies detective fiction tropes within the whimsical framework of Eliot's nonsense verse.

The Poem

Publication History

"Macavity: The Mystery Cat" was first published on 5 October 1939 as part of T. S. Eliot's collection Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, issued by Faber & Faber in an initial print run of 3,005 copies priced at 3s 6d.^[6] The poems in the volume, including "Macavity," were composed between 1936 and 1938, originally appearing in letters Eliot sent to his godchildren and friends for amusement.^[6] The first edition featured cover and dust jacket illustrations by Eliot himself, with no internal artwork.^[6] A U.S. edition followed the same year, published by Harcourt, Brace and Company in New York.^[7] The collection saw a second printing in 1940 with full interior illustrations by Nicolas Bentley, marking the first illustrated edition of the book.^[6] Over the decades, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats has been reprinted numerous times, with notable illustrated versions including Edward Gorey's 1982 edition published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. The poem received standalone treatment in 2014 when Faber & Faber issued Macavity: The Mystery Cat as a picture book, illustrated by Arthur Robins to coincide with the 75th anniversary of the original collection.^[8] This edition adapted the verse for young readers, emphasizing its whimsical narrative through vibrant artwork.^[8]

Content Summary

Macavity: The Mystery Cat is a whimsical yet sinister poem that personifies a notorious feline criminal, portraying him as an elusive mastermind who evades capture at every turn. The narrative opens by establishing Macavity as the "Hidden Paw," a ginger cat who defies both human laws and the laws of physics through his powers of levitation, leaving Scotland Yard and the Flying Squad perpetually baffled. Whenever authorities arrive at the scene of a crime, Macavity is nowhere to be found, despite exhaustive searches in basements, the air, by-streets, or squares. This refrain of his absence underscores his supernatural agility and cunning, emphasizing that "Macavity’s not there!"^[1] The poem delves into Macavity's physical appearance and demeanor, depicting him as tall and thin with sunken eyes, a deeply lined brow indicating profound thought, a highly domed head, and a neglected, dusty coat with uncombed whiskers. His movements mimic a snake's sway, and though he appears half-asleep, he remains perpetually alert—a "fiend in feline shape" and a "monster of depravity." Macavity maintains an outward respectability, even rumored to cheat at cards, with no incriminating footprints in official files. The litany of his crimes spans domestic mischief, such as looting larders, rifling jewel cases, stealing milk, stifling Pekingese dogs, and breaking greenhouse glass, to grander offenses like the disappearance of foreign treaties or Admiralty plans, always leaving behind only scraps of paper as futile clues.^[1] In the poem's climax, Macavity's alibi is ironclad; he is invariably discovered resting, licking his thumbs, or performing complex long division sums at the time of the deed. Described as possessing "deceitfulness and suavity," he serves as the ultimate schemer, controlling other infamous cats like Mungojerrie and Griddlebone as mere agents in his operations. Eliot crowns him the "Napoleon of Crime."^[1]

