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Red Lion Square

Red Lion Square is a small public garden square in the Holborn area of central London, laid out in 1684 and originally encompassing the site of the Red Lion Inn on its southern perimeter.^[1]^[2]
The square has long served as a residential and institutional hub, hosting notable 19th-century residents including the designer and socialist William Morris and the artist Edward Burne-Jones, who shared lodgings at No. 17 from 1856 to 1859.^[3] It features modern memorials such as a statue of pacifist campaigner Fenner Brockway, unveiled in 1988, and survived significant wartime damage during the Blitz, after which parts were redeveloped into structures like Churchill House.^[4] The square's defining modern controversy arose on 15 June 1974, when a counter-demonstration against a National Front organizational meeting escalated into violent disorder, with left-wing militants from groups including the International Marxist Group initiating clashes by attempting to breach police lines and hurling projectiles; medical student Kevin Gately died from head injuries amid the melee, marking the first fatality at a British political protest since 1919.^[5]^[6] The official Scarman Inquiry, appointed under the Police Act 1964, concluded that police requests for reinforcements were proportionate, their use of batons in response to the aggression was justified, and Gately's death resulted from accidental causes during the crowd surge rather than direct police action, while apportioning primary blame for the violence to provocative elements within the counter-protesters.^[5]^[7]

Location and Physical Description

Geographical Context and Layout

Red Lion Square is situated in the Holborn district of central London, within the London Borough of Camden, at postcode WC1R 4RL, approximately at coordinates 51.5192° N, 0.1189° W.^[8]^[9] It lies between High Holborn to the north and Theobald's Road to the south, forming part of the transitional area between the commercial bustle of Holborn and the institutional precincts near Gray's Inn.^[8] The square's position places it within a densely built urban fabric, proximate to major transport hubs like Holborn Underground station, facilitating access via Central and Piccadilly lines.^[10] The layout of Red Lion Square retains its original 17th-century rectangular form, enclosing a central formal garden space surrounded by four-sided perimeter buildings of mixed Georgian, Victorian, and modern construction.^[8] The garden occupies the interior, featuring gravel paths, mature London plane trees, seasonal plantings, and flower beds arranged in a circumferential pattern with crescent-shaped beds at the ends and a central circular bed.^[8] Iron railings, restored in 1990, bound the garden, with entrances at each side providing pedestrian access; the overall configuration emphasizes enclosed green space amid urban density, measuring modestly in scale as a compact public oasis rather than an expansive plaza.^[8] Surrounding streets, including Red Lion Street to the east, channel traffic around the periphery, preserving the square's insular character.^[11]

Architectural Features and Green Space

Red Lion Square is enclosed by buildings spanning multiple architectural periods, reflecting incremental development since its layout in 1684 by speculator Nicholas Barbon.^[12] Properties numbered 14 to 17 on the south side, constructed around 1686, retain their early origins but feature 19th-century façades added during refurbishment.^[12] The perimeter includes 18th- and 19th-century terraced houses, interspersed with later insertions such as Summit House (built 1925), an interwar office block with a prominent stairwell bay clad in glass and metal framing.^[13] Nearby, Conway Hall at 25 Red Lion Square exemplifies Art Deco design in silver-grey brick with red detailing, constructed in the late 1920s as a venue for the Ethical Society.^[14] This eclectic mix, including Georgian remnants and 20th-century modernist elements, contrasts with the square's original post-Fire of London speculative housing.^[12] The central green space functions as a formal garden oasis amid urban density, preserving its late-17th-century footprint between High Holborn and Theobald's Road.^[8] Enclosed by iron railings—removed during World War II for scrap and restored in 1990—it contains circumferential flower beds, two crescent-shaped beds at the ends, and a central round bed, complemented by lawns and mature London plane trees providing canopy and seasonal interest.^[8] A paved central area hosts a café with indoor and outdoor seating, adapted from an original gardener's shelter, alongside history interpretation boards at each of the four entrances.^[8]^[12] Monuments within include a bust of philosopher Bertrand Russell and a statue of peace activist Fenner Brockway, enhancing the space's commemorative role.^[12] Originally railed and improved in 1737 with watch-houses and a stone obelisk to regulate access and prevent encroachments, the garden fell into neglect before opening to the public in 1895 under London County Council management, later transferred to Camden Council.^[12]^[8] Recent enhancements, including 2018 upgrades by Camden Council, maintain its accessibility from dawn to dusk as a leisure destination.^[15] A Friends group, established in 2017, supports ongoing stewardship.^[8]

