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NASCAR Racing 2003 Season

NASCAR Racing 2003 Season (commonly abbreviated as NR2003) is a racing simulation video game developed by Papyrus Design Group and published by Sierra Entertainment. Released for Microsoft Windows on February 13, 2003, and later for Mac OS X by Aspyr Media, it is the eighth and final entry in the NASCAR Racing series by Papyrus.^[1]^[2] The game simulates the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, including all 30 drivers and teams, 23 real-life tracks (with updated versions of New Hampshire International Speedway and Infineon Raceway), and the full 36-race schedule. It features advanced physics modeling, online multiplayer support for up to 48 players, and career mode options, earning acclaim for its realism and depth.^[3]^[4] As Papyrus's last NASCAR title before the studio's closure in 2004, NR2003 maintains a dedicated community as of 2025, sustained by extensive modding and legacy support.^[5]

Development and Release

Development

Papyrus Design Group, a Massachusetts-based studio co-founded by David Kaemmer, served as the primary developer for NASCAR Racing 2003 Season, with Rich Yasi directing design and production efforts.^[6]^[7] Development commenced shortly after the release of NASCAR Racing 2002 Season, with the project announced in September 2002 and targeted for a February 2003 launch, focusing on accurately simulating the 2003 Winston Cup Series schedule.^[7] The game incorporated official NASCAR licensing, encompassing 42 teams, their drivers, paint schemes, and 23 real-world tracks from the season, such as the updated New Hampshire International Speedway and Infineon Raceway.^[7]^[8] Close collaboration with NASCAR ensured precise replication of car models, chassis specifications, and driver likenesses, drawing on technical data, mechanic insights, and driver feedback to enhance authenticity.^[6] AI behaviors were refined to reflect individual driver personalities, such as varying levels of aggression and reliability for figures like Jeff Gordon.^[6] The physics engine, building on refinements from prior Papyrus titles including Grand Prix Legends, saw key advancements in tire wear simulation, which progressively degrades grip and lap times to emphasize strategic pit decisions; aerodynamics modeling for more realistic vehicle handling under drafting and cornering conditions; and AI pathfinding for improved pack racing dynamics.^[6] Westlake Interactive handled the Mac OS X port, adapting the Windows version to the platform while preserving essential elements like full team rosters, sponsor details, and all 2003 tracks for cross-platform compatibility.^[9]

Release

NASCAR Racing 2003 Season was initially released for Microsoft Windows in North America on February 13, 2003, followed by Europe on February 15, 2003, and Australasia on February 19, 2003.^[10] The Mac OS X port, co-published by Aspyr Media, Inc., became available later that year, with shipments beginning around April 2003 in North America and extending to select European markets in June.^[2]^[11] Published by Sierra Entertainment, Inc. for the Windows version, the game was strategically marketed to coincide with the start of the real 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season, which began with the Daytona 500 on February 16, 2003.^[12] This timing allowed Sierra to leverage the excitement of the ongoing professional racing calendar, positioning the title as an authentic companion to the season's events through promotional tie-ins and endorsements from NASCAR officials.^[4] The game launched exclusively on Windows and Mac OS X platforms, targeting PC gamers with mid-range hardware of the era. Minimum system requirements for Windows included an Intel Pentium II processor, 64 MB of RAM, a Direct3D-compatible graphics card with 16 MB of VRAM, and Windows 98 or later with DirectX 8.1.^[13] For optimal performance, such as smooth 3D rendering at higher resolutions, a Pentium III or better with 128 MB RAM and a 32 MB video card was recommended. The Mac version required a PowerPC G4 processor at 733 MHz or faster, Mac OS X 10.1.5 or later, and 128 MB of RAM.^[14] At launch, the game included the complete 2003 Winston Cup Series schedule, featuring all 36 races across 23 real-world tracks, along with official rosters of the 50 drivers and teams competing that year, such as defending champion Tony Stewart and rookies like Greg Biffle.^[1] This ensured players could simulate the entire season from its outset. Post-launch support addressed minor technical issues, including an early patch (version 1.0.2.0) that fixed joystick compatibility, nighttime rendering bugs at Charlotte Motor Speedway, date formatting errors, and inaccuracies in season standings calculations.^[15] Some users reported initial problems with track loading on certain CD-ROM drives, particularly Kenwood models, which prevented the game from starting, though these were mitigated via workarounds or subsequent updates.^[16] No major controversies marred the release, with the focus remaining on its timely alignment with the NASCAR season.