Themes and Literary Analysis

The poem "Macavity: The Mystery Cat" explores themes of crime, deceit, and elusiveness, portraying its titular character as a master criminal who evades capture through cunning and supernatural agility. Macavity is depicted as the "Napoleon of Crime," a sophisticated yet depraved figure whose outward respectability masks a penchant for lawlessness, including jewel thefts, looting larders, and stratagems that baffle Scotland Yard. This duality underscores a fascination with moral ambiguity, where the cat's charm and poise contrast sharply with his villainy, evoking a critique of societal facades and unchecked perversity in human nature. Scholars note that Macavity's allure stems from this blend of sophistication and darkness, making him a symbol of the irresistible pull of the forbidden.^[2]^[9] Literarily, Eliot employs rhythmic and sonic devices to heighten the poem's thematic tension, using a loose heptameter with alternating stresses to mimic Macavity's elusive movements, interspersed with tighter iambic lines for dramatic emphasis on his crimes. The refrain "Macavity's not there" creates a hypnotic, ritualistic cadence that reinforces the theme of absence and mystery, while fricative sounds (e.g., in "hidden paw") and elongated vowels evoke a whispering menace, drawing readers into the cat's shadowy world. Allusions to Professor Moriarty from Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories position Macavity as a feline archetype of the untouchable arch-villain, blending detective fiction with nonsense verse to parody Victorian order and authority. This structure aligns with Eliot's impersonal theory of poetry, objectifying complex traits through playful anthropomorphism without overt moral judgment.^[9]^[10]^[11] In the context of Eliot's broader oeuvre, "Macavity" exemplifies the "serious play" in Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, where whimsical cat personas mask deeper modernist concerns like fragmentation, transcendence, and the limits of perception. The poem's ironic treatment of crime as both entertaining and profound echoes Eliot's engagement with popular forms, such as music-hall traditions, while subtly critiquing 1930s societal anxieties through Macavity's defiance of law and convention. This layered approach elevates the work beyond children's literature, inviting analysis of how feline independence reflects human existential evasion, as seen in connections to The Waste Land's themes of spiritual absence.^[2]^[12]^[10]

Adaptations

Musical Theatre

In Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats, a sung-through musical based on T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats that premiered at the New London Theatre in London on 11 May 1981, Macavity emerges as the central antagonist, embodying a cunning and malevolent criminal cat who instills fear among the Jellicle tribe.^[13]^[4] Dubbed the "Napoleon of Crime" and the "Hidden Paw," Macavity possesses supernatural abilities to appear and vanish at will, enabling him to evade capture by authorities like Scotland Yard while committing unspeakable deeds that disrupt the tribe's harmony.^[4] His presence introduces a layer of dark intrigue to the production's otherwise playful and celebratory narrative, serving as a foil to the more whimsical Jellicle characters and heightening the stakes during the annual Jellicle Ball.^[4] Macavity's introduction in the story occurs midway through the show, following the song "Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat," when he kidnaps Old Deuteronomy, the revered Jellicle leader, prompting a moment of chaos and vulnerability for the tribe.^[14] This abduction leads directly into the pivotal number "Macavity: The Mystery Cat," a high-energy ensemble piece led by Demeter and Bombalurina, with contributions from the female cats, that recites his infamous exploits in a style blending vaudeville flair and ominous warning.^[14] The lyrics closely adapt Eliot's original poem, portraying Macavity as a fiendish mastermind whose crimes baffle law enforcement and whose hypnotic gaze and ginger fur mark him as an untouchable enigma; during the performance, Macavity materializes on stage to confront the singers, escalating into a brief but intense fight sequence that showcases his explosive physicality.^[14]^[15] In terms of portrayal, Macavity is depicted as an aggressive, looming figure with a matted coat in shades of red, black, and white, requiring performers to convey menace through sharp, angular movements and brash dance elements, including kicks, jumps, and lifts.^[15] The role demands a tenor or baritone vocal range for any sung lines, though the character is largely non-singing, relying instead on physicality and stage presence to dominate scenes.^[15] This antagonistic force culminates in Macavity's defeat during the climactic "Magical Mr. Mistoffelees," where the magician cat restores order, underscoring themes of justice and community resilience against evil.^[14] The Broadway production, which opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on 7 October 1982 and ran for 7,485 performances, solidified Macavity's status as a iconic theatrical villain, influencing subsequent revivals like the 2014 London production and the 2016 Broadway revival.^[16]^[4]