Historical Development

Origins in the 17th Century

Red Lion Fields, an open area of approximately 17 acres adjacent to the Red Lion Inn on what is now Red Lion Street, remained undeveloped until the late 17th century, with the inn itself tracing origins to the 16th century as a coaching stop off High Holborn.^[16]^[12] In June 1684, property speculator Nicholas Barbon, a physician-turned-developer known for pioneering fire insurance and urban expansion projects, leased the land—likely from Sir Thomas Draper—and began laying out Red Lion Square despite lacking full authorization, aiming to construct terraced housing around a central open space to attract affluent residents.^[17]^[18] The initiative reflected post-Restoration London's rapid suburban growth, driven by speculative builders like Barbon who capitalized on demand for townhouses amid population pressures from the Great Fire of 1666 reconstruction.^[19] Development provoked immediate opposition from Gray's Inn barristers, who feared diminished light, increased foot traffic, and devaluation of their estates; legal challenges failed to halt progress, escalating to a pitched riot in 1684 where roughly 100 lawyers assaulted Barbon's workmen with bricks and clubs, only for the builders to repel the attack and secure the site.^[18]^[16] Barbon's persistence prevailed, with initial houses erected by 1686, including numbers 14–17 on the north side, forming an early example of enclosed garden squares that balanced private speculation with public green space amid contested urban encroachment.^[12] The square retained the inn's name, underscoring its pre-existing role as a local landmark.^[12]

18th and 19th Century Evolution

During the early 18th century, Red Lion Square fell into disrepair, becoming a dumping ground for rubbish and a gathering place for thieves and vagrants, reflecting broader challenges in maintaining urban open spaces amid rapid London expansion.^[18] By 1737, residents imposed a levy to fund improvements, including the installation of railings around the central garden and the construction of watch houses at each corner to enhance security and deter unauthorized access.^[20] ^[21] These measures restored order, and by the mid-18th century, the square regained favor among the professional classes, with buildings on the south side—dating to the late 17th century—remaining largely intact.^[12] In the 19th century, Red Lion Square solidified its status as a desirable location for legal and professional residents; by 1817, over half the houses were occupied by solicitors, underscoring its appeal to London's burgeoning middle classes.^[12] Properties such as numbers 14 to 17, originally constructed around 1686, received updated facades to align with Victorian aesthetic preferences.^[12] Notably, in 1856, artist Edward Burne-Jones and designer William Morris rented rooms at No. 17, using the space for early collaborative work that laid foundations for the Arts and Crafts movement; Morris later established his firm, Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., in premises within the square around 1861.^[3] ^[12] This period marked a shift toward creative and industrial uses alongside residential ones, though the square retained its garden-centric layout with limited major structural alterations.^[12]

Notable Historical Associations

Red Lion Square holds reputed associations with the burial of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, and John Bradshaw following their posthumous disinterment in January 1661 during the Restoration. After execution in effigy, their bodies were said to have been secretly interred in the area to prevent further desecration, though this remains unverified legend; an obelisk commemorating them stood in the square's center until its removal in the 18th century.^[12]^[21]^[1] In the 18th century, the square attracted notable residents, including horologist John Harrison at No. 12, where he resided and died on March 24, 1776; Harrison's work on longitude-solving chronometers revolutionized navigation. By 1720, the area had become fashionable, prompting a 1737 Act of Parliament to fund its maintenance via resident levies, reflecting its status among legal and professional elites near Gray's Inn.^[12]^[1] The 19th century saw literary and artistic figures drawn to the square. Essayist Charles Lamb lived at No. 3 in 1826. From late 1856 to 1859, designers William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones shared unfurnished rooms at No. 17 (formerly No. 8), previously occupied by Dante Gabriel Rossetti; there, they pursued Pre-Raphaelite-influenced work amid the square's bohemian circles, including proximity to the Working Men's College. This period marked early collaboration for Morris's later firm, Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., founded in 1861.^[12]^[3]^[22]

