Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

PPT

Microsoft PowerPoint (commonly abbreviated as PPT, referring to its legacy file format) is a proprietary presentation software application developed by Microsoft Corporation for designing and delivering slideshows that integrate text, images, charts, animations, videos, and other multimedia elements to communicate information effectively in business, education, and professional settings. First conceived in 1984 and released in 1987 initially for Apple Macintosh systems under the name Presenter by Forethought Inc., Microsoft acquired the software later that year for approximately $14 million and integrated it into its emerging productivity suite, marking a pivotal expansion beyond word processing and spreadsheets. By 1990, its bundling with Microsoft Office propelled widespread adoption, achieving up to 95% market share as the de facto standard for digital presentations worldwide, fundamentally transforming how ideas are visualized and shared in corporate boardrooms, classrooms, and conferences. Despite its commercial dominance and utility in streamlining complex data into accessible formats—evidenced by annual sales exceeding $100 million by —PowerPoint has drawn significant criticism for fostering superficial communication through bullet-point hierarchies that prioritize format over substantive content, a phenomenon derisively termed "death by PowerPoint" in and analytical contexts. Critics, including data visualization expert , have argued it corrupts decision-making by reducing nuanced arguments to simplistic slides, potentially obscuring causal relationships and empirical depth, though such views often emanate from academic quarters wary of commercial tools' influence on discourse. Nonetheless, its enduring features, such as template-based design, real-time collaboration via , and cross-platform compatibility, continue to underpin its role as an indispensable tool for professional storytelling and persuasion.

Scientific Measurements

Parts per thousand

Parts per thousand (ppt or ‰) is a dimensionless used to express concentrations of solutes in , particularly by , where one part of the solute is present per 1,000 parts of the total . It is calculated as the mass of the solute divided by the of the , multiplied by 1,000, yielding grams of solute per of . This notation is preferred for relatively higher concentrations, such as those in the range of 0.1% to several percent, where expressing values in smaller units like parts per million () would yield unnecessarily large numbers; 1 ppt equals 1,000 . In , ppt is the standard unit for measuring , defined as the total mass of dissolved salts per kilogram of . The global average is approximately 35 ppt, meaning 35 grams of dissolved salts (primarily , with contributions from , and other ions) per kilogram of . This value varies regionally, ranging from less than 30 ppt in areas influenced by freshwater inflows like river mouths to over 40 ppt in enclosed basins with high evaporation, such as the . measurements in ppt facilitate studies of circulation, density-driven currents, and marine ecosystems, as even small changes affect water density and biological processes. Beyond oceanography, ppt finds application in environmental science for assessing pollutant levels in water bodies where concentrations exceed trace amounts, and in chemistry for expressing solution compositions in contexts like brine or electrolyte studies. Instruments such as conductivity meters or refractometers convert electrical conductance or refractive index to ppt values, with modern standards like the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) refining measurements to account for temperature and pressure effects without direct chemical analysis. While ppt provides precision for bulk concentrations, it assumes mass-based ratios and may require conversion to molar units for stoichiometric calculations.

Parts per trillion

Parts per trillion (ppt), also denoted as 10^{-12}, is a dimensionless unit expressing the concentration of a solute as one part by weight, volume, or other measure in one (1,000,000,000,000) parts of the or . This notation is prevalent in , , and for quantifying trace-level contaminants where like micrograms per liter (μg/L) may be less intuitive for non-specialists. For mass-based measurements (weight/weight), 1 ppt equates to 1 nanogram of solute per of ; in volume-based contexts (volume/volume), it corresponds to 1 microliter of solute per cubic meter of . The unit facilitates comparisons across scales, with 1 ppt being equivalent to 0.001 (ppb) or 10^{-3} ppb, allowing conversion by multiplying ppb values by 1,000 to obtain ppt. To illustrate scale, 1 ppt represents approximately one second elapsed in 31,710 years, underscoring its application to ultra-low detections beyond routine laboratory capabilities without advanced instrumentation like . Ambiguities arise if the basis (e.g., vs. ) is unspecified, necessitating context-specific clarification in reporting. In , ppt measurements are critical for monitoring persistent pollutants such as (), where the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established a 4 ppt lifetime health advisory level for (PFOA) and (PFOS) in due to risks and links to adverse health effects including immune suppression and developmental toxicity. Detection at ppt levels requires specialized techniques, as routine methods often plateau at ppb thresholds, highlighting advancements in sensitivity driven by regulatory needs for substances like dioxins, measurable down to parts per quadrillion in some cases. Such precision informs risk assessments, though interpretations vary by medium—e.g., ppt in air differs from water due to density factors.

