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MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus is a free online health information resource for patients, families, and friends, offering trusted, easy-to-understand content on a wide range of health topics, medical tests, drugs, supplements, genetics, and wellness.^[1] It is a service of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the world's largest medical library, which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.^[1] Launched in October 1998 as a pilot project with public libraries, MedlinePlus has grown into a comprehensive platform with no advertising or endorsements, providing ad-free access to high-quality information from over 500 reputable sources.^[2] The resource features thousands of pages, including over 1,000 health topics, an extensive medical encyclopedia with over 4,000 articles on diseases, tests, symptoms, injuries, and surgeries, and detailed information on prescription and over-the-counter drugs.^[1] It also includes specialized sections like MedlinePlus Genetics, which integrates content from the former Genetics Home Reference, and healthy recipes for managing conditions through diet.^[2] Available primarily in English and Spanish, MedlinePlus offers links to materials in over 50 other languages to support diverse users.^[1] Key innovations include the 2005 launch of MedlinePlus en español to reach Spanish-speaking audiences, the 2009 introduction of MedlinePlus Connect for integrating health information into electronic health records, and ongoing expansions like linking to ClinicalTrials.gov in 2001.^[2] As of 2024, it attracts nearly 500 million page views annually from patients (49% of users), healthcare providers (12%), students (19%), and others.^[2] Accessible on any device at any time, MedlinePlus emphasizes reliable, up-to-date content reviewed by experts to empower informed health decisions.^[1]

Overview

Purpose and Scope

MedlinePlus serves as a comprehensive online resource designed to empower the general public with accurate, evidence-based health information, enabling users to make informed health decisions, support self-care practices, and complement guidance from healthcare professionals.^[1] Its primary goals include providing trusted, easy-to-understand content that promotes health literacy and wellness, available free of charge and without advertising, to facilitate access anytime and anywhere via various devices.^[3] This mission aligns with the National Library of Medicine's commitment to disseminating reliable medical knowledge to patients, families, and friends, while explicitly excluding personalized medical advice, diagnoses, or treatments, as the site emphasizes that it is not a substitute for professional care.^[4] The scope of MedlinePlus encompasses a broad range of topics, including preventive health measures, diseases and conditions, treatment options, and overall wellness strategies, presented in non-technical language to accommodate diverse users.^[5] It targets the general public, with particular emphasis on patients, caregivers, and individuals with low health literacy, such as those facing barriers due to limited education, language proficiency, or cultural factors, ensuring content is accessible and jargon-free to bridge health disparities.^[6] By focusing on educational resources rather than individualized recommendations, the platform supports users in understanding complex health topics without overwhelming detail.^[1] Content on MedlinePlus is curated from authoritative sources, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) institutes, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and other reputable federal agencies and non-governmental organizations, selected based on strict criteria for scientific accuracy, transparency, and educational value.^[5] These materials are regularly reviewed and updated to maintain currency, with many resources featuring last-reviewed dates to reflect the latest evidence-based information.^[5] This rigorous sourcing process ensures the reliability of the over 13,000 links in Spanish and 22,000 in English, integrating briefly with broader NLM tools like PubMed for deeper research when needed.^[1]