20th Century Events and Significance

Pre-1974 Developments and Uses

Red Lion Square originated as Red Lion Fields, named after the nearby Red Lion Inn, and was developed into a residential square in June 1684 by property speculator Nicholas Barbon, who faced violent opposition from local residents and lawyers from Gray's Inn protesting the enclosure of common land.^[12] ^[16] Houses numbered 14 to 17 were constructed around 1686, later refaced in the 19th century to modernize their appearance.^[12] By the early 18th century, the area had gained fashionable status among London's elite, attracting residents such as judge Sir Bernard Hale and clockmaker John Harrison, who lived at No. 12 until his death in 1776 after inventing the marine chronometer.^[12] An Act of Parliament in the 1730s funded improvements, including railings around the central garden and a stone obelisk commemorating Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, and John Bradshaw; local legend persists that Cromwell's body, disinterred in 1661, was secretly reburied in the square, though no empirical evidence confirms this.^[12] In the 19th century, the square served primarily as middle-class housing and a hub for artistic and intellectual activity, with Dante Gabriel Rossetti residing at No. 17 in 1851 and William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones sharing rooms there from 1856 to 1859, during which they founded the Pre-Raphaelite-associated firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. (later Morris & Co.) at No. 8 in 1861.^[12] ^[23] The central garden was formalized as a public space in 1885 under the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association, designed by Fanny Wilkinson with tree plantings and paths to provide recreational access.^[24] Educational uses emerged, as evidenced by the 1889 establishment of the University Correspondence College's London headquarters in the square, catering to distance learners preparing for university examinations.^[25] Early 20th-century developments shifted toward commercial and institutional uses amid urban expansion, with Summit House erected in 1925 at No. 12 for the Austin Reed clothing firm and Conway Hall completed in 1927 at No. 25 for the South Place Ethical Society, hosting lectures, concerts, and secular humanist gatherings.^[24] Hanway House followed in 1938 at Nos. 27–31 for the Ministry of Labour, reflecting growing administrative functions.^[24] World War II bombings in 1941 devastated much of the square, destroying Nos. 18–24 and 35–38, the 1874–1879 St John the Evangelist church, and Red Lion Passage, while damaging Conway Hall; postwar reconstruction in the 1950s introduced apartment blocks on the east side and office buildings, including the redevelopment of No. 35's site into Churchill House with its foundation stone laid by Winston Churchill prior to his 1965 death.^[24] ^[4] These changes transformed the square from predominantly residential to a mixed-use area supporting commerce, government offices, and public events.^[24]

The 1974 Disorders: Context and Opposing Forces

In the early 1970s, Britain faced intensifying debates over immigration policy, exacerbated by events such as the 1972 expulsion of Ugandan Asians and ongoing inflows from Commonwealth nations, which fueled support for nationalist groups advocating repatriation. The National Front, a political organization formed in 1967 and characterized in official inquiries as an extreme right-wing group based in Croydon, capitalized on these tensions by organizing public meetings and marches to promote its platform of opposing further immigration and supporting voluntary repatriation of non-white residents.^[26]^[5] On 30 April 1974, the National Front booked the large hall at Conway Hall in Red Lion Square for a public meeting scheduled for 15 June, intending to assemble supporters via a march from central London. This event drew opposition from left-wing organizations, primarily the Liberation group—a pacifist-leaning anti-racialism entity—and affiliated radical factions including the International Marxist Group (IMG), a Trotskyist outfit that explicitly aimed to disrupt such gatherings under a "no platform" strategy adopted by student unions and socialist circles. The counter-demonstration, framed by organizers as opposition to racialist propaganda, sought to physically prevent the National Front from convening, reflecting broader anti-fascist tactics that prioritized confrontation over legal channels.^[27]^[5]^[28] The opposing forces thus comprised a relatively small National Front contingent—estimated at under 200 for the meeting itself—protected by Metropolitan Police deployments of around 500-700 officers, including foot serials and reserves positioned to separate the parties and secure access to the venue. In contrast, the anti-National Front protesters numbered approximately 1,000-1,500, including students from institutions like Warwick University and members of trade union contingents, many intent on breaching police lines to reach Conway Hall. Tensions were heightened by prior skirmishes at National Front events and the IMG's documented advocacy for militant action, as later critiqued in official findings for contributing to the potential for violence.^[26]^[5]^[29]