Film and Television

Macavity, the enigmatic antagonist from T.S. Eliot's poem, has been prominently featured in film adaptations of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Cats, where he serves as the primary villain orchestrating chaos among the Jellicle tribe. The character's portrayal emphasizes his cunning, supernatural abilities, and criminal prowess, aligning closely with the poem's depiction of a mastermind evading capture. These adaptations highlight Macavity's role through key musical numbers and dramatic confrontations, cementing his status as a feared figure in the feline underworld.^[3] The first major screen appearance of Macavity came in the 1998 direct-to-video film Cats, a faithful recording of the London stage production directed by David Mallet and filmed live at the Adelphi Theatre. In this version, Macavity is portrayed by dancer Bryn Walters, who embodies the character's elusive and menacing presence during the "Macavity: The Mystery Cat" sequence and subsequent fight scenes. Released on October 5, 1998, in the UK, the film captures the musical's elaborate choreography and costumes, with Macavity's interventions disrupting the Jellicle Ball. The production premiered on PBS's Great Performances series on November 2, 1998, and was re-aired on November 21, 2014.^[13]^[17]^[18] A more cinematic take appeared in the 2019 feature film Cats, directed by Tom Hooper and released on December 20, 2019, by Universal Pictures. Here, Macavity is played by Idris Elba, who brings a charismatic intensity to the role, depicting him as a dark, telekinetic manipulator who kidnaps rival cats to ensure his selection for rebirth. The film expands on the character's villainy through visual effects, including his ability to levitate and vanish, while the song "Macavity" is performed by Taylor Swift as the allied Bombalurina, seductively narrating his crimes amid a hallucinatory sequence involving catnip. Elba's casting was announced in October 2018, highlighting Macavity's central antagonistic function in the narrative. Despite mixed critical reception, the adaptation underscores Macavity's enduring appeal as a sophisticated criminal archetype.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Cultural Impact

References in Popular Culture

The Macavity Awards, presented annually since 1986 by Mystery Readers International, are named after the elusive criminal cat in T.S. Eliot's poem "Macavity: The Mystery Cat." These awards honor excellence in mystery fiction and nonfiction, with categories including best mystery novel, best first novel, best short story, best nonfiction/critical/biographical work, and best juvenile/young adult mystery. The name evokes the poem's depiction of a cunning, untraceable mastermind, resonating with the genre's themes of deception and investigation.^[22] Macavity has been invoked as a metaphor for enigmatic or evasive figures in various journalistic and literary contexts. For instance, in a 2009 New York Times analysis of the Bernie Madoff scandal, a satirical adaptation of Eliot's poem portrayed Madoff as "MacMadoff," the "hidden Ponzi Paw," highlighting his ability to vanish from accountability like the original character. Similarly, a 1976 column in the same publication likened the elusive producer Oliver Unger to Macavity, noting his absence whenever opportunities arose.^[23]^[24] In sports reporting, the name has appeared playfully; a 1963 New York Times article described a stray cat wandering onto the field during a Mets-Pirates baseball game as "Macavity, the mystery cat who cannot pitch nor field nor bat," leading the Pirates to victory in an 8-2 game. Literary reviews have also drawn parallels, such as a 1985 critique in the Times using Macavity to describe absent figures during moral outrages.^[25]^[26] The character's influence extends to audio drama, where lines from the poem are quoted for atmospheric effect. In the 2003 Big Finish Productions audio story Paradise Frost from the Bernice Summerfield series (a Doctor Who spin-off), a character recites excerpts from "Macavity: The Mystery Cat" alongside other T.S. Eliot works to cope with isolation, underscoring the poem's evocative imagery of mystery and absence.^[27]

