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Obinutuzumab

Obinutuzumab is a humanized, glycoengineered type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 on the surface of B-lymphocytes, inducing their lysis through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, direct cell death, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity.^[1] It is administered intravenously and is primarily used in combination with chemotherapy or other agents to treat B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and follicular lymphoma (FL), as well as autoimmune conditions like lupus nephritis.^[2] Developed by Genentech (a member of the Roche Group), obinutuzumab represents an advancement over earlier anti-CD20 antibodies like rituximab due to its enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity resulting from glycoengineering to reduce fucose content.^[1] Obinutuzumab received its initial U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on November 1, 2013, for use in combination with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with CLL who were unsuitable for full-dose fludarabine-based therapy, based on pivotal phase III trial data showing significantly improved progression-free survival (23.0 months versus 11.1 months with chlorambucil alone).^[1] The European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted marketing authorization in July 2014 under the brand name Gazyvaro for similar CLL indications and later expanded uses.^[3] Subsequent approvals have broadened its applications, including in 2016 for relapsed or refractory FL in combination with bendamustine, and in October 2025 for active lupus nephritis in adults receiving standard therapy, supported by the phase III REGENCY trial demonstrating superior complete renal response rates (46.4% versus 33.1% with placebo at week 76).^[2] In clinical practice, obinutuzumab dosing varies by indication but typically involves an initial infusion of 100 mg on day 1 of cycle 1, followed by escalated doses up to 1,000 mg on subsequent days and cycles, with maintenance therapy every two months for up to two years in FL.^[2] For lupus nephritis, the regimen includes 1,000 mg infusions at weeks 0, 2, 24, 26, and then every six months.^[2] Premedication with glucocorticoids, antihistamines, and acetaminophen is recommended to mitigate infusion-related reactions, which occur in up to 68% of patients during the first infusion but decrease with subsequent doses.^[2] Key safety considerations include the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation, which can lead to fulminant hepatitis or death, necessitating screening and monitoring of all patients prior to initiation.^[2] Other serious adverse events encompass progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, tumor lysis syndrome, severe infections, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, with overall infection rates reported in up to 50% of treated patients.^[4]^[3] Obinutuzumab is contraindicated in active infections and requires contraception during treatment and for up to six months afterward due to potential embryo-fetal toxicity.^[4]

Indications

Hematologic malignancies

Obinutuzumab is approved for the first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in combination with chlorambucil in patients with previously untreated disease.^[2] The recommended dosing regimen consists of 100 mg intravenously on day 1 and 900 mg on day 2 of cycle 1, followed by 1000 mg on days 8 and 15 of cycle 1, and then 1000 mg on day 1 of cycles 2 through 6, with each cycle lasting 28 days.^[2] This regimen was established based on the phase 3 CLL11 trial, which demonstrated superior efficacy of obinutuzumab-chlorambucil compared to rituximab-chlorambucil, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 26.7 months versus 16.3 months (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.44-0.72, p<0.001).^[5] Obinutuzumab is also approved in combination with venetoclax for the first-line treatment of CLL in adults.^[6] The regimen involves obinutuzumab 1000 mg on days 1, 8, and 15 of cycle 1 and day 1 of cycle 2 through 6 (28-day cycles), with concurrent venetoclax ramp-up and maintenance. This fixed-duration treatment was supported by the phase 3 CLL14 trial, which showed improved PFS compared to chlorambucil-obinutuzumab (median PFS not reached vs. 36.4 months at 4 years; hazard ratio 0.22, 95% CI 0.17-0.30, p<0.0001).^[7] In follicular lymphoma (FL), obinutuzumab is indicated in combination with bendamustine, followed by obinutuzumab monotherapy, for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory disease who progressed during or within 6 months of treatment with a rituximab product.^[2] It is also approved in combination with chemotherapy (such as bendamustine, CHOP, or CVP), followed by obinutuzumab monotherapy in patients who achieved at least a partial response, for previously untreated stage II bulky, III, or IV FL.^[2] For frontline therapy, the dosing is 1000 mg on days 1, 8, and 15 of cycle 1, followed by 1000 mg on day 1 of cycles 2 through 6 (or up to 8 cycles depending on the chemotherapy regimen).^[2] In the relapsed/refractory setting as monotherapy after bendamustine, it is administered as 1000 mg on days 1, 8, and 15 of cycle 1, followed by 1000 mg every 28 days for up to 8 additional cycles.^[2] The efficacy in relapsed or refractory FL was supported by the phase 3 GADOLIN trial, which showed that obinutuzumab plus bendamustine followed by obinutuzumab maintenance improved PFS compared to bendamustine alone, with a median PFS of not reached versus 14.9 months (hazard ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.43-0.72, p<0.0001).^[8] These approvals leverage obinutuzumab's targeted action against CD20 on malignant B cells to enhance B-cell depletion in these indolent B-cell malignancies.^[2]