Gameplay

Simulation Mechanics

The simulation mechanics of NASCAR Racing 2003 Season emphasize realistic physics modeling to replicate the dynamics of professional stock car racing. The core physics engine incorporates aerodynamic effects such as drafting, where a car gains speed by following closely behind another to reduce air resistance, and bump drafting, a technique involving light contact to push a lead car forward for mutual acceleration gains. These elements are integral to high-speed oval racing strategies, particularly at superspeedways like Daytona and Talladega. Tire degradation is simulated through progressive wear that reduces grip over laps, with visual indicators showing status from optimal (green) to critical (red), potentially leading to explosions if brakes lock up for extended periods. Fuel management requires players to monitor consumption rates, estimating remaining laps based on strategy, with pit stops allowing for full refills (two 11-gallon cans totaling 22 gallons) or quick splashes. Damage simulation operates in three modes—none, moderate, or realistic—where collisions weaken suspension, body panels, or engines, and severe impacts or over-revving can result in black-flag penalties or vehicle failure.^[4]^[17] Track and vehicle authenticity further enhances the simulation's fidelity, featuring 23 licensed real-world NASCAR Winston Cup venues, including updated layouts for New Hampshire International Speedway and Infineon Raceway, with surface irregularities like bumps faithfully reproduced to affect handling. Weather effects are limited to dry conditions with variable elements such as wind and temperature that influence car performance, but no precipitation is modeled. The game includes customizable setups for all 42 licensed teams from the 2003 season, allowing adjustments to asymmetrical chassis configurations for ovals, such as gear ratios, suspension, and aerodynamics, to optimize for specific track characteristics.^[4]^[17]^[18] AI driver behaviors contribute to competitive racing by employing precise control to avoid understeer or errors in turns, with adaptive "rubber-band" logic that scales opponent difficulty to match player performance. Opponents exhibit aggressive passing maneuvers when the player is slower and execute pit strategies based on race length and conditions, such as timing stops for fuel and tires to gain positions. Collision avoidance is responsive, enabling believable multi-car interactions without frequent wrecks unless provoked.^[4]^[17] Graphics utilize 3D rendering for detailed car models, cockpits, and environments, incorporating dynamic effects like sun glare, lens flares, shadows, and accumulating windshield debris to convey immersion and speed. Audio design features authentic engine roars varying by RPM and manufacturer, tire squeals during slides, gear shifts, and ambient crowd noise to heighten the race atmosphere, though occasional dropouts may occur in intense scenarios.^[4]^[17] Control schemes support keyboard, joystick, and force-feedback steering wheels, with full customization of button assignments and sensitivity for steering, acceleration, and braking to balance realism and accessibility. Driving aids like automatic transmission, antilock brakes, and traction control can be toggled or adjusted incrementally, while force feedback options allow tuning of strength, damping, and latency for compatible hardware to simulate road feel.^[4]^[17]

