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Rathmullan

Rathmullan is a small coastal village and civil parish in County Donegal, Ireland, positioned on the Fanad Peninsula along the western shore of Lough Swilly.^[1] With a population of 528 residents as recorded in the 2022 census, it serves as a seaside resort known for its historical priory ruins and scenic beach.^[2] The village gained enduring historical prominence as the embarkation point for the Flight of the Earls on 4 September 1607 (New Style), when approximately 90 Gaelic lords, chieftains, and their followers—including Hugh Ó Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Rory Ó Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell—departed from a nearby bay at Portnamurray to seek Spanish support against English rule, marking the effective end of the Gaelic order in Ulster.^[3] The origins of Rathmullan trace to a Carmelite friary established around 1508–1516 by Ruaidhrí MacSweeney, chief of Fanad, and his wife Máire, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary; the site was later plundered in 1595 and repurposed as a manor house by Bishop Andrew Knox in the early 17th century.^[4] Today, Rathmullan attracts visitors for its unspoiled natural environment, including a sheltered harbor and sandy beach, supporting tourism and maritime activities amid the rugged landscape of northwest Ireland.^[5]

Geography

Location and Topography

Rathmullan occupies a position on the western shore of Lough Swilly, a glacial fjord in northwest Ireland, within the Fanad Peninsula of County Donegal.^[6] ^[7] The village lies approximately 11 kilometers north of Ramelton by road, placing it amid the rugged coastal landscape of the peninsula, which extends between Lough Swilly to the east and Mulroy Bay to the west.^[8] ^[7] This setting positions Rathmullan at the threshold of the Atlantic-influenced waters of Lough Swilly, characterized by deep, sheltered channels formed by glacial erosion.^[6] The topography of Rathmullan centers on low-lying coastal terrain at or near sea level, with an average elevation around 19 meters across the immediate area.^[9] Key features include a expansive sandy beach stretching over 3 kilometers along the lough's edge, backed by dunes and facilitating a natural harbor with a prominent pier.^[10] ^[11] The surrounding Fanad Peninsula rises into moderate hills, providing topographic shelter from westerly Atlantic winds and contributing to the site's integration within the broader undulating geography of County Donegal's northern coast.^[7]

Climate and Natural Features

Rathmullan experiences a temperate maritime climate characteristic of northwest Ireland, with mild winters and cool summers influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and proximity to Lough Swilly. Average daytime temperatures range from 9°C in January to 19°C in July, while nighttime lows vary from 4°C in winter to 12°C in summer.^[12] Annual precipitation exceeds 1,200 mm, with the wettest months occurring in late summer and autumn, contributing to frequent overcast conditions and high humidity throughout the year.^[12] The area's natural features are dominated by the coastal estuary of Lough Swilly, a large sea inlet with significant tidal fluctuations that shape local hydrology and sediment dynamics. This environment supports diverse marine and intertidal habitats, including mudflats and salt marshes that foster benthic communities and foraging grounds for aquatic species.^[13] Ecologically, the region hosts a variety of seabirds and waterfowl, with Lough Swilly designated as a Special Protection Area due to its importance for wintering populations exceeding 20,000 individuals, including species such as wigeon, teal, and oystercatcher. Coastal flora includes salt-tolerant grasses and nearby upland heaths dominated by heather and gorse, while marine life encompasses fish stocks and invertebrates adapted to the variable salinity. The shoreline faces risks from wave erosion and storm surges, exacerbated by the exposed northwest position.^[14]^[13]

History

Pre-Norman and Early Settlement

Archaeological evidence points to prehistoric human activity in the vicinity of Rathmullan, with a Neolithic portal tomb, locally known as Dermot and Grania's Bed, located approximately 4.5 km southeast in Creevery Upper townland.^[15] This chambered structure, consisting of edge-set slabs forming a burial chamber, dates to roughly 4000–2500 BC and reflects early farming communities exploiting the coastal landscape for agriculture and marine resources.^[16] Bronze Age cist burials have also been identified across the Fanad Peninsula, including sites near Killycolman, underscoring sporadic but persistent settlement patterns driven by access to Lough Swilly's fisheries and sheltered harbors rather than centralized organization. These findings, derived from field surveys and monument recordings, indicate that early inhabitants prioritized defensible, resource-rich locales amid a landscape of bogs and hills, with no evidence of large-scale mythic migrations but rather incremental adaptation to environmental affordances. By the early medieval period (c. AD 400–1100), Rathmullan emerged as a ringfort settlement, as suggested by its Gaelic name Ráth Maoláin, denoting an enclosed earthwork associated with an individual named Maolán.^[17] The surviving ringfort, constructed of gravel, earth, and stones with an internal diameter of around 25–30 m, exemplifies typical Gaelic farmstead enclosures used for livestock protection and crop storage, though portions have eroded due to coastal exposure and modern disturbance.^[18] Such sites proliferated in northwest Ireland during this era, correlating with pollen evidence of arable expansion and metalworking artifacts like iron tools recovered from analogous Donegal enclosures, pointing to self-sufficient kin-based economies rather than expansive trade networks.^[19] The area integrated into the kingdom of Tír Chonaill, a Cenél Conaill polity tracing descent from 5th-century Niall of the Nine Hostages' lineage, where coastal outposts like Rathmullan facilitated localized maritime pursuits such as currach-based fishing and seasonal voyaging across Lough Swilly.^[20] Verifiable records remain scarce before the 12th century, with annals silent on Rathmullan specifically, but regional archaeological patterns—ringfort densities and souterrain fragments—affirm its role in decentralized Gaelic settlement hierarchies, sustained by kin alliances and resource proximity over unified territorial control.^[21] This empirical base counters romanticized narratives of pan-Gaelic cohesion, highlighting instead pragmatic clustering around defensible shores amid intermittent raiding.

Medieval Development and Franciscan Friary

The medieval development of Rathmullan as a settlement in the barony of Fanad, County Donegal, occurred within the Gaelic lordship system dominated by the MacSweeney clan, hereditary constables to the O'Donnell overlords of Tír Chonaill from the 13th century onward. As a coastal location on Lough Swilly, Rathmullan benefited from its strategic position facilitating trade, fishing, and maritime connections integral to Gaelic economic networks in Ulster during the 14th and 15th centuries, though specific population or infrastructural growth metrics remain sparse due to limited contemporary records.^[22] Patronage from Gaelic elites, including indirect support via O'Donnell influence, drove ecclesiastical investments that enhanced local prestige and spiritual infrastructure, aligning with broader patterns of mendicant foundations in late medieval Ireland to consolidate lordly authority and provide centers for religious observance amid ongoing Anglo-Irish conflicts. The Carmelite friary at Rathmullan, established around 1516 by Owen Roe MacSweeney, chief of Fanad, represented a key facet of this patronage, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and constructed as one of the last pre-Reformation Carmelite houses in Ireland.^[23] Intended to honor familial ties—possibly in memory of a deceased son—it functioned as a mendicant outpost fostering clerical learning, pilgrimage, and community rituals within the Gaelic cultural sphere, though Carmelites emphasized contemplative eremitic traditions adapted to Ireland's turbulent context.^[24] The foundation reflected pragmatic lordly strategies: securing spiritual allegiance, attracting skilled friars for manuscript work and counsel, and fortifying social cohesion against encroaching Tudor centralization, without evidence of widespread economic transformation in the settlement itself. Architecturally, the friary comprised a simple nave church with a prominent central tower for belfry and defensive purposes, a south transept, and conventual buildings arranged around a cloister garth, embodying late medieval Gaelic adaptations of continental mendicant designs with robust stonework suited to Ulster's insecure environment rather than ornate Romanesque precedents.^[25] These features prioritized functionality—thick walls and elevated tower for vigilance—over aesthetic elaboration, consistent with Gaelic priorities amid intermittent warfare. Formal suppression occurred under Henry VIII's dissolution policies enacted in Ireland from 1537, nominally dissolving mendicant houses to redirect assets to the crown, yet enforcement in remote Gaelic territories like Fanad proved ineffective due to weak Tudor administrative reach and local resistance.^[26] Friars persisted in clandestine operations, supported by MacSweeney and O'Donnell patronage, enabling continuity of Catholic practices such as Mass and burial rites into the late 16th century, as evidenced by ongoing use of the site for religious purposes despite legal proscription.^[27] This resilience stemmed from causal factors including geographic isolation, entrenched clan loyalties, and the mendicants' embedded role in Gaelic society, rather than organized defiance, allowing the friary to endure as a symbolic bastion until intensified Plantation-era pressures post-1607.

The Flight of the Earls in 1607

In the aftermath of the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), which culminated in the decisive Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale in 1602, Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, confronted mounting English legal pressures including investigations into alleged treason and threats of attainder.^[28] Fearing confiscation of their estates and potential execution, the earls opted for voluntary exile to solicit military aid from Catholic powers, particularly Spain, whose prior intervention in Ireland had proven insufficient but offered hope for renewed support.^[29] This decision reflected pragmatic calculus amid eroded Gaelic authority, as battlefield losses and submission oaths had already undermined their domestic power bases without viable prospects for resurgence.^[30] On 4 September 1607 (Old Style; 14 September New Style), the earls, accompanied by ninety-nine followers comprising family members, retainers, and clerics including Archbishop Florence Conry of Tuam, boarded an 80-ton French vessel at Rathmullan's harbor on Lough Swilly.^[31] The group sailed initially for La Coruña in Spain, enduring a 21-day voyage marked by storms and privations, before proceeding overland through Europe to Rome.^[29] Logistical secrecy was paramount; the departure occurred under cover of night to evade English surveillance, underscoring the earls' weakened position post-war, where open resistance had become untenable.^[28] The flight's immediate consequences included the earls' attainder by the Irish Parliament in 1613, which legally voided their titles and facilitated English land seizures in Ulster, though the act retroactively justified prior informal encroachments.^[30] Efforts to secure Spanish reinstatement faltered due to King Philip III's post-truce priorities with England and depleted resources following the Twelve Years' Truce with the Dutch, rendering large-scale intervention improbable.^[31] Papal reception in Rome provided refuge but no substantive military backing, as Pope Paul V prioritized continental Catholic defenses over distant Irish restoration; concurrent Gaelic disunity, evidenced by rival chieftains' non-participation and fragmented loyalties, further eroded any collective bargaining power.^[29] Thus, the exodus accelerated English consolidation by removing key Gaelic leadership without compensatory alliances, highlighting the causal link between prior military failures and irreversible territorial losses.^[28]

Plantation of Ulster and 17th-Century Changes

Following the Flight of the Earls from Rathmullan on September 4, 1607, King James I attainted Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell, for treason, resulting in the confiscation of their vast estates, which encompassed much of County Donegal, including areas around Rathmullan in the baronies of Kilmacrenan and Fanad.^[28]^[32] This forfeiture, formalized through parliamentary acts in 1613-1615, transferred approximately 200,000 acres in Donegal to the Crown, enabling systematic reallocation.^[33] The Plantation of Ulster scheme, proclaimed in 1610 after a 1609 survey, divided these lands among three classes of grantees: undertakers (primarily English and Scottish investors required to import Protestant tenants), servitors (Crown officials with military experience), and approved native Irish lords.^[34] In Rathmullan's vicinity, servitors such as Sir Ralph Bingley, Captain Henry Harte, and Captain William Stewart received estates in Kilmacrenan barony, while native figures like Donnell MacSweeney Fanad, Sir Mulmory MacSweeney Doe, and Turlough O'Boyle (granted 2,000 acres in Doe and Fanad) secured portions, reflecting a policy blending displacement with retention for loyalists.^[33] Rathmullan itself was designated an incorporated town, integrating it into the plantation's administrative framework for governance and limited settlement.^[33] Demographically, the influx of British settlers—estimated at 20,000-30,000 Scots alone across Ulster—introduced Protestant tenants to arable farms and trades, but Irish natives predominated, comprising about 60% of landholders in Donegal baronies by the 1622 muster and outnumbering settlers overall.^[34]^[33] Economically, formalized grants under English common law promoted infrastructure like roads and markets, shifting from Gaelic pastoralism toward intensive agriculture and commerce, which incentivized long-term investment via secure property rights despite initial clashes over tenancies.^[32] The Franciscan friary ruins, vestiges of pre-plantation Gaelic control, endured amid this mixed-tenancy landscape, underscoring the incomplete supplanting of indigenous structures.^[33]

18th to 20th Century Developments

During the 18th century, Rathmullan's economy remained predominantly agrarian, with landholdings consolidated under Protestant ascendancy families following the Ulster Plantation's legacies, including the Batt family, who acquired Rathmullan House and associated estates around this period.^[35] Tenant farming dominated, characterized by short-term leases and subsistence practices vulnerable to market fluctuations and penal laws restricting Catholic land ownership until gradual Catholic emancipation in the early 19th century.^[36] The 19th century brought intensified landlord-tenant tensions amid population growth and subdivision of holdings, exacerbating reliance on potato cultivation; the Great Famine of 1845–1852 devastated County Donegal, causing around 40,000 deaths and emigrations from the county through starvation, disease, and mass exodus, with Rathmullan's coastal location facilitating outbound sailings to ports like Liverpool and Quebec.^[37]^[38] Depopulation was acute, as evidenced by national census trends showing Ireland's overall population halving between 1841 and 1901, with Donegal experiencing similar proportional declines due to famine-induced clearances and evictions under absentee landlords.^[39] Maritime infrastructure, including the pier originally constructed in the early 1800s, supported limited trade and relief efforts but could not stem emigration waves.^[40] Subsequent Land Acts (1870–1909) enabled tenant purchases and fixed rents, fostering gradual stabilization by transferring ownership from landlords to smallholders, though implementation in remote areas like Rathmullan lagged.^[41] The 20th century marked Rathmullan's integration into the Irish Free State following the 1921 partition, which assigned County Donegal to the 26 southern counties, severing economic ties with industrial Northern Ireland and imposing border customs that hindered cross-border trade in agriculture and fisheries.^[42] This isolation contributed to persistent rural poverty, yet the area avoided the sectarian violence of the Northern Troubles (1960s–1990s), with local disruptions limited to the Irish War of Independence era, including Volunteer activities against British forces.^[43] State-led recovery emerged through infrastructure investments, such as the 1934 construction of a 120-meter viaduct extending access to the pierhead, enhancing maritime connectivity for fishing and passenger ferries across Lough Swilly.^[44] Electrification, part of the ESB's national grid expansion initiated in the 1930s and accelerating post-1946 rural schemes, reached Donegal's periphery by mid-century, supporting modest agricultural mechanization and household improvements amid ongoing emigration to Britain and America.^[45] These interventions, funded by the Free State and later Republic, underpinned demographic stabilization, with census data reflecting Donegal's population bottoming out around 1930 before slight post-war rebounds tied to land reforms and remittances.^[46]

Recent History and Preservation Efforts

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Rathmullan experienced targeted preservation initiatives aimed at leveraging its historical assets for economic sustainability amid broader rural challenges in County Donegal. The Franciscan friary, a key medieval site, underwent significant restoration works leading to its reopening to the public in December 2020, following a closure in 2015 due to health and safety concerns; this effort by Donegal County Council addressed structural deterioration while enabling controlled access for visitors.^[47]^[48] A pivotal commemoration occurred on September 14, 2007, when President Mary McAleese unveiled a bronze statue by sculptor John Behan at Rathmullan's shorefront, marking the 400th anniversary of the Flight of the Earls; the artwork depicts the departing Gaelic lords and has since served as a focal point for heritage tourism, attracting visitors interested in early modern Irish history.^[49] Infrastructure enhancements complemented these cultural efforts, notably the €4.6 million refurbishment of Rathmullan Pier, initiated in April 2024 and completed with an official reopening on May 30, 2025; funded primarily by €3.7 million from the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and co-funded by Donegal County Council, the project rebuilt the pierhead to support maritime activities and tourism while mitigating coastal erosion risks.^[50]^[51] Broader regeneration strategies, such as the heritage-led Rathmullan Regeneration Project launched around 2021, emphasize repurposing underutilized historic structures to bolster tourism, social cohesion, and local economy, reflecting pragmatic responses to depopulation pressures in rural Ireland rather than purely nostalgic impulses; these initiatives align with national policies prioritizing viable heritage utilization for community resilience.^[52]^[53]

Demographics and Society

Population Statistics

According to the 2022 Census of Population conducted by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), Rathmullan had a population of 532 residents.^[54] This figure reflects relative stability in recent decades, with census data showing 491 residents in 2016, 514 in 2011, and 469 in 2006, amid minor fluctuations typical of small rural settlements in County Donegal.^[2] The village's population density stood at approximately 409 persons per square kilometer over an area of 1.29 km².^[2] Demographic composition indicates an aging population, consistent with broader rural Irish trends of youth migration to urban centers. In 2022, the age distribution featured notable concentrations in older cohorts, including 81 individuals aged 60-69, 65 aged 70-79, and 28 aged 80 and over, suggesting a median age elevated above national averages.^[2] Gender distribution showed 44.9% males and 55.1% females, with the slight female majority aligning with patterns in aging rural communities where male emigration rates have historically outpaced female ones.^[2] Housing patterns center on a compact core clustered around the harbor, blending older stone cottages with post-20th-century bungalows and scattered modern developments, supporting a low-density rural extension beyond the village nucleus.^[55] This configuration maintains stable occupancy without significant sprawl, as evidenced by the absence of large-scale urban zoning in local development frameworks.^[56]

Language Use and Cultural Identity

Rathmullan is situated within the Donegal Gaeltacht, particularly the Fanad peninsula region, where Irish (Gaeilge) holds co-official status alongside English as a designated community language under Ireland's Official Languages Act 2003.^[57] The 2022 Census of Population recorded 23,554 individuals aged three and over residing in Donegal's Gaeltacht areas, of whom 15,549 (66%) reported the ability to speak Irish, reflecting sustained but uneven linguistic competence across generations.^[58] Daily or habitual use of Irish, however, remains limited, with Gaeltacht-wide surveys indicating approximately 20-25% of residents employing the language outside educational settings, a figure supported by Irish-medium schooling yet undermined by broader demographic trends including out-migration and English dominance in professional and social interactions.^[59]^[60] This bilingual reality underscores a pragmatic cultural adaptation, where English serves as the lingua franca for economic practicality and intergenerational communication, countering idealized notions of exclusive Irish monolingualism that overlook empirical patterns of language shift observed since the mid-20th century.^[58] Community efforts, such as those by Gaeltacht Bheo Fhánada, aim to sustain Irish vitality through local initiatives, though census data reveal a 2-3% national decline in daily speakers from 2016 to 2022, attributable to reduced intergenerational transmission rather than overt policy failures.^[61]^[62] Cultural identity in Rathmullan manifests through enduring practices of traditional music and oral storytelling, which foster social cohesion independent of linguistic exclusivity. These elements, including informal music sessions featuring fiddle and tin whistle tunes indigenous to Donegal's stylistic traditions, and narrative recounting of local lore, draw on shared historical consciousness to reinforce communal ties without presupposing ethnic homogeneity.^[63] Such activities, prevalent in rural Gaeltacht settings, prioritize participatory authenticity over performative revivalism, aligning with broader Irish patterns where musical and narrative heritage sustains identity amid linguistic hybridization.^[64]

Economy and Infrastructure

Local Economy and Employment

Rathmullan's economy has historically centered on small-scale agriculture and fishing, reflecting the rural character of the Fanad Peninsula. Farming remains a traditional occupation, with local activities focused on livestock rearing and crop production such as potatoes, typical of Donegal's agrarian landscape where agriculture supports a notable share of rural livelihoods despite a decline in its sectoral employment proportion from 12.5% to 6.8% between earlier censuses and recent data.^[65]^[66] Fishing in Lough Swilly involves limited commercial operations, supplemented by recreational angling charters targeting species like pollock, cod, and rays, which utilize the local pier for outings.^[61]^[67] In recent decades, the local economy has diversified toward services, particularly tourism, which contributes significantly to rural employment in areas like Rathmullan through hospitality, guesthouses, and related activities.^[68] The refurbished Rathmullan Pier, completed in 2025 after €4.5 million in investments, facilitates leisure boating, sightseeing cruises, and charter operations, enhancing access for visitors while addressing tidal constraints for smaller craft.^[69]^[70] Improved road links to Letterkenny and EU-funded programs, such as LEADER rural development initiatives, have supported this shift, promoting year-round opportunities beyond seasonal farming and fishing vulnerabilities.^[71]^[72] Employment in the broader Donegal region, encompassing Rathmullan's rural profile, reached 67,900 persons in April 2022, marking a 16% increase since 2016, with total county employment growing 9.5% from 2011 to 2016 amid national recovery.^[73]^[74] Unemployment rates in Donegal stood at 10.6% per the 2022 Census, higher than the national average of around 4.3% in 2024, though recent figures indicate a 15% decline in live register numbers over the prior year, aligning with rural trends influenced by diversification efforts and grants.^[75]^[76]^[77]

Amenities and Tourism Attractions

Rathmullan provides essential amenities such as shops, pubs, and churches along its main street, supporting both residents and seasonal visitors.^[78] The village includes a sandy beach ideal for walks and family outings, with nearby facilities like surf schools offering lessons in water sports.^[79] Accommodation options range from luxury hotels like Rathmullan House, featuring indoor pools, tennis courts, and extensive gardens, to bed and breakfasts and self-catering units.^[80]^[81] Tourism attractions center on historical sites including the ruins of the 13th-century Rathmullan Friary, a Franciscan foundation now maintained as a heritage feature, and the stone pier associated with the 1607 Flight of the Earls departure.^[79] The Old Courthouse serves as a local heritage center, while walking trails along the shore and through wooded areas provide scenic routes.^[79] Nearby golf courses and angling opportunities on Lough Swilly attract sports enthusiasts.^[82] Accessibility is facilitated by the N86 road linking to larger towns and ferry services across Lough Swilly to Fanad Peninsula, enabling day trips and boating activities from the village pier.^[83] Visitor appeal lies in the combination of maritime heritage, natural landscapes, and relaxed facilities, drawing summer influxes that boost occupancy in hotels and guesthouses, though tourism remains heavily seasonal with quieter winters.^[78]^[84] Spa services at establishments like The Looking Glass complement outdoor pursuits, offering wellness options amid the coastal setting.^[79]

Culture and Events

Historical Commemorations and Festivals

Rathmullan observes the Flight of the Earls, the 1607 departure of Ulster chieftains Hugh O'Neill and Rory O'Donnell from its shores, through anniversary events featuring historical tours of the pier and friary, exhibitions at the local heritage centre, and sessions of traditional Irish folk music in pubs and cafes. These commemorations, revived notably around centennial milestones such as the 400th anniversary in 2007, occur in early September and emphasize the event's role in Gaelic Ireland's transition to English plantation rule, attracting community members and regional heritage enthusiasts for educational talks and guided walks.^[85]^[86] The village's annual regatta, established over 190 years ago and held on the first Monday of August bank holiday, serves as a heritage-linked maritime festival with rowing races, sailing competitions, and shore-based activities that draw hundreds of local participants and spectators from surrounding areas in County Donegal. This event preserves 19th-century traditions of Lough Swilly seafaring, blending competitive sports with family-oriented demonstrations of historical boating skills.^[87]^[88] Complementing these, the Rathmullan Community Festival spans the August bank holiday weekend, incorporating maritime rescue simulations, visits from Irish naval vessels, and traditional music performances that highlight the area's seafaring past while raising funds for charities through street events and competitions. Organized as a non-profit initiative since around 2000, it engages residents and visitors in heritage-themed activities, fostering local identity without overt politicization.^[89]^[90]

Representation in Literature and Arts

Rathmullan appears as a setting in modern Irish novels evoking rural and coastal life in County Donegal. In Carmel Harrington's The Girl from Donegal (2024), the protagonist Eliza works for the Rathmullan Gazette in 1939, highlighting the village's role in local journalism amid historical tensions.^[91] Similarly, Brand King's An Irish Winter (2020) uses Rathmullan as the central locale, incorporating its friary, pier, and priory to frame narratives of personal and historical reflection.^[92] Poetry collections have captured Rathmullan's nostalgic seaside character. Annie O'Donoghue's Memories of Rathmullan (2018) consists of verses recalling village life, family, and landscapes, drawing from the author's personal experiences in the area.^[91] In visual arts, Rathmullan's association with the 1607 Flight of the Earls is commemorated by John Behan's bronze sculpture, unveiled on September 14, 2007, by President Mary McAleese at the pier. The work depicts three cloaked figures—symbolizing Hugh Ó Neill, Rory Ó Donnell, and their followers—embarking on a ship, emphasizing the event's symbolism as the departure point for Gaelic lords into continental exile.^[49]^[86] This monument grounds artistic representation in historical specifics, countering romanticized narratives by focusing on the strategic flight documented in contemporary accounts like Tadhg Ó Cianáin's chronicle.^[93] Documentaries and theatrical works have portrayed Rathmullan's historical significance. Brian Friel's play Making History (1988) dramatizes Hugh Ó Neill's life, culminating in the Flight from Rathmullan, portraying the pier as a site of irreversible exile and the collapse of Ulster lordships.^[94] Films such as Antaine Ó Donnaile's The Flight of the Earls (2007) reconstruct the departure, using Rathmullan's shoreline to illustrate the earls' voyage amid English pursuit.^[95] Local productions, including Rathmullan by the Sea: The 19th Century Story (2022), further embed the village in cinematic explorations of its heritage beyond the 1607 event.^[96]

Notable Residents

Historical Figures

Rathmullan gained historical prominence through its association with Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone (c. 1550–1616), and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1574–1608), who departed from the village harbor on September 14, 1607 (New Style), alongside ninety-nine followers, including family members and retainers, bound for continental Europe.^[31] This exodus, documented in the contemporary account by Tadhg Ó Cianáin, O'Neill's scribe, followed their defeat in the Nine Years' War (1594–1603) and aimed to secure Spanish support against English rule, but ultimately facilitated the Plantation of Ulster by vacating native leadership.^[97] The Earls' flight underscored the feudal tensions of Gaelic chieftaincy clashing with emerging centralized English authority, with Rathmullan's friary providing temporary shelter en route to the ships.^[31] The Carmelite friary in Rathmullan, founded around 1516 by Eoghan Rua MacSweeney, chief of the MacSweeney Fanad sept, exemplified local Gaelic patronage of religious orders, which functioned as centers for education and manuscript preservation amid feudal clan structures before the Henrician suppressions of the 1540s.^[24] Friars there contributed to regional learning for noble youth, preserving Irish language and lore, though specific names remain sparsely recorded in surviving annals, reflecting the era's oral and ecclesiastical traditions over individualized fame.^[24] In the early 17th-century Plantation of Ulster, Scottish-born Andrew Knox (d. 1633), appointed Bishop of Raphoe in 1611, repurposed the friary's nave into a fortified private residence by 1618, establishing a Protestant episcopal presence amid native resistance and land reallocations to loyal settlers.^[98] ^[4] Knox's adaptation symbolized the shift from Gaelic monasticism to Anglican control, with the structure defending against local insurgencies, such as repulsing attacks during the 1641 Rebellion, while his tenure advanced crown policies of anglicization in Donegal.^[4]

Modern Notables

Ian Anderson (1925–2005), born in Glencross on the outskirts of Rathmullan, emigrated to the Isle of Man and became a long-serving member of Tynwald, ultimately serving as President of the Legislative Council from 1998 to 2000.^[99] Mary McAlister (born Mary Agnes McMackin; 1896–1976), born in Rathmullan, trained as a nurse before moving to Scotland, where she was elected as the Labour MP for Kelvingrove in a 1958 by-election, becoming the first nurse to serve in the UK Parliament; she held the seat until 1959.^[100] Jason Matthewson (born c. 1987), raised in Rathmullan, pursued acting after training in Derry, achieving recognition in Hollywood with roles including a terrorist in Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) and supporting parts in Hunter Killer (2018), while also producing independent films.^[101]^[102]

References

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Rathmullan, County Donegal - Wikishire
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Rathmullan (Donegal, All Towns, Ireland) - City Population
Rathmullan (Rathmullen), Donegal, 536 ; Rathmullan (Rathmullen). 528 Population [2022] – Census. 1.290 km² Area. 409.3/km² Population Density [2022]. 1.2% Annual ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Local History - St. Josephs Rathmullan
Ninety nine people left from a small bay known as Portnamurray on the 14-9-1607. They included O'Neills, O'Donnells, O'Gallaghers, Maguires, McDevitts, McAward, ...
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[PDF] Lough Swilly Special Protection Area Conservation Objectives ...
This section includes a review of the ecological characteristics of the Special Conservation Interest species of. Lough Swilly SPA, and examines waterbird ...
[15]
Creevery Upper [Dermot and Grania's Bed] Chambered Tomb
Sep 2, 2009 · Heading south from Rathmullen along the coast road turn (R247) right at Ballyboe and head along the road for around half a mile, keeping left ...
[16]
County Donegal - megalithic sites
~ 4.5 km ESE in Creevery Upper, SW of Rathmullan (G 928 628) and visible from a by-road are the remains of Dermot and Grania's Bed, a roofless portal tomb with ...Missing: Fanad | Show results with:Fanad
[17]
Fanad - Wikipedia
Several cist burial sites which are thought to date from the Bronze Age were discovered in Fanad including a now destroyed group at a cairn at Killycolman near ...
[18]
Rathmullan/Ráth Maoláin Heritage
Rathmullan/Ráth Maoláin as the name suggests may have its origins in the 1st Millennium AD. Its hinterland is rich in a variety of archaeological sites.
[19]
Ringfort (Rath), Rathmullan, Co. Donegal - IrishHistory.com
Constructed from gravelly earth and stones, this earthwork has suffered considerable damage over time, with significant sections now missing along the southern ...
[20]
study of ring-forts in southern county donegal - jstor
Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 43, 1980. A FIELD SURVEY AND MORPHOLOGICAL. STUDY OF RING-FORTS IN SOUTHERN COUNTY DONEGAL.Missing: Rathmullan | Show results with:Rathmullan
[21]
Early History - Gallagher Clan
It was Conall Gulban, son of the High King, Niall of the Nine Hostages, who gave his name to Tir Connell i.e. County Donegal today. (Trans. note – Not quite ...
[22]
[PDF] Early Medieval Dwellings and Settlements in Ireland, AD 400-1100
Dec 1, 2010 · in the later middle-ages. A settlement that revealed all such phases was excavated at Rathmullan, Co. Down, in which it was constructed as a ...
[23]
Maritime Connections: Landscape and Lordship along the Gaelic ...
Jun 11, 2019 · Owen Roe MacSweeney founded the Carmelite house at Rathmullan in 1516, close to where the tower house stood, while the MacSweeney Banagh ...
[24]
[PDF] County Donegal - Buildings of Ireland
Pre 1700. The Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169 was a major turning point in Irish history. Although. Norman influence in far-flung Donegal was limited, there are ...
[25]
Carmelite Abbey, Rathmullan, Co. Donegal - IrishHistory.com
Oct 9, 2025 · Founded in 1516 by Owen Roe MacSweeney for the Carmelite Order, Rathmullan Priory in County Donegal stands as a fascinating example of how ...Missing: O'Donnells | Show results with:O'Donnells
[26]
Rathmullan Priory - IrishStones.org
The ruins overlook Lough Swilly to the south. What we see today it's a church in ruins, with a central tower and a south transept remodeled as a three-storey ...
[27]
Religious Communities and Their Closures in Ireland during ... - MDPI
A small number of religious houses had been suppressed prior to the passing of Reformation legislation in 1537, and only eight closed that summer (Lyons 2018, p ...
[28]
[PDF] Religion, Memory, and Materiality - Queen's University Belfast
Rathmullan Friary was not simply a convenient stone building in a convenient location for transport on Lough. Foyle: it was symbolic as a Catholic house of ...
[29]
BBC - History - Engish and Scottish Planters - Flight of the Earls - BBC
On 4th September 1607, the Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell, along with a close circle of family and associates, boarded a ship at Rathmullan on Lough Swilly, ...
[30]
The Flight of the Earls: escape or strategic regrouping?
An unnamed 80-ton French warship weighed anchor at Rathmullan, Co. Donegal, and sailed out of Lough Swilly for La Coruña, Spain.
[31]
The Flight of the Earls | History Today
Sep 9, 2007 · The flight of the earls on September 4th, 1607, was the first of many departures from Ireland by native Irish over the following centuries.
[32]
The Flight of the Earls 1607 - Ask About Ireland
Rathmullan, Co Donegal, September 14th 1607. The small fishing town of Rathmullan in County Donegal witnessed a key event in Irish history - the end of the ...
[33]
The Ulster Plantation - Ask About Ireland
As early as 1603, King James had granted confiscated lands in County Down to Scottish nobles James Hamilton and Hugh Montgomery. This is how the colonisation of ...
[34]
[PDF] The Plantation of Ulster Document Study Pack Staidéar Bunfhoinsí ...
The Plantation of Ulster began in 1609, granting land to wealthy men who brought tenants, developed land, and paid rent to the crown. It aimed to establish ...
[35]
The Plantation of Ulster (1610–1630)
The Plantation of Ulster was a government-directed scheme of colonisation in the early 17th century, affecting counties like Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Fermanagh, ...
[36]
(457) Batt of Purdysburn House and Rathmullan House
May 16, 2021 · This family traced its origins back to Samuel Batt (d. c.1702), who is said to have moved from Cornwall to New Ross (Co.
[37]
[PDF] Landowners Ministers Life Settlers - Ulster Historical Foundation
Feb 6, 2023 · During the course of the 'long eighteenth century' (1680–1820) Ulster's emigration rate was just over two per 1000 of population whilst during ...
[38]
[PDF] The Great Famine in County Donegal - Creative Ireland
The impact of the Famine was widespread in Donegal with the loss of forty thousand people to death and emigration. 1 The effects were felt immediately. ...
[39]
The Consequences will be fearful: The Great Famine in County ...
Mar 12, 2024 · The dire conditions of the Great Famine saw emigration from Donegal increase dramatically between 1845 and the early 1850s. It set the ...Missing: Rathmullan | Show results with:Rathmullan<|separator|>
[40]
The Famine Years - Ask About Ireland
Many workhouses were forced to build temporary wards and extra accommodation. In Donegal the effects of the famine were not as harsh as elsewhere in the country ...
[41]
Start of €4.6m Rathmullan Pier Refurbishment Project a 'momentous ...
Apr 17, 2024 · The original pier at Rathmullan dates to the early 1800's while the existing pierhead was re-constructed in 1957 by the Office of Public Works ...Missing: history reconstruction
[42]
[PDF] the land acts in ireland, 1870-1909 - Yale Department of Economics
Without leases landlords could always raise rents or eject a sitting tenant, giving tenants no incentive to invest in their holdings as the landlord could ...Missing: Rathmullan Donegal
[43]
[PDF] Dividing-Ireland-Publication.pdf - Tower Museum
The partition of Ireland did not have an immediate impact on people's lives. While Ireland became an island officially partitioned on 23 December 1920, the ...Missing: Rathmullan | Show results with:Rathmullan
[44]
[PDF] Experiencing the Irish Revolution in Donegal, 1919-1925
The Decade of Centenaries 2012–2023 programme has provided excellent opportunities for fresh historical investigations into this.<|separator|>
[45]
Rathmullan Pier officially reopened last Friday - Donegal News
Jun 4, 2025 · The pierhead, which was constructed in 1957, is accessed by a 120m long viaduct built in 1934. Advertisement. Charlie McConalogue TD ...Missing: history reconstruction
[46]
[PDF] ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN IRELAND - ESB Archives
earlier, the Liffey scheme in the 1930s was introduced ahead of time to facilitate Dublin. Corporation. Then, after the war, the ESB was obliged to build ...
[47]
[PDF] CENSUS OF IRELAND, - CSO
TABLE I.-AREA, HousEs, and POPULATION of the COUNTY of DONEGAL in 19ll. Area in Statute Acres. Out.Missing: 20th | Show results with:20th
[48]
500-year-old Donegal abbey reopens to public after ... - Derry Journal
Dec 10, 2020 · Five years after it was closed on health and safety grounds, Donegal County Council have announced that public access to Rathmullan Abbey has now been restored.Missing: preservation | Show results with:preservation
[49]
Rathmullan Abbey to reopen to the public - Highland Radio
Dec 4, 2020 · Donegal County Council has confirmed that Rathmullan Abbey can now reopen to the public following extensive restoration works.Missing: preservation | Show results with:preservation
[50]
McAleese unveils Flight of Earls statue - The Irish Times
Sep 14, 2007 · The John Behan sculpture commemorates the leaving of 99 of Ulster's Gaelic aristocracy from Rathmullan, Co Donegal.
[51]
Official Re-opening of Rathmullan Pier - Donegal County Council
Jun 4, 2025 · Rathmullan Pier was officially reopened on Friday last (30 th May) by Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media.
[52]
€4.6 million Rathmullan Pier refurbishment project to be completed ...
Nov 25, 2024 · The €4.6 million Rathmullan Pier Refurbishment Project that began in April is expected to be completed in January 2025.Missing: history reconstruction
[53]
Rathmullan – A Heritage Led Regeneration Project - Council.ie
Apr 26, 2021 · The Project aims to strengthen and enhance the physical, cultural, social, tourism and economic capacity of the town and to act as a catalyst ...
[54]
Rathmullan Regeneration - ROBIN LEE ARCHITECTURE
A major heritage led transformational scheme that will implement a series of inter-related interventions designed to repurpose under-utilised and culturally ...
[55]
Background Notes Census of Population 2022 Profile 1 - CSO
Jun 29, 2023 · 33044(Rathmullen), 532. 15019(Rathnew), 3,977. 13021(Rathowen), 175 ... Donegal, Galway, Kerry, Mayo, Meath and Waterford. The population of ...
[56]
[PDF] Inspector's Report ABP-312735-22
May 1, 2022 · Rathmullan is a quite dispersed and fragmented settlement, but I note that the site is within the Settlement. Framework Boundary as per the ...
[57]
[PDF] Chapter 15 Settlement Frameworks - Donegal County Council
The purpose of this chapter is to set out spatial planning frameworks and associated land use zoning objectives to guide development within 60 settlements ...
[58]
https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp8/censusofpopulation2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation/irishlanguageandthegaeltacht/
[59]
Irish Language and the Gaeltacht Census of Population 2022 Profile 8
Dec 19, 2023 · Irish Speakers. The total number of people aged three and over who could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997. This represents 40% of the ...
[60]
Press Statement Census 2022 Results Profile 8 - The Irish ... - CSO
Dec 19, 2023 · This included 23,554 people aged three and over and of these 15,549 could speak Irish. The number of people who could speak Irish in the Donegal ...
[61]
Census results for Irish and the Gaeltacht very much a 'mixed bag ...
May 30, 2023 · The number of people in the Gaeltacht with Irish increased from 63,664 in 2016 to 65,156 in 2022 (increase of 1,492 / +2.3%) whilst at the same ...
[62]
Fanad Peninsula - Fanad Lighthouse
A local community group, Gaeltacht Bheo Fhánada, are committed to ensuring the Irish language is a living language in the region, and Fanad Lighthouse is the ...
[63]
Census 2022: Fall in percentage of daily Irish speakers but greater ...
May 30, 2023 · Mixed results in census for Irish language, with daily speakers dropping 2% but increase in number of people able to speak Irish.
[64]
https://cobblestonecottage.ie/donegal-ireland-a-land-of-myth-and-music/
[65]
Donegal, Ireland—a Land of Myth and Music - Cobblestone Cottage
Jan 7, 2025 · The story of how Donegal came to be “forgotten” begins in the waning days of the old Gaelic age. In 1598 an alliance of chieftains in the north ...
[66]
[PDF] Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Employment in the Western Region
Donegal also saw the least change in the importance of Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing over the period declining from 12.5% to 6.8%.
[67]
Ireland / United Kingdom: Donegal, a north-western fringe isolated ...
Agriculture, fishing and aquaculture on the one hand, the food industry on the other hand are the dominant economic sectors in Donegal. With an average size of ...
[68]
Rathmullan Charters | Angling Service Providers - Fishing in Ireland
Rathmullan Charters specialize in Wreck, Reef, Tope and Shark Fishing. We also provide Sight seeing & Corporate Trips, Evening Fishing Trips & Cruises. Both ...Missing: industry | Show results with:industry
[69]
[PDF] The Donegal Local Economic & Community Plan 2016-2022
Tourism Infrastructure: As visitor numbers increase, we must ensure that adequate facilities are available throughout the County. This is particularly ...
[70]
I was delighted to officially reopen Rathmullan Pier last evening ...
May 31, 2025 · The refurbishment of Rathmullan Pier was first sounded 30 years ago, so to see this project fully completed is fantastic. I commend the ...Missing: history | Show results with:history<|separator|>
[71]
Rathmullan - eOceanic
The pier is not suitable for leisure craft, save for very big boats, on account of the tidal streams. Around to the south of the pier, the 60-metre pontoon will ...
[72]
[PDF] LEADER / Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2023-2027
While tourism does form an important part of the. Donegal economy and employment base, the county has lagged behind in this sector in comparison with similar ...
[73]
[PDF] Draft County Donegal Development Plan 2024-2030
Table 10.1: Donegal tourism attractions and visitor numbers. Key Tourism Attractions in County Donegal. (2021). Visitor Numbers. Sliabh Liag Cliffs. 167,528.
[74]
Press Statement Census 2022 Results Profile 7 - Employment ... - CSO
Dec 5, 2023 · More than 67,900 people at work in Donegal in April 2022, up 16% since 2016. The Central Statistics Office (CSO) has today (05 December 2023) ...
[75]
[PDF] County Donegal's Labour Market – Census 2016 - WDC Insights
Donegal's population was 8.1% higher than a decade earlier (2006). Total employment in Donegal grew 9.5% between 2011 and 2016; below the 11% national growth.
[76]
Unemployment rate 10.6% in Donegal as of Census 2022
Dec 5, 2023 · Figures collated from Census 2022 show there are 76,069 Donegal people in employment while 8.092 are unemployed. 2,484 people are in short-term ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[77]
Unemployment numbers in Donegal down 15% in the last year
Nov 8, 2024 · New figures from the Central Statistics Office show that unemployment numbers in Donegal are down notably in the last twelve months.Missing: rate 2020s
[78]
Ireland Unemployment - Focus Economics
The unemployment rate in Ireland averaged 6.6% in the decade to 2024, below the 8.5% average for Euro Area. The unemployment rate in Ireland was 4.3% in 2024.
[79]
A Guide To Rathmullan: Things To Do, Food, Pubs + Hotels
Aug 22, 2016 · Rathmullan is on the Fanad Peninsula in County Donegal. It's a 10-minute drive from Ramelton, a 25-minute drive from Letterkenny and a 30 ...
[80]
THE 5 BEST Things to Do in Rathmullan (2025) - Must-See Attractions
1. The Looking Glass Spa Therapy · 2. Rathmullan Abbey · 3. The Old Courthouse · 4. Big Paddy's · 5. Donegal Heritage Trails Tour · 6. Adventure One Surf School · 7.
[81]
Rathmullan House | 4 Star Luxury Hotel in Donegal
Rathmullan House offers 4 star luxury in Donegal overlooking Lough Swilly. Popular with families and couples, you can look forward to a warm welcome.Here in Rathmullan · Vouchers · Accommodation · Food & Drink
[82]
Rathmullan Village Home
Rating 9.2/10 (5) The property includes a private beach area, a garden, and free WiFi. Amenities and Facilities: Guests can enjoy an outdoor seating area, family rooms, bicycle ...Missing: marina friary
[83]
RATHMULLAN HOUSE - Irish Tourism
For the sports enthusiast, superb links and inland golf courses, excellent horse-riding, hill walking and all kinds of angling - game, course and deep-sea ...Missing: amenities | Show results with:amenities
[84]
Rathmullan - Donegal 2025 - Accommodation, Activities and ...
This site is maintained locally in Rathmullan and keeps you updated with news about upcoming events, ferry timetable, advice on the best holiday homes,
[85]
THE BEST Rathmullan Beach Hotels 2025 (with Prices) - Tripadvisor
Best Rathmullan Beach Hotels on Tripadvisor: Find 708 traveler reviews, 404 candid photos, and prices for waterfront hotels in ...Missing: marina | Show results with:marina
[86]
Flight of the Earls Festival | mysite - Rathmullan
The anniversary weekend will feature traditional and folk music in the local pubs and cafes, exhibitions and historical tours of Rathmullan.
[87]
Flight of the Earls by John Behan RHA - Donegal Public Art
The sculpture depicts the Flight of the Earls about to embark on a ship. The Flight of the Earls from Rathmullan (Portnamurry), Co. Donegal followed by the ...Missing: McAleese | Show results with:McAleese
[88]
Regatta Day 1960 | Rathmullan Film Festival 2022 - Eventive
Feb 27, 2022 · Rathmullan regatta is an event that has been in existence for around 190 years. This particular one was filmed by Willie McElwee from Milford ...
[89]
What's on in Rathmullan
The 192nd Annual Regatta is on August 4th, 2025, and the RAMP Music Festival is July 18-20, 2025, in Rathmullan.
[90]
Annual Community Festival and Regatta | mysite - Rathmullan
The festival includes music, competitions, and activities for all ages, plus maritime events, an Irish Navy ship visit, and a rescue demonstration.
[91]
Rathmullan Festival promises packed weekend of Bank Holiday fun
Jul 28, 2025 · A spectacular Bank Holiday weekend awaits as Rathmullan celebrates the 25th anniversary of its beloved Community Festival! The festival caters ...Missing: annual | Show results with:annual
[92]
Rathmullan woman recalls the bygone days for special poetry book
Dec 12, 2018 · A collection of lovely, nostalgic poems about the seaside village, 'Memories of Rathmullan' was written by Annie O'Donoghue (nee Toye), who with ...
[93]
The Girl From Donegal by Carmel Harrington #TheGirlFromDonegal ...
Mar 4, 2024 · The reader is then introduced to Eliza in 1939, she works for the Rathmullan Gazette in Donegal. ... Carmel's novels have been shortlisted for ...
[94]
The Flight of the Earls
Micheline Kerney Walsh, Hugh O'Neill & the flight of the earls, (Rathmullen 1991). Jonathan Bardon, A history of Ulster (Belfast 1992). Gráinne Henry, The ...
[95]
In the Wings: The Poetry of Frank McGuinness - jstor
may have been one of those who sailed from 'Rathmullan', County. Donegal ... The Irish for Dundalk, D?n Dealgan. The fort of what -1 forget. Crown of ...<|separator|>
[96]
Vol. 15, No. 4, Jul. - Aug., 2007 of History Ireland on JSTOR
Table of Contents ; Theatre Eye. Playing the Earl: Brian Friel's "Making History" · (pp. 62-63) ; TV Eye. The Flight of the Earls by Antaine Ó Donnaile · (pp. 64-65).
[97]
Rathmullan by the Sea: The 19th Century Story - YouTube
Feb 28, 2022 · This short documentary by Áine Ní Dhuibhne takes a trip down memory lane in 19th century Rathmullan. The story is told in words and images ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[98]
Ó Cianáin, Tadhg | Dictionary of Irish Biography
Ó Cianáin is most famous for the account he wrote in Rome in 1609 of the 'flight of the earls' which took place in September 1607, when his patron Hugh O'Neill, ...Missing: primary | Show results with:primary
[99]
Scottish Landlords | Ulster Historical Foundation
2. Rathmullan Priory. In the early seventeenth century Andrew Knox, bishop of Raphoe, converted part of the former monastic buildings in Rathmullan to a private ...Missing: residents | Show results with:residents
[100]
Ian Anderson (Manx politician)
Mr Anderson was born in Glencross, Rathmullan , County Donegal , Ireland , in 1925. He left school at the age of 13 and joined the Belfast Technical College ...
[101]
Mary McAlister | EPFL Graph Search
McMackin was born in Rathmullan, County Donegal, Ireland; in later life she never revealed her date of birth in public, but the public record indicates that ...
[102]
My Donegal... with actor Jason Matthewson
Oct 14, 2017 · Rathmullan man Jason Matthewson has quickly become one of Hollywood's top Irish actors, securing roles in Black Ice, Transformers: The Last Knight, and Karmaa.
[103]
Jason joins Hollywood's A-List and plans major TV show at home
Dec 27, 2016 · The 29-years-old from Rathmullan, who trained as an actor in ... Donegal native and Derry trained actor Jason Matthewson. Jason cut ...