Lupus nephritis

Obinutuzumab received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on October 19, 2025, for the treatment of adults with active class III or IV lupus nephritis (LN) in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids.^[9] This approval was supported by positive results from the phase 3 REGENCY trial (NCT04221477), which demonstrated the superiority of obinutuzumab added to standard therapy over placebo plus standard therapy in achieving renal responses. The recommended dosing regimen for active LN in adults is 1000 mg administered intravenously on day 1, followed by 1000 mg on day 15 (week 2), 1000 mg at week 24, and 1000 mg at week 26, with subsequent doses of 1000 mg every 6 months thereafter.^[2] Pharmacokinetic data in adolescents with active class III or IV LN, derived from the phase 2 trial NCT05039619, support similar exposure profiles to adults when using weight-based dosing, though obinutuzumab is not yet approved for pediatric use.^[10] In the REGENCY trial, which enrolled 437 adults with active class III or IV LN, 46.4% of patients receiving obinutuzumab plus standard therapy (mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids) achieved a complete renal response (CRR) at week 76, compared to 33.1% in the placebo plus standard therapy group (adjusted difference, 13.4%; 95% CI, 2.0 to 24.7; P=0.007). Exploratory analyses showed a 63% reduction in the risk of unfavorable kidney outcomes, defined as end-stage kidney disease, a confirmed ≥30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to <60 ml/min/1.73 m², or death from kidney failure.^[11] Additionally, obinutuzumab reduced the risk of LN flares by 56% and demonstrated superior preservation of kidney function, with an 80% relative reduction in the incidence of the first confirmed eGFR decline of ≥30% or ≥40% compared to placebo.^[12] Obinutuzumab's efficacy in LN is attributed to its enhanced B-cell depletion as a type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, which contributes to reduced autoantibody production in autoimmune-driven kidney disease.^[13]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Obinutuzumab is a humanized, glycoengineered type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that binds to a unique epitope on the CD20 antigen, overlapping but distinct from the epitope targeted by type I antibodies such as rituximab, enabling enhanced direct induction of cell death in CD20-positive B cells without the need for antibody clustering.^[14] This binding promotes three primary mechanisms of B-cell elimination: enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) through its defucosylated Fc region, which increases affinity for FcγRIIIa receptors on immune effector cells; antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) mediated by macrophages and monocytes; and direct activation of intracellular signaling pathways leading to non-apoptotic cell death via lysosomal disruption and reactive oxygen species generation.^[15]^[16]^[17] Unlike type I anti-CD20 antibodies like rituximab, obinutuzumab exhibits reduced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) due to its type II properties, which limit efficient recruitment and activation of the complement cascade, thereby shifting reliance toward cellular effector functions. Compared to rituximab, obinutuzumab demonstrates superior ADCC activity—up to 100-fold higher in preclinical models—and induces direct cell death independently of crosslinking, resulting in more potent and sustained depletion of CD20-positive B cells.^[15] This targeted B-cell depletion reduces malignant B-cell burden in hematologic malignancies and diminishes autoantibody-producing B cells in autoimmune conditions, leveraging obinutuzumab's glycoengineered modifications like afucosylation to amplify effector functions without altering the core antibody structure.^[14]^[18]