Organization and Governance

MedlinePlus is managed by the Health Information Program (HIP) within the Discovery Branch of the User Services and Collection Division at the National Library of Medicine (NLM).^[7] The NLM operates as a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which falls under the oversight of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).^[8] This structure ensures that MedlinePlus aligns with NLM's mission to provide authoritative biomedical information to advance public health. Funding for MedlinePlus is provided primarily through federal appropriations allocated to the NLM via the NIH budget, supported by the U.S. Congress.^[9] This government funding model maintains the resource's independence, with no private sponsorships or advertising to avoid commercial influences on content.^[3] Quality assurance at MedlinePlus involves a structured editorial review process that evaluates all content and linked resources against rigorous criteria, including scientific accuracy, transparency, and freedom from bias.^[5] Contributions from medical experts, such as health professionals and subject matter specialists, are integral to content development and validation, ensuring reliability and relevance.^[9] Regular updates, typically including last-reviewed dates, combined with ongoing fact-checking protocols, help keep information current and trustworthy, adhering to principles of high-quality health information like those outlined by the Health on the Net Foundation (HONcode).^[5] MedlinePlus fosters partnerships with federal agencies and non-profit organizations to enhance content accuracy and comprehensiveness. For instance, it collaborates with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the DailyMed program to provide FDA-approved drug labels. Additionally, it works with non-profits like the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) to incorporate expert-reviewed consumer medication information.^[10] These collaborations support content validation while prioritizing evidence-based sources from government and reputable health entities.^[5]

History

Launch and Early Development

MedlinePlus was launched on October 22, 1998, by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a division of the National Institutes of Health, to meet growing public demand for accessible and reliable health information during the rapid expansion of internet use in the late 1990s.^[11]^[12] The initiative emerged as part of NLM's consumer health pilot project in collaboration with public libraries, aiming to deliver authoritative resources directly to consumers amid a proliferation of unverified online content.^[11] Developed as an extension of the MEDLINE bibliographic database, MedlinePlus began with a prototype created by a small team in NLM's Public Services Division, featuring preformulated searches tailored for non-experts.^[11] It debuted with coverage of 22 health topics, including basic links to full-text resources from NLM and NIH, dictionaries, databases, and directories of organizations and clearinghouses, all presented through a straightforward web interface built on an Oracle database and ColdFusion application.^[11]^[12] The key motivations for its creation stemmed from the 1990s consumer health information movement, which emphasized empowering individuals with understandable medical knowledge to bridge the divide between professional literature and everyday public needs.^[11] This effort was driven by statistics showing that 43% of U.S. internet users sought health information online, highlighting the urgency for a trusted federal resource.^[11] Early challenges included the era's limited digital infrastructure, which complicated web development and maintenance, as well as the difficulty of curating high-quality sources without inundating users with options.^[11] NLM addressed these by implementing automated link-checking tools and strict selection criteria for content, prioritizing authoritative materials while expanding to over 80 topics by 2000.^[11] By mid-2000, the site had achieved rapid growth, attracting 2 million page hits per month.^[13]

Expansion and Milestones

Following its launch in 1998, MedlinePlus experienced rapid growth in user engagement and content offerings. By June 2000, the site was receiving approximately 2 million page hits per month, reflecting strong public interest in its consumer health resources.^[13] In 2001, the platform introduced its first interactive health tutorials, providing animated, patient-friendly explanations of medical procedures and conditions, with an initial set of 30 modules that expanded over time to support user education. These tutorials were discontinued in 2015 due to low usage trends.^[14]^[15] The site's content portfolio continued to broaden significantly. By 2009, MedlinePlus covered nearly 800 health topics, with related medical encyclopedia articles integrated into over 700 of them to enhance accessibility for common health concerns.^[16] This period also saw the incorporation of multimedia elements, such as images and videos from sources like the A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia, enriching topic pages with visual aids during the 2000s.^[2] Key anniversaries highlighted ongoing enhancements. In 2008, marking its 10th anniversary, MedlinePlus updated its search capabilities, including a new engine for improved relevance and multilingual support launched earlier that year.^[17]^[18] A major development in 2002 was the launch of MedlinePlus en español on April 1, providing comprehensive health information in Spanish to address linguistic barriers for diverse users.^[19] In response to global health challenges, MedlinePlus swiftly adapted by creating dedicated resources for emerging needs. In early 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the site added specialized pages on coronavirus testing and prevention, drawing from authoritative sources like the National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to deliver timely, evidence-based guidance.^[20] Technological advancements further propelled the platform's evolution. During the 2010s, MedlinePlus transitioned to a mobile-responsive design in 2015, enabling seamless access across devices like smartphones and tablets without separate mobile versions.^[21] Content curation efforts persisted, resulting in over 22,000 links to English-language health resources by late 2022.^[1] The 25th anniversary in 2023 celebrated these achievements, underscoring MedlinePlus's role in delivering free, reliable health information to millions worldwide since its inception.^[2] In 2025, unique identifiers were added to the MedlinePlus Genetics API to improve programmatic access to genetic health information.^[22]