Legacy and Modern Interpretations

Macavity, the enigmatic criminal cat from T.S. Eliot's 1939 collection Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, has endured as a symbol of cunning and elusiveness, influencing literary and performative arts for over eight decades. The character's legacy is most prominently tied to Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1981 musical Cats, which adapted Eliot's poems into a groundbreaking production that premiered at the New London Theatre and became a global phenomenon, running for 21 years in London's West End and 18 years on Broadway, making it one of the longest-running musicals in history until surpassed by The Phantom of the Opera.^[28]^[29] In the musical, Macavity serves as the primary antagonist, embodying themes of chaos and moral depravity drawn from Eliot's original depiction of the cat as a "fiend in feline shape" who evades justice through supernatural guile.^[28] This portrayal amplified Macavity's cultural resonance, transforming Eliot's whimsical verse into a theatrical villain.^[28] The musical's success extended Macavity's reach into broader popular culture, inspiring revivals such as the 2014–2016 London production and the 2016–2017 Broadway revival, while a Japanese production by the Shiki Theatre Company has run continuously since 1983, demonstrating the character's enduring appeal across global audiences.^[29] Early adaptations foreshadowed this longevity; in 1937, the BBC broadcast several poems from the collection, fostering fan engagement that led to over 200 weekly sales shortly after publication and inspiring musical settings, such as a 1954 performance at the Edinburgh Festival.^[6] These efforts highlighted Macavity's role in bridging Eliot's serious modernist oeuvre with accessible, humorous light verse, influencing cat-naming conventions and fan poetry submissions to the author.^[6] Modern interpretations have revisited Macavity through cinematic lenses, notably in Tom Hooper's 2019 film adaptation of Cats, which marked the 80th anniversary of Eliot's book. Starring Idris Elba as the sinister Macavity—a towering, levitating figure with magical powers that eliminate rivals—the film intensifies the character's villainy, portraying him as a despotic force seeking rebirth at the Jellicle Ball, while Taylor Swift's Bombalurina delivers a seductive rendition of the "Macavity" number infused with psychedelic elements and a new subplot of henchmen cats.^[28] This visualization, using motion-capture CGI to blend human dancers with feline traits, reinterprets Eliot's poem as a spectacle of surreal menace, though critics noted its divergence from the stage's abstract charm in favor of literal, uncanny visuals that evoke both horror and camp.^[28] More recently, the 2024 revival Cats: The Jellicle Ball, directed by Zhailon Levingston and Bill Rauch with choreography by Arturo Lyons and Omari Wiles, reimagined the production as a queer ballroom competition at the Perelman Performing Arts Center in New York, emphasizing Macavity's role in themes of competition and evasion; it transferred to Broadway's Broadhurst Theatre for previews starting in late 2025.^[30]^[31] The adaptation underscores Macavity's evolution from poetic archetype to multimedia icon, perpetuating Eliot's exploration of feline psychology as a metaphor for human frailty and evasion in contemporary storytelling.^[28]