Chemical structure

Obinutuzumab is a humanized IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that have been genetically engineered to express β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III, resulting in afucosylated Fc glycans.^[19]^[20] This glycoengineering modifies the N-linked glycans at asparagine 297 (Asn297) in the Fc region, reducing the core fucose content to less than 1% and thereby enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The antibody consists of two heavy chains, each comprising 451 amino acids, and two light chains, each with 216 amino acids, yielding a total molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa.^[21] Its variable regions are derived from a murine anti-CD20 antibody but grafted onto human frameworks, achieving approximately 95% human amino acid sequence identity to minimize immunogenicity.^[22] Obinutuzumab specifically binds to an epitope on the large extracellular loop II (also known as the second extracellular domain) of the CD20 antigen, a 33- to 35-kDa nonglycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of pre-B and mature B cells.^[19]^[23] The formulated product is a sterile, preservative-free, clear, colorless to slightly brown solution at a concentration of 25 mg/mL for intravenous infusion, buffered with 20 mM L-histidine and L-histidine hydrochloride at pH 6.0, and stabilized with 240 mM trehalose and 0.02% poloxamer 188.^[2]

Adverse effects

Common adverse effects

Obinutuzumab treatment frequently leads to infusion-related reactions (IRRs), affecting more than 60% of patients, which are typically mild to moderate (grade 1-2) and manifest as nausea, vomiting, flushing, headache, or chills, primarily during the first infusion cycle.^[2] Premedication with glucocorticoids (such as dexamethasone), acetaminophen, and antihistamines substantially reduces the incidence and severity of these reactions.^[2] In the pivotal CLL11 trial for first-line chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), IRRs occurred in 66% of patients receiving obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil, with 20% classified as grade 3 or higher.^[24] Similarly, in the GADOLIN trial for relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the incidence was 67%, with 11% grade 3 or higher.^[25] In the REGENCY trial for lupus nephritis, IRRs occurred in 14% of patients receiving obinutuzumab plus standard therapy, with 1.5% classified as grade 3 or higher and most events being grade 1-2.^[2] Hematologic adverse effects, stemming from obinutuzumab's B-cell depleting mechanism, are common and include neutropenia in 30-40% of patients overall (with 10-35% grade 3-4), thrombocytopenia in 15-20% (10-15% grade 3-4), and anemia in 10-15% (around 10% grade 3-4).^[2] These cytopenias often require monitoring but are generally manageable in outpatient settings. In CLL11, neutropenia affected 38% all grades (33% grade 3-4), thrombocytopenia 14% (10% grade 3-4), and anemia 39% (10% grade 3-4).^[2] The GADOLIN trial reported neutropenia in 37% (35% grade 3-5) and thrombocytopenia in 15%.^[25] In the REGENCY trial, neutropenia occurred in 14% all grades (7% grade 3-4).^[2] Gastrointestinal disturbances occur in 10-20% of patients, with diarrhea being the most frequent (10-15% all grades, <5% grade 3-4), alongside constipation and abdominal pain.^[2] General symptoms such as fatigue (15-25% all grades), pyrexia (10-20%), and cough (10-30%) are also commonly reported across trials.^[2] In GADOLIN, fatigue was noted in 40%, pyrexia in 19%, and cough in 31%.^[2]

