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Operational Camouflage Pattern

The Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) is a multi-terrain military camouflage design developed by the U.S. Army's Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (now part of DEVCOM Soldier Center), featuring a balanced mix of seven earth-toned colors—including tans, browns, greens, and beiges—to break up the human silhouette and provide versatile concealment across varied environments such as woodlands, deserts, grasslands, and urban settings.^[1]^[2]^[3] Originally codenamed Scorpion W2, the OCP was selected in 2015 following the U.S. Army's most extensive camouflage evaluation program to date, which tested patterns for effectiveness in multiple terrains, vegetation types, seasons, elevations, and lighting conditions to address shortcomings in prior designs like the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP).^[4]^[5] This testing, prompted by soldier feedback from operations in Afghanistan where the UCP proved inadequate, led to the OCP's adoption as the standard pattern for Army Combat Uniforms (ACUs), with initial availability in military clothing sales stores starting July 1, 2015, and full fielding completed by October 1, 2019.^[4]^[5] The OCP enhances soldier survivability and operational effectiveness by reducing detection risks from both human observers and optical sensors, outperforming earlier patterns in concealment while maintaining durability in the ripstop fabric of ACUs.^[1] It replaced the UCP, which was phased out beginning in 2014, and is worn with coyote brown boots, tan T-shirts, and belts for a cohesive utility uniform ensemble.^[5]^[4] Beyond the Army, the OCP was adopted by the U.S. Air Force in 2018 and the U.S. Space Force upon its establishment in 2019, serving as the primary combat utility uniform pattern across these branches to promote interoperability.^[6]

Background

Origins and Development

The Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), adopted by the U.S. Army in 2004, revealed significant limitations in providing effective concealment during operations in varied theaters, particularly the arid landscapes of Afghanistan and the urban settings of Iraq, where its pixelated gray-blue design stood out against earthy tones.^[7] A comprehensive evaluation by the Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, spanning March 2007 to March 2009, quantified these deficiencies, showing that UCP increased detection distances by 16 to 36 percent compared to patterns like MultiCam, Marine Corps Desert MARPAT, and Desert Brush across woodland, desert, and urban environments.^[7] This study confirmed earlier internal assessments from 2006 that highlighted UCP's inadequacy relative to available alternatives.^[8] These findings prompted the U.S. Army to launch the Camouflage Improvement Effort (CIE) in 2010, a structured program aimed at identifying superior camouflage solutions by assessing commercial and proprietary designs for performance in multiple terrains.^[9] As part of this initiative, the Army evaluated over 20 pattern families through extensive field trials, testing them in diverse environments including woodland, desert, transitional, and urban areas to ensure broad-spectrum effectiveness.^[10] Central to the CIE's outcomes was the Scorpion pattern, originally developed by Crye Precision under a U.S. government contract around 2002 as part of the Objective Force Warrior program, with refinements in the mid-2000s creating a proprietary design akin to MultiCam.^[11] The Army adapted a variant, codenamed Scorpion W2, for evaluation, leveraging its transitional capabilities to address the multi-environment concealment gaps exposed by UCP.^[12]

Selection Process

The U.S. Army's selection process for the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) was part of the Camouflage Improvement Program's Phase IV, which spanned 2010 to 2014 and involved rigorous laboratory and field evaluations to identify effective patterns for replacing the Universal Camouflage Pattern.^[13] Laboratory tests focused on pattern disruption capabilities, using digital imagery analysis to assess how well candidates blended with various backgrounds and broke up human outlines.^[14] Field trials engaged soldiers as human observers in diverse environments, including woodland settings at Fort Benning, Georgia, and desert conditions at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona, to evaluate real-world concealment under operational scenarios.^[15] Competing patterns underwent comprehensive testing against criteria such as concealment effectiveness across terrains, production costs, and intellectual property considerations to ensure government ownership without licensing dependencies.^[16] Key entrants included MultiCam from Crye Precision, the U.S. Navy's AOR1 and AOR2, Desert Brush, and several variants from the Family of Camouflage Patterns program, with 22 initial submissions narrowed through iterative assessments.^[13] The evaluations measured performance in diverse terrains, classified primarily as woodland (37%), transitional (44%), and arid, prioritizing patterns that provided superior visual and near-infrared concealment while remaining cost-effective for mass production.^[14] In May 2014, the Army announced the selection of Scorpion W2, a government-developed variant modified from an earlier MultiCam-like design, as the basis for the new pattern to circumvent licensing fees associated with commercial options like MultiCam.^[17] This choice was redesignated as the Operational Camouflage Pattern, emphasizing its operational versatility and full ownership by the U.S. government.^[15] Army senior leaders cited Scorpion W2's performance, noting it was comparable to top competitors across the evaluated terrains, while balancing practical factors like durability and manufacturability.^[13]

Design Features

Pattern Composition

The Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) employs a non-directional design characterized by organic shapes and layered, irregular forms that disrupt outlines to mimic natural environmental disruptions such as foliage and terrain irregularities, deliberately eschewing grid-like or pixelated structures in favor of a more fluid, naturalistic appearance.^[18]^[19]^[20] Key compositional elements include branch-like limbs, leaf-like clusters, and shadow-like accents, which are arranged in a predominantly horizontal, flowing orientation to enhance blending at mid-range viewing distances. These elements create an illusion of depth and subtle movement through overlapping layers, with smaller disruptive spots integrated among larger branching forms to address multiple spatial scales in natural settings. Derived from the earlier Scorpion W2 pattern developed under U.S. Army contract, this structure promotes versatility across varied terrains without relying on rigid geometries.^[21]^[22]^[23] The pattern is produced using digital inkjet printing techniques on durable nylon-cotton blend fabrics, such as 50/50 ripstop materials, which allow for precise reproduction of the intricate layering and gradients.^[24] This manufacturing approach ensures consistency in the multi-scale elements during production.

Color Palette and Variations

The standard Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), optimized for temperate woodland environments, utilizes a palette of seven colors per MIL-DTL-44436B to provide versatile concealment across varied terrains. These include Cream 524 (ground shade), Tan 525, Pale Green 526, Olive 527, Dark Green 528, Brown 529, and Dark Brown 530.^[25] OCP was selected from a broader family of camouflage variants developed and tested under the U.S. Army's Camouflage Improvement Program to cover diverse global theaters, but the standard OCP (Scorpion W2) remains the primary issued version for general use across U.S. military branches.^[4] The selection of OCP's color palette stemmed from extensive spectral analysis in the 2010s, focusing on achieving low near-infrared (NIR) reflectance to reduce detectability under night-vision and electro-optical sensors. This NIR optimization ensures the pattern disrupts outlines effectively in both visible and infrared spectra, a key improvement over prior uniforms. Additionally, the dyes and fabrics are engineered for durability, minimizing fading and preserving camouflage efficacy during prolonged field use.^[13] As of 2025, the core OCP palette has remained unchanged since its formal adoption in 2015, though U.S. Space Force applications use service-specific colors such as Space Blue for select insignia and accents on OCP uniforms to align with aesthetics while maintaining NIR compliance. These do not alter the fundamental pattern.^[26]

Rollout and Adoption

Timeline and Phases

The U.S. Army announced the selection of the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), based on the Scorpion W2 design, in May 2014 following the completion of Phase IV camouflage testing.^[27] Prototype uniforms in OCP were tested by special operations units and other personnel during 2013 and 2014, including operational field evaluations at locations such as Fort Benning and Fort Polk to assess concealment in diverse environments.^[14]^[28] Official adoption of OCP occurred in June 2015, with the initial rollout commencing on July 1, 2015, at 20 military exchange locations across the contiguous United States, targeting deploying units including elements of the 82nd Airborne Division.^[29]^[30] This phase prioritized combat and operational forces, transitioning approximately 10% of the Army's uniform inventory to OCP while allowing continued use of existing patterns.^[30] From 2016 to 2018, the rollout expanded in phases to encompass all Army combat units, with centralized issuance of OCP uniforms to recruits beginning in January 2016 and broader availability through exchanges and direct procurement.^[31] By October 1, 2019, OCP became mandatory for all soldiers, marking the complete phase-out of the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) after a four-year transition period.^[5]^[32] The 2015 National Defense Authorization Act authorized funding to support the OCP transition and related uniform modernization efforts.^[33] In parallel, the U.S. Air Force initiated OCP adoption in 2018, authorizing optional wear starting October 1, 2018, and completing full implementation across all roles by April 1, 2021.^[34] From 2020 onward, OCP extended uniformly to non-combat roles in the Army and other branches, solidifying its status as the standard camouflage across the U.S. military.^[5]

Uniform Integration

The Flame Resistant Army Combat Uniform (FRACU) incorporates the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) through digital printing on a modacrylic ripstop fabric blend (65% flame-resistant rayon, 25% para-aramid, 10% nylon), such as Defender M, ensuring compliance with near-infrared (NIR) reflectance standards for reduced visibility under night-vision devices.^[35]^[36] This printing method uses specialized inks that maintain the pattern's disruptive coloration while meeting military specifications for infrared compliance, allowing integration of IR-reflective squares on shoulders and Velcro panels for identification friend-or-foe (IFF) markers.^[37] The uniform design includes slanted cargo pockets, reinforced elbows with Velcro for inserts, and hook-and-loop fasteners for modular attachments, facilitating customization without compromising the OCP's concealment properties.^[29] Accessories transitioned to OCP to ensure uniform visual coherence across equipment, including coyote brown boots, tan moisture-wicking t-shirts, and web belts, all updated during the phased rollout to match the pattern's palette.^[38] Helmets such as the Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) and Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH) receive OCP fabric covers with Velcro-secured IR tabs and night-vision goggle (NVG) cutouts for secure fit.^[39] Body armor systems like the Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) and modular plate carriers feature OCP-printed nylon covers, while load-bearing gear, including MOLLE-compatible vests and pouches, adopts the pattern for seamless integration with the FRACU.^[40]^[41] The integration process addressed logistical challenges through a multi-year phased transition, starting with limited issuance in 2015 and full mandatory adoption by 2019, allowing soldiers to replace worn items rather than discard serviceable gear to control expenses.^[29] The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) coordinated procurement and distribution, partnering with the Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center and commercial vendors for production, which minimized disruptions in supply chains while ensuring backward compatibility with legacy MultiCam equipment during overlap periods. As of 2025, OCP remains the sole authorized pattern for the Army Combat Uniform (ACU).^[42]

Users and Applications

United States Military

The U.S. Army serves as the primary user of the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), officially adopting it in 2015 for the Army Combat Uniform to replace the Universal Camouflage Pattern. Initial issuance began in April 2015 for deployed soldiers in Afghanistan, Iraq, Europe, and Africa, with the pattern designed for versatile use across global areas of responsibility. By October 1, 2019, possession of OCP uniforms became mandatory for all soldiers, supporting ongoing operations worldwide. Manufacturers have issued millions of OCP garments annually to meet the needs of the Army's active and reserve components.^[43]^[44]^[45] The U.S. Air Force adopted the OCP in 2018 as its single combat utility uniform, phasing out the Airman Battle Uniform and making it available for purchase starting October 1, 2018. Full implementation occurred by April 1, 2021, when the OCP became mandatory for all airmen, including security forces and other personnel, to enhance joint operations compatibility.^[46]^[34] Upon its establishment in December 2019, the U.S. Space Force inherited the OCP as its standard duty uniform in 2020, aligning with Air Force protocols while incorporating service-specific elements like Space Blue lettering on Velcro patches. The pattern remains the primary camouflage for guardians conducting field operations, with minor blue-gray variations authorized for certain dress and utility items to reflect the branch's identity.^[6]^[26] The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps utilize the OCP on a limited scale, mainly within special operations communities such as Navy SEAL teams and Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC), often integrating it with Arid Regions (AOR) pattern hybrids to facilitate interoperability during joint exercises. It is not designated as standard issue for conventional Navy or Marine units, which primarily employ NWU Type III or MARPAT patterns.^[2] As of November 2025, the OCP is fully integrated into training programs across adopting branches, equipping approximately 1.5 million active and reserve personnel in the Army, Air Force, and Space Force for unified field and operational requirements.^[47] Recent adoptions include the Civil Air Patrol, the U.S. Air Force auxiliary, approving OCP uniform wear starting November 1, 2025, and the Virginia Defense Force authorizing OCP as of September 1, 2025.^[48]^[49]

International and Civilian Use

The Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) has seen limited but notable adoption by international militaries, primarily through U.S. foreign military aid and interoperability efforts. Ukrainian armed forces and paramilitary units began incorporating OCP uniforms and equipment obtained from international sources, including U.S. assistance packages starting in 2022, to enhance compatibility during joint operations and amid ongoing conflicts.^[50]^[51] This use reflects OCP's versatility in diverse terrains, though Ukraine has also developed its own patterns like MM-14 and MM-25 for standardization.^[50] In civilian sectors, OCP has gained popularity beyond military applications due to its effective multi-environment concealment. Commercial manufacturers produce OCP-style apparel for tactical gear, airsoft enthusiasts, and survivalist communities, emphasizing its adaptability for outdoor activities such as hiking and training simulations.^[52] Brands like Propper offer officially licensed OCP garments, including pants, shirts, and accessories, which became commercially available following the U.S. government's release of the pattern for non-military use in 2019, avoiding proprietary fees associated with similar designs like MultiCam.^[53]^[54] The commercialization of OCP has not been without challenges, including intellectual property disputes stemming from its visual similarities to the proprietary MultiCam pattern developed by Crye Precision. Crye has pursued legal action against textile manufacturers and licensees for alleged infringement on MultiCam copyrights and trademarks, particularly regarding the use of OCP variants in uniforms and gear, leading to settlements and restrictions on pattern reproduction.^[55]^[56] Additionally, exports of OCP materials and items with near-infrared (NIR) compliant features are governed by International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), which classify certain defense-related camouflage technologies as controlled articles to prevent unauthorized proliferation.^[57]^[58]

Effectiveness and Comparisons

Field Performance

Following its adoption in 2015, the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) was evaluated in a 2017 report by the U.S. Army, which demonstrated improved concealment in diverse environments compared to its predecessor, the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP).^[59] These assessments, including field trials in woodland (37%), arid (19%), and transitional (44%) settings, indicated that OCP provided superior detection avoidance compared to UCP in most environments, particularly transitional terrains, though specialized patterns like MultiCam Pattern Desert (MPD) or Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) performed better in pure arid zones and MultiCam Pattern Woodland (MPW) or Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) in woodlands.^[59]^[5] User feedback from soldier surveys conducted by the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) in 2017 highlighted increased confidence in OCP's concealment capabilities during training exercises. Respondents noted that the pattern's earth-toned design blended more naturally with operational environments, leading to fewer instances of premature detection in simulated scenarios and a reported decline in friendly fire risks during large-scale maneuvers.^[60] Despite these strengths, OCP has limitations in certain environments, performing less optimally in snow-covered or dense jungle terrains, where specialized variants or supplementary gear are recommended for enhanced blending. It faces challenges from advanced multispectral sensors that can penetrate traditional visual camouflage. As of 2025, evaluations of military camouflage patterns incorporating drone-based and AI-driven detection systems have highlighted ongoing challenges against evolving threats. Such tests in mixed terrains show that patterns like OCP maintain concealment when combined with tactical positioning, though AI-enhanced imaging continues to prompt adaptations in camouflage deployment.^[61]

Differences from Other Patterns

The Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) represents a marked departure from the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), which was introduced in 2004 as a digital, pixelated design with a predominantly gray palette intended for broad-spectrum use. UCP's emphasis on urban and transitional environments led to poor performance in natural settings, such as the varied terrains of Afghanistan, where its colors failed to blend effectively and increased soldier visibility against rocky and vegetated backgrounds.^[62] In response, OCP adopts organic, curvilinear shapes with a palette of earthy greens, tans, and browns optimized for woodland, desert, and transitional areas, enabling superior concealment without the rigid pixelation of UCP.^[63] This shift addressed UCP's limitations by prioritizing terrain-specific adaptability over a one-size-fits-all approach.^[13] Compared to MultiCam, a commercial pattern developed in 2002, OCP—derived from the government-owned Scorpion W2 variant—features softer, blurred edges, lighter tan hues, and a predominantly horizontal flow that enhances blending in open and arid environments. MultiCam's design includes sharper contrasts, denser vertical elements, and a slightly darker overall tone, which provide better disruption in rugged, mountainous regions but at the cost of licensing fees for non-government users.^[64] OCP's modifications allow for unrestricted, scalable production under U.S. Department of Defense specifications, avoiding the proprietary restrictions of MultiCam while maintaining comparable multi-terrain versatility.^[18] In contrast to earlier U.S. military patterns like the Woodland (M81), a four-color design suited to temperate forests and introduced in the 1980s, and the Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU), a three-color scheme for arid zones from the early 1990s, OCP offers greater multi-environment flexibility. These legacy patterns required separate uniforms for specific theaters, complicating logistics during operations spanning diverse climates in the 1980s through 2000s. OCP's integrated design reduces the need for multiple variants, supporting a unified uniform system across global deployments.^[13] Technically, OCP employs a seven-color palette—comprising shades of green, tan, brown, and beige—similar in scope to MultiCam's seven-color scheme but with refined tones for military printing processes. This government-controlled formulation ensures consistent reproduction without external dependencies, distinguishing OCP from both its pixelated predecessors and licensed commercial alternatives.^[25]

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https://ufpro.com/us/blog/multicam-vs-scorpion-w2-whats-difference
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Camouflage challenges in the age of drones and AI | DST
Aug 1, 2024 · Dr Bin Lee has completed a year-long posting to Quebec to conduct camouflage pattern research with Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) counterparts.
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ACU Camouflage Patterns Explained: UCP vs. OCP vs. MultiCam
Feb 14, 2025 · NIR Performance: UCP's inconsistent performance under night-vision (Near-Infrared or NIR) equipment reduced its effectiveness in low-light ...
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https://www.propper.com/blog/ucp-vs-ocp
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https://ufpro.com/us/blog/multicam-vs-scorpion-w2-whats-difference