Content

Core Health Resources

MedlinePlus provides extensive coverage of general health topics through an A-Z directory featuring over 1,000 entries on common conditions and illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease.^[23] Each entry offers accessible explanations of symptoms, potential causes, available treatments, and preventive measures, drawing from authoritative sources to support patient education and self-management.^[24] The resource includes foundational overviews of human anatomy, detailing the structure and function of major body systems like the circulatory and respiratory systems, often accompanied by diagrams for clarity.^[25] Wellness information complements these with practical guidance on nutrition, emphasizing balanced diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; physical exercise recommendations tailored to different age groups; and mental health resources addressing stress management and emotional well-being.^[26] These sections promote holistic health by integrating lifestyle factors that influence overall vitality. Approximately 300 descriptions of common laboratory tests are available, covering procedures from blood glucose monitoring to cholesterol panels, with details on patient preparation, associated risks, and how to interpret results in the context of health conditions.^[27] This enables users to understand diagnostic processes and discuss findings effectively with healthcare providers. Healthy eating is supported through a dedicated collection of recipes that demonstrate nutritious meal preparation using lean proteins, low-fat dairy, and minimal added sugars, categorized by meal type and dietary needs like gluten-free options.^[28] Lifestyle self-care tips, such as hydration strategies and sleep hygiene, are woven into relevant health topics to encourage sustainable habits. MedlinePlus also links to specialized areas, including drug information, for comprehensive care planning.

Specialized Information Types

MedlinePlus offers extensive resources on drugs and supplements, drawing from authoritative databases to provide detailed consumer information. The platform includes over 1,500 entries on brand name and generic prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, and vaccines, sourced primarily from the AHFS® Consumer Medication Information published by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP).^[1] These entries cover essential details such as proper usage, dosages, potential side effects, storage guidelines, and interactions with other medications or foods. Information on dietary supplements and herbal remedies is available through links to other National Institutes of Health (NIH) resources; however, detailed evidence-based information on effectiveness, recommended dosages, and safety concerns from the Therapeutic Research Center (TRC) Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database has been unavailable since July 29, 2025.^[29]^[10] In the area of genetics, MedlinePlus maintains over 1,300 pages dedicated to health conditions with a genetic basis, such as cystic fibrosis, offering accessible explanations for lay audiences.^[30] Each condition page details the signs and symptoms, underlying genetic causes, inheritance patterns (e.g., autosomal recessive for cystic fibrosis due to mutations in the CFTR gene), frequency, and related genetic testing options. The resource also covers more than 1,400 genes, 23 pairs of human chromosomes, and mitochondrial DNA, with summaries of their roles in health and disease.^[1] Complementary materials include guidance on genetic counseling, ethical considerations in testing, and resources for family planning, all derived from the National Human Genome Research Institute and other NIH components. The "Help Me Understand Genetics" handbook further elucidates complex concepts like mutations, variants, and genomic research applications.^[31] The Medical Encyclopedia within MedlinePlus comprises over 4,000 articles on medical procedures, surgeries, diagnostics, and related topics, illustrated with images and videos for enhanced comprehension.^[1] Produced in collaboration with A.D.A.M., these articles describe preparation steps, what to expect during procedures (e.g., an endoscopy for gastrointestinal diagnostics), recovery processes, and potential complications, using plain language to demystify clinical practices.^[32] Illustrations, such as diagrams of surgical incisions or diagnostic imaging results, aid visual learning, while entries on surgeries like appendectomy include risks, benefits, and post-operative care instructions. MedlinePlus integrates these specialized areas through cross-links that connect related topics, facilitating a holistic understanding of health issues. For example, genetics pages on pharmacogenomics explain how genetic variations influence drug responses, linking to specific drug entries for conditions like cancer treatment where gene-drug interactions affect efficacy and toxicity.^[33] Similarly, medical encyclopedia articles on procedures often reference genetic testing prerequisites or supplement interactions, while drug pages may direct users to genetic condition resources for personalized risk assessments. This interconnected approach, supported by NIH-curated content, ensures users can explore multifaceted aspects of care without navigating disparate sources.^[1]

Features and Functionality

MedlinePlus employs an advanced search engine developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) that supports natural language queries, enabling users to input everyday phrases for relevant results on health topics, medications, and tests. The system utilizes NLM's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus to expand searches with synonyms and related terms, enhancing accuracy and coverage. Since 2011, an autocomplete feature has been integrated into the search box, providing real-time suggestions as users type to refine queries efficiently. Users can further customize results with filters for content types—such as Health Topics, Medical Encyclopedia, Drugs and Supplements, Genetics, and Medical Tests—and languages, including English, Spanish, and over 40 others, ensuring accessible and targeted information retrieval. Boolean operators like AND, OR, NOT, and wildcards are also supported for more precise searches. The navigation structure of MedlinePlus facilitates intuitive browsing through an A-Z alphabetical list of over 1,000 health topics, allowing users to explore conditions, treatments, and wellness issues systematically. A dropdown menu on the homepage organizes content into broad categories, such as Body Location/Systems, Disorders and Conditions, Diagnosis and Therapy, Demographic Groups, and Health and Wellness, aiding discovery by thematic relevance. The homepage serves as a central portal, featuring sections for the latest health news, newly added topics, and highlighted updates from reliable sources like the NIH, which keep users informed on emerging public health issues. For deeper research, health topic pages integrate direct links to PubMed, NLM's database of biomedical literature, providing seamless access to peer-reviewed articles and studies. A comprehensive site map outlines all major sections, including topics by category, directories, and interactive tools, supporting thorough site-wide exploration. Search functionality also extends briefly to multimedia resources, such as videos and images, for enriched content discovery.

Multimedia and Interactive Elements

MedlinePlus provides extensive multimedia resources to enhance user understanding of health topics, featuring videos and animations sourced from authoritative producers like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These include animated videos explaining health and medicine concepts, such as disease processes and wellness issues, as well as specialized collections on anatomy and surgical procedures. For instance, anatomy videos illustrate body systems and how conditions affect them, while tutorials demonstrate practical skills like medical procedures, including CPR demonstrations.^[34]^[35]^[36] The platform also incorporates high-quality images and diagrams through its Medical Encyclopedia, which contains thousands of photographs and illustrations depicting medical conditions, anatomical structures, and treatments. Examples include detailed visuals of organ systems, such as the ear or uterus, and images showing tissue types or disease manifestations. Additionally, MedlinePlus links to directories for clinical trials via ClinicalTrials.gov and support groups through organizational resources, providing visual aids like infographics to guide users toward relevant services.^[32]^[37]^[38] Interactive elements on MedlinePlus engage users with practical tools for self-assessment, including health calculators and questionnaires. Notable examples are the body mass index (BMI) calculator for weight management, heart disease risk assessments, and symptom checkers for conditions like cough or diarrhea, often developed in collaboration with organizations such as the American Academy of Family Physicians. The site further offers quizzes on topics ranging from nutrition and stress to specific diseases like breast cancer or osteoporosis, promoting health literacy through immediate feedback.^[39]^[40] Multimedia content receives regular updates to reflect current health priorities, with notable additions in the 2020s including resources on COVID-19 symptoms, prevention, and vaccination integrated into video and animation libraries. Emphasis is placed on animated models for anatomy to aid comprehension of complex structures. These elements are accessible via the site's search functionality for targeted discovery.^[20]^[41]

Accessibility and User Support

Design for Inclusivity

MedlinePlus, developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), complies with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which mandates that federal websites provide accessible electronic and information technology for individuals with disabilities. This compliance supports accommodations for users with visual, auditory, or motor impairments, including features such as alternative text for images.^[42]^[43]^[44] To address varying literacy levels, MedlinePlus content is written at a 5th- to 8th-grade reading level, adhering to plain language guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to promote clarity and comprehension for a broad audience. The site is compatible with text-to-speech technologies, allowing users to listen to articles via assistive devices or browser extensions, which further supports those with reading difficulties or preferences for auditory formats. Additionally, dedicated easy-to-read sections use simplified language, short sentences, and visual aids to assist users with limited health literacy.^[9]^[45]^[46] The platform tailors resources to diverse user needs, including larger, resizable text options compatible with browser settings for seniors experiencing visual decline, simplified explanations in child-friendly topics like developmental milestones, and straightforward presentations for individuals with cognitive challenges, such as guides on mild cognitive impairment. These adaptations align with Section 508 requirements for scalable content without loss of functionality or content. Examples include nutrition resources for older adults and behavioral health overviews for children, emphasizing practical, jargon-free information.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49] Inclusivity is refined through ongoing user feedback mechanisms, including surveys, focus groups, usability testing, and analysis of customer comments and web logs, which inform design updates to better serve users with disabilities and literacy barriers. These efforts, conducted in collaboration with external partners, ensure continuous evaluation and enhancement of accessibility features.^[50]^[42]

Multilingual and Mobile Access

MedlinePlus provides comprehensive support for non-English speakers through a fully translated Spanish version of the entire site, accessible at MedlinePlus en español, which includes dedicated sections for health topics, drugs, supplements, and medical encyclopedias.^[51] This Spanish site offers more than 13,000 links to authoritative health resources tailored for Spanish-speaking users.^[1] Additionally, key health topics are available in more than 50 languages, including Arabic, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), French, Korean, Russian, and Vietnamese, allowing users to access easy-to-read information on conditions, treatments, and wellness without relying solely on English content.^[1]^[52] The translation process for multilingual content emphasizes accuracy and cultural relevance, with materials produced by qualified translators and reviewed by subject matter experts to ensure medical precision and appropriateness for diverse U.S. audiences.^[53] Producers of translated resources must document their translation, review, and updating procedures, incorporating cultural adaptations to make information relatable and effective for non-English speakers.^[53] This rigorous approach helps bridge language barriers, enabling broader access to reliable health education. For mobile access, MedlinePlus implemented a responsive web design in 2015, allowing the site to adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes on smartphones, tablets, and desktops, providing full content availability without a separate mobile version.^[9] Users can access all features, including search, health topics, and multimedia, directly through mobile browsers at medlineplus.gov or the Spanish site, optimizing on-the-go usability for quick health information lookups.^[21] Although no official dedicated apps exist, the platform integrates with electronic health record systems and patient portals via MedlinePlus Connect, facilitating personalized health content delivery within third-party health applications.^[54]

Impact and Recognition

Usage Statistics

MedlinePlus has demonstrated substantial growth in usage since its inception. Launched in October 1998 with just 22 health topics, the site garnered 116,000 page views in its first month. By 2018, annual usage reached 277 million users and over 700 million page views. In 2021, these figures climbed to 418 million users and 888 million page views.^[2]^[55]^[56] Recent trends reflect continued expansion, with nearly 500 million annual page views reported in 2024. The platform experienced notable spikes in traffic during public health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, when demand for reliable information on symptoms, prevention, and treatments surged. Overall, MedlinePlus has accumulated more than 22 trillion page views since 1998, underscoring its enduring scale and reliability as a health resource.^[2] User demographics indicate a predominantly U.S.-based audience, facilitated by its English and Spanish interfaces, with links to health information in over 50 other languages. Surveys of users reveal that 49% are patients, family members, or caregivers seeking personal health guidance, 19% are students, 12% are healthcare providers, and 19% fall into other categories.^[2]^[9] Engagement metrics highlight sustained interest in key health areas.^[57]

Awards and Influence

MedlinePlus has received several notable awards recognizing its contributions to accessible health information. In 2005, the website earned a World Summit Award in the e-health category as one of 40 global best practices selected from over 20,000 submissions across 168 countries, highlighting its role in providing reliable health resources to users worldwide.^[58] The associated MedlinePlus Connect service, which integrates consumer health information into electronic health records, received the HHSinnovates Award from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in 2011, selected as a "Secretary's Pick" for its innovative linkage of clinical data to patient-friendly resources.^[59] In 2014, MedlinePlus Connect and the National Library of Medicine were awarded the Frank Bradway Rogers Information Advancement Award for enhancing health information delivery through technology.^[60] Earlier recognitions underscore MedlinePlus's foundational impact on consumer health resources. In 1999, it received the FOCUS Award from the National Cervical Cancer Coalition for its comprehensive cancer information.^[61] MedlinePlus has profoundly influenced public access to health information by serving as a trusted, ad-free gateway to evidence-based resources from the National Library of Medicine and other federal agencies. Over its 25-year history, it has amassed over 22 trillion page views, with nearly 500 million annual visits, reaching a global audience.^[2] Approximately 49% of users are patients, families, or caregivers seeking information on over 900 health topics, including conditions, treatments, and preventive care, while 19% are students and 12% are healthcare providers.^[2] Its integration via MedlinePlus Connect has extended reach to 250 million electronic health record users annually, enabling personalized health education directly within clinical systems.^[2] By prioritizing plain-language content in English and Spanish, mobile optimization, and multilingual support for over 50 languages, MedlinePlus has advanced health literacy and reduced barriers for diverse populations.^[2]^[1] The platform consistently ranks among the top 10 most-visited U.S. government websites, demonstrating its enduring role in empowering informed health decisions globally.^[2]

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MedlinePlus Connect
MedlinePlus Connect can also link your EHR system to drug information written especially for patients. When an EHR system sends MedlinePlus Connect a request ...MedlinePlus Connect News · Frequently Asked Questions... · Email ListMissing: integration cross-
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NLM's revolution in consumer health information to improve patient ...
Dec 28, 2021 · NLM partners with physicians who prescribe MedlinePlus to their patients. In 2003, Lindberg formed partnerships with physician and health ...Missing: governance | Show results with:governance
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Learn about MedlinePlus
Dec 5, 2022 · MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. It is a service of the National Library of Medicine (NLM)
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Health Topics - MedlinePlus
Find topics A-Z · Body Location/Systems · Disorders and Conditions · Diagnosis and Therapy · Demographic Groups · Health and Wellness · Was this page helpful?Health Topics: E · Health Topics: L · Health Topics: O · All Health Topics
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Frank Bradway Rogers Information Advancement Award - MLA
Jul 9, 2024 · Past Recipients · MedlinePlus Connect · the National Library of Medicine.
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NLM's MedlinePlus Wins World Summit Award | NLM in Focus
MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine's consumer health Web site, was one of two US winners of the 2005 World Summit Award. The award is part of the ...
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MedlinePlus Connect: Linking Health IT Systems to Consumer ... - NIH
Since 1998, MedlinePlus.gov has provided reliable, up-to-date health information for patients and families. It contains authoritative, consumer-level health ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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MEDLINEplus: Recognition and Awards
Feb 27, 2001 · We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation. Hardin MD Clean Bill of Health, MEDLINEplus has been awarded the ...