Chemistry

Precipitate

In chemistry, a precipitate is an insoluble solid formed from the reaction of s in , typically through a precipitation reaction where cations and anions combine to produce a exceeding its limit. This process occurs when the ion product in solution surpasses the (Ksp) of the resulting , leading to and the of solid particles that aggregate into visible solids. Precipitation reactions are often double displacement reactions, such as the mixing of (AgNO3) and (NaCl) solutions to yield a white (AgCl) precipitate: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq). Another example involves (BaCl2) and (H2SO4), forming a white (BaSO4) precipitate: BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq). Factors influencing formation include , , and the presence of common ions, which can suppress via the and promote precipitation. In , precipitates enable qualitative detection of specific ions; for instance, forming a precipitate with a confirms the ion's presence in solution. Quantitatively, gravimetry measures concentration by isolating and weighing the precipitate, requiring it to be of low (Ksp < 10^{-5}), high purity (minimal coprecipitation), and known stoichiometric composition for accurate mass-to-mole conversion. Techniques like digestion—allowing the precipitate to stand in hot mother liquor—enhance particle size and purity by promoting Ostwald ripening, reducing surface impurities. This method underpins determinations of elements like sulfate as BaSO4 or chloride as AgCl, with precision dependent on complete precipitation and rigorous washing to eliminate adsorbed ions.

Biology and Medicine

Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino-acid peptide hormone primarily secreted by specialized F cells, also known as PP cells, located in the endocrine islets of the pancreas, with highest concentrations in the ventral portion of the head region. It belongs to the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family, sharing structural homology with peptide YY (PYY) and NPY, characterized by a conserved C-terminal amidated tyrosine residue essential for receptor binding. PP acts via Y4 receptors (NPY4R) to modulate gastrointestinal and metabolic functions, exhibiting anorexigenic effects by suppressing appetite and food intake in response to nutrient ingestion. PP was first isolated in 1968 from chicken pancreas during efforts to purify insulin, with subsequent identification in mammalian species, including humans, by the early 1970s through extraction and sequencing techniques. Its gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a preprohormone processed into the mature peptide, which features an alpha-helical structure critical for biological activity. Secretion occurs postprandially, stimulated by vagal nerve activity, protein-rich meals, and hypoglycemia, while inhibited by somatostatin; plasma levels rise rapidly after eating, peaking within 15-30 minutes and returning to baseline in 1-2 hours under fasting conditions. Physiologically, PP serves as a feedback inhibitor of exocrine pancreatic secretion, reducing enzyme output in response to meals to prevent overdigestion, and modulates endocrine functions by inhibiting somatostatin release from delta cells, thereby indirectly enhancing insulin secretion from beta cells. It promotes hepatic insulin sensitivity, suppressing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to aid glucose homeostasis, while peripherally administered PP decreases gastric emptying, food intake, and body weight in animal models, with human infusion studies confirming reduced caloric consumption by up to 12% without altering palatability. These effects stem from central actions in hypothalamic feeding centers and peripheral vagal signaling, positioning PP as a satiety signal countering orexigenic pathways. Clinically, elevated fasting PP levels (>300 pg/mL) occur in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), aiding diagnosis alongside chromogranin A, and may precede tumor detection; nonfasting states or conditions like diabetes mellitus can also raise levels, though less markedly. Reduced PP responses correlate with , visceral adiposity, and increased cardiovascular risk, as lower postprandial PP predicts higher liver fat content independent of . In and pancreatogenic (, impaired PP secretion contributes to dysglycemia, with blunted responses linked to early beta-cell failure despite preserved . Therapeutic analogs resistant to enzymatic degradation show promise for treatment by mimicking PP's appetite-suppressing actions, though human trials remain limited.

Finance and Government

Plunge Protection Team

The President's Working Group on Financial Markets (PWG), informally known as the Plunge Protection Team (PPT), is a U.S. government interagency body established to coordinate policy responses aimed at maintaining stability in s. It was created by Executive Order 12631, signed by President on March 18, 1988, following the on October 19, 1987, during which the fell 22.6%. The order directs the group to identify and address causes of financial market disruptions and recommend measures to enhance market integrity, efficiency, and competitiveness while fostering investor confidence. The PWG is chaired by the Secretary of the and typically comprises the , the Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Chair of the (CFTC). Additional participants may include other regulators or officials as needed for specific issues. The group does not possess independent statutory authority to intervene directly in markets but advises the and coordinates among member agencies to develop regulatory reforms and crisis response strategies. Notable activities include issuing reports on reforms after the , recommendations for regulation in 2021, and guidance on market structure in 2025. Critics, including financial analysts and market commentators, have accused the PWG of enabling undue influence over market outcomes, potentially distorting prices through indirect coordination with central banks or large . The nickname "Plunge Protection Team," popularized in a 1997 Washington Post , stems from perceptions that the group prioritizes propping up asset prices during downturns, as evidenced by its convening amid market routs in December 2018 and other volatile periods. Such views often highlight a lack of in deliberations and question whether coordinated liquidity injections—such as actions post- or during the 2020 COVID-19 market turmoil—represent by encouraging excessive risk-taking among investors. However, proponents argue that the PWG's is limited to advisory and regulatory , not direct , and that its interventions have historically mitigated systemic risks without evidence of routine price-fixing. Empirical data on market recoveries, such as the rapid rebound after , attributes stabilization more to circuit breakers and improved trading mechanisms than to secretive interventions.

Computing and Presentations

PowerPoint presentation

A PowerPoint presentation is a digital slideshow file created using software, comprising a sequence of individual slides that integrate text, images, charts, graphs, elements, and animations to convey or narratives. These presentations are designed for display via projectors, screens, or digital devices, facilitating structured communication in professional, educational, and informational contexts. PowerPoint holds a dominant position, with estimates indicating up to 95% share in presentation software as of 2023. Originally developed by Forethought, Inc., PowerPoint debuted on May 14, 1987, for the Macintosh platform, initially supporting black-and-white overhead transparencies via printing to film sheets. Microsoft acquired Forethought for $14 million on July 31, 1987, integrating the software into its Office suite starting with version 2.0 in 1990 for Windows. Subsequent releases introduced color support, animations, and web integration; PowerPoint 2007 marked a pivotal shift with the Ribbon interface and adoption of the Office Open XML (.pptx) format, replacing the proprietary binary .ppt format used in versions 97–2003. The .pptx format employs zipped XML structures for improved interoperability, compression, and recovery, while .ppt remains compatible with legacy systems but lacks support for newer features like advanced animations. Core features include customizable slide templates, collaboration via , (e.g., videos, audio), tools such as charts and SmartArt, and AI-assisted design suggestions in recent versions like Microsoft 365. Presentations are constructed by adding content to blank or themed slides, applying transitions, and exporting to formats like PDF or video for distribution. Usage spans business meetings for pitching ideas, academic lectures for illustrating concepts, and sessions, where slides serve as visual aids to into digestible segments. Critics, including statistician , argue that PowerPoint's reliance on bullet points and hierarchical templates can oversimplify complex data, weaken analytical reasoning, and promote low-resolution thinking by prioritizing visual brevity over depth. Such formats have been blamed for fostering irresponsibility in decision-making, as seen in analyses of military briefings where slide density obscured critical details. However, empirical reviews suggest the tool itself does not inherently degrade ; ineffective outcomes stem from user practices like overcrowding slides or substituting them for substantive discourse, rather than the software's structure. Best practices emphasize sparse text, high-quality visuals, and presenter narration to mitigate these risks.

Other Fields

Organizations

The acronym PPT designates several organizations across political, advocacy, and entertainment domains. The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) is an international, independent opinion tribunal established on June 24, 1979, in , , at the initiative of Senator Lelio Basso and modeled after the . It functions as a forum to investigate alleged violations, corporate crimes, and state abuses, issuing non-binding symbolic judgments based on and evidence presented in public sessions. Notable sessions have addressed topics such as genocide in (1983), environmental destruction by multinational corporations (1990s), and crimes against in recent years, including a 2023 judgment on impacts. Headquartered in , the PPT operates without state affiliation and relies on expert panels, witnesses, and grassroots submissions to promote awareness and moral accountability rather than enforceable rulings. Patria Para Todos (PPT), or , is a leftist in founded on September 27, 1997, by dissidents from the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party. It advocates socialist policies, , and economic sovereignty, aligning with the within the coalition. The party has fielded candidates in national elections, securing parliamentary seats in the 2015 assembly (e.g., 2 deputies) and supporting governments under and . Internal factions have occasionally challenged leadership, leading to splits, such as the 2019 expulsion of members opposing Maduro. As of 2024, it maintains regional structures and participates in electoral processes amid Venezuela's polarized political landscape. Note: While mainstream sources often frame Venezuelan politics through opposition lenses, party documents emphasize grassroots mobilization over elite narratives. The Presidential Prayer Team (PPT) is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) non-profit dedicated to mobilizing prayer for American presidents, national leaders, and military personnel, drawing from 1 Timothy 2:1-2. Launched in the week following the , 2001, attacks, it provides daily prayer briefings, devotionals, and resources via and app, reaching millions of subscribers by emphasizing non-partisan intercession for wisdom and integrity in governance. Annual audits and accreditation by groups like ECFA ensure fiscal transparency; it has distributed millions of prayer journals since inception. The avoids political endorsements, focusing on scriptural calls to pray for authorities regardless of affiliation. Other entities include the Professional Poker Tour (PPT), a high-stakes poker league that ran televised tournaments from 2005 to 2007 as a spin-off, featuring events with $2.5 million prizes and elite players before ceasing operations. In East Timor, the People's Party of Timor (PPT) emerged around 2000 as a conservative, traditionalist party with monarchist leanings, securing 2 parliamentary seats (7,322 votes, 2.01%) in the 2001 elections before fading in influence. Less prominent uses encompass niche groups like Partners for Public Transportation (a U.S. advocacy coalition) and fansites such as Pink Poogle Toy (a community founded in 2001).