Game Modes and Features

NASCAR Racing 2003 Season offers a variety of single-player modes designed to simulate the intensity of professional stock car racing. The primary single-player experiences include Testing sessions for isolated track practice, Single Race for standalone competitions against AI opponents, and the Championship Season mode, which follows the full 2003 Winston Cup Series schedule across 36 races.^[17] These modes allow players to customize difficulty levels, adjusting AI performance to match skill progression, with adaptive AI that scales from an initial 70% capability based on player results.^[19] The Championship Season serves as the core career mode, enabling players to select from the official 2003 roster of 43 drivers and teams, accumulating points toward the season title while managing resources like car condition and pit strategies reflective of real NASCAR team decisions.^[17] Players can tweak driver ratings, which influence AI behaviors such as pitting timing and aggression, adding depth to long-term progression without requiring external modifications.^[20] This mode integrates authentic 2003 elements, including spotter radio communications providing real-time tactical advice on track conditions and competitor positions.^[17] Quick races and practice sessions emphasize flexibility, allowing selection of any of the 23 licensed tracks from the 2003 season, such as Daytona International Speedway or Talladega Superspeedway, with options for varying race lengths and weather conditions like dynamic wind and temperature shifts.^[19] Car setups can be fine-tuned in the garage, adjusting chassis components for handling and performance, while driver customization lets users input personal details for immersion.^[17] Multiplayer functionality supports up to 42 participants in online or LAN races, blending human players with AI fillers to fill the field, accessible through TCP/IP, IPX, or the Sierra.com matching service.^[19] Server hosting tools enable league creation, with in-game voting for track changes or player ejections to maintain fair play, fostering competitive online communities.^[19] Additional features enhance replayability, including a robust replay system with five core driving views—cockpit, roof, front bumper, chase, and far chase—plus broadcast-style options like TV1, TV2, spectator, helicopter, and pit cameras for detailed race analysis.^[19] The replay editor permits customization by inserting sound effects and custom images, simulating photo captures during key moments, though no dedicated track editor exists for creating new circuits beyond minor setup tweaks.^[17] Pit strategy integration, with choices for fuel loads, tire changes, and wedge adjustments, mirrors 2003 team tactics, voiced through spotter commentary for added realism.^[17]

Ownership and Legacy

Ownership History

NASCAR Racing 2003 Season was initially developed by Papyrus Design Group and published by Sierra Entertainment, a division of Vivendi Universal Games, which held the rights to the title upon its February 2003 release.^[21] This ownership structure remained in place until early 2004, when corporate shifts began impacting the game's distribution.^[22] In September 2003, Electronic Arts (EA) announced an exclusive multi-year licensing deal with NASCAR for the development and publication of interactive entertainment products, effective from the 2004 season onward, effectively barring competitors like Sierra and Papyrus from producing new NASCAR-licensed titles.^[23] Consequently, at the end of March 2004, remaining stock of NASCAR Racing 2003 Season was withdrawn from retail shelves to comply with the licensing terms, marking the end of its commercial availability through official channels.^[22] This development contributed to the closure of Papyrus Design Group in spring 2004, as Vivendi Universal Games shuttered the studio amid broader restructuring efforts following the loss of the NASCAR partnership.^[21] Following the shutdown, Vivendi sold the copyrights and source code for NASCAR Racing 2003 Season to FIRST.net LLC, a company established by Papyrus co-founder Dave Kaemmer, in May 2004.^[22] Kaemmer, along with investor John Henry, leveraged this acquisition to found iRacing.com in 2004, incorporating elements of the game's codebase—particularly its networking and simulation features—into the development of iRacing's online racing platform, which officially launched in 2008.^[22] In 2008, Vivendi Universal Games merged with Activision to form Activision Blizzard, but by then, the core intellectual property rights to the game had already transferred out of Vivendi's control.^[21] The shift in ownership led to the discontinuation of official support for NASCAR Racing 2003 Season, including the shutdown of Sierra's online matchmaking servers on August 16, 2007, after which no patches or updates were provided.^[5] The game has not seen any official re-releases or modern ports, though iRacing's ongoing NASCAR-sanctioned content draws from the legacy codebase acquired in 2004. No significant lawsuits or intellectual property disputes directly involving the game's NASCAR licensing were reported during these transitions.^[22]

Community and Modern Relevance

Following the shutdown of the official Sierra online lobby on August 16, 2007, the NASCAR Racing 2003 Season community transitioned to private servers, hosted lobbies, and LAN-based play using tools like Hamachi to sustain multiplayer racing.^[5] This shift preserved the game's competitive online ecosystem, with dedicated anti-cheat software enabling fair hosted races through platforms such as NRT Servers and Race LM.^[5] The modding scene remains highly active as of 2025, centered around community resource hubs that distribute track packs, car modifications, and complete season recreations aligned with contemporary NASCAR schedules. Key sites include nr2k3.weebly.com, which hosts extensive collections of mods including the 2025 Cup Series pack by FCRD22 featuring updated vehicle models and physics tweaks, and Stunod Racing (stunodracing.net), a long-standing repository since 2007 offering paint schemes, utilities, and series expansions.^[24]^[25] These efforts extend to specialized modifications such as the 2025 Season Mega Pack, which incorporates paint schemes up to late-season races as of November 2025, all 2025 schedule tracks, and driver ratings, alongside Next Gen car models simulating modern chassis and aerodynamics.^[26] AI enhancements, including improved pathfinding and aggression tuning, further support single-player and league play, fostering organized community events like virtual championships and weekly races. As of November 2025, modders continue releasing updates covering the full 2025 NASCAR Cup Series season, including finale events at Martinsville and Phoenix.^[5]^[27] Modern accessibility has been bolstered by community-developed compatibility patches, allowing the game to run on Windows 10 and 11 through configuration tweaks and executable wrappers to address DirectX and resolution issues.^[28] Efforts for broader distribution include ongoing petitions for a GOG re-release to provide official DRM-free support and updated installers.^[29] For macOS users, virtual machine emulation via tools like Parallels or VMware Fusion enables functionality, though native support ended with macOS Catalina due to 32-bit architecture limitations.^[10] Forum discussions indicate a dedicated player base in the thousands, sustained by these adaptations and annual mod updates.^[5] The game's legacy endures as a foundational benchmark in sim racing, with its physics engine and modding framework influencing subsequent titles, including iRacing, whose base code drew from Papyrus Design Group's expertise—NR2003's developers, who co-founded iRacing in 2004.^[5]^[30] This technical heritage, combined with fan preservation, positions NR2003 as a vital tool for NASCAR enthusiasts, supporting everything from casual play to professional scouting simulations even two decades post-release.^[5]

Reception

Critical Response

NASCAR Racing 2003 Season received widespread critical acclaim upon its release, earning a Metacritic aggregate score of 89/100 based on 18 reviews from major outlets, including IGN's 9.3/10, GameSpot's 8.8/10, and PC Gamer's 95/100.^[12]^[3]^[4]^[31] Critics praised the game's realistic physics engine, which advanced Papyrus Design Group's simulation model to deliver authentic handling, tire wear, and drafting dynamics that closely mirrored real NASCAR racing.^[3]^[4] The inclusion of 23 official tracks and expanded car setups provided significant depth, allowing players to fine-tune vehicles for specific conditions, a level of customization that surpassed competitors like EA's NASCAR Thunder 2003, which leaned more toward arcade-style gameplay.^[4]^[5] However, some reviewers noted limitations in the graphics, which, while improved over prior entries with better textures and crowd details, fell short of 2003 standards set by more visually ambitious titles and lacked dynamic lighting effects.^[4] The absence of variable weather conditions, such as rain, was highlighted as a missed opportunity for added realism, especially compared to emerging features in other racing simulations.^[3] Additionally, the game's emphasis on simulation led to a steep learning curve for newcomers, requiring extensive practice to master setup adjustments and driving techniques.^[4] The title earned PC Gamer's 2003 Best Racing Game award, recognizing its excellence in simulation fidelity.^[31] As the final entry in Papyrus' long-running NASCAR series, the game built upon predecessors like NASCAR Racing 2002 Season by refining AI behaviors and online multiplayer support, solidifying genre standards for oval-track authenticity that influenced subsequent sim racing developments, including elements in iRacing.^[4]^[5]

Commercial Performance

NASCAR Racing 2003 Season experienced strong initial sales in the United States, driven by the game's high critical acclaim and the popularity of the NASCAR franchise. The game's commercial performance was primarily concentrated in North America, where NASCAR held significant cultural appeal, leading to robust demand among sim racing enthusiasts; it was released in Europe in February 2003 and Australia on February 19, 2003. It retailed at a standard price of $49.99, with later bundles pairing it with NASCAR Racing 2002 Season to extend its market lifecycle.^[32] The abrupt discontinuation of Papyrus's NASCAR series in 2004, following EA Sports' acquisition of an exclusive licensing deal, resulted in estimated lost revenue opportunities for future sequels and contributed directly to the studio's closure later that year.^[33] In the long term, the game has not seen official re-releases on modern platforms, though indirect economic benefits arose from the sale of Papyrus's core simulation assets to iRacing for $1 million, enabling ongoing revenue generation in the sim racing space through the successor company's products.^[34]

References

[1]
2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Results - Jayski.com
2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Results ; 1, 2/16, Daytona, FL, Daytona 500, #30-Jeff Green 186.606 39th ; 2, 2/23, Rockingham, NC, Subway 400, #77-Dave Blaney 154.683
[2]
2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series - Driver Averages
NASCAR statistics, standings and results for 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. DriverAverages.com.<|control11|><|separator|>
[3]
Season Stats - Racing-Reference
### 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Season Summary
[4]
All of Ryan Newman's NASCAR Cup Series victories
Dec 10, 2019 · Ryan Newman scored his eighth and final win of 2003 at Kansas Speedway. Newman beat out NASCAR Hall of Famer Bill Elliott for the victory.
[5]
Ryan Newman: Terrifying crash in 2003 Daytona 500 was ...
Feb 18, 2020 · Ryan Newman, veteran NASCAR driver, crashed at Daytona 500 on Feb. 17, 2020. 17 years earlier, Newman survived another wild crash on the ...
[6]
A moment in time: Oral history of 2003 Darlington | NASCAR.com
Ricky Craven and Kurt Busch sit down together to recount their famous 2003 finish at Darlington Raceway (.002 seconds!) 15 years later.Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[7]
2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year Standings
Here are the final 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series rookie of the year point standings. Jamie McMurray took home rookie of the year honors.
[8]
Climb behind the wheel of NASCAR Racing 2003 Season with ...
“The approach we've used has been for us to get our hands on as much technical information as possible, plug it into our physics engine, and tweak it until we ...
[9]
Sierra and Papyrus Announce NASCAR Racing 2003 Season
Scheduled for release in February 2003, NASCAR(r) Racing 2003 Season, developed by Massachusetts-based Papyrus Racing Games, will combine the most authentic ...
[10]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season - MobyGames
23 real-life tracks (including the new versions of New Hampshire International Speedway and Infineon Raceway) are included.
[11]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season in duplication - MacTech.com
May 8, 2003 · The Mac conversion of the game, which was completed by Westlake Interactive, features teams, drivers, sponsors, and every track of the 2003 ...
[12]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season - PCGamingWiki
Oct 24, 2025 · NASCAR Racing 2003 Season is a singleplayer and multiplayer racing game developed by Papyrus Design Group and released by Sierra Entertainment.
[13]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season Releases - MobyGames
Detailed release information for NASCAR Racing 2003 Season. Including release dates, countries, product codes, publishers, developers and other credited ...
[14]
NASCAR Racing 2003 coming to the Mac - MacTech.com
Apr 2, 2003 · Aspyr today announced that it will co-publish NASCAR Racing 2003 Season for the Macintosh. The Mac conversion of the game is being completed ...
[15]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 89% (18) PC. Initial Release Date: Feb 14, 2003. Developer: Papyrus. Publisher: Sierra Entertainment. Genres: Auto Racing Sim · Full Credits & Details. Related Games ...
[16]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season Review - GameSpot
Rating 8.8/10 · Review by Gord GobleFeb 6, 2003 · NASCAR Racing 2003 Season features an improved instant-replay option. Those familiar with NASCAR Racing will feel immediately comfortable with the latest game.
[17]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season Attributes, Tech Specs, Ratings
Minimum CPU Class Required: Intel Pentium II. Minimum OS Class Required: Windows 98. Minimum RAM Required: 64 MB. Minimum DirectX Version Required: DirectX 8.1.
[18]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season - Macintosh Repository
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season - racing simulator ported by Aspyr, single or multiplayer (LAN preferred as the GameRanger service may no longer be available).
[19]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season | Auto Racing Video Games Wiki
The game was the last to be released by the company before EA Sports bought the NASCAR license exclusively from 2004 to 2009 (parent company Sierra's successor ...
[20]
NASCAR Racing Patches - The Sierra Help Pages
This patch updates version 1.02 to Version 1.03. This patch fixes joystick, Charlotte track at night, date format and standings issues. Please read the readme ...
[21]
NR2003 ReadMe | SimNASCAR - WordPress.com
Note that when NASCAR® Racing 2003 Season is run as a dedicated server only a minimum 512KB of replay buffer will be used to maximize performance and minimize ...
[22]
[PDF] NASCAR® Racing 2003 Season - Old Games Download
While assisting Papyrus in the development of NASCAR Racing 2003 Season,. Manuel's work has essentially been an extension of what he does for his race team, ...
[23]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season USA : Free Download, Borrow, and ...
Nov 27, 2022 · The latest release from this series since 1999. 23 real-life tracks (including the new versions of New Hampshire International Speedway and ...
[24]
Q&A With 'NASCAR Racing 2003 Season' Producer - Worthplaying
Dec 5, 2002 · NASCAR Racing 2003 Season showcases new dynamic 3D graphics including a populated pit row, team war wagons, pit signs, aerial objects such as
[25]
NR2003 Driver's Ratings - DaveyHo's Blog
NR2003 Driver's Ratings · 1. Strategy: Affects ai's inclination to pit. The higher the value, the closer ai will observe an optimum pit window, but @100, ai may ...
[26]
History of Papyrus Racing Games - GameSpot
Jun 8, 2005 · When Papyrus Racing Games released its final ... NASCAR Racing 2002 Season followed in 2002 and then came NASCAR Racing 2003 Season.
[27]
How iRacing came to be - the Papyrus Design Group story | Traxion
May 15, 2021 · NASCAR Racing 2003 Season was the final release for the Papyrus and Sierra banner. Electronic Arts would be purchasing the exclusive NASCAR ...
[28]
NASCAR stops flirting, now exclusive to EA - GameSpot
Sep 26, 2003 · Electronic Arts and NASCAR now have an exclusive relationship when it comes to interactive games and the NASCAR brand.
[29]
How NASCAR Racing 2003 Season is still pioneering 19 years later
Feb 6, 2022 · In the NR2003 code existed three other physics models, including “GNS” for Grand National Series, “CTS” for Craftsman Truck Series, and “PTA” ...Missing: advancements engine
[30]
MODS - NR2K3 Weebly
2016 carset (49 cars from Daytona) included in the mod. Additional cars from 2016 season painted by Gilliland38 (75 cars) are available from the Stunod Racing.Tracks · 2024 CUP (FCRD22) · 2025 CUP (FCRD22) · Scoring
[31]
nr2003 mods - Stunod Racing
Sep 11, 2022 · ... NR2003 Sim Racing community since the year of our inception, 2007. As a community, we take tremendous pride in offering nothing but the very ...
[32]
https://www.pricecharting.com/game/pc-games/nascar-racing-2003-season
[33]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Windows 10 & 11 Install Guide - BenCrazy
Oct 20, 2023 · This guide will walk you step by step on how to install NASCAR Racing 2003 on your Windows 10 & 11 computer.
[34]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season GOG Dreamlist
Jan 29, 2025 · Want to see NASCAR Racing 2003 Season on GOG? Vote for NASCAR Racing 2003 Season and contribute to game preservation!
[35]
Ownership & History | iRacing.com Motorsport Simulations
iRacing was founded in 2003 by Dave Kaemmer and John Henry. Now the CEO of iRacing, Kaemmer previously cofounded the Papyrus Design Group.
[36]
NASCAR Racing 2003 - IGN
Rating 9.3/10 · Review by Randy MagruderMar 11, 2003 · The way the cars move around you and race seems utterly realistic, both while driving and during replays. The cars ahead of you even exhibit ...
[37]
https://www.metacritic.com/game/nascar-racing-2003-season/critic-reviews/?platform=pc
[38]
NASCAR Racing: 2003 Season Prices PC Games - PriceCharting
NASCAR Racing: 2003 Season PC Games ; $19.90 +$4.90 · volume: 1 sale per week ; $49.86 $0.00 · volume: 2 sales per month ; $89.20 -$0.12 · volume: 1 sale per month ...
[39]
NASCAR Racing 2003 Season - The Cutting Room Floor
May 26, 2025 · 2003 auto racing simulation released by Papyrus Design Group. It is widely regarded by many fans as the greatest NASCAR game of all time.
[40]
IRacing hopes for win with online racing sim - The Business Journals
Jun 26, 2008 · In 2004, Vivendi Universal shut down Papyrus' operations, but iRacing paid $1 million to buy back the “core simulation” code, which now ...