PY
'''PY''' is an abbreviation or digraph with multiple meanings. It may refer to people such as Eugène Py, Jorge Py, Olivier Py, and Py Bäckman; geographical locations and codes including Py in Pyrénées-Orientales, France, Paraguay (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code PY), and ISO 3166-2:PY for its subdivisions; computing terms like the .py top-level domain and .py filename extension; or science and technology concepts such as the Py cipher, p-y method, and py- prefix. For details, see the relevant sections below.People
Eugène Py
Eugène Py (19 May 1859 – 26 August 1924) was a French-born photographer, cameraman, cinematographer, and film director who became a foundational figure in the early cinema of Argentina.[1] Born in Carcassonne, France, Py relocated to Buenos Aires in the late 19th century, where he worked as a photographer before transitioning into motion picture production.[2] Active during the late 1890s and early 1900s, he collaborated with Belgian entrepreneur Henri Lepage and Austrian Max Glücksmann at the photographic supplies firm Casa Lepage, importing the first French cinematographic equipment to Argentina, including Gaumont and Pathé cameras.[2] Py's key contributions included pioneering local film production techniques and facilitating the introduction of motion pictures to Argentine audiences through public screenings of short actualities. In 1897, he directed and shot La Bandera Argentina, widely recognized as the first film produced in Argentina, capturing footage of the national flag waving in the wind using a Gaumont camera.[2] This work marked the beginning of domestic filmmaking, building on the broader wave of early cinema sparked by inventors like the Lumière brothers, whose Cinématographe had premiered in Buenos Aires just a year earlier. Py continued producing short documentaries and newsreels for exhibition at Casa Lepage, including Visita del Dr. Campos Salles a Buenos Aires (1900) and footage of the Argentine naval review (La revista de la Escuadra Argentina, 1901).[2] Among his innovations, Py advanced early film techniques by recording surgical operations performed by Dr. Alejandro Posadas in 1900, employing a Pathé camera to capture multi-angle views—the first such documented effort in Argentine cinema.[2] Through these endeavors at Casa Lepage, which served as an early venue for film exhibitions around 1897, Py helped establish one of the initial hubs for motion picture presentation in Buenos Aires, laying groundwork for the country's burgeoning film industry.[2] His efforts in producing and screening short films credited him with introducing locally made motion pictures to Argentina, fostering public interest in the medium during its nascent phase.[2]Jorge Py
Jorge Tavares Py (14 November 1898 – 9 March 1930) was a Brazilian footballer who played primarily as a defender during the early years of organized football in Brazil. Born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, he began his career with hometown club Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, where he spent over a decade establishing himself as a reliable backline player known for his tactical awareness and physical presence.[3] Py's tenure at Grêmio from 1914 to 1925 saw him make 143 appearances and score 9 goals, contributing to the club's success in regional competitions, including two Campeonato Gaúcho titles in 1921 and 1922, as well as six Campeonato Citadino de Porto Alegre championships between 1919 and 1925.[3] In 1926, he moved to Fluminense Football Club in Rio de Janeiro, where he played until his death, logging 76 appearances without scoring; during this period, he helped the team secure the 1927 Torneio Início and reach the runner-up position in the Campeonato Carioca that year, while also participating in various friendly tournaments such as the Taça Vulcain and Taça Cidade de Teresópolis.[4] Beyond football, Py was a versatile athlete, representing Fluminense in basketball—winning back-to-back Carioca championships in 1926 and 1927—and athletics events in the 1920s.[4] Tragically, Py's career ended abruptly at age 31 when he died in a train derailment caused by a landslide in Teresópolis on 9 March 1930, shortly after a match victory; he was returning to Rio de Janeiro with teammates and attempted to warn others of the danger before the accident, which claimed six lives including his own. His contributions as a defender helped bridge the amateur era of Brazilian football toward greater professionalism in the southern states, influencing the development of defensive strategies in the sport's formative years.[4]Olivier Py
Olivier Py (born 24 July 1965 in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes) is a French stage director, actor, and writer renowned for his contributions to contemporary theater and opera.[5] He trained at the École nationale supérieure des arts et techniques du théâtre (ENSATT) and the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique (CNSAD) in Paris, while also earning a degree in theology from the Institut catholique de Paris.[5] In 1988, Py founded his own theater company and premiered his debut play, Des oranges et des ongles, marking the start of a career that emphasizes poetic and metaphysical explorations in performance.[6] Py held key leadership roles in French cultural institutions, including director of the Centre dramatique national d'Orléans from 1998 to 2007 and associate director at the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe from 2007 to 2013.[7] He served as artistic director of the Festival d'Avignon from 2014 to 2022, becoming the first artist appointed to the role since its founder Jean Vilar in 1947, during which he programmed over 40 shows annually to highlight emerging and international talent.[8] Since 2023, Py has been the general director of the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris.[5] His influence extends through collaborations with major French venues, fostering innovative intersections between theater, politics, and society.[9] As a director, Py has staged notable opera productions, including Carmen at the Opéra de Lyon in 2014, reimagining it in a modern Parisian nightclub setting, and Les Contes d'Hoffmann at the Grand Théâtre de Genève in 2009.[10][11] He has also authored several plays, such as La Servante (1995), a sensation at the Festival d'Avignon that weaves multiple narratives into a philosophical epic, and Théâtres (1994), part of an anthology exploring excess and opposites in dramatic form.[7][12] Py's oeuvre is distinguished by its blending of philosophy and performance art, often drawing on his theological background to address themes of faith, desire, and human frailty in theatrical and operatic contexts.[5]Py Bäckman
Py Marie Elisabet Ulrika Bäckman Wennborn, known professionally as Py Bäckman, is a Swedish musician born on 5 July 1948 in Stockholm.[13] She is recognized as a singer, songwriter, pianist, and harmonica player specializing in pop and rock genres, with a career spanning over five decades that includes performances in television since 1957 and tours with various bands.[13] Bäckman has established herself as a versatile figure in the Swedish music scene of the late 20th century, contributing to both intimate lyrical works and broader popular media.[14] Throughout her career, Bäckman has composed and written lyrics for films, musicals, and prominent artists, gaining acclaim for her contributions to Swedish media. Notable examples include the lyrics for "Gabriellas sång" from the soundtrack of the film As It Is in Heaven (2004), directed by Kay Pollak, and her composition work for the television series För alla åldrar (2009).[15] She also penned the ballad "Stad i ljus," performed by Tommy Körberg at the Melodifestivalen in 1988, which became a classic in Swedish popular music.[13] Additionally, Bäckman has translated and adapted lyrics for musicals such as Chicago, Evita, and Garbo The Musical, extending her influence into theatrical productions.[13] In 2025, she received the Orusts stora Evert Taube-pris, a 50,000 SEK award from Orust Municipality and Orusts Sparbank, honoring her as one of Sweden's most significant popular lyricists for blending intimate expression with expansive themes over decades.[14] Bäckman has released several albums, including The Last Performance with the Raj Montana Band and Korsväg with the group Nordman in 2010, showcasing her vocal and instrumental talents.[13] Her work often merges pop and rock elements with theatrical flair, evident in her soundtrack contributions and hymn compositions for the Church of Sweden, such as new pieces introduced in 2004.[13] Collaborations with artists like Dan Hylander and Mats Wester further highlight her role in enriching Sweden's musical landscape through songwriting that emphasizes emotional depth and narrative storytelling.[13]Geography
Py, Pyrénées-Orientales
Py is a small rural commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of the Occitanie region in southern France, positioned near the Pyrenees mountains within the broader Conflent valley. Located at the end of the Rotja valley in the Bas-Conflent area, it sits at an elevation of over 1,000 meters, providing a serene, medium-mountain setting ideal for its peaceful, tiered village layout.[16][17] Known in Catalan as Pi de Conflent, the commune traces its medieval origins to at least the 10th century, with the first historical mention of its church occurring in 959 when the villa and its chapel were sold to Seniofred, Count of Cerdagne and Besalú. The church of Saint-Paul, a key feature of the village, was consecrated in 1022 by Guifred, Archbishop of Narbonne, in the presence of Oliba, Bishop of Ausona; it was subsequently donated to the monastery of Camprodon in 965 and remained under its ownership until the French Revolution. The village itself was later transferred to the lords of Oms in 1381 and suffered damage during the Angelets revolt in the 17th century.[18][16][19] The commune is renowned for its stone architecture, exemplified by the Romanesque church of Saint-Paul, which features two naves—the southern one built over a vaulted crypt—and an 11th-century square bell tower with Lombard-style elements such as arcatures and double-splayed windows. This rural setting, dominated by the elevated church and remnants of a medieval castle, offers panoramic views of the surrounding Conflent valley. As of the 2022 census, Py has a population of 79 inhabitants.[18][16][20]Paraguay
PY serves as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the Republic of Paraguay, a landlocked nation in South America bordered by Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil.[21] This two-letter code, derived from the country's name, facilitates standardized identification in global systems and was first officially assigned in 1974 with the initial publication of the ISO 3166 standard.[22] The PY code finds widespread application in international protocols, notably as the distinguishing sign for Paraguayan vehicles under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) conventions on road traffic, appearing on oval stickers or plates to indicate the country of registration.[23] It also underpins the .py country code top-level domain (ccTLD), delegated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and managed by NIC-PY since its introduction in 1991, primarily for websites and entities connected to Paraguay.[24] Beyond these, PY represents Paraguay in numerous global abbreviations and frameworks, including United Nations documentation, international trade, and telecommunications standards, ensuring consistent reference across diplomatic, economic, and technical domains.[21]ISO 3166-2:PY
ISO 3166-2:PY is the entry in the ISO 3166-2 standard that assigns alphanumeric codes to the principal administrative subdivisions of Paraguay, consisting of 17 departments and one capital district.[21][25] These codes are designed to provide a standardized, internationally recognized method for identifying Paraguay's subnational entities in contexts such as postal services, geographic information systems, and international trade.[26] The standard ensures consistency by deriving subdivision names and codes from official sources provided by the Paraguayan government.[21] The codes follow a two-part format: the first part is "PY," the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Paraguay, followed by a separator ("-") and a subdivision identifier of up to three alphanumeric characters.[26] For example, PY-ASU designates Asunción, the capital district, categorized as a department in the standard, while PY-1 represents the Concepción Department. The departments use numeric codes from 1 to 19 (skipping 17 and 18), reflecting Paraguay's administrative structure where numbers are assigned based on historical or geographical order.[21] ISO 3166-2:PY was first established as part of the initial publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998 and has been updated periodically to reflect changes in Paraguay's administrative divisions, with the current edition being ISO 3166-2:2020.[26] These updates incorporate official notifications from national authorities to maintain accuracy and relevance for global use.[22]Computing
.py (top-level domain)
The .py is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Paraguay, derived from the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code PY.[27] It was introduced on September 9, 1991, and serves as the official internet domain namespace for entities associated with the country.[27] The domain is managed by the Network Information Center Paraguay (NIC-PY), which operates under the auspices of the Centro Nacional de Computación (CNC) at the Universidad Nacional de Asunción.[28] NIC-PY handles delegation, registration policies, and technical operations, in coordination with international bodies such as ICANN and LACNIC.[29] Registration is primarily conducted through second-level domains (e.g., .com.py for commercial entities, .edu.py for educational institutions), with direct registrations under .py itself being restricted or suspended for general use.[30] Any individual or legal entity, whether national or foreign, may apply for domains under these second-level categories, with no residency requirement imposed.[31] Despite its availability, the .py TLD remains underutilized relative to other ccTLDs, with over 45,000 active registrations as of June 2025.[32] This low adoption is often attributed to the widespread preference for the generic .com extension among Paraguayan businesses and individuals, limiting .py's uptake even for local purposes.[33].py (filename extension)
The .py file extension serves as the standard convention for identifying source code files in the Python programming language. These files contain human-readable, plain text code written in Python syntax, which can be executed directly by the Python interpreter without compilation to a binary format.[34][35] Introduced alongside Python's creation in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands, the .py extension was established from the language's first release (version 0.9.0) in 1991.[36] This convention has remained consistent throughout Python's evolution, facilitating easy recognition and handling of scripts across development environments and operating systems.[34] In practice, .py files are used for everything from simple scripts to complex modules and applications, with the interpreter reading and executing the code line by line. On Unix-like systems, such as Linux and macOS, these files support shebang lines—starting with#!—to specify the Python interpreter path (e.g., #!/usr/bin/env python3), enabling direct execution as standalone programs after setting appropriate permissions with chmod +x.[35] This feature enhances portability and usability in scripting contexts, though .py files remain fundamentally source code rather than executable binaries.[35]