Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

MP

A (MP) is a elected by voters in a defined constituency to represent their interests in a national , typically the of a bicameral or a unicameral body in parliamentary systems. MPs perform core functions including debating and voting on proposed laws, approving budgets and taxes, and holding the accountable through questions, committees, and scrutiny of government policies. In constituency work, they address local concerns by meeting residents, operating advice services, and liaising with government departments on behalf of individuals. Elections for MPs generally occur via first-past-the-post or systems, depending on the country, with terms varying from three to five years; party affiliation often shapes their voting but does not preclude independent action on select matters. The role originated in medieval assemblies but evolved significantly in modern democracies, particularly in Commonwealth nations following the model, where balance national policymaking with local advocacy amid strong party disciplines. Notable variations exist, such as enhanced influence in some systems or fusion of legislative and executive powers when serve as ministers, influencing the . Controversies surrounding often involve expense claims, influences, or perceived prioritization of over constituency, prompting reforms like stricter ethics codes in jurisdictions such as the .

Politics and Government

Member of Parliament

A (MP) is an elected representative in the of a , primarily serving to represent constituents' interests, scrutinize actions, and participate in law-making. In the , MPs are elected to the , where they act as local advocates by communicating with government officials or ministers on behalf of individuals or communities in their constituencies. This role extends to broader national functions, including debating legislation, serving on committees to examine government policies and expenditures, and holding ministers accountable through questioning. The term "MP" originated in the and is used in countries like the , , , and others influenced by parliamentary traditions. In the , there are 650 MPs, each representing a geographic constituency elected via , where the candidate with the most votes wins. Canadian and parliaments similarly elect MPs to their equivalents—338 in and 151 in the —with responsibilities centered on legislative scrutiny, constituency representation, and policy debate. Eligibility to become an MP varies by but generally requires being a , at least 18 years old, and enrolled to vote, excluding those disqualified due to criminal convictions, , or holding certain offices. In the , candidates must be a , , or without dual disqualifications, and they secure from a before campaigning in a called by the , typically every five years or earlier if dissolves. In , similar criteria apply: , 18 or older, and no foreign , with elections held every three years for the House. MPs often balance constituency casework—handling issues like or benefits—with parliamentary duties, though party affiliation influences voting alignment on non-local matters. MPs receive salaries to support full-time engagement: approximately £91,346 annually in the UK as of 2023, plus expenses for staff and travel, ensuring independence from external employment that could compromise duties. In practice, MPs may hold additional roles like ministerial positions or committee chairs, but the Speaker of the House maintains impartiality by abstaining from debates and votes. This structure underscores the MP's dual accountability to voters and the legislative process, though effectiveness can be constrained by party discipline and majority government dynamics.

Military Police

Military police are specialized units within a nation's armed forces tasked with enforcing military law, maintaining order, and providing security for personnel, installations, and operations. Their primary responsibilities include conducting patrols, investigating crimes committed by service members, apprehending deserters and offenders, managing traffic and route security, handling detainees and prisoners of war, and supporting through functions such as area damage control and cordon-and-search operations. Unlike police, operate under the or equivalent systems, prioritizing discipline and operational readiness over broader public policing, though some variants like gendarmeries extend authority to areas during peacetime or emergencies. In the United States , the Corps was formally established as a branch on September 26, 1941, evolving from earlier roles dating to the . Soldiers in this branch, designated as 31B for enlisted and 31A for officers, enforce regulations on installations, conduct operations, manage facilities, and provide escort and high-value asset protection in deployed environments. As of 2025, the maintains approximately 8,000 personnel against 8,500 authorized positions, reflecting ongoing force structure adjustments amid broader reductions. occurs at the U.S. School at , , emphasizing both skills and combat proficiency. The United Kingdom's (RMP), part of the Adjutant General's Corps since 1992, traces its origins to ancient appointments and formalized as a in 1946 from predecessors like the Corps of Military Police established in 1926. The RMP polices personnel globally, handling investigations, close protection for VIPs, and support to military operations, with jurisdiction under the Armed Forces Act 2006. It maintains units such as the 1 Military Police Brigade for operational command and focuses on independent investigations to uphold discipline without command interference. Internationally, structures vary; for instance, France's Nationale combines military and civilian policing under the Ministry of the Interior, illustrating how some forces blur lines between armed services and public law enforcement.

Metropolitan Police

The (), commonly referred to as the or the Met, serves as the primary territorial police force for the , which includes 32 and excludes the separate jurisdiction. Established on 29 September 1829 through the Metropolitan Police Act, it was founded by Sir Robert Peel as the world's first organized professional police force, aimed at replacing fragmented watch systems with a centralized body focused on through uniformed patrols rather than reactive punishment. The force initially comprised around 3,000 officers, known as "bobbies" or "peelers," and expanded rapidly to address London's growing urban challenges, including riots and petty crime in the early industrial era. With nearly 46,000 officers and staff as of recent reports, the represents the largest service in the , accounting for about 25% of England's and Wales's total . It operates under the Commissioner of of the Metropolis, currently accountable to the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, and handles core functions such as neighborhood policing, counter-terrorism via its directorate, and national responsibilities like protecting and diplomatic premises. The force's structure divides into territorial policing commands, supported by professional services for forensics, IT, and human resources, with a focus on intelligence-led operations to target serious . The MPS has encountered persistent scrutiny over internal culture and operational efficacy, particularly in handling misconduct and bias. The 2023 Baroness Casey Review, commissioned by the force itself, concluded that institutional , , and homophobia permeated its standards, evidenced by disproportionate use-of-force incidents against ethnic minorities and inadequate responses to , exemplified by the 2021 abduction, rape, and by serving officer Wayne Couzens. Subsequent inspections, including a 2025 external report on anti-Black , identified systemic embedded in processes, though the force has contested some characterizations while committing to reforms like enhanced vetting and dismissal rates for predatory officers, which rose to over 300 since 2021. These issues reflect broader challenges in recruitment, retention, and , with data showing ethnic minority officers comprising about 15-20% of ranks amid higher rates linked to and erosion post-scandals.

Law

Municipal Police

Municipal police, also known as or local police, are agencies operated by and under the authority of municipal governments, primarily responsible for maintaining public order within incorporated or boundaries. These departments enforce both municipal ordinances and state criminal laws, with officers empowered to investigate crimes, make arrests, and provide immediate response to incidents such as violations, disturbances, and emergencies. Unlike or state agencies, municipal police jurisdictions are geographically confined to the limits of the they serve, though officers may pursue suspects across borders under specific legal conditions like fresh pursuit. In structure, a typical department is led by a appointed by the local government, with ranks including officers, detectives, and specialized units for , relations, or control, all funded through municipal budgets and taxpayer revenues. Their operational focus emphasizes community-level policing, including foot or vehicle s, enforcement, and programs tailored to densities and local needs, distinguishing them from who prioritize highway safety, rural enforcement, and inter-jurisdictional support. , by contrast, operate under statewide authority with broader mandates like statewide investigations or , often assisting overwhelmed municipal forces but lacking the intimate local knowledge that enables municipal officers to address recurring neighborhood issues effectively. Historically, modern in the United States trace their origins to the early , with establishing the first organized department in 1838, followed rapidly by in 1845 and other major cities amid and rising industrial-era crime rates. This shift replaced informal night watches with professional, uniformed forces modeled partly on London's 1829 , aiming for centralized command to improve accountability and response efficiency. By the 1900s, most U.S. municipalities had adopted similar structures, expanding roles to include enforcing local regulations alongside state laws, though variations persist internationally—such as France's municipal police handling administrative duties under mayoral oversight, separate from the national gendarmerie. Empirical data from U.S. Department of Justice reports indicate that municipal agencies handle approximately 80% of reported crimes nationwide, underscoring their frontline role despite jurisdictional limits.

Places and Geography

Madhya Pradesh

is a landlocked state in , often referred to as the "Heart of India" due to its central location. It ranks as the second-largest state by area, covering 308,000 square kilometers, which constitutes about 9.37% of 's total land area. The state was formed on November 1, 1956, through the States Reorganisation Act, which restructured the former along linguistic lines, primarily Hindi-speaking regions. Its capital is , while serves as the largest city and economic hub. Geographically, Madhya Pradesh lies between latitudes 21°6' to 26°30' N and longitudes 74°9' to 82°48' E, bordered by to the northwest, to the west, to the southwest, to the southeast, and to the northeast. The terrain is predominantly a plateau, with the Malwa Plateau in the west, the in the north, and the in the south, interspersed with fertile plains and forested hills. Elevations range from about 300 meters in the northern plains to over 1,350 meters at , the state's highest peak in the Hills. The state features extensive forest cover, accounting for around 31% of its area, including tiger reserves like Kanha and Bandhavgarh. Major rivers shape the state's and , including the Narmada, which flows westward through rift valleys forming the southern boundary with ; the Chambal, defining the northern border with and ; and the and Betwa in the north. These rivers support but also contribute to seasonal flooding and in areas like the Chambal Badlands. The climate is tropical monsoon-dominated, with hot summers from to May (temperatures exceeding 45°C in plains), a rainy season from June to September (annual rainfall 800-2,000 mm, highest in the southeast), and mild winters from to February (5-25°C). Prolonged dry spells and erratic monsoons pose challenges to . As of the 2011 , Madhya Pradesh had a of 72,597,565, with a density of 236 persons per square kilometer and a decadal growth rate of 20.30% from 2001. Rural areas dominate, comprising about 72% of the , and is the principal language spoken by over 90%. Estimates project the nearing 85 million by 2025, reflecting sustained growth driven by high fertility rates in tribal regions, though official decennial beyond 2011 remains pending. The state's geography influences its demographic patterns, with tribal communities concentrated in forested southern and eastern districts.

Northern Mariana Islands

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) is designated by the code MP. This U.S. unincorporated territory consists of 14 islands and associated islets in the Mariana archipelago of the western , spanning a total land area of 183.5 square miles (475 square kilometers). The islands form a chain extending approximately 300 miles (500 kilometers) north-northeast of , with the southern islands—, , and Rota—being the primary inhabited landmasses featuring coral limestone formations, while the northern chain includes mostly uninhabited volcanic islands such as , Asuncion, , Pagan, and Alamagan. Saipan serves as the capital and largest island, with an area of 46.5 square miles (120 square kilometers) and hosting the bulk of the territory's infrastructure, including as the main economic hub. (39 square miles or 101 square kilometers) and Rota (33 square miles or 85 square kilometers) support , , and , though the territory's economy has historically relied on garment until U.S. quota phase-outs in the and faces challenges from typhoon damage, such as Super in October 2018. The CNMI's strategic location near deep ocean trenches contributes to seismic activity and vulnerability to natural disasters, with elevations reaching 3,166 feet (965 meters) at on . Established as a self-governing in political union with the under the to Establish a Commonwealth, approved by and effective January 9, 1978, the CNMI grants U.S. citizenship to its residents while maintaining local control over internal affairs, including until full U.S. law integration extended to December 31, 2029. features an elected , , and bicameral , with federal representation via a non-voting delegate in the U.S. since 2009. The population, estimated at 51,659 as of July 2021, is predominantly of Asian descent (including Filipino, , and Korean), with Chamorro and Carolinian indigenous groups, and faces demographic shifts from foreign contract workers post-2009 reforms.

Science and Technology

Melting Point

The of a substance is the at which the and phases coexist in under a standard of 1 atm, marking the transition from to . For pure, crystalline substances, this transition occurs sharply over a narrow , typically less than 0.5°C, reflecting the uniform energy required to overcome intermolecular forces in the lattice structure. In contrast, impure or amorphous materials exhibit a broader melting due to heterogeneous sites and varying bond strengths. Intermolecular forces, such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, ionic, or metallic bonds, primarily determine the melting point; stronger forces necessitate higher temperatures to disrupt the ordered crystal lattice into a disordered liquid state. Molecular symmetry and packing efficiency also play roles: highly symmetrical molecules with efficient lattice packing, like n-alkanes, have higher melting points than branched isomers with looser arrangements. Impurities depress the melting point via colligative effects, similar to freezing point depression, by providing sites for premature melting and increasing the entropy of the system. Pressure slightly elevates the melting point for most substances, following the Clapeyron equation, though this effect is minimal near 1 atm except for materials like ice under high pressure. Common measurement techniques include the capillary tube method, where a finely powdered sample is heated in a thin until the entire mass liquefies, allowing observation of the onset and completion s. Automated instruments using () provide precise data by monitoring heat flow differences between the sample and a as ramps up, detecting endothermic peaks corresponding to . These methods are calibrated against standards like ( at 122.4°C) to ensure accuracy within ±0.1–0.5°C. Melting points serve as characteristic identifiers for and identity, with deviations indicating levels below 1% detectable via broadened ranges. In and , they inform phase diagrams, alloy design, and models of planetary interiors, such as iron's of approximately 4150 K at Earth's core pressures, critical for . High-melting-point materials like hafnium nitride , predicted at over 4000°C, enable applications in extreme environments such as hypersonic vehicles.

Modus Ponens

Modus ponens, also known as affirming the antecedent, is a fundamental in classical propositional that permits the deduction of a consequent from a conditional and its affirmed antecedent. Formally, it can be expressed as: given the premises P \to Q (if , then ) and P, the conclusion Q necessarily follows. This inference rule is deductively valid in the sense that its structure ensures the truth of the conclusion whenever both premises are true, as the P \to Q holds true except when P is true and Q is false. The validity of derives from the semantics of propositional logic, where the conditional is interpreted via truth tables: across the four possible truth assignments for P and Q, the premises P \to Q and P are true only in cases where Q is also true (specifically, when P is false or when both P and Q are true). This eliminates the sole falsifying case for the conditional, guaranteeing the conclusion. In proof systems such as or Hilbert-style calculi, serves as a core or elimination rule, enabling the construction of complex derivations from basic tautologies. A simple example illustrates its application: . Empirical confirms conductivity for copper at standard conditions (approximately 5.96 × 10^7 S/m at 20°C), aligning with the logical deduction assuming the premises' truth. and logicians, including medieval scholastics, have employed in arguments for metaphysical claims, such as deriving God's existence from and , though such uses depend on the premises' substantiation rather than the form alone. Historically, the form appears in ancient logic as a "thematic" and was systematized in Aristotelian traditions by , with explicit recognition in texts like Theophrastus's Prior Analytics extensions around 300 BCE. Medieval logicians, such as Peter of Spain in his Summulae Logicales (c. 1230 CE), classified it under "hypothetical syllogisms" as ponendo ponens, emphasizing its role in affirming positives. While unchallenged in classical systems, some logics restrict it to avoid "irrelevant" implications, but these departures do not undermine its status in standard and propositional frameworks.

Maximum Parsimony

Maximum parsimony (MP) is an optimality criterion and computational method in used to infer evolutionary relationships by selecting the tree topology that requires the fewest character-state changes to explain observed across taxa. This approach treats evolutionary history as a minimization problem, where morphological, molecular, or other traits are scored, and the total number of inferred transformations—such as substitutions, insertions, deletions, or gains/losses—is minimized across all possible tree configurations. For a with n taxa, MP evaluates candidate trees by summing steps per and site patterns, favoring those with the lowest overall cost, often implemented via branch-and-bound exact searches for small datasets or algorithms like successive approximations for larger ones due to the problem's NP-hard . The method originated in the context of , a school of emphasizing monophyletic groups defined by shared derived characters (synapomorphies). Willi Hennig's 1950 foundational work on phylogenetic implicitly relied on by prioritizing hypotheses requiring minimal ad hoc assumptions of (convergent or ), though explicit MP algorithms emerged later in the 1960s–1970s with computational advances. By the 1980s, software tools standardized MP implementation, enabling its application to molecular sequences alongside ; for instance, in reconstructing ancestral protein sequences, MP corrects for gaps by assuming minimal insertions/deletions. It remains embedded in programs like , which optimize scores through rapid tree-searching for large datasets. MP's appeal lies in its alignment with principles of , avoiding overparameterization by not requiring explicit evolutionary models or branch length estimates, which makes it computationally tractable and interpretable for datasets without strong prior rate heterogeneity assumptions. However, it faces substantive criticisms for statistical inconsistency: under high evolutionary rates or uneven branch lengths, MP can converge on incorrect trees, as seen in long-branch attraction, where rapidly evolving lineages artifactually cluster due to shared convergent substitutions rather than . Empirical studies show MP underperforms model-based methods like maximum likelihood in scenarios with rate variation or selection pressures, yielding higher error rates in ancestral state —up to 20–30% in simulated non-neutral traits compared to probabilistic approaches. Despite these flaws, MP persists in and morphology-heavy analyses where data sparsity limits parametric modeling, though users must validate results with sensitivity analyses or congruence tests to mitigate biases.

Megapixel

A megapixel (MP) is a equal to one million s, employed to quantify the of s captured by devices such as cameras and . Each represents the smallest discrete element of an , consisting of a single color value derived from light intensity detected by the . The term entered usage around 1983, coinciding with the advent of technologies that required standardized metrics for . Image resolution in megapixels is calculated by multiplying the horizontal pixel count by the vertical pixel count; for instance, a sensor with 2048 horizontal pixels and 1536 vertical pixels yields approximately 3.1 megapixels (2048 × 1536 = 3,145,728 s). Manufacturers distinguish between total pixels, which include those used for non-image functions like , and effective pixels, which contribute directly to the final image. Standards bodies such as ISO/TC 42 provide methodologies for objectively measuring in digital capture devices, accounting for factors beyond raw pixel count, including modulation (MTF) to assess actual sharpness. In practical applications, megapixel ratings determine potential sizes at given resolutions; for example, a 24-megapixel supports a high- (300 pixels per inch) up to about 20 × 13 inches without . Contemporary consumer cameras typically range from 12 to 24 megapixels for general , sufficient for most viewing and moderate needs, while professional models often exceed 30 megapixels for cropping flexibility and large-format outputs. Higher counts enable greater detail retention but do not inherently improve , as outcomes depend on sensor size, pixel pitch, lens resolution, and technique—factors where smaller pixels in high-megapixel sensors can amplify in low-light conditions. A prevalent misconception posits that more megapixels equate to superior image quality, overlooking that photographic sharpness derives primarily from compositional skill, subject , and optical performance rather than alone; inadequate lenses or user error can render high-megapixel files no sharper than lower-resolution counterparts. Similarly, equating megapixels with overall camera superiority ignores trade-offs like increased file sizes and processing demands, which yield beyond 20–24 megapixels for non-specialized use. Empirical tests confirm that while megapixels facilitate post-capture cropping, they do not compensate for deficiencies in light-gathering capacity or inherent to smaller sensors.

Multiplayer

Multiplayer refers to a mode of interaction in and simulations where multiple participants engage simultaneously within a shared , contrasting with single-player experiences that involve only one user against computer-controlled opponents. This capability emerged from early experiments, with foundational examples like the 1973 game enabling via , a precursor to the modern . By the , local multiplayer on shared , such as split-screen setups in cabinets and home consoles, became common, exemplified by titles like (1985), which supported up to four players on coin-operated machines. The transition to networked multiplayer accelerated in the with local area networks (), where players connected personal computers for direct competition, as seen in games like Doom (1993), which allowed up to four players over null-modem cables or before widespread adoption. proliferation in the late facilitated online multiplayer, shifting from LAN parties—social gatherings where participants wired machines together—to persistent global servers. Massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) marked a pivotal evolution, with (1997) and (1999) supporting thousands of concurrent users in persistent worlds, followed by (2004), which peaked at over 12 million subscribers by 2010. This progression enabled cooperative and competitive play across distances, evolving from text-based MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons) of the 1970s to graphical MMOs and battle royales like (2017), which integrated live events for millions. Technical architectures underpin multiplayer functionality, primarily client-server and (P2P) models. In client-server systems, a central maintains authoritative game state, synchronizing player actions and preventing discrepancies like , which is prevalent in genres requiring such as first-person shooters; this model scales for large player counts but demands significant infrastructure costs, as evidenced by dedicated servers for titles like (2000). Conversely, P2P architectures enable direct client-to-client communication without a persistent , reducing expenses for smaller-scale games like local co-op or indie titles, though they suffer from vulnerabilities such as host dependency—where a player's disconnection disrupts the session—and higher variability. Hybrid approaches, combining elements of both, have emerged for mobile and , leveraging relays to mitigate P2P flaws while optimizing bandwidth. Multiplayer modes vary by synchronization: synchronous play demands real-time interaction, as in competitive with sub-50ms thresholds for responsiveness, while asynchronous variants allow turn-based exchanges, akin to mobile games like (2012), where actions unfold over hours or days. , enabled by standardized since the , further expanded accessibility, with over 200 million players in cross-play titles by 2020, though it introduces challenges like input disparity between controllers and keyboards. Despite benefits in social connectivity and replayability, multiplayer systems face issues like , addressed through moderation tools, and scalability limits, with services like (2019–2023) attempting to offload computation but highlighting bandwidth dependencies.

Economics and Business

Marginal Propensity

The (MPC) measures the fraction of an additional unit of that households allocate to consumption expenditure rather than saving or other uses. In , it is formally defined as the ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, expressed as MPC = ΔC / ΔY, where ΔC denotes the increment in consumption and ΔY the increment in . This concept, introduced by in his 1936 work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and , underpins analyses of how fiscal stimuli propagate through economies via induced spending. Complementing MPC is the marginal propensity to save (MPS), which captures the share of additional income directed toward saving, with the identity MPC + MPS = 1 holding under the assumption that all incremental income is either consumed or saved, excluding taxes or imports for simplicity. Empirical estimates of MPC typically range from 0.5 to 0.9 in aggregate U.S. data, varying by income level, household wealth, and shock type; for instance, lower-income households exhibit higher MPCs, often exceeding 0.8 for transitory income windfalls, while wealthier households show lower propensities around 0.2-0.5 due to greater saving out of marginal gains. MPC plays a central role in the Keynesian multiplier effect, where an initial increase in autonomous spending (e.g., outlays) generates successive rounds of induced , amplifying the total output change by a of 1 / (1 - MPC). For an MPC of 0.8, this yields a multiplier of 5, implying that $1 of initial spending could boost GDP by $5 through respending chains, though real-world frictions like leakages to imports or taxes reduce its magnitude. Empirical studies of U.S. stimulus payments during the confirm heterogeneous MPCs, with short-run responses around 0.3-0.6 overall but higher for liquidity-constrained households, supporting targeted fiscal design yet highlighting at higher income thresholds. Critics of the marginal propensity framework, particularly from non-Keynesian schools, argue it oversimplifies dynamic consumer behavior by assuming static, linear responses that neglect intertemporal optimization, constraints, or behavioral factors like precaution or habit formation. Academic reviews note that while MPC estimates hold for short-run transitory shocks, permanent income changes elicit lower responses closer to life-cycle predictions, challenging Keynesian assumptions of rigid propensities and underscoring the need for heterogeneous-agent models incorporating wealth distribution. Despite these limitations, the remains foundational for calibrating macroeconomic responses, with recent affirming its relevance in debt repayment dynamics where households with high exhibit elevated marginal propensities to reduce obligations over pure .

Market Price

The market price of a good, , or asset is the prevailing at which it is exchanged in an , determined by the interaction of buyers' and sellers' , ultimately converging where equals . In competitive markets, this functions as the or market-clearing price, balancing quantities demanded and supplied without surplus or . Deviations occur if external factors like sudden supply disruptions or demand shifts temporarily alter the balance, but typically drive prices back toward through and adjustment. Factors influencing price include production costs, consumer preferences, technological changes, and competitive dynamics, with supply curves reflecting marginal costs and curves capturing . For instance, an increase in costs shifts the supply curve leftward, raising the price unless offset by contraction. In financial markets, such as or commodities, real-time trading on exchanges like the NYSE or CME establishes prices via continuous bidding, often approximating instantaneously in liquid conditions. While theoretical models assume yields efficient market prices, real-world imperfections—such as monopolistic pricing power or regulatory —can sustain disequilibria, leading to inefficiencies like . Empirical studies confirm that freer markets with minimal interventions tend to produce prices closer to competitive equilibria, enhancing .

Mass Production

Mass production refers to the process of producing large volumes of standardized products through efficient, repeatable methods, typically involving lines, , and division of labor to minimize unit costs. This approach relies on , precise tooling, and sequential workflows to achieve high output rates while maintaining uniformity. The technique's modern development accelerated in the early , building on earlier concepts like Eli Whitney's for muskets in 1798, but gained prominence with Henry 's implementation of the moving at his Highland Park plant. On December 1, 1913, Ford introduced this system for the Model T automobile, reducing assembly time from approximately 12 hours and 30 minutes to 2 hours and 40 minutes initially, and further to 1 hour and 33 minutes by optimizing workflows. This innovation enabled Ford to produce over 1,000 Model T in a single nine-hour shift by August 1913, even before full implementation, and facilitated annual outputs exceeding 2 million vehicles by the . The price of the Model T dropped from $850 in 1908 to $490 by 1914 and as low as $260 later, making automobiles accessible to the and driving widespread adoption. Key techniques include of components for easy , specialization of worker tasks to boost , and continuous flow to eliminate bottlenecks. , such as conveyor belts and robotic integration in later eras, further reduced labor dependency, with early examples like Ford's use of overhead chains to move through stations. These methods achieved , where fixed costs per unit diminish as volume increases, but require substantial upfront investment in machinery and tooling. Economically, mass production spurred industrial growth by lowering consumer goods prices—such as automobiles and household appliances—fostering consumer demand and contributing to post-World War II prosperity in the United States. Productivity gains from assembly lines correlated with reduced workweek hours and higher wages, as raised pay to $5 per day in 1914 to retain workers and curb turnover. However, drawbacks include inflexibility to design changes, necessitating full production runs for viability, and vulnerability to supply disruptions. High capital requirements limit entry for smaller firms, while shifts can displace unskilled labor, though they also drive in machinery. Worker morale often suffers from repetitive tasks, leading to higher turnover without compensatory incentives. Environmentally, scaled operations amplify resource use and waste, though modern adaptations incorporate to mitigate this.

MP Materials

MP Materials Corp. is an rare earth elements producer headquartered in , , operating the Mountain Pass mine in , which ranks as the world's second-largest rare earth deposit by production capacity outside . The company maintains a fully integrated , encompassing mining, processing, separation, metallization, and magnet manufacturing for materials critical to electric vehicles, wind turbines, defense systems, and . Its primary output includes neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, a key input for high-strength permanent magnets, with production focused on reducing U.S. reliance on Chinese-dominated global supply chains that control over 80% of refined rare earths. The Mountain Pass facility, acquired by in 2017 after idling under previous owner amid bankruptcy in 2015, has a history spanning over 75 years as a major global rare earth source since initial operations in the . revived the site through $500 million in investments, restarting in 2018 and achieving full capabilities by 2020, with grades among the highest worldwide at approximately 6-8% rare earth oxide content. Operations emphasize sustainable practices, including recycling rates exceeding 95% and dry management to minimize environmental impact. The company extracts bastnasite , it into separated rare earth oxides via solvent extraction and methods. In July 2025, MP Materials secured a public-private partnership with the U.S. Department of Defense, involving up to $400 million in funding to expand domestic magnet production and achieve full rare earth magnet independence by 2027, addressing national security concerns over supply vulnerabilities. Financially, the firm reported second-quarter 2025 revenue of $57.4 million, an 84% year-over-year increase, driven by record NdPr oxide production of 597 metric tons and rare earth oxide output of 13,145 metric tons. As a publicly traded entity on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker: MP) since its 2020 IPO, MP Materials has raised capital for expansion, including a $650 million public offering in July 2025 to fund magnetics infrastructure. Despite market volatility from Chinese export controls and pricing pressures, the company's strategic positioning supports long-term demand growth from electrification trends.

Linguistics

Consonant Cluster /mp/

The consonant cluster /mp/ comprises the bilabial nasal /m/ followed by the voiceless bilabial plosive /p/, forming a homorganic nasal-stop sequence that occurs in various languages but exhibits position-specific restrictions in English phonology. In English, /mp/ is permitted in syllable codas, particularly word-finally, where it appears in native and borrowed vocabulary without frequent simplification or elision under normal speech conditions. Examples include bump /bʌmp/, camp /kæmp/, lamp /læmp/, limp /lɪmp/, lump /lʌmp/, ramp /ræmp/, and stump /stʌmp/, as well as plural forms like camps /kæmps/ and lamps /læmps/. This cluster is more prevalent in native English words than in Latinate borrowings, reflecting historical phonotactic preferences favoring nasal-plosive codas with shared place of articulation. English exclude /mp/ from word-initial onsets in monomorphemic native words, as the language's structure constraints limit initial clusters involving a nasal followed by a voiceless stop; attempts to pronounce foreign sequences like initial [mp] often result in for perceptual clarity. Word-medially, /mp/ arises across boundaries or in compounds, such as jump rope /dʒʌmp roʊp/, but remains rare in true ambisyllabic positions compared to codal occurrences. Acoustically, the /m/ provides a nasal murmur transitioning to the oral closure of /p/, with the release often brief or unreleased in position, aiding perceptual recovery of the sequence. Cross-linguistically, /mp/ appears in languages with permissive cluster inventories, such as , where it participates in complex CCC sequences tied to morphological complexity, but undergoes simplification in others like , where [mp] before vowels persists while word-final variants may delete the nasal in casual speech. In historical English, /mp/ has remained stable since , unlike some clusters affected by or metathesis, contributing to its productivity in modern derivations like stamped /stæmpt/ (extended to /mpt/). These patterns underscore sonority sequencing principles, with the rising sonority from nasal to stop enhancing cluster in codas.

Sports

Match Points

A match point in is a point that, if won by the leading player or doubles team, results in victory for that side in the overall . This occurs when the score has progressed such that one additional point secures the necessary games in the —typically after a 6-4 lead in games during a no-tiebreak , or equivalent in tiebreak scenarios—accounting for the best-of-three or best-of-five set formats used in most professional tournaments. The term applies similarly in other racket sports like , where it denotes the final point needed to reach the match-winning score, such as 11-9 in a game-to-11 format. In tennis, match points are distinct from game points or set points, as they culminate the entire contest rather than a subunit of play. A player may face or hold multiple match points in a single match if opportunities are not converted, often due to errors under pressure, as seen in high-stakes events like Grand Slams where final sets can extend without tiebreaks (e.g., under rules in place until 2022 for ). The serving player on match point benefits from the psychological edge of initiating the , though statistics from professional play indicate conversion rates vary widely, with top players succeeding in approximately 50-60% of held match points based on ATP data analyses. The concept extends to select other sports with point-based match endings, such as certain formats of or rallies, but it is most codified and psychologically emphasized in , where commentators and officials explicitly reference it during broadcasts. In team sports like , analogous situations exist as "" in rally scoring systems, where a team leads 24-23 in a race-to-25 , though the is less universally standardized outside individual racket disciplines.

Arts and Entertainment

Media Titles and Characters

Melrose Place, commonly abbreviated as MP, is an television that originally aired on from July 8, 1992, to May 5, 1999, spanning 226 episodes across seven seasons. Created by , the series depicted the interpersonal dramas, romances, and intrigues among residents of a apartment complex, featuring characters such as Allison Parker, , and , and became known for its sensational plotlines including murders and affairs. The show's popularity led to short-lived revivals, including a 2009 unaired continuation and a 2018 pilot episode on . Quentin Durgens, M.P., a Canadian dramatic television series broadcast by from October 1965 to March 1969, starred as the titular character, a lawyer-turned- navigating political challenges in . The program, which ran for 31 episodes, explored themes of ethics, constituency issues, and parliamentary life, drawing from real Canadian political dynamics of the era. In film, Old Mother Riley, M.P. (1939) is a starring Arthur Lucan as the Irish washerwoman Old Mother Riley, who enters politics and becomes a , satirizing electoral processes and parliamentary incompetence through humor typical of the series' low-budget productions. The movie, directed by Oswald Mitchell, was part of a long-running that began in and emphasized Riley's misadventures in public office. Characters abbreviated or referred to as "MP" often denote military police figures in military-themed media; for instance, in A Few Good Men (1992), an unnamed M.P. (played by Ron Ostrow) appears in a brief role handling security at a Marine base. Similarly, an M.P. Officer in The Mist (2007) is a minor military character overrun by creatures during the film's apocalyptic events. In the British series Peaky Blinders, protagonist Thomas Shelby (Cillian Murphy) earns the designation MP as he ascends to Member of Parliament, reflecting his shift from gangster to political influencer in post-World War I Birmingham.

References

  1. [1]
    MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT definition in American English
    A Member of Parliament is a person who has been elected by the people in a particular area to represent them in a country's parliament.
  2. [2]
    Member of Parliament definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
    a politician who has been elected to the parliament of a country: a Conservative/Labour/Liberal Member of Parliament.
  3. [3]
    What do MPs do? - UK Parliament
    As their representative, an MP is in a position to speak to government officials on behalf of a constituent, or write to the relevant government minister.Missing: encyclopedia | Show results with:encyclopedia
  4. [4]
    Members of Parliament - Learn About Parliament
    Canada's 343 members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to represent different geographic areas across the country, called constituencies or ridings.
  5. [5]
    Member of Parliament (MP) - The Canadian Encyclopedia
    A member of Parliament (MP) is a person who is elected to represent a single federal electoral district (or “riding”) in the House of Commons. As elected .Missing: context | Show results with:context
  6. [6]
    Members of Parliament (MP)
    A Member of Parliament (MP) is the person elected by all those who live in a particular area (constituency) to represent them in the House of Commons.
  7. [7]
    What is the role of Parliament?
    One of Parliament's main roles is to examine and challenge the work of the government through questioning ministers, debating and committee work.The two-House system · The Government · Parliament's authority · Taxation
  8. [8]
    Infosheet 15 - The work of a Member of Parliament
    being a law maker; an examiner of the work of the government and how it spends the money it raises from taxation, and; contributing to debates on national ...
  9. [9]
    House of Commons - UK Parliament
    The UK public elects 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent their interests and concerns in the House of Commons. MPs consider and propose new laws, and ...
  10. [10]
    Which country has a larger number of members of parliament - Quora
    Jan 15, 2024 · The UK has 650 MP's, whilst Canada has 338 members. There are far to many seats in the House of Commons, and we could do with a considerable ...Missing: India | Show results with:India
  11. [11]
    Sizing up national parliaments: where does Australia sit?
    Aug 18, 2023 · Within this, Canada has an MP to voting age population ratio of 1:91,538 and the United Kingdom has 1:81,771, while New Zealand's much smaller ...
  12. [12]
    Become a member of Parliament
    Have you ever considered becoming a member of parliament? Find out how to stand for election as an MP and how members of the House of Lords are appointed.
  13. [13]
    What do you have to do to become a member of parliament?
    What do you have to do to become a member of parliament? · aged 18 years old or older · an Australian citizen and not a citizen of any other country · able to vote ...
  14. [14]
    [PDF] You and Your MP - UK Parliament
    An MP has to balance the demands of representing the people of their constituency, supporting the goals of their political party and following issues that are ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  15. [15]
    MP | Explore Careers
    MPs represent people's concerns and interests in the House of Commons. Average salary (a year). £94,000 Starter. to. £126,000 Experienced ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  16. [16]
    MPs who hold an additional office - UK Parliament
    If an MP is the Speaker, or a deputy speaker, they must remain politically impartial in the Commons. They do not take part in debates or votes. The Speaker ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition<|separator|>
  17. [17]
    The Member's role - Parliament of Australia
    A Member may also make representations to the Government on behalf of his or her electorate as a whole on matters which are peculiar to the electorate. Party.
  18. [18]
    Military Police 31B - US Army
    As a Military Police Soldier, you'll protect peoples' lives and property on Army installations by enforcing military laws and regulations.
  19. [19]
    U.S. Army Military Police School :: FORT LEONARD WOOD
    Oct 2, 2025 · The United States Army Military Police School Trains, Educates, and Develops Military Police Civilians, Soldiers, and Leaders.Additional Courses · Military Police Basic Officer... · Military Police Training Phases
  20. [20]
    Royal Military Police | The British Army
    The Royal Military Police (RMP) are a regulatory body with policing skills, whose core task is to 'police the Force and provide police support to the Force'.
  21. [21]
    Military Police Officer 31A - US Army
    As a Military Police Officer, you'll be responsible for ensuring the safety and protection of Army personnel, equipment, and resources.
  22. [22]
    The Army is making deep cuts to its number of military police
    Jun 18, 2025 · There are currently around 8,000 military police soldiers across the Army with 8,500 positions authorized for the upcoming fiscal year, ...Missing: United States<|separator|>
  23. [23]
    Royal Military Police
    It is responsible for policing the British Army worldwide. The RMP is there to provide an independent investigatory and policing service so that investigations ...
  24. [24]
    Corps of Royal Military Police | National Army Museum
    This unit was responsible for enforcing the law and maintaining discipline within the British Army. In 1992, it became part of the Provost Branch.
  25. [25]
    Metropolitan Police - UK Parliament
    The new Act established a full-time, professional and centrally-organised police force for the greater London area under the control of the Home Secretary.Missing: jurisdiction size
  26. [26]
    Crime and Punishment: Robert Peel - The National Archives
    Robert Peel, as Home Secretary, formed the Metropolitan Police in 1829, which led to a significant drop in London crime rates.Missing: date | Show results with:date<|separator|>
  27. [27]
    The Metropolitan Police: From 1829 to today | London Museum
    London's Metropolitan Police Force – the Met – was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel to cover the majority of London. Its HQ is New Scotland Yard.Missing: date | Show results with:date
  28. [28]
    The structure of the Met and its personnel | Metropolitan Police
    With almost 46,000 officers and staff, the Met is the UK's largest police service. It currently has 25% of the total police budget for England and Wales.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  29. [29]
    [PDF] BARONESS CASEY REVIEW Final Report - Met Police
    Mar 7, 2023 · Only two years ago, in March 2021, Sarah Everard was abducted, raped and murdered by a serving Metropolitan Police Officer.
  30. [30]
    Met Police failing women with institutional sexism, racism and… - TBIJ
    Mar 21, 2023 · The Metropolitan Police is failing women and children, is institutionally racist, sexist and homophobic, and is unable to police itself.
  31. [31]
    The Baroness Casey Review | Metropolitan Police
    The Metropolitan Police Service (the Met) appointed Baroness Louise Casey to lead an independent review of its culture and standards of behaviour.Missing: bias | Show results with:bias
  32. [32]
    An inspection of vetting, misconduct, and misogyny in the police ...
    This was to include assessing forces' abilities to detect and deal with misogynistic and predatory behaviour by police officers and staff. Forces need effective ...
  33. [33]
    Accusations of racism in the Metropolitan Police Service
    Jul 9, 2020 · However, it has a higher proportion of police officers from ethnic minorities than any other police force in England and Wales. In 2019, 15% of ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
  34. [34]
    Law Enforcement Agencies - Ohio Department of Public Safety
    Aug 25, 2022 · Municipal police are law enforcement agencies under the control of local government. The police department is composed of a chief and other ...
  35. [35]
    Municipal police as law enforcement agency | My Florida Legal
    Jul 7, 1983 · 365.16, F.S., encompasses a municipal police department whose officers are charged with enforcing not only municipal ordinances but the criminal ...
  36. [36]
    Police Jurisdiction | Definition, Levels & Types - Lesson - Study.com
    Police jurisdiction is typically limited to the city limits where the police officer has sworn to protect and serve the population.What is Police Jurisdiction? · Types of Police Jurisdiction
  37. [37]
    Guide to Local, County, & State Law Enforcement (Types & Roles)
    Municipal Law Enforcement ... In towns and cities, police officers will patrol streets by car or highway, provide traffic assistance, respond to emergencies and ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  38. [38]
    Law Enforcement: Understanding Its Role Today - The Policy Circle
    In 1838, Boston established the first municipal police department, and was quickly followed by New York City, Chicago, New Orleans, and Philadelphia. POLICE.<|separator|>
  39. [39]
    The History of the Police - Sage Publishing
    It is important to examine the history of policing in the United States in order to understand how it has progressed and changed over time.
  40. [40]
    The Origins of Modern Day Policing - NAACP
    By the 1900s, local municipalities began to establish police departments to enforce local laws in the East and Midwest, including Jim Crow laws. Local ...
  41. [41]
    States Uts - Madhya Pradesh - Know India
    Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal) ; Area, 3,08,000 sq. km ; Population, 7,25,97,565 * ; Capital, Bhopal ; Principal Languages, Hindi ...
  42. [42]
    [PDF] Census of India 2011-Provisional Population Totals
    Mar 31, 2011 · • Andhra Pradesh (14.59% to 11.10%). • Madhya Pradesh (24.26% to 20.30%). 18. Our Census, Our Future. Page 19. Population Growth 2001 - 2011. * ...
  43. [43]
    [PDF] STATE ENVIRONMETAL PLAN Madhya Pradesh - MPPCB
    1.5 The State constitutes around 6% of the national population and the. 9.37% of the total geographical area of the country. The population of the. State as per ...
  44. [44]
    Relief & Structure of Madhya Pradesh: Division, Mountain, River
    ... boundary, the Tapti river valley forms the southern border and the northern boundary of Madhya Pradesh is formed by Ganga- Yamuna plains, and Chambal river.
  45. [45]
    Madhya Pradesh | History, Government, Map, Capital, & Facts
    Climate. The climate in Madhya Pradesh is governed by a monsoon weather pattern. The distinct seasons are summer (March through May), winter (November through ...
  46. [46]
    Madhya Pradesh population 2025 - StatisticsTimes.com
    Feb 26, 2025 · Madhya Pradesh Population (2011-2036) ; 2023 · 2022 · 2021 ; 86,923,000 · 85,891,000 · 84,860,000 ; 44,798,000 · 44,289,000 · 43,779,000 ...
  47. [47]
    MP - Northern Mariana Islands (the) - ISO
    Alpha-2 code. MP ; Short name. NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS ; Short name lower case. Northern Mariana Islands (the) ; Full name. the Commonwealth of the Northern ...
  48. [48]
    Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI)
    The majority of the CNMI's residents live on Rota, Tinian, and Saipan, the capital and largest of the Northern Mariana Islands. The Mariana Islands are on the ...
  49. [49]
    Northern Mariana Islands | US Territory, Pacific Ocean | Britannica
    Northern Mariana Islands, a self-governing commonwealth in association with the United States. It is composed of 14 islands and islets in the western Pacific ...
  50. [50]
    Northern Mariana Islands - The World Factbook - CIA
    Sep 2, 2025 · This is the population pyramid for the Northern Mariana Islands. A population pyramid illustrates the. Dependency ratios ...
  51. [51]
    United States Relations With the Northern Mariana Islands ...
    The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with and under the sovereignty of the United States of America is fully established.
  52. [52]
    U.S. Immigration Law in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana ...
    Jan 24, 2025 · The transition period for implementing US immigration law in the CNMI began on Nov. 28, 2009, and is now scheduled to end on Dec. 31, 2029.
  53. [53]
    Northern Mariana Islands - Pacific RISA
    The estimated population of the CNMI is 51,659 (July 2021 est.) [1]. In 2000, the population was 69,211, which means the population has decreased by ...
  54. [54]
    Melting Point, Freezing Point, Boiling Point
    Melting Point and Freezing Point. Pure, crystalline solids have a characteristic melting point, the temperature at which the solid melts to become a liquid.
  55. [55]
    6.1C: Melting Point Theory - Chemistry LibreTexts
    Apr 7, 2022 · When an impure solid is warmed, microscopic melting first occurs in a pure region by the component with the lower melting point (compound A in ...
  56. [56]
    13.11: Melting - Chemistry LibreTexts
    Mar 20, 2025 · The melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. Intermolecular forces have a strong influence on melting point.
  57. [57]
    Boiling & Melting Points - MSU chemistry
    Thus, a melting point reflects the thermal energy needed to convert the highly ordered array of molecules in a crystal lattice to the randomness of a liquid.
  58. [58]
    Melting point | McGraw Hill's AccessScience
    The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which the substance changes from being in a solid state to being in a liquid state. For a pure substance, ...
  59. [59]
    2.1: Melting Point Analysis - Chemistry LibreTexts
    Aug 28, 2022 · Melting point (Mp) is a quick and easy analysis that may be used to qualitatively identify relatively pure samples (approximately <10% impurities).
  60. [60]
    Measuring the Melting Point - Westlab Canada
    May 8, 2023 · Melting point determination can be performed using a variety of methods, including the capillary tube method and differential scanning calorimetry.
  61. [61]
    Livermore Scientists Unveil Melting Point of Iron at Earth's Core
    Jan 21, 2004 · Determining the melting point of iron is essential to determine the temperatures at core boundaries and the crystal structure of the Earth's ...
  62. [62]
    Researchers predict material with record-setting melting point
    Jul 27, 2015 · Researchers at Brown University have predicted that a material made from hafnium, nitrogen, and carbon would have the highest known melting point.
  63. [63]
    Modus Ponens - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Modus ponens is the inference rule, which allows, for arbitrary A and B, the formula B to be inferred from the two hypotheses A ⊃ B and A.
  64. [64]
    Modus ponens and chaining implications
    Modus ponens is a deduction where if an implication is true and the hypothesis is true, then the conclusion must be true.
  65. [65]
    Logic for Formal Verification - Cornell: Computer Science
    Modus ponens is an elimination rule for ⇒. On the right-hand side of a rule, we often write the name of the rule. This is helpful when reading proofs. In this ...
  66. [66]
    [PDF] Module 3: Proof Techniques
    Modus ponens. If both hypotheses are true, then the conclusion is true. ¬q p —q. )¬p.
  67. [67]
    1.8: Patterns of Valid Arguments - Humanities LibreTexts
    Mar 7, 2024 · Modus ponens ; If copper is a metal, then it conducts electricity. Copper is a metal. So, copper conducts electricity. ; If there is a storm ...
  68. [68]
    [PDF] The Development of Modus Ponens in Antiquity - PhilArchive
    'Aristotelian logic', as it was taught from late antiquity until the 20th century, commonly included a short presentation of the argument forms modus (ponendo).
  69. [69]
    Maximum Parsimony on Phylogenetic networks - PMC
    May 2, 2012 · Maximum Parsimony is a character-based approach that infers a phylogenetic tree by minimizing the total number of evolutionary steps required ...
  70. [70]
    The effect of natural selection on the performance of maximum ...
    Jun 25, 2007 · The basic idea behind maximum parsimony is to find a most parsimonious phylogenetic tree; that is, a tree that requires the fewest mutations to ...<|separator|>
  71. [71]
    The Worst Case Complexity of Maximum Parsimony - PMC - NIH
    A phylogeny (also called a dendogram) is a graphlike structure whose topology describes the inferred evolutionary history among a set of biological entities, ...
  72. [72]
    [PDF] Basics of Cladistic Analysis - The George Washington University
    Hennig also proposed what he called an auxiliary principle - never assume that similar features of two organisms arose independently unless there is evidence.
  73. [73]
    Simple and accurate estimation of ancestral protein sequences | PNAS
    Apr 4, 2006 · Therefore, ancestral gap sequences estimated by parsimony were used to correct ancestral sequences estimated by maximum likelihood.
  74. [74]
    Tree Analysis Technology - Willi Hennig Society
    TNT is a program for phylogenetic analysis under parsimony with very fast tree-searching algorithms.
  75. [75]
    [PDF] The Contest Between Parsimony and Likelihood Elliott Sober* Two ...
    The method of maximum parsimony seeks to find the tree topology that requires the fewest changes in character states to produce the characteristics of those tip ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
  76. [76]
    Systematic errors in phylogenetic trees - ScienceDirect.com
    Jan 25, 2021 · Maximum parsimony chooses the tree topology that minimises the number of substitutions required to explain the observed data. Only certain site ...
  77. [77]
    Accuracy of ancestral state reconstruction for non-neutral traits
    May 6, 2020 · We used maximum parsimony (MP), BiSSE and two-state Markov (Mk2) models to reconstruct ancestral states. Under each method, error rates ...Missing: advantages | Show results with:advantages
  78. [78]
    An experimental phylogeny to benchmark ancestral sequence ...
    Sep 15, 2016 · Specifically, Bayesian methods incorporating rate variation significantly outperform the maximum parsimony criterion in phenotypic accuracy.Missing: advantages | Show results with:advantages
  79. [79]
    Statistical evaluation of character support reveals the instability of ...
    Jun 7, 2023 · Second, despite its continued widespread use in the paleontological literature, maximum parsimony is well-known for its undesirable statistical ...Methods · Results · Discussion
  80. [80]
    MEGAPIXEL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
    Oct 9, 2025 · The meaning of MEGAPIXEL is one million pixels. How to use ... Word History. First Known Use. 1983, in the meaning defined above. Time ...
  81. [81]
    MEGAPIXEL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
    Megapixel definition: a unit equal to one million pixels, used to measure the resolution of a digital image.. See examples of MEGAPIXEL used in a sentence.
  82. [82]
    Basics of Digital Camera Pixels - Cambridge in Colour
    A "megapixel" is simply a million pixels. If you require a certain resolution of detail (PPI), then there is a maximum print size you can achieve for a given ...The Pixel: A Fundamental... · Print Size: Pixels Per Inch... · Megapixels And Maximum Print...
  83. [83]
    What Are Megapixels and How Many Do You Need?
    Apr 24, 2024 · One megapixel is simply a million pixels. So, the X-T4 has a resolution of about 26 megapixels. Total vs. Effective Pixels. Let's say your ...
  84. [84]
    Digital Camera Resolution Tools
    This page describes standards developed by ISO/TC 42, applicable to measuring the resolution of digital capture devices.<|separator|>
  85. [85]
    What Are Megapixels And Their Impact On Photo Quality - Skylum
    Aug 4, 2023 · Megapixels, often shortened to MP, are tiny dots that come together to form an image, capturing specific details, shades, and colors.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  86. [86]
    The Megapixel Myth - Ken Rockwell
    Pixel Count, expressed as Megapixels, is simply multiplying the number of horizontal pixels by the number of vertical pixels. It's exactly like calculating area ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  87. [87]
    Camera Resolution Explained - Photography Life
    Feb 26, 2023 · Big megapixel numbers on the sensor are useless, if the lens is too poor to resolve enough detail to provide data for each pixel on the sensor.
  88. [88]
    History of Multiplayer Games: From LAN to Cloud Gaming - Agate
    Jun 29, 2023 · In this article, we will take you on a journey through the history of multiplayer games, from their humble beginnings to their amazing present and future.
  89. [89]
    The Golden Age of Multiplayer: How Online Gaming ... - The Ringer
    Jan 26, 2023 · We're living in the golden age of online multiplayer. This golden age began a few years ago. In May 2016, Blizzard Entertainment released Overwatch.
  90. [90]
    The History of Online Gaming (From BBS to FPS, MMOs, & th... - Race
    Sep 6, 2024 · The history of online gaming begins at an unlikely source: an educational system that would unexpectedly revolutionize multiplayer gaming.
  91. [91]
    Peer-to-peer vs client-server architecture for multiplayer games
    May 11, 2022 · In a peer-to-peer setup, clients directly communicate with each other. With client-server, all communications go through a centralized server ...
  92. [92]
    What is a Gaming Server? A Comprehensive Guide
    These two architectures are called client-server and peer-to-peer. Let's take a look at them in more detail. Client-server architecture. In a client-server ...<|separator|>
  93. [93]
    Authoritative Servers, Relays & Peer-To-Peer - Edgegap
    Authoritative servers use a central server, peer-to-peer allows direct player communication, and relays act as intermediary servers for P2P.
  94. [94]
    Multiplayer Game - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    A multiplayer game refers to a type of game where multiple players can interact and play together in a shared online environment, such as Massively ...
  95. [95]
    The Evolution of Multiplayer Gaming: From LAN Parties to MMOs
    Mar 14, 2025 · Let's take a nostalgic journey through the evolution of multiplayer gaming, from LAN parties to massive multiplayer online games (MMOs).
  96. [96]
    Understanding Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) in Economics
    Marginal propensity to consume is a component of Keynesian macroeconomic theory and is calculated as the change in consumption divided by the change in income.
  97. [97]
    Section 3: Consumption and the Keynesian Multiplier
    Keynes discussed the Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC). The MPC indicates how much of any additional earnings a person consumes. If the government increases ...
  98. [98]
    marginal propensity to consume - AmosWEB
    MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME: The proportion of each additional dollar of household income that is used for consumption expenditures. The marginal propensity ...
  99. [99]
    Background: Marginal Propensities to Consume in the 2021 Economy
    Feb 3, 2021 · Empirical estimates of the aggregate marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in the U.S. range from 0.05 to 0.9 depending on the event and sample ...Missing: evidence | Show results with:evidence
  100. [100]
    New evidence on the marginal propensity to consume across ...
    Jul 25, 2020 · Marginal propensity to consume decreases with income but is unrelated to wealth. •. Helicopter money would lead to heterogeneous effects across ...
  101. [101]
    Keynesian Multiplier - (Principles of Economics) - Fiveable
    The Keynesian multiplier formula is $k = \frac{1}{1-MPC}$, where $k$ is the multiplier and $MPC$ is the marginal propensity to consume. The larger the marginal ...
  102. [102]
    [PDF] Stimulus through Insurance: The Marginal Propensity to Repay Debt
    Sep 23, 2024 · In this paper, we present new empirical evidence on fiscal transfers: most households, es- pecially those with low net wealth-to-income ratios, ...
  103. [103]
    [PDF] Durables and Size-dependence in the Marginal Propensity to Spend*
    Sep 12, 2023 · How does the marginal propensity to spend (MPC) vary with the size of stimulus checks?1 Measuring the size-dependence in the MPC empirically is ...
  104. [104]
    [PDF] The Consumption Response to Income Changes - Stanford University
    This paper reviews how consumption responds to income changes, including anticipated and unanticipated shocks, and the marginal propensity to consume.
  105. [105]
    [PDF] What have we learned from HANK models, thus far?
    HANK models show monetary policy transmission differs, income/wealth distribution affects policy, income redistribution is blunt, and rich micro data is needed.
  106. [106]
    Not Just “Stimulus” Checks: The Marginal Propensity to Repay Debt
    Jun 27, 2023 · In this post, we discuss the empirical evidence on this marginal propensity to repay debt (MPRD), and we present new findings using the Survey ...
  107. [107]
    Market Price - Overview, Demand and Supply vs. Prices
    The term market price refers to the amount of money for what an asset can be sold in a market. The market price of a given good is a point of convergence.
  108. [108]
    Supply and Demand: Why Markets Tick
    Both sides take the market price as a given, and the market-clearing price is the one at which there is neither excess supply nor excess demand. Suppliers ...
  109. [109]
    Market equilibrium (article) | Khan Academy
    The equilibrium price is the only price where the plans of consumers and the plans of producers agree—that is, where the amount consumers want to buy of the ...
  110. [110]
    Markets and Prices - Econlib
    Economic theory says that the price of something will tend toward a point where the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied.
  111. [111]
    Market Equilibrium | EBF 200: Introduction to Energy and Earth ...
    The equilibrium price is sometimes called the "market-clearing" price, meaning that it is the price where the market "clears" all of the goods in it: If the ...
  112. [112]
    Market Price - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Market price is defined as the price at which a product is sold based on what the market will bear, influenced by factors such as brand strength, competitive ...
  113. [113]
    Market Definition: Use And Abuse - Department of Justice
    Jun 25, 2015 · Suppose the current price is $10. If one knows that the competitive price is $5, the market definition exercise is useless! One can observe ...
  114. [114]
    Mass Production: Examples, Advantages, and Disadvantages
    Mass production is the manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, often using assembly lines or automated technology.
  115. [115]
    Assembly Line Revolution | Articles - Ford Motor Company
    Sep 3, 2020 · Discover the 1913 breakthrough: Ford's assembly line reduces costs, increases wages and puts cars in reach of the masses.
  116. [116]
    Ford's assembly line starts rolling | December 1, 1913 - History.com
    On December 1, 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobi ... Ford broke the Model T's assembly ...
  117. [117]
    Ford Implements the Moving Assembly Line - This Month in ...
    Mass production of the Model T allowed Henry Ford to cut costs significantly. In 1908, the Model T was priced at $850, but by 1914 it sold for $490, and by ...
  118. [118]
    1000 Ford Model T Chassis outside the Highland Park Plant, 1913
    The chassis represent a single nine-hour shift's production in August 1913 -- an impressive total reached even before the assembly line was fully implemented.
  119. [119]
    The Ford Model T | Articles | Ford Motor Company
    Due to the mass production of the vehicle, Ford Motor Company could sell the vehicle for between $260 and $850 as Henry Ford passed production savings on to his ...
  120. [120]
    Mass Production - Overview, How It Works, Advantages
    Disadvantages of Mass Production · 1. Capital-intensive · 2. Requires constant upgrades · 3. Low employee morale and increased employee turnover.Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
  121. [121]
    Mass Production Advantages & Disadvantages | GES
    Loss of jobs for unskilled workers: Mass production fosters innovation and has led to the development of advanced machinery. Today's systems are less physically ...What Is Mass Production? · What's the History of Mass... · The Advantages and...
  122. [122]
    MP Materials | Rare Earth Materials & Magnetics Producer
    MP Materials is a fully integrated rare earth producer, from mining and processing to magnet manufacturing, aiming to restore the US supply chain.About · Contact · Investor Relations · Materials
  123. [123]
    News Details - MP Materials - Investor Relations
    Jul 10, 2025 · MP Materials currently operates the world's second-largest rare earth mine in Mountain Pass, California, where it extracts, refines, and ...
  124. [124]
    About - MP Materials
    Founder-led MP Materials reignites American industry, restoring the U.S. rare earth supply chain with a vision of manufacturing renewal.
  125. [125]
    MP Materials Corp - Reuters
    MP Materials Corp. produces specialty materials that are vital inputs for electrification and other advanced technologies.
  126. [126]
    MP Materials Corp - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets
    MP Materials is a fully integrated rare earth producer with capabilities spanning the entire supply chain-from mining and processing to metallization and ...
  127. [127]
    History - MP Materials
    For over 75 years, Mountain Pass has been a cornerstone of global rare earth production. Once renowned as the world's richest and most reliable source.
  128. [128]
    mp-20201231 - SEC.gov
    More than 60 years of operations have proven that our ore body is one of the world's largest and highest-grade rare earth resources. The low-volume nature of ...
  129. [129]
    MP Materials Reports Second Quarter 2025 Results
    Aug 7, 2025 · MP Materials' Q2 2025 revenue increased 84% to $57.4M, with record NdPr production of 597 metric tons and second-best REO production of 13,145 ...
  130. [130]
    MP Materials Announces Pricing of Upsized $650 Million Public ...
    Jul 17, 2025 · MP Materials (NYSE: MP) is America's only fully integrated rare earth producer with capabilities spanning the entire supply chain—from mining ...<|separator|>
  131. [131]
    (PDF) Consonant cluster phonotactics : a perceptual approach
    PDF | Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2000. Includes bibliographical references (p.
  132. [132]
    English phonotactics1 | English Language & Linguistics
    Aug 4, 2015 · Thus /mp/ occurs more often in native than in non-native words, as does /ŋk/, while /ns/, because of the number of Latinate words ending in ...
  133. [133]
    Consonant Clusters index - TedPower
    Examples of final and medial consonant clusters with two or three consonant phonemes. Glossary describing the place and manner of articulation.
  134. [134]
    [PDF] consonant cluster phonotactics: a perceptual approach - RUcore
    Sep 5, 2000 · This dissertation explores deletion and epenthesis processes, arguing that a perceptual approach based on auditory cues is more accurate than ...
  135. [135]
    [PDF] Chapter 3 Phonological words: Calling all Scrabble players!
    Here's an example: /®m/ is a possible two-consonant cluster (as in warm), and /mp/ is too (as in bump). The Substring Rule, then, predicts that /®mp/ is a ...
  136. [136]
    [PDF] The Consonant Phonotactics of Georgian - MPG.PuRe
    This thesis studies Georgian consonant sequences, especially CCC types, and their relation to morphological complexity, and introduces a phonological hierarchy.<|separator|>
  137. [137]
    [PDF] Regularities of the English consonantal clusters development
    Jan 16, 2021 · However, the frequency of /mp/ in the word middle position increases in seven times. ... phonological units in the initial consonant groups of the ...<|separator|>
  138. [138]
    MATCH POINT | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
    a situation in a game such as tennis when the player who is winning will win the match if they get the next point.
  139. [139]
    MATCH POINT Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
    Match point definition: (in tennis, squash, handball, etc.) the point that if won would enable the scorer or the scorer's side to win the match.
  140. [140]
    MATCH POINT definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
    In a game of tennis, match point is the situation when the player who is in the lead can win the whole match if they win the next point.
  141. [141]
    match point | Definition from the Tennis topic - Longman
    match pointˌmatch ˈpoint noun ; 1 [uncountable]DST a situation in tennis when the person who wins the next point will win the match ; 2 [countable]DST the point ...
  142. [142]
    MP - Slang/Internet Slang - Acronym Finder
    What does MP stand for? ; MP, My Pleasure ; MP · Melrose Place (TV show) ; MP · Matthew Perry (actor) ; MP · Metroid Prime (game).
  143. [143]
    Quentin Durgens, M.P. (TV Series 1966–1971) - IMDb
    Rating 7.6/10 (21) Quentin Durgens, M.P.: With Gordon Pinsent, Suzanne Lévesque, Murray Westgate, Leslie Yeo. Quentin Durgens, M.P. was a CBC Canada television series, ...
  144. [144]
    A Few Good Men (1992) - Ron Ostrow as M.P. - IMDb
    A Few Good Men (1992) - Ron Ostrow as M.P..
  145. [145]
    M. P. Officer (The Mist) - The Dead Meat Wiki - Fandom
    The MP Officer is a minor character in the film The mist. He was infested with baby spiders from mist spiders. James gave this death The Golden Chainsaw award.
  146. [146]
    Tommy Shelby - Wikipedia
    Thomas Michael Shelby OBE DCM MM MP is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the British period crime drama Peaky Blinders.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation