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Pee curl

The pee curl (Dutch: plaskrul), literally translating to "pee curl," is a distinctive spiral-shaped cast-iron public urinal intended for standing male urination, prominently featured in central Amsterdam to manage public sanitation needs.^[1]^[2] Introduced around 1880, these urinals addressed the prevalent issue of uncontrolled public urination by working-class men and nighttime revelers, which often led to hygiene problems and accidental falls into adjacent canals, particularly in high-traffic areas like the Red Light District.^[3]^[4]^[5] The structure's curved, perforated design provides partial privacy and visual screening while directing waste to underlying sewers, typically painted in a green finish to blend with canal infrastructure.^[5]^[6] Despite their practical efficacy in reducing street urination and related hazards, some pee curls have been dismantled in recent municipal initiatives favoring multi-user facilities that accommodate women and the disabled, reflecting shifts toward broader accessibility over specialized male-only provisions.^[7]

Design and Functionality

Physical Structure and Operation

The pee curl, or plaskrul, is constructed primarily from cast iron or steel, forming a distinctive spiral or curled enclosure typically designed for a single male user. This structure features a semi-circular or helical barrier that provides partial shielding from public view while remaining open at the front and top. The upper portion of the enclosing plate includes perforations, enabling passersby to visually confirm occupancy without direct exposure. At the base, a sloped porcelain or metal receptacle collects urine, directing it via a drain directly into the underlying sewer system, often positioned atop existing urban drainage infrastructure.^[8] In operation, the user steps into the curled space, positions themselves facing the rear barrier, and urinates into the central basin, where gravity and the receptacle's incline facilitate efficient drainage into the sewer to minimize pooling or splashing. The design lacks enclosed walls or doors, prioritizing quick access in high-traffic areas over full privacy, which allows for rapid turnover but exposes users to ambient weather and visibility from certain angles. Municipal maintenance involves periodic flushing with canal water to cleanse the fixture and prevent buildup, ensuring functionality without automated mechanisms.^[9]^[8]

Placement and Urban Integration

Plaskruls were strategically positioned along Amsterdam's canals and in central high-traffic districts, such as the Red Light District, to curb public urination by providing accessible facilities in areas frequented by nightlife patrons and tourists.^[4] This placement addressed sanitation challenges in densely populated zones where alternative options were scarce, connecting directly to municipal sewer systems for efficient waste management without requiring extensive infrastructure modifications.^[5] The urinals' locations near waterways also aimed to prevent users, often intoxicated, from urinating directly into canals, thereby reducing pollution and mitigating risks of falls leading to drownings, a recurring urban safety issue.^[5] By the 2010s, around 30 to 35 plaskruls remained in operation across the city center, exemplifying their role in historical urban planning to balance public health with spatial constraints.^[10]^[5] In urban integration, the compact cast-iron design, featuring a spiral screen for partial privacy and perforated sections for occupancy visibility, allowed seamless incorporation into Amsterdam's streetscape as functional street furniture.^[5] Typically painted dark green, they blended with surrounding greenery and architectural elements, minimizing aesthetic intrusion while enduring heavy use in pedestrian-heavy environments.^[11] This approach reflected pragmatic 19th-century engineering priorities, prioritizing durability and utility over ornate embellishment to support the city's evolving metropolitan demands.^[4]

Historical Development

Origins in Late 19th-Century Amsterdam

The plaskrul, known in English as the pee curl, emerged in Amsterdam during the late 19th century as a specialized cast-iron public urinal designed to address rampant public urination amid rapid urbanization and industrialization. By the 1870s and 1880s, Amsterdam's growing population and expanding nightlife, particularly in canal-adjacent districts, led to frequent instances of men relieving themselves directly into waterways or streets, posing hygiene risks and contributing to water contamination in a city reliant on canals for sanitation and transport. Municipal authorities responded by installing these spiral-shaped enclosures, which provided minimal privacy through a curving metal screen while allowing drainage into sewers, thereby curbing "wildplassen" without requiring full facilities.^[12]^[13] The first plaskrul designs appeared around 1880, drawing inspiration from Parisian pissoirs introduced decades earlier to improve urban cleanliness. These early Amsterdam models consisted of a single or double stall formed by a helical iron partition painted in dark green, elevated slightly above street level for integration with existing sewer infrastructure, and positioned in high-traffic areas like the Singel canal and near the former Paleis voor Volksvlijt. Unlike enclosed toilets, the open-topped structure facilitated quick use by standing males, reflecting practical engineering priorities over comprehensive privacy, with perforations in the upper screen permitting ventilation and visibility to deter vandalism or misuse. Initial placements totaled fewer than a dozen, but their efficacy in reducing street fouling prompted gradual expansion.^[14]^[15] Adoption was driven by local engineering firms adapting French prototypes to Dutch conditions, emphasizing durability against harsh weather and corrosion from canal proximity. By the mid-1880s, double-krul variants—accommodating two users—were tested at sites like the Paleis voor Volksvlijt, marking an evolution toward higher capacity in densely populated zones. These installations aligned with broader European sanitation reforms, prioritizing male-specific facilities due to observed patterns of public intoxication and reluctance to seek indoor options, though they offered no provisions for women, underscoring gender-specific urban planning of the era.^[16]^[12] During the early 20th century, plaskruls proliferated in Amsterdam's expanding urban landscape, with installations continuing to address rising incidences of public urination linked to growing nightlife, alcohol consumption, and proximity to canals where inebriated individuals risked falling in.^[5] The total number of these cast-iron, spiral-shaped urinals eventually reached 175, concentrated in the city center to facilitate discreet use while integrating into street architecture via connections to sewer systems, evolving from earlier canal drainage.^[12] This expansion reflected broader European trends in public sanitation but was tailored to Amsterdam's dense, watery environment, where the design's partial enclosure aimed to minimize visibility and accidents.^[17] Social challenges emerged prominently, including hygiene deficits from the open-air structure, which allowed urine splash-back, persistent odors, and accumulation of debris, rendering many units "dirty and smelly" despite periodic cleaning.^[12] Misuse compounded these issues, with reports of defecation in the urinals, exacerbating maintenance burdens for the city's public works department.^[12] From the early 20th century onward, plaskruls also served as informal cruising sites for men, including homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual individuals seeking anonymous encounters, a function that lasted nearly a century and drew moral scrutiny amid prevailing societal attitudes toward public sexuality.^[18] Gender inequities intensified debates, as plaskruls were designed exclusively for standing male users, leaving women without comparable street-level options until the late 20th century; attempts by women to use them were impractical due to noise and exposure, often forcing reliance on private facilities or open urination, which carried fines.^[19] Resident complaints about aesthetics, smell, and disorder prompted gradual phase-outs from the mid-century, with numbers declining in the second half of the 20th century as modern enclosed toilets and policy shifts prioritized comprehensive sanitation over standalone urinals.^[20] Vandalism and safety risks, common to public toilets, further strained resources, including potential for misuse as shelters or targets for damage.^[10]

21st-Century Usage and Policy Shifts

In the early 21st century, pee curls continued to serve as basic public urinals in central Amsterdam, particularly in nightlife districts and near canals, where they addressed immediate needs amid limited overall public sanitation infrastructure. By 2020, their numbers had dwindled significantly from historical peaks of around 175 units, reflecting gradual attrition without systematic replacement. The structures faced ongoing maintenance challenges, including daily high-pressure cleaning with odor-neutralizing agents to mitigate persistent smells, though complete odor elimination proved difficult.^[10] Amsterdam's municipal government implemented an "uitsterfbeleid" (extinction policy) around 2020, stipulating that defective pee curls would not be repaired or replaced and that units removed for construction or other disruptions would not be reinstalled. This approach stemmed from inclusivity concerns, as the male-only design conflicted with evolving standards for gender-neutral or accessible facilities, alongside issues of privacy and hygiene. Critics, including heritage advocates, argued the policy eroded a distinctive element of urban heritage, with projections suggesting total disappearance within 20 to 30 years at prevailing rates of loss.^[21]^[22]^[7] Despite the phase-out, the municipality allocated resources for preservation efforts in 2023 and 2024, including repainting all approximately 37 remaining cast-iron pee curls to extend their functional life amid public debate. Concurrently, policy emphasis shifted toward modern alternatives, such as the 2020 installation of eight GreenPee sustainable urinals—circular designs integrating urine diversion with plant fertilization to combat "wild peeing" in high-traffic areas. These innovations prioritized environmental sustainability and broader accessibility over the pee curl's minimalist form.^[12]^[23] By 2024, Amsterdam committed €4 million to expand public toilet infrastructure, driven by advocacy for "urination equality" to rectify the scarcity of female-accessible facilities—historically fewer than half of the city's 112 public restrooms accommodated women. This funding supported 25 to 30 new units, aligning with council standards for equitable sanitation amid population growth and tourism pressures, further marginalizing traditional pee curls in favor of versatile, inclusive systems.^[24]^[8]

Controversies and Societal Debates

Gender and Equality Perspectives

The design of pee curls as male-only facilities, accommodating standing urination with minimal privacy, has fueled debates on gender equity in public sanitation. Anatomically, men can urinate more quickly and accurately while standing, reducing the incidence of street urination compared to women, who typically require squatting positions, greater privacy, and longer durations, often leading to disproportionate fines for women under Amsterdam's public urination bans.^[25] As of 2017, the city maintained about 35 pee curls for men versus just three public toilets suitable for women, exacerbating access disparities during nightlife hours when demand peaks.^[25] Critics, including women's rights advocates, have labeled this setup discriminatory, arguing it enforces unequal enforcement of laws and undermines women's dignity by compelling them to seek inadequate alternatives or risk penalties.^[26] A landmark challenge arose in 2017 when Geerte Piening, fined €95 for urinating in an alley after nightlife, contested the penalty on grounds of gender discrimination, claiming pee curls' open, male-oriented design rendered them unusable for women without exposing them publicly.^[25] The court rejected her appeal, deeming pee curls accessible to all, but the ruling ignited protests where women attempted to demonstrate the facilities' impracticality, using hashtags like #zeikwijf to highlight physical and privacy barriers.^[27] Feminist analyses frame urinals as emblematic of broader public-private divides, where male-centric infrastructure privileges one sex's biological conveniences over equitable provision for both, potentially contributing to women's health risks from dehydration avoidance.^[28] Defenders of pee curls emphasize causal differences in urination behaviors, noting empirical patterns of higher male public urination—driven by faster voiding times and cultural norms—necessitating targeted, low-cost solutions like these urinals to curb urban nuisance without identical facilities that ignore sex-based variances.^[4] Mainstream media coverage, often aligned with advocacy perspectives, has amplified calls for "urination equality," yet overlooks how unisex expansions could dilute efficiency for high-volume male use in dense areas. In April 2024, Amsterdam allocated €4 million to add women-accessible toilets, responding to sustained campaigns and court pressures, with plans targeting underserved zones; by 2020, fewer than half of 112 total public facilities were readily usable by women or those with mobility impairments.^[24]^[8] These shifts reflect evolving policy toward need-based equity rather than strict uniformity, though ongoing debates question whether biological realism or enforced sameness better serves public order.

Hygiene, Privacy, and Public Order Issues

Pee curls suffer from significant hygiene challenges due to their exposed, semi-permanent street placement, which facilitates infrequent cleaning and waste accumulation. Users and observers frequently report strong ammonia odors emanating from the structures, attributed to inadequate flushing mechanisms and irregular maintenance schedules. In central Amsterdam districts, public urinals including pee curls have been found with clogged drains containing feces, vomit, toilet paper, and occasionally hypodermic needles, posing public health risks through potential bacterial proliferation and contamination of nearby sidewalks.^[8]^[29] The design provides virtually no privacy, consisting of a simple curved iron fixture without walls or screens, leaving users fully visible to pedestrians and traffic. This exposure is particularly acute in high-traffic areas such as the Red Light District, where pee curls are concentrated, increasing vulnerability to unwanted observation or harassment. Historical and contemporary critiques highlight how the open-air format discourages use by those seeking discretion, while potentially enabling voyeuristic behavior or discomfort for female passersby.^[30]^[4] Public order issues arise from the pee curls' role in urban spaces, where they can attract loitering, misuse, or ancillary antisocial activities. Prior to World War II, these urinals served as discreet meeting points for homosexual encounters in Amsterdam, contributing to concerns over public decency and safety in concealed yet accessible locations. In modern contexts, their placement amid nightlife zones exacerbates disorderly conduct, including spillover from intoxication-related incidents, though direct vandalism data remains limited; instead, broader sanitation neglect reflects municipal prioritization challenges.^[31]

Economic and Practical Considerations

The plaskrul represented a low-cost sanitation solution in late 19th-century Amsterdam, utilizing durable cast-iron fabrication that minimized material and installation expenses relative to enclosed toilet structures. Their compact, standalone design required negligible land allocation in densely populated urban environments, enabling efficient placement along streets and under bridges to address male public urination without infringing on pedestrian or commercial space.^[12] Annual maintenance costs for cleaning a single plaskrul unit currently stand at €7,500, covering labor and sanitation efforts amid ongoing challenges like vandalism and irregular usage.^[12] These expenses have fueled municipal reluctance to expand similar facilities, as broader public restroom operations demand 24-hour surveillance and staffing that often exceed budgetary allocations and available personnel.^[32] Nevertheless, the plaskrul's simplicity yields practical benefits, including reduced incidence of street-level urination in high-traffic areas, which indirectly curtails citywide cleanup and public health expenditures associated with unmanaged waste.^[32] In comparison to modern alternatives like automated or gender-inclusive toilets, plaskrul offer superior space efficiency and lower upfront capital outlay, though their male-only configuration limits equitable utility and escalates per-unit operational burdens in contemporary policy contexts. Recent municipal investments, including full repainting of remaining units in summer 2023, underscore efforts to prolong their economic viability despite phase-out pressures from hygiene and inclusivity concerns.^[12] Amsterdam's overall public toilet provision—112 facilities as of 2024—remains constrained by cost barriers, with plaskrul persisting as a pragmatic, albeit dated, option for targeted male sanitation needs in resource-limited settings.^[8]

Current Status and Legacy

Ongoing Phase-Out and Remaining Units

The municipality of Amsterdam initiated an extinction policy for pee curls approximately twenty years ago, stipulating that defective units or those removed for construction or other reasons are not repaired or reinstalled.^[33]^[21] This approach reflects priorities for greater inclusivity, as pee curls accommodate only standing male users, alongside efforts to mitigate hygiene issues and public disturbances associated with the aging infrastructure.^[34] As of January 2025, 34 pee curls remain operational across the city, down from higher numbers in prior decades due to natural attrition under the policy.^[35] Recent replacements include the substitution of a pee curl in Oosterpark with a modern MVG (men, women, gender-neutral) toilet in December 2024, part of a planned rollout of about 20 such facilities in coming years to enhance public sanitation equity.^[36] While preservation advocates, including photographer Renzo Gerritsen who documented the remaining units, argue for their cultural retention, the policy continues to prioritize contemporary alternatives amid ongoing urban sanitation improvements.^[34] No new cast-iron pee curls have been installed since the policy's inception, ensuring a steady decline in their presence.^[22]

Alternatives and Modern Public Sanitation Solutions

As traditional street urinals such as the pee curl face phase-out due to maintenance challenges and social concerns, Amsterdam has implemented retractable toilet systems to provide temporary, on-demand facilities in high-traffic nightlife areas. These UriLift units, developed by the Dutch company UriLift, emerge from underground during peak evening hours via hydraulic mechanisms and retract during the day to minimize visual obstruction and vandalism risks, with installation costs around €45,000 per unit. In 2016, Amsterdam installed the world's first retractable women's toilet on Dam Square using this technology, featuring lockable compartments alongside men's urinals to address gender disparities in access.^[37]^[38] Sustainable, waterless urinals represent another innovation deployed to curb "wild peeing" in urination hotspots without relying on sewer connections. In August 2020, the Amsterdam city council placed eight GreenPee units—hemp-filled planters designed by Urban Senses—that absorb urine through hemp fibers, producing organic fertilizer for parks and filtered water, thereby reducing environmental strain and public nuisance. These off-grid devices, expanded to 12 in some locations, filter approximately 1,000 liters of urine annually per unit before requiring emptying, offering a low-maintenance alternative suited to dense urban settings.^[39] Broader policy shifts emphasize inclusive, permanent public toilet infrastructure to enhance equity and hygiene. In April 2024, following advocacy against fines for street urination—disproportionately affecting women due to limited facilities—the city allocated €4 million for new gender-neutral and accessible toilets, aiming to expand beyond the 112 units available in 2020, of which fewer than half accommodated women or those with mobility impairments. These efforts prioritize modular, self-cleaning designs integrated into parks and squares, supported by municipal mapping tools for better accessibility, reflecting a transition from open male-oriented urinals to comprehensive, user-centered sanitation.^[24]^[40]^[8]

Cultural and Historical Significance

The pee curl, or plaskrul, emerged in late 19th-century Amsterdam as a pragmatic response to escalating public sanitation challenges amid rapid urbanization and a growing male workforce. First installed around 1880, these spiral-shaped iron urinals were designed for standing use by men, positioned strategically near canals to curb urination into waterways that doubled as vital transport routes and drainage systems. This innovation addressed acute hygiene issues, including canal pollution and potential health risks from contaminated water, reflecting early municipal efforts to balance public order with fiscal constraints in a densely populated port city.^[7]^[41] Historically, the plaskrul symbolized Amsterdam's adaptive urban engineering, drawing on influences from similar European pissoirs but customized for local watery terrain and nightlife districts. By the early 20th century, dozens dotted central streets, effectively reducing street-level nuisances during festivals and evenings when alcohol consumption heightened urination needs, thus preventing "canal accidents" where inebriated individuals might fall in while relieving themselves. Their durability—many units operational for over a century—underscored effective, low-maintenance design amid evolving infrastructure demands.^[4] Culturally, pee curls have embedded themselves in Amsterdam's identity as emblems of unpretentious functionality, evoking the city's tolerant ethos toward bodily necessities in public realms. Featured in tourist narratives and local lore, they highlight Dutch directness in confronting prosaic problems without elaborate facilities, contrasting with more privatized sanitation norms elsewhere. Yet, their exclusively male orientation has fueled contemporary debates on equity, marking a shift from historical utility to modern inclusivity pressures, though advocates argue their removal erodes tangible links to the city's sanitation heritage.^[7]^[4]

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