Transportation

Personally Procured Transportation (PPT), also known as a Personally Procured Move (), is a administered by the that allows active-duty service members, certain reservists, and eligible civilians to personally arrange and execute the transportation of their household goods () during permanent changes of station (), temporary (TDY), or other authorized relocations, in lieu of government-contracted commercial moving services. Under the , participants receive reimbursement up to 100% of the government's estimated cost for a comparable government-procured move, calculated via the Government Constructed Cost (), which incentivizes efficient personal arrangements to potentially yield monetary allowances exceeding actual expenses. Formerly designated as Do-It-Yourself (DITY) moves prior to a 2018 rebranding to , the PPT framework applies to moves involving personal vehicles, rented trucks, or third-party hires, but excludes prohibited items such as hazardous materials or professional equipment. Participation requires advance authorization from the local transportation office, typically involving submission of estimated weight certificates and travel orders, with service members liable for any damages, losses, or excess costs not covered by . The program supports up to full replacement value for lost or damaged goods through claims processes, though participants must provide detailed inventories and receipts for validation. rates are determined by factors including , dependents, traveled, and authorized weight allowances—e.g., up to 20,000 pounds for an E-9 with family—disbursed via advance payments (up to 60% of ) and final settlements post-move verification. PPT offers flexibility for service members preferring control over timelines and methods, such as driving personal vehicles loaded with or utilizing storage-in-transit options, but demands meticulous documentation to avoid financial penalties for under- or over-estimates of weight. In 2023, the Defense Department processed over 200,000 PPM entitlements, reflecting its role in managing the annual relocation of approximately 400,000 and families, though participation rates vary by branch and location due to access to commercial alternatives. Critics within circles note potential risks of incomplete reimbursements for complex international moves or during peak relocation seasons, underscoring the program's reliance on accurate self-assessment rather than guaranteed coverage.

Games

The Professional Poker Tour (PPT) was a series of invitation-only poker tournaments featuring elite players, broadcast on television as a high-stakes from the . Events offered substantial prizes, including a $2.5 million top payout, and emphasized skilled play among top professionals. The tour ran primarily in the mid-2000s, with episodes from its first season available for streaming and re-aired in a 2025 marathon on platforms like . The Partouche Poker Tour (PPT) comprises a circuit of No-Limit Hold'em tournaments hosted at casinos owned by the French Partouche Group, operating since 2004 with annual main events featuring multimillion-euro guarantees. After an eight-year pause, it resumed in at venues like Cannes' Palm Beach Casino, where the main event drew 764 entries and a €5.68 million prize pool. The tour has faced controversies, including a 2010 cheating scandal involving marked cards, but continues to attract professional players across multiple stops. In the multiplayer online game Guild Wars 2, PPT denotes "points per tick" within the World versus World (WvW) persistent PvP mode, where servers accumulate points every five minutes proportional to controlled objectives such as camps, towers, and keeps. This system prioritizes territorial strategy and defense for steady scoring (PPT) alongside combat-based points per kill (PPK), influencing guild tactics and server matchups; debates persist on whether PPT-focused play—emphasizing objective holds over roaming fights—aligns with the mode's design intent.

References

  1. [1]
    PowerPoint | Presentations and Slides Online | Microsoft 365
    Microsoft PowerPoint empowers you to create clean slideshow presentations and intricate pitch decks and gives you a powerful presentation maker to tell your ...
  2. [2]
    PPT meaning: How to create, open, and edit a PPT file - Adobe
    a multimedia presentation software designed for offices, schools, and personal use. It can help you succinctly compile ...
  3. [3]
    Presenting: PowerPoint, a retrospective – Microsoft 365
    Jul 14, 2023 · The world's most popular presentation software (with up to 95% market share today) had humble beginnings when it was introduced in 1987.
  4. [4]
    Complete History of PowerPoint & Versions (2022) | SlideLizard®
    Apr 20, 2020 · The idea of PowerPoint came up in 1984. In the following years, development started under the name "Presenter". In 1987, the first version of ...
  5. [5]
    The Improbable Origins of PowerPoint - IEEE Spectrum
    Oct 31, 2017 · The tipping point for PowerPoint came in 1990, when Microsoft unleashed its bundling strategy and began selling Microsoft Office—which combined ...
  6. [6]
    Disruption, innovation, and endurance: A brief history of PowerPoint
    Following their acquisition, Microsoft released its first official version of PowerPoint in 1990. By 1993, PowerPoint was making $100 million in sales annually.
  7. [7]
    PowerPoint Is Evil - WIRED
    Sep 1, 2003 · The standard PowerPoint presentation elevates format over content, betraying an attitude of commercialism that turns everything into a sales pitch.
  8. [8]
    How PowerPoint is killing critical thought | Andrew Smith
    Sep 23, 2015 · The program owes most to Whitfield Diffie, one of the time lords of online cryptography, but it was quickly snapped up by Microsoft.
  9. [9]
    What is PowerPoint? - Microsoft Support
    With PowerPoint on your PC, Mac, or mobile device, you can: Create presentations from scratch or a template. Add text, images, art, and videos.
  10. [10]
    Measuring Salinity | manoa.hawaii.edu/ExploringOurFluidEarth
    Parts per thousand can be defined as how many parts, or grams, of salt there are per thousand parts, or kilogram (1,000 g), of seawater. The symbol for parts ...
  11. [11]
    Practices of Science: “Parts per” notation
    "Parts per" notation expresses solute amount in a solution, like grams per 1000 grams (ppt) or grams per 1,000,000 grams (ppm). For example, 35 ppt salinity is ...Missing: measurement | Show results with:measurement
  12. [12]
    Salinity - Coastal Wiki
    Dec 28, 2023 · Salinity is expressed in the unit g / kg, which is often written as ppt (part per thousand) or ‰ (permil). Salts dissolved in seawater are ...<|separator|>
  13. [13]
    Sea Water | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    Mar 28, 2023 · Sea water salinity is expressed as a ratio of salt (in grams) to liter of water, It is written parts per thousand (ppt). In sea water, there is ...
  14. [14]
    5.3 Salinity Patterns – Introduction to Oceanography
    On average, about 35 g of salt is present in each 1 kg of seawater, so we say that the average salinity of the ocean salinity is 35 parts per thousand (ppt).
  15. [15]
    Overview - NASA Salinity
    Salinity, 3.5% of seawater, is measured in parts per thousand (PSS). NASA uses satellites like Aquarius and SMAP to measure it, with average sea surface  ...
  16. [16]
    Parts per Trillion (ppt), Parts per Billion (ppb), Parts per Million (ppm ...
    Dec 23, 2024 · The parts-per notation is very common in science and engineering, and is useful when referring to extremely small concentrations. This ...
  17. [17]
    What are parts per million, billion and trillion?
    Sep 6, 2024 · Parts per million (ppm), billion (ppb), and trillion (ppt) describe the amount of a pollutant compared to the overall amount of water.
  18. [18]
    Parts Per Trillion - Safeopedia
    May 6, 2017 · What Does Parts Per Trillion Mean? A part per trillion (ppt) is a measurement of the quantity of a substance in the air, water or soil.Missing: scientific | Show results with:scientific
  19. [19]
    Parts-per Billion (ppb) to Parts-per Trillion (ppt) conversion - XConvert
    To convert from parts per billion (ppb) to parts per trillion (ppt), you multiply by 1000 (or 10 3 10^3 ), since a trillion is 1000 times larger than a billion.
  20. [20]
    Making Sense of %, ppm, ppb, and ppt - September 2020
    Making Sense of %, ppm, ppb, and ppt - September 2020 · 1 pph = 1 second out of 100 seconds OR 1 second out of 1.7 minutes · 1 ppm = 1 second out of 1,000,000 ...Missing: thousand | Show results with:thousand
  21. [21]
    What Does 4 Parts Per Trillion Look Like? - Bay West
    EPA sets 4 ppt limit for PFOA and PFOS, 'forever chemicals' in PFAS group. Learn their health and environmental impacts and why these tiny amounts matter.
  22. [22]
    Parts per trillion - trillion! - how can we even measure that?
    Jun 28, 2019 · Dioxin, Knollmeyer said, is measured down to parts per quadrillion. Quadrillion! That's a thousand times a trillion!
  23. [23]
    Precipitation Reactions - Chemistry LibreTexts
    Mar 8, 2025 · Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate.
  24. [24]
    16.1 Precipitation and Dissolution – Chemistry Fundamentals
    A slightly soluble electrolyte begins to precipitate when the magnitude of the reaction quotient for the dissolution reaction exceeds the magnitude of the ...
  25. [25]
    Precipitation Reaction - BYJU'S
    When a silver nitrate solution is poured into a sodium chloride solution, a chemical reaction occurs, producing a white silver chloride precipitate. Q3. What is ...
  26. [26]
    5.2: Precipitation Reactions - Chemistry LibreTexts
    Jul 12, 2023 · A precipitation reaction is a reaction that yields an insoluble product—a precipitate—when two solutions are mixed.<|separator|>
  27. [27]
    Precipitation and Dissolution – Chemistry - UH Pressbooks
    A reagent can be added to a solution of ions to allow one ion to selectively precipitate out of solution. The common ion effect can also play a role in ...
  28. [28]
    8.2: Precipitation Gravimetry - Chemistry LibreTexts
    Oct 30, 2022 · All precipitation gravimetric analyses share two important attributes. First, the precipitate must be of low solubility, of high purity, and of ...
  29. [29]
    Gravimetric analysis and precipitation gravimetry - Khan Academy
    Precipitation gravimetry uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions, and its mass is used to calculate the amount of ionic compounds in solution.<|control11|><|separator|>
  30. [30]
    Gravimetric analysis | Research Starters - EBSCO
    Washing the precipitate improves the purity of the analyte. It is important to make the analyte as pure as possible. In nearly every gravimetric analysis, some ...
  31. [31]
    Pancreatic polypeptide: a unique model for vagal control ... - PubMed
    Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a hormone synthesized only in the duodenal pancreas where the PP cell is the dominating endocrine cell type.
  32. [32]
    Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans
    Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a gut hormone released from the pancreas in response to ingestion of food. Plasma PP has been shown to be reduced in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  33. [33]
    Novel enzyme-resistant pancreatic polypeptide analogs evoke ...
    Apr 18, 2024 · Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a postprandial hormone secreted from pancreatic islets that activates neuropeptide Y4 receptors (NPY4Rs). PP is ...
  34. [34]
    The Beginnings of Pancreatology as a Field of Experimental ... - NIH
    Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was discovered in 1968, in the course of attempts to isolate and purify chicken insulin [30]. Its presence was later confirmed in ...
  35. [35]
    Pancreatic polypeptide - a postulated new hormone: identification of ...
    A peptide, referred to as pancreatic polypeptide (PP), has recently been isolated from the pancreas of chicken and of several mammals.
  36. [36]
    Pancreatic polypeptide. A review - PubMed
    Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 36-amino acid peptide, may function as an important feedback inhibitor of pancreatic secretion after a meal.
  37. [37]
    Pancreatic Polypeptide Inhibits Somatostatin Secretion - PMC
    In summary, PP secretion is increased locally within islets after eating. There, it suppresses somatostatin secretion and consequently, a brake on insulin ...
  38. [38]
    Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in ... - PubMed
    Peripherally administered PP induced negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and gastric emptying while increasing energy expenditure.
  39. [39]
    The role of pancreatic polypeptide in pancreatic diseases - PubMed
    Pancreatic polypeptide also functions as a hepatic glucose regulator. PP increases hepatic insulin sensitivity, resulting in reduced hepatic glucose production.Missing: disorders | Show results with:disorders
  40. [40]
    Elevated Pancreatic Polypeptide Levels in Pancreatic ... - NIH
    We describe five patients with elevated PP and PNETs who were diagnosed with diabetes at approximately the same time as their PNETs.
  41. [41]
    Pancreatic Polypeptide, Plasma - Mayo Clinic Laboratories
    High levels of pancreatic polypeptide may be seen in pancreatic endocrine tumors, diabetes, and a nonfasting state. Markedly elevated levels may be seen in some ...Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
  42. [42]
    Circulating Pancreatic Polypeptide Concentrations Predict Visceral ...
    Conclusions: Pancreatic polypeptide is a novel predictor of visceral and liver fat content, and thus a potential biomarker for cardiovascular risk ...Missing: disorders | Show results with:disorders
  43. [43]
    Reduced Pancreatic Polypeptide Response is Associated With New ...
    Nov 21, 2022 · Pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to DM that is a consequence of a disease of the exocrine pancreas, including pancreatic ductal ...
  44. [44]
    Pancreatic polypeptide revisited: Potential therapeutic effects in ...
    Dec 9, 2022 · Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a member of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of peptides, is a hormone secreted from the endocrine pancreas with established ...
  45. [45]
    [PDF] Report of the President's Working Group on Financial Markets ...
    Overview of Recent Events and Potential Reform. Options for Money Market Funds. December 2020. Page 2. 2. Table of Contents. I. Overview.Missing: PPT | Show results with:PPT
  46. [46]
    FACT SHEET: President's Working Group on Financial Markets ...
    Nov 1, 2021 · The purpose of the PWG report is to identify regulatory gaps related to stablecoins with the potential to be used as a means of payment, and to present ...Missing: PPT | Show results with:PPT
  47. [47]
    [PDF] digital-Assets-Report-EO14178.pdf - The White House
    Jul 17, 2025 · which is chartered under the President's Working Group on Financial Markets and is charged with coordinating efforts to improve the ...<|separator|>
  48. [48]
    The Plunge Protection Team Explained - TradingSim
    Jun 30, 2022 · The Working Group on Financial Markets' informal name “Plunge Protection Team” was coined and popularized by The Washington Post in 1997.
  49. [49]
    'Plunge Protection Team' to convene amid Wall Street rout | Reuters
    Dec 24, 2018 · Then-President Ronald Reagan created the group to find ways to keep financial markets operating smoothly. The group also met in 2008 during a ...Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
  50. [50]
    Plunge Protection Team (PPT): Definition and How It Works
    The Plunge Protection Team is a nickname for the Working Group on Financial Markets, which makes recommendations to the U.S. president.
  51. [51]
    What is PPT: Full Form, Features, Functions and Uses
    Apr 15, 2025 · PPT stands for PowerPoint Presentation. It refers to a collection of slides that contain various types of content such as text, images, charts, graphs, videos, ...
  52. [52]
    What Is a PowerPoint Presentation? Definition, Examples, and How ...
    Jul 3, 2025 · A PowerPoint presentation is a digital slideshow created using Microsoft PowerPoint. Each presentation consists of a series of individual slides.Introduction · Key Components of a... · Where Is PowerPoint Used?
  53. [53]
    What Is Microsoft PowerPoint? History, Features & Uses Explained
    Sep 4, 2025 · Learn what Microsoft PowerPoint is, explore its history, discover key features, and understand its uses in business & education.
  54. [54]
    Microsoft Office PowerPoint 97-2003 Binary File Format (.ppt)
    Nov 28, 2023 · The PPT format was superseded as the default format for Microsoft PowerPoint starting with PowerPoint 2007 by PPTX/OOXML, the primary XML-based ...
  55. [55]
    [MS-PPT]: PowerPoint (.ppt) Binary File Format - Microsoft Learn
    Aug 20, 2024 · The PowerPoint (.ppt) Binary File Format is used by Microsoft PowerPoint 97, 2000, 2002, and 2003.Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
  56. [56]
    Online Presentation Tools and Software | Microsoft PowerPoint
    Presentation software features · Customizable templates · Real-time collaboration · Multimedia integration · Cloud storage and access · AI-powered tools · Export and ...<|separator|>
  57. [57]
    Basic tasks for creating a PowerPoint presentation - Microsoft Support
    PowerPoint presentations work like slide shows. To convey a message or a story, you break it down into slides. Think of each slide as a blank canvas.Tips For Creating An... · Apply Subtle, Consistent... · Check The Spelling And...
  58. [58]
    What is PowerPoint? Introduction, Features & Uses
    Sep 22, 2025 · PowerPoint is a presentation software developed by Microsoft that is widely used to create slideshows that combine text, images, and multimedia.Features of MS PowerPoint · Benefits of PowerPoint · How to Use PowerPoint to...
  59. [59]
    The Cognitive Style of Powerpoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within ...
    The popular PowerPoint templates (ready-made designs) usually weaken verbal and spatial reasoning, and almost always corrupt statistical analysis.
  60. [60]
  61. [61]
    Death to weak PowerPoint: strategies to create effective visual ... - NIH
    Sep 19, 2014 · Our slides used standard, boring templates; were text heavy, and included grainy gif images—embarrassingly, some of which were even animated.Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms<|control11|><|separator|>
  62. [62]
    Tribunale Permanente dei Popoli
    Il Tribunale Permanente dei Popoli si occupa di rendere pubblici i casi di violazione dei diritti nell'ambito del diritto nazionale ed internazionale.
  63. [63]
    The History of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (Chapter 2)
    The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) was formally established about forty years ago, in Bologna, on 24 June 1979. Its first president was François Rigaux, a ...
  64. [64]
    Patria Para Todos (PPT) es un partido político venezolano fundado ...
    Como organización política que en el Gran Polo Patriótico apoyaba el liderazgo del presidente Chávez y ahora del presidente Nicolás Maduro, el partido PPT ha ...
  65. [65]
    Patria Para Todos - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
    Patria Para Todos (PPT) es un partido político venezolano fundado el 27 de septiembre de 1997 y ubicado en la izquierda heterodoxa que aboga por el ...Ideología · Historia · Creación · Primera intervención judicial y...
  66. [66]
    About Us - The Presidential Prayer Team
    We are a national ministry dedicated to a focused mission of encouraging, inspiring and praying for our president and national and military leaders.
  67. [67]
    The Presidential Prayer Team – Praying for our President and ...
    Each day, we invite you to join us in prayer for our national leaders. As mandated by 1 Timothy 2:1-2, we encourage prayer for those in positions of authority.Join · Prayer Updates · About Us · Devotional
  68. [68]
    World Poker Tour
    Classic episodes of the Professional Poker Tour® have been uncovered from the WPT® vault and are set to re-air in a special four day marathon. PPT founder ...Relive Iconic Poker Moments... · Main Tour · Alpha8 · View Complete Schedule<|separator|>
  69. [69]
    Political Parties | Asian Electoral Resource Center
    ... PPT (People's Party of Timor): 2 Seats PDC (Christian Democratic Party ... (Socialist Party of Timor): 1 Seat PL (Liberal Party): 1 Seat. Resources : PDF ...
  70. [70]
    NeoDex: The Neopets Wiki - Pink Poogle Toy
    Pink Poogle Toy (formerly PinkPT and PPT) is a Neopets fansite which was founded by Kym Huynh and Alicia in February 2001.
  71. [71]
    Everything You Need to Know About Your Personally Procured ...
    May 9, 2025 · PPM is a program where the government pays service members for handling their own move, up to 100% of what it would cost the government.Missing: PPT | Show results with:PPT
  72. [72]
    What is a PPT (Personally Procured Transportation) Military move?
    Personally Procured Transportation (PPT), formerly known as Do-It-Yourself (DITY) moves, is a program offered by the United States military that allows service ...
  73. [73]
    Personally Procured Transportation (PPT) - ccmis
    Members who choose to personally arrange for HHG shipment (ie, move the HHG themselves, or contract directly for the HHG to be moved) are entirely responsible ...
  74. [74]
    The Personally Procured Move (PPM): Steps to Take - Military.com
    Apr 22, 2025 · The PPM program reimburses military members for up to 100% of moving costs for PCS, TDY, TAD, separation, retirement, or moving to/from ...Missing: PPT | Show results with:PPT
  75. [75]
    Personal Property Shipment for your PCS | Military OneSource
    PPM, or a personally procured move, is a do-it-yourself move within the military. You will be responsible for either packing/unpacking and transporting your ...Missing: PPT | Show results with:PPT
  76. [76]
    Division of Commissioned Corps Officer Support (DCCOS) Travel ...
    ... Personally Procured Transportation (PPT) Move: When Government-procured household goods transportation is available and a service member personally arranges ...
  77. [77]
    Relive Iconic Poker Moments With The Professional Poker Tour's ...
    May 28, 2025 · Classic episodes of the Professional Poker Tour® have been uncovered from the WPT® vault and are set to re-air in a special four day marathon.
  78. [78]
    Watch Professional Poker Tour Season 1 Free | Pluto TV
    The PPT is the first league of its kind and the toughest field in the history of poker. The stakes are high…2.5 million dollars and the title of "The Best ...
  79. [79]
    ‎Professional Poker Tour - Apple TV
    The PPT is the first league of its kind and the toughest field in the history of poker. The stakes are high…2.5 million dollars and the title of "The Best of ...
  80. [80]
    Partouche Poker Tour Returns to France in 2020 After Eight-Year ...
    Oct 18, 2019 · A week of poker tournaments will be held from Aug. 31 through Sept. 6, 2020 at the Palm Beach Casino in Cannes, France where the first five PPTs ...
  81. [81]
    Partouche Poker Tour - PPT Cannes, No Limit Hold'em - Main Event
    € 7,750 + 750 No Limit Hold'em - Main Event ; Entries 764 ; Total Prize Pool € 5,683,460 ; Total Prize Pool (USD) $ 7,206,934.
  82. [82]
    Partouche Poker Tour All Time Money List, Top 1667
    1667 players in the Partouche Poker Tour All Time Money List.
  83. [83]
    PokerNews Op-Ed: Partouche Poker Tour Cheating Scandal and the ...
    Nov 13, 2010 · Chad Holloway takes a look at the cheating scandal that occurred at the Partouche Poker Tour that involved Ali Tekintamgac and fake ...<|separator|>
  84. [84]
    what is ppt? - World vs. World - Guild Wars 2 Forums
    Sep 11, 2021 · PPT is, in theory, the system of objectives that incentivize players to do certain things. While it stands for Points-Per-Tick, strictly speaking, it is the ...
  85. [85]
    So let's talk Scoring - World vs. World - Guild Wars 2 Forums
    Jul 4, 2024 · PPT - points per tick, every 5 mins, passively collects points from every objective your side owns. PPK - points per kill, more if you stomp ...
  86. [86]
    Is ppt the wrong way of playing WvW? : r/Guildwars2 - Reddit
    Jun 14, 2019 · - PPT (Points per tick) and PPK (Points per kill) should be balanced in the final score. One of the big mistakes that WvW fell in, since time ...Missing: acronym games