Serious adverse effects

Obinutuzumab, a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, is associated with an increased risk of serious infections due to B-cell depletion, with grade 3-5 infections occurring in up to 29% of patients when combined with bendamustine in follicular lymphoma and approximately 11% in lupus nephritis from the REGENCY trial.^[2] Examples include pneumonia and urinary tract infections, with fatal infections reported in 1-3% of cases across chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other indications.^[2] In the REGENCY trial for lupus nephritis, the exposure-adjusted incidence rate for grade 3-5 infections was 8.9 per 100 patient-years, with added emphasis on monitoring for opportunistic infections.^[2] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is a particular concern, with an incidence of 8.2% among patients with resolved HBV infection in B-cell lymphoma trials, necessitating pre-treatment screening and antiviral prophylaxis in at-risk individuals.^[26]^[2] Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) represents another serious risk, particularly in CLL patients with high tumor burden, where grade 3-4 events occur in about 2% of cases.^[2] Prophylaxis typically involves hydration and administration of allopurinol or other anti-hyperuricemics, with close monitoring of renal function and electrolytes to mitigate complications such as acute kidney injury.^[2] Cardiovascular events, often linked to infusion-related reactions (IRRs), include hypotension and can exacerbate pre-existing cardiac conditions, with grade 3-4 IRRs reported in 20% of CLL patients.^[2] Fatal cardiac events have been observed, prompting recommendations to withhold antihypertensive medications 12 hours before and after infusions and to monitor patients with impaired cardiac function closely.^[2] Neurological complications are rare but include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a potentially fatal demyelinating disease caused by JC virus, with incidence less than 0.1% and cases often following prior exposure to other anti-CD20 therapies like rituximab.^[2] Any new neurological symptoms, such as confusion or vision changes, warrant immediate evaluation, including MRI and lumbar puncture, with permanent discontinuation if PML is confirmed.^[2] Obinutuzumab is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or its excipients, as well as active HBV infection, due to the risk of fulminant hepatitis.^[2] Warnings extend to those with compromised cardiac function, where careful risk-benefit assessment is required, and overall monitoring for serious adverse effects should include prompt intervention for signs of infection or IRR during treatment.^[2]

History

Development

Obinutuzumab originated from Roche's GA101 program, initiated in the early 2000s following the company's acquisition of Glycart Biotechnology AG in July 2005, which brought expertise in glycoengineering for afucosylated monoclonal antibodies.^[27] GA101 was engineered as a type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody to address limitations of the type I antibody rituximab, such as reduced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and limited direct cell death induction.^[28] A key innovation was glycoengineering to enhance Fc receptor binding and effector functions.^[29] Preclinical studies conducted between 2005 and 2010 demonstrated that GA101 exhibited superior ADCC and direct induction of cell death in B-cell lines and primary cells compared to rituximab, with enhanced antitumor activity in xenograft models of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.^[30] These findings supported advancement to clinical testing, highlighting GA101's potential for improved efficacy in B-cell malignancies.^[18] Phase 1/2 trials from 2008 to 2012, including dose-escalation studies in patients with relapsed or refractory CD20-positive B-cell lymphomas, established a favorable safety profile with manageable infusion-related reactions and preliminary antitumor activity at doses up to 2000 mg.^[31] These results led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granting breakthrough therapy designation to GA101 in May 2013 for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia.^[32] The pivotal phase 3 CLL11 trial was initiated in October 2009 to evaluate obinutuzumab in combination with chlorambucil versus rituximab-chlorambucil or chlorambucil alone in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with comorbidities.^[33] The brand name Gazyva was assigned prior to regulatory submission; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved obinutuzumab on November 1, 2013, for use with chlorambucil in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia, marking it as the first oncology drug to receive breakthrough therapy designation and subsequent approval. The European Medicines Agency followed with approval on July 23, 2014.^[3]

Regulatory approvals

Obinutuzumab was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on November 1, 2013, for the treatment of previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in combination with chlorambucil, representing the first oncology drug to receive approval under the FDA's breakthrough therapy designation program.^[34]^[35] The European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted marketing authorization for the same indication on July 23, 2014, following a positive opinion from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) on May 23, 2014.^[3] On February 26, 2016, the FDA expanded obinutuzumab's approval to include monotherapy for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (FL) in patients who had received at least two prior systemic therapies.^[36] This was followed by further expansion on November 16, 2017, when the FDA approved obinutuzumab in combination with chemotherapy (such as bendamustine or CHOP) for the first-line treatment of advanced FL.^[37] In 2019, the FDA approved the combination of obinutuzumab with ibrutinib on January 28 for the first-line treatment of CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma without the need for chemotherapy, based on data from the ILLUMINATE study demonstrating improved progression-free survival.^[38] Earlier that year, on September 18, 2019, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to obinutuzumab for the treatment of lupus nephritis, supported by phase II NOBILITY trial results showing enhanced renal response rates when added to standard therapy.^[39] The most recent milestone occurred on October 19, 2025, when the FDA approved obinutuzumab for adult patients with active class III or IV lupus nephritis in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids, based on the phase III REGENCY trial, which demonstrated superior complete renal response rates compared to standard therapy alone.^[9] By 2025, obinutuzumab has achieved regulatory approval in over 90 countries worldwide.^[40]

Research

Ongoing trials in oncology

Obinutuzumab is being investigated in several ongoing or recently completed phase 2 and 3 trials to expand its therapeutic role in various B-cell malignancies, including follicular lymphoma (FL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and pediatric B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). These studies focus on combination regimens to improve progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rates (ORR), and minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity in relapsed or untreated settings. A phase 2 trial (NCT02871219) evaluating obinutuzumab combined with lenalidomide in patients with previously untreated high-tumor-burden FL demonstrated a 2-year PFS rate of 93.3% (95% CI, 88.2-98.6) among 90 patients, based on 2025 data with a median follow-up of 70.7 months; the regimen showed high efficacy with an ORR of 97.7% and best complete response rate of 96.6%, supporting its potential as a chemotherapy-free frontline option.^[41]

Investigations in autoimmune diseases

Obinutuzumab's mechanism of B-cell depletion, validated in lupus nephritis treatment, underpins its exploration in broader autoimmune conditions characterized by aberrant B-cell activity.^[42] A Phase 2 trial (NCT05039619), known as POSTERITY, evaluates the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of obinutuzumab in adolescents aged 12-18 years with active class III or IV lupus nephritis, alongside safety and PK assessments in younger pediatric participants.^[10] In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a Phase 3 trial (NCT04963296), referred to as ALLEGORY, assesses obinutuzumab's efficacy and safety versus placebo in adults with active disease.^[43] Topline results announced in November 2025 demonstrated significant reductions in disease activity, with higher Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Responder Index-4 (SRI-4) response rates compared to placebo, indicating improved clinical outcomes.^[44] For childhood-onset idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, a Phase 3, open-label, randomized multicenter trial (NCT05627557) compares obinutuzumab to mycophenolate mofetil in participants aged 2-25 years with frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent disease.^[45] Topline data from 2025 showed a greater proportion of patients achieving sustained complete remission at week 52 with obinutuzumab versus mycophenolate mofetil, highlighting its role in remission induction.^[46] In primary membranous nephropathy (pMN), the Phase 2 ORION trial (NCT05050214) investigates obinutuzumab as initial or second-line therapy, demonstrating its ability to induce serological remission through anti-PLA2R antibody depletion.^[47] A related pilot study (NCT07163611) aims to quantify the half-life of anti-PLA2R antibodies post-treatment.^[48] Among refractory cases, remission rates of 60-70% have been reported, with significant clinical responses in both initial and alternative therapy settings.^[49] Additional Phase 2 investigations in PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy, reported in 2025, show obinutuzumab stabilizing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and achieving high rates of antibody negativity.^[50] Early Phase 1/2 studies in rheumatoid arthritis suggest potential benefits through enhanced B-cell cytotoxicity, though development was limited by mixed efficacy signals.^[51]

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Sep 9, 2025 · The primary objective of this pilot study is to calculate disappearance rate (half-life) of anti-PLA2R antibodies in PMN patients treated with ...
[50]
Obinutuzumab for PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy
Aug 20, 2025 · In addition, most patients achieved clinical remission after 3 months of treatment in the initial treatment group, with anti-PLA2R antibody ...
[51]
Obinutuzumab induces superior B-cell cytotoxicity to rituximab ... - NIH
Apr 11, 2017 · Obinutuzumab induces superior B-cell cytotoxicity to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patient samples. Venkat ...