Sequence of Events in the 1974 Confrontation

On 15 June 1974, the National Front, a nationalist organization advocating repatriation of immigrants, held a public meeting at Conway Hall in Red Lion Square, London, following a march of approximately 500-600 participants that began assembling around 1:30 p.m.^[30]^[27] A counter-demonstration, organized primarily by the International Marxist Group and associated with the Liberation group focused on international solidarity issues, drew an estimated 1,000-1,500 participants who marched from the Embankment to Red Lion Square, arriving by around 2:00 p.m.^[30]^[26] Police, deploying about 1,200 officers including mounted units, established cordons by 2:30 p.m. to separate the opposing groups and prevent direct confrontation near Conway Hall, where the National Front meeting was scheduled.^[30] Tensions escalated around 2:45 p.m. when elements within the counter-demonstrators, including breakaway groups, advanced toward the police lines in Red Lion Square and along Theobald's Road, throwing missiles such as bricks and bottles at officers and National Front supporters.^[30]^[27] Mounted police responded with charges to disperse the crowd and restore order, leading to the first major disturbance in the square.^[30] Subsequent clashes spread to adjacent areas, including a second disturbance along Southampton Row where protesters attempted to breach police lines, prompting further use of mounted officers, and a third in Boswell Street involving scuffles and arrests.^[30]^[26] During the turmoil near Red Lion Square around 3:00 p.m., Kevin Gately, a 20-year-old mathematics student from the University of Warwick participating in the counter-demonstration, sustained a fatal head injury; he was found prone and motionless by St. John's Ambulance personnel amid the fighting.^[30]^[26] The official inquiry concluded that the violence stemmed from mutual provocations—National Front taunting and the counter-demonstrators' aggressive breach attempts—with police actions justified to avert a larger clash, though Gately's precise injury mechanism (likely a blow to the head) could not be attributed to any specific individual or group.^[30] At least 39 police officers and several demonstrators were injured in the disorders, which involved around 50 subsequent charges.^[27]^[26]

Immediate Aftermath and Casualties

Following the violent clashes on 15 June 1974 in Red Lion Square, London, one demonstrator, Kevin Gately, a 20-year-old student at the University of Warwick, sustained severe head injuries during the confrontation between police and anti-National Front protesters.^[31]^[32] Gately collapsed amid the disorder, was attended by St John Ambulance personnel, and transported to University College Hospital, where he succumbed to a cerebral haemorrhage later that day.^[33]^[5] The incident resulted in significant injuries to police officers, with 46 requiring medical attention for cuts, bruises, and other trauma sustained while containing the violence.^[5] Several protesters also received treatment for minor injuries, though exact numbers for demonstrators were not immediately quantified beyond reports of cuts and contusions.^[32] No other fatalities occurred, and the disorders, peaking in intensity for under 15 minutes, were localized to the square and adjacent streets before subsiding as police restored order.^[5] In the immediate hours after the peak violence, several arrests were made among the protesters for offenses including affray and assault on police, though formal charges emerged in subsequent days.^[27] The square was cleared, allowing the National Front meeting at nearby Conway Hall to proceed under police protection, while emergency services managed the injured and forensic examination of the scene began.^[32]

Inquiries, Legal Outcomes, and Empirical Findings

The coroner's inquest into the death of Kevin Gately, held on 11 and 12 July 1974, returned a verdict of death by misadventure by a majority of 10-1.^[34] ^[35] Gately, a 20-year-old mathematics student at the University of Warwick, suffered a fatal head injury, evidenced by a small oval bruise behind his left ear, consistent with a blow from a blunt instrument or being struck during the melee; medical evidence indicated cerebral hemorrhage as the cause, occurring hours after the incident on 15 June 1974.^[34] On 28 June 1974, Home Secretary Roy Jenkins appointed Lord Justice Scarman under Section 32 of the Police Act 1964 to inquire into the events and actions leading to the disorders in Red Lion Square.^[7] ^[5] The inquiry's report, published in 1975 as Cmnd. 5919, examined witness testimonies, police logs, and forensic evidence, concluding that public order broke down due to the actions of a militant minority among the anti-National Front demonstrators, particularly members of the International Marxist Group who twice charged police lines to breach the cordon protecting Conway Hall.^[30] ^[5] Scarman found no evidence that police initiated the violence or used excessive force; instead, the confrontation escalated when protesters refused to disperse after being warned, leading to a police pushback that resulted in 46 officers injured, alongside Gately's death, which the report attributed to the chaotic scrum rather than specific police misconduct.^[5] Legal proceedings following the disorders included approximately 50 charges against demonstrators for offenses such as affray and obstructing police, though detailed conviction rates were not centralized in subsequent official summaries.^[27] No criminal charges were brought against police officers, aligning with Scarman's assessment that their response was proportionate to the threat posed by organized charges against the cordon. Empirical data from the inquiry highlighted the asymmetry in injuries—zero protester hospitalizations reported versus 46 police casualties requiring medical attention—and confirmed that Gately was not in direct confrontation with officers at the moment of injury, based on contemporaneous accounts and positioning.^[5]

