RPG-40

The RPG-40 was an anti-tank hand grenade designed by M. I. Puzirev and developed by the Soviet Union in 1940, designed primarily to combat armored vehicles, tanks, strongholds, and field fortifications through contact detonation upon impact. It featured a simple construction consisting of a cylindrical sheet-metal warhead filled with approximately 760 grams (1.68 pounds) of TNT explosive, attached to a wooden handle for throwing, with a total weight of about 1.22 kilograms (2.68 pounds) and a length of 200 millimeters (7.86 inches).^[1]^[2] The grenade utilized an impact fuse that required manual insertion before use, activating via a safety lever and striker mechanism upon release during the throw, enabling penetration of up to 20 millimeters of armor—effective against early-war German tanks like the Panzer III but insufficient for later models such as the Panzer IV or Panther.^[2] Introduced into Red Army service in 1940 and produced during World War II, the RPG-40 was widely employed on the Eastern Front during World War II, exposing infantry to close-range risks due to its throwing range limitations, before being largely superseded by the more powerful RPG-43 in 1943.^[1] Post-war, surplus units saw limited use by Warsaw Pact nations including Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.^[1]

Development and Production

Design Process

The development of the RPG-40 anti-tank hand grenade was initiated in 1940 by Soviet engineer M. I. Puzyrev at the KB-30 design bureau of Plant No. 58, the Moscow Shot and Cartridge Plant, building on earlier 1938 concepts for a grenade capable of penetrating 10 mm of armor that were revised to target 20 mm.^[3]^[4]^[5] This effort addressed the limitations of existing infantry anti-armor options and the Red Army's requirement for a lightweight, throwable weapon capable of defeating the armor of light and medium tanks such as the German Panzer III encountered in early World War II scenarios, prioritizing simplicity in construction to enable rapid production amid escalating threats from mechanized forces.^[1] Central to the RPG-40's engineering were decisions emphasizing reliability and ease of use: an impact (percussion) fuze was selected for detonation upon striking armored surfaces, ensuring consistent activation without reliance on timers; a wooden handle provided the necessary length for safe throwing distances, incorporating safety mechanisms to prevent premature arming; and a cloth streamer attached to the handle stabilized the grenade's trajectory during flight, promoting a more predictable path over effective ranges of 20-25 meters.^[4]^[1] These features reflected a deliberate focus on infantryman portability and minimal training needs, with the overall design weighing approximately 1.2 kg to balance lethality against throwability.^[3] Prototypes underwent evaluation in 1940 through field trials against simulated armored targets, assessing penetration and handling under combat-like conditions, which confirmed the grenade's ability to breach approximately 20 mm of armor at close range when optimally positioned.^[4] These tests led to refinements in the fuze and stabilization elements, culminating in the finalization of the weapon as the "impact anti-tank hand grenade model 1940." Adoption was formalized in 1940 by the Soviet military high command, marking its entry into service just prior to the German invasion.^[3] The RPG-40's design proved adequate against early-war threats but was later supplanted by the RPG-43 in 1943, as advancing German armor like the Tiger I exceeded its capabilities.^[4]

Manufacturing and Adoption

The RPG-40, designed by M. I. Puzyrev at the KB-30, entered serial production in 1941 following its adoption by the Red Army in 1940 as a standard anti-tank hand grenade.^[4]^[5] Manufacturing emphasized its simplistic construction, utilizing sheet-metal for the warhead casing and wooden elements for the stabilizing handle, which facilitated rapid output at facilities such as Factory No. 575 and Plant No. 58 named after Voroshilov in Moscow.^[4]^[5] The grenade's design allowed for mass production despite wartime constraints, with additional output at Plant No. 58, part of which was evacuated eastward to the Kirov region amid advancing German forces.^[3] The launch of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 necessitated an urgent expansion of production to equip Soviet infantry against the invading armored columns, with issuance to frontline units formalized in November 1941 through directives from the NII-6 research institute.^[5] German advances severely disrupted supply lines and raw material access, compelling factories to adopt improvised techniques and relocate operations while maintaining output of the low-complexity weapon.^[3] Production continued through 1943, enabling widespread distribution to anti-tank squads, though exact totals remain classified and unverified in open sources.^[6] Adoption integrated the RPG-40 into standard infantry loadouts for close-range engagements, with training manuals instructing soldiers to throw it from covered positions at a maximum effective range of 20-25 meters, targeting vulnerable areas like tracks or engine compartments to maximize blast impact.^[4]^[5] By mid-1943, field evaluations revealed its limitations, penetrating approximately 20 mm of armor and proving inadequate against sloped or thicker plating on upgraded German tanks, leading to its phase-out as a primary anti-tank tool in favor of shaped-charge successors like the RPG-43.^[7]^[4]

Technical Features

Construction

The RPG-40 anti-tank grenade consists of a cylindrical sheet-metal head measuring approximately 3.8 inches (97 mm) in diameter, crimped to a wooden stick handle that provides a secure grip, with the overall length reaching about 20 cm and total weight approximately 1.2 kg; the head is painted olive drab to aid in camouflage during field use.^[2]^[8] The internal structure features 760 grams of TNT explosive filler packed within the sheet-metal head, which lacks a cast-iron fragmentation jacket to prioritize blast effect over shrapnel production.^[2] A mechanical impact fuze of the GVMZ-40 type is installed at the nose, incorporating a spring-driven striker mechanism activated by an inertia-driven weight that moves upon setback; this fuze is inserted primer-end first into the head and secured by a pivoting retaining arm or latch.^[2]^[9] Assembly of the RPG-40 was designed for simplicity in wartime production, involving hand-fitting of components using basic factory tools: the wooden handle is screwed onto the base of the sheet-metal head, while the GVMZ-40 fuze is inserted into the top recess and locked in place, with the grenade and fuze often carried separately until arming.^[8]^[2] The handle integrates the arming mechanism, triggered by the throw to release the fuze's internal components for activation.^[8] Safety features emphasize prevention of accidental detonation during transport and handling, including a safety lever on the handle that locks the striker in place, a cotter pin (with fabric tab for easy removal) inserted through the fuze to block premature movement, and two safety balls retained by the inertia weight until inertial forces from throwing dislodge them; manual release of the lever and removal of the cotter pin are required immediately before use.^[2]^[8] The GVMZ-40 fuze further incorporates an interrupter device and shipping cap to protect against shocks, fire, moisture, and dirt, with arming occurring only after setback removes the initial safeties.^[9]

Performance Characteristics

The RPG-40, as a blast-effect anti-tank hand grenade, had an effective throwing range of 20-25 meters for accurate hits, allowing soldiers to engage targets from relative cover while minimizing exposure to return fire.^[4] The wooden handle contributed to better grip and aerodynamics during flight, facilitating these ranges without additional propulsion.^[1] In terms of penetration, the RPG-40's 760 grams of TNT explosive charge generated overpressure and fragmentation upon impact, capable of defeating 20 mm of rolled homogeneous armor at a 90-degree angle.^[7]^[2] Unlike shaped-charge designs, it relied on the raw blast to rupture thin plating or disable components like tracks and optics, making it suitable primarily for early-war light tanks and armored vehicles.^[6] However, the RPG-40 exhibited key limitations inherent to its blast-based mechanism, proving ineffective against tanks featuring spaced or sloped armor, such as post-1942 German designs like the Panther, where the explosion often failed to propagate damage beyond surface effects.^[4]^[7] At close range, it found secondary applications as an anti-personnel weapon via shrapnel or for demolishing bunkers and light fortifications.^[1] It served as an early blast-effect anti-tank grenade but underperformed against evolving armored threats, contributing to its rapid obsolescence in favor of shaped-charge successors.^[7]

Military Service

World War II Service

The RPG-40 was issued to Red Army infantry units primarily for close-quarters anti-tank defense, serving as a key improvised weapon in the absence of more advanced systems during the early phases of the German invasion. Production ramped up significantly after June 1941, enabling widespread distribution to frontline troops for use against advancing armored columns. In urban and defensive scenarios, such as those encountered during the defense of major cities, soldiers employed the grenade to target vulnerable points on enemy vehicles from concealed positions, contributing to attrition tactics that slowed German advances before the introduction of shaped-charge alternatives.^[10]^[7] Tactically, the RPG-40 was thrown at the tracks, optics, or undercarriage of approaching tanks to disable mobility or vision, often in ambushes where infantry squads of two to three men coordinated throws with other improvised weapons like Molotov cocktails. It proved effective against lighter German armored vehicles, such as the Panzer III early variants with armor up to 30 mm, but frequently failed against medium tanks like the Panzer IV or later Panthers due to its limited penetration of approximately 20 mm. Soldiers were trained using dummy grenades to practice precise aiming and immediate cover after throwing, emphasizing the need for proximity throws that exposed users to return fire.^[7]^[10]^[8] During the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942–1943, the RPG-40 saw extensive use in house-to-house fighting, where Red Army defenders like Private Panikako reportedly destroyed a German tank in a gully ambush using grenades combined with incendiary fluids, though such successes came at high personal risk. The grenade's high-explosive blast also aided in anti-bunker roles amid the urban rubble, supporting infantry in holding key positions against armored assaults. However, its deployment highlighted significant drawbacks, including frequent user casualties from the required close range—often resulting in concussions or shrapnel wounds—and occasional rebounds when thrown onto sloped tank roofs, prompting enhanced training protocols by 1942 to mitigate these hazards.^[7]^[10]^[11] By late 1943, the RPG-40 was largely supplanted in anti-tank roles by the more capable RPG-43, though it remained in limited service for other purposes until the war's end.^[7]

Postwar Applications

Following World War II, the RPG-40 remained in limited service with the Soviet Army, with stockpiles retained into the mid-1950s as older equipment was phased out in favor of more advanced anti-tank weapons.^[6] Surplus units were supplied to Warsaw Pact allies, including Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, post-war East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, where they equipped regular army units into the early 1960s.^[1] The grenade saw continued combat use during the Korean War (1950–1953), employed by Chinese People's Volunteer Army forces against United Nations light armored vehicles and fortifications in ambush tactics.^[6]^[4] By the postwar era, the RPG-40's design proved increasingly obsolete against contemporary armored vehicles, limiting its role to secondary applications such as training exercises or improvised demolition in low-intensity conflicts.^[12]

Operators

Soviet and Allied Use

The RPG-40 entered service with the Red Army in 1940, serving as a primary anti-tank hand grenade for infantry units during the Great Patriotic War. It was distributed to rifle divisions and other frontline formations starting that year, with soldiers employing it against light armored vehicles, armored cars, and early-war tanks by targeting vulnerable areas such as tracks or engine compartments. The grenade's design emphasized simplicity for rapid deployment in defensive and offensive operations, complementing other infantry anti-tank tools like the PTRD rifle.^[1]^[13]^[3] Soviet training for the RPG-40 focused on practical handling, using inert dummy grenades to teach troops the assembly of the impact fuse, proper grip on the stabilizing handle, and throwing technique for a safe throwing distance of approximately 20-30 meters. Manuals stressed immediate cover after launch to avoid enemy return fire, and the weapon was integrated into combined arms doctrine, often paired with fragmentation grenades or Molotov cocktails in squad-level tactics against armored threats. This approach allowed conscript-heavy units to quickly adopt the RPG-40 despite limited prior experience with anti-tank weapons.^[8] The RPG-40 was also utilized by Soviet partisans operating behind German lines, as evidenced by equipped fighters in occupied territories who carried it alongside submachine guns for ambushes on supply convoys and light vehicles. In joint operations with allied forces under Soviet command, such as Polish units in the 1st Polish Army, the grenade saw distribution during 1943-1945 offensives, enabling coordinated anti-tank efforts in eastern front advances. Czechoslovak forces integrated into Red Army structures similarly received supplies for use in liberation campaigns.^[14] Postwar, the RPG-40 remained in Soviet active service through the late 1940s before being fully phased out of frontline roles by the mid-1950s, with surplus stocks retained in reserves until the end of the decade as more advanced anti-tank weapons like the RPG-2 emerged. It continued to be supplied to Warsaw Pact allies, including Polish and Czechoslovak armies, for training and reserve use into the 1960s.^[3]^[1]

Other Nations

The RPG-40 saw adoption beyond the Soviet Union primarily among Warsaw Pact allies, where it was employed by the armed forces of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania in the postwar period.^[1] These nations retained the grenade for limited roles, including training exercises, as more advanced anti-tank systems gradually superseded it due to its obsolescence against modern armored vehicles. No major independent operators or widespread exports outside Soviet-aligned structures have been documented, reflecting the weapon's specialized design for World War II-era threats originally produced to meet Soviet defensive needs.