References

[1]
Macavity: The Mystery Cat by T. S. Eliot - Poems - Poets.org
Macavity's a Mystery Cat: he's called the Hidden Paw— For he's the master criminal who can defy the Law. He's the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the Flying ...
[2]
None
### Summary of Analysis of Macavity in T.S. Eliot's Cat Poems
[3]
Cats • Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals
Adapted from TS Eliot's 'Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats', this “groundbreaking musical” (Daily Express) comes together in a sparkling fusion of music, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[4]
The Com-purr-lete Guide to the Characters of CATS
Macavity is the show's main antagonist – an elusive villain – referred to as “the Napoleon of Crime”. A cunning figure who strikes fear in the tribe due to his ...
[5]
[PDF] Eliot's Naming of Cats
Probably Eliot's most famous Practical Cat is"Macavity, the Mystery. Cat ... They depend more on sound and less on meaning than did the names of the real cats,.
[6]
80th Anniversary of Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats | T. S. Eliot
Oct 5, 2019 · Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats was published on 5th October 1939 in an edition of 3005 copies at 3/6d and proved early on to be popular ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats | Academy of American Poets
In 1939, T. S. Eliot published Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats through the publishing house Faber and Faber, where he served as an editor.
[8]
https://www.faber.co.uk/product/9780571312122-macavity/
[9]
[PDF] Does That Cat Fascinate You? Here Is Why:
Furthermore, Eliot uses polysyllabic rhymes (“Macavity”/. “gravity,” “Macavity” / “depravity”). Consequently, the end sounds become much weaker, for they do not ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[10]
[PDF] T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
See Blenkinsopp's “Macavity and Moriarty,” 103. 35 Commenting on the complex characterisation of this cat, Eliot writes in a letter to Frank Morley: “I have ...
[11]
[PDF] Reading Between the Crimes: Reflections on a Genre - Digital ...
Eliot nicked in Old Possum's. Book of Practical Cats when he created Macavity the mystery cat in the image of Conan. Doyle's Moriarty. Along with the superior ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[12]
Full article: The space not beyond: T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of ...
Sep 10, 2024 · This essay examines TS Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939) and its subsequent musical adaptation, Cats (1981) by Andrew Lloyd Webber, through ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[13]
Cats • Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals
The world premiere and original London production of CATS opened at the New London Theatre on 11 May 1981. During the performance just before the curtain call, ...
[14]
Cats Musical Numbers - Andrew Lloyd Webber Show Licensing
Macavity: The Mystery Cat, Macavity, Demeter, Bombalurina, Girls. Macavity Fight, Company. Magical Mr. Mistoffelees, Tugger, Company. Memory, Grizabella, Jemima ...
[15]
[PDF] CATS CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS
Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber; Based on Old Possum's Book Of Practical Cats by T.S. Eliot. ... ○ The “intuitive cat” of the tribe who realizes Macavity's deception.
[16]
Cats – Broadway Musical – Original | IBDB
Cats (Original, Musical, Broadway) opened in New York City Oct 7, 1982 and played through Sep 10, 2000.
[17]
Cats | Preview and Cast of Cats | Great Performances - PBS
Nov 20, 2014 · This special encore presentation of the original 1998 broadcast of Cats airs Friday, November 21 at 9 pm ET on Great Performances.
[18]
Idris Elba Joins 'Cats' Musical Film Adaptation
Oct 16, 2018 · Idris Elba is in final negotiations to join the movie adaptation of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical 'Cats.'
[19]
'Cats' Casting: Idris Elba Meows Toward Movie As Macavity - Deadline
Oct 16, 2018 · Macavity is the only real villain in the musical who kidnaps Old Deuteronomy, the Jellicle leader, and attempts to abduct Demeter, one of two ...
[20]
https://deadline.com/2018/10/cats-idris-elba-joins-cast-andrew-lloyd-webber-musical-film-1202484208/
[21]
Macavity Awards – Mystery Readers International
The Macavity Award is named for the “mystery cat” of T.S. Eliot (Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats). Each year the members of Mystery Readers ...
[22]
Madoff Trustee Seeks $3.2 Billion From Hedge Fund - The New York ...
(Macavity: The Mystery Cat, TS Elliot) WilliamBanzai7's Book of Wall Street Fat Cats. MacMadoff a mystery Fat Cat: he's called the hidden Ponzi Paw – For ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[23]
Private Lives - The New York Times
... Macavity the Mystery Cat, Oliver's not there! To believe that Oliver will return your calls is to believe in the Great Pumpkin, the Tooth Fairy, the orgone ...
[24]
CISCO IS ROUTED IN 12-HIT ATTACK; Cardwell Is Victor, but a Cat ...
Macavity, the mystery cat who cannot pitch nor field nor bat, led the Pittsburgh Pirates to an 8-2 victory over the Mets last night.
[25]
SAD AND SHAGGY DOWN EAST - The New York Times
Jul 14, 1985 · Whenever some moral outrage was contemplated or committed, like Eliot's Macavity the Mystery Cat they were just not there. Portland's ...
[26]
The nine lives of Cats: how poetry became a musical, then a film …
Dec 16, 2019 · Published as war broke out in 1939, TS Eliot's Book of Practical Cats outsold The Waste Land. The 1980s saw a West End smash.Missing: legacy impact<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
The Improbable Insanity of “Cats” | The New Yorker
Dec 16, 2019 · Eliot's cats are practical in an archaic sense of the word: they scheme and keep busy. (Macavity, a cat criminal, was based on Arthur Conan ...