Controversies Surrounding the 1974 Events

Conflicting Narratives from Participants

Anti-fascist demonstrators, including members of the International Marxist Group who organized the counter-protest, asserted that the march to Red Lion Square on June 15, 1974, remained orderly and non-violent until Metropolitan Police officers executed an unprovoked baton charge into the crowd near the junction with Theobald's Road. Participant accounts emphasized police aggression as the catalyst for disorder, with claims that truncheons were wielded indiscriminately against peaceful protesters, directly contributing to injuries such as the fatal head wound sustained by Kevin Gately, a 20-year-old Warwick University student uninvolved in militant actions.^[30] Police officers on duty, numbering around 1,600 for the operation, provided testimonies that a militant subgroup within the approximately 1,500-strong anti-fascist contingent escalated tensions by hurling missiles—including stones, bottles, and wooden staves—at officers maintaining a cordon around Conway Hall, where the National Front meeting of about 100 attendees was underway. These accounts portrayed the subsequent police advance as a measured restoration of order to avert a riotous breach of the venue and safeguard participants' assembly rights, with violence attributed to deliberate provocation by organized left-wing elements rather than the broader demonstration.^[30]^[5] National Front members and supporters inside Conway Hall described hearing sustained hostile chanting and witnessing attempts by protesters to overrun police lines, framing the confrontation as an assault on their lawful gathering protesting the government's immigration policies. Their narratives highlighted the protective role of police in containing what they viewed as mob aggression from ideological opponents, with no reported initiation of violence from their side.^[30]

Critiques of Police Conduct and Protester Actions

Critiques of police conduct centered on allegations of excessive force during the dispersal of demonstrators in Red Lion Square on June 15, 1974. Left-wing activists and the National Union of Students (NUS) claimed that Kevin Gately's fatal head injuries resulted directly from police truncheon blows or being trampled under police boots during a baton charge, portraying the response as unwarranted brutality against peaceful anti-fascist protesters.^[31]^[36] These assertions, echoed by figures like NUS President John Randall, fueled narratives of a police cover-up, though they relied on eyewitness accounts from participants rather than forensic consensus.^[34] In contrast, the official Scarman Inquiry rejected these claims, finding no evidence that police batons or actions directly caused Gately's death, which pathology suggested stemmed from a skull fracture likely inflicted by a demonstrator's weapon or crushing in the crowd during the initial breach of the police line.^[30] Critics of the police narrative, including some academic and activist sources, dismissed the report as biased toward law enforcement, arguing it downplayed systemic aggression by officers facing a disorganized but non-violent crowd; however, empirical review of injuries—46 police officers hurt versus fewer severe protester casualties—supported the view that violence escalated from protester initiatives rather than unprovoked policing.^[37]^[5] Protester actions drew sharp rebukes for provoking the confrontation, particularly from the International Marxist Group (IMG) contingent, which twice charged the police cordon blocking access to Conway Hall, hurling bricks and bottles in an attempt to break through and confront National Front marchers.^[26] Even counter-demonstration organizers from the Liberation movement condemned the IMG's tactics as an unauthorized assault that turned a static protest into a riot, aligning with mainstream media assessments that left-wing militants instigated the disorder.^[38] The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) similarly criticized the IMG for reckless adventurism, noting their strategy prioritized confrontation over safety, contributing causally to the chaos that trapped and injured Gately.^[37] Scarman explicitly faulted the IMG's leadership for encouraging violence and the broader organizers for naivety in allowing militant elements to dominate, characterizing the cordon breach as a riotous act that justified police intervention to prevent a larger clash.^[30] While some leftist interpretations framed protester aggression as defensive against fascism, the sequence—premeditated charges preceding any police advance—undermines claims of pure reactivity, with the Home Office describing the initial attack as "unexpected, unprovoked, and viciously violent."^[5] This perspective highlights how ideological commitment to direct action by groups like the IMG escalated risks, contrasting with the non-violent intent of many participants.

Long-Term Interpretations and Causal Analysis

The violence in Red Lion Square on 15 June 1974 arose primarily from the tactical choices of militant anti-fascist groups, notably the International Marxist Group (IMG), which organized a separate march intent on confronting National Front (NF) participants directly rather than adhering to designated assembly areas. Approximately 400-500 IMG supporters within the broader 5,000-strong counter-demonstration initiated the breach of police cordons using missiles and physical assaults, prompting a defensive police response with batons and mounted units to restore order after initial unprovoked attacks on officers. Lord Justice Scarman's official inquiry attributed moral responsibility for the disorders to the IMG leadership, citing their deliberate strategy of provocation and failure to restrain followers, which escalated a contained situation into widespread melee; 46 police officers sustained injuries, underscoring the asymmetry in aggression beyond the single fatality.^[39]^[38]^[5] Causal examination of Kevin Gately's death reveals no forensic evidence of a police truncheon strike or mounted impact as the direct mechanism, with the inquest recording a verdict of misadventure from cerebral hemorrhage likely induced by being knocked unconscious and trampled in the crowd crush during the protesters' rout. Scarman's report explicitly could not identify a specific perpetrator or blow but emphasized the chaos from the cordon breach as the enabling context, rejecting claims of systemic police malice while noting Gately's pre-existing mild cerebral atrophy as a potential vulnerability. Empirical data from witness testimonies and medical pathology prioritized crowd dynamics over intentional assault, contrasting with partisan assertions in leftist publications that imputed baton or horse-related causation without substantiating evidence.^[37]^[40]^[31] In the decades since, interpretations have polarized along ideological lines, with conservative and official accounts framing the events as a cautionary precedent for the perils of tolerating revolutionary vanguardism masquerading as anti-fascism, which foreshadowed recurrent 1970s street battles like the 1977 Battle of Lewisham and contributed to the NF's temporary mobilization gains amid public backlash against disorder. Progressive narratives, prevalent in academic and activist circles, recast it as emblematic of state overreach and proto-fascist tolerance, often eliding the IMG's instigatory role—a pattern attributable to institutional sympathies for leftist causes that skew source selection toward victimhood frames over agency accountability. The clash empirically accelerated the "no platform" doctrine among anti-fascists, institutionalizing confrontational exclusion of nationalists and influencing subsequent coalitions like the Anti-Nazi League, while highlighting causal failures in segregating irreconcilable demonstrations under Public Order Act provisions.^[41]^[42]

Contemporary Status and Recent Changes

Current Buildings and Commercial Uses

Red Lion Square, located in the Holborn area of London, is surrounded by Georgian and modern buildings primarily dedicated to commercial office use, with no significant retail shops or other commercial establishments within the square itself as of 2025.^[43] ^[44] The perimeter properties house professional services firms, law offices, and flexible workspaces, reflecting the area's status as a business district near legal and educational institutions.^[45] ^[46] At 26 Red Lion Square, an existing 1990s office building occupies the northeastern edge, currently comprising multi-let spaces that have seen reduced performance since the COVID-19 pandemic; leases for multiple office-based companies are set to expire in early 2025, paving the way for a comprehensive refurbishment into flexible Class A commercial office space with sustainable features, including a rooftop pavilion and terraces.^[47] ^[48] ^[49] Planning consent for this 106,584 sq ft (NIA) project was secured by Railpen in August 2025, emphasizing enhanced amenities amid growing demand in the locale.^[50] The Barbon Buildings at 14-17 Red Lion Square provide refurbished, period-style offices with flexible lease terms, accommodating various business sizes through managed spaces that blend traditional architecture with modern coworking options.^[45] ^[46] ^[44] Similarly, 35 Red Lion Square, known as Churchill House, features Grade B offices last refurbished in 2006; its freehold was acquired by Whitbread Plc in February 2025 for conversion into a Premier Inn hotel hub, marking a shift from pure office to mixed hospitality-commercial use.^[51] ^[52] Adjacent properties like 20 Red Lion Street offer multi-let offices totaling 36,824 sq ft with high environmental ratings, underscoring the square's focus on professional, low-density commercial occupancy rather than high-street retail.^[53] Overall, these uses align with Camden Council's enhancements to the square's gardens and public realm since 2018, supporting office-centric development while preserving the historic garden square character.^[15]

Memorials, Public Memory, and Ongoing Developments

A statue of Fenner Brockway, a prominent campaigner for peace and against racial discrimination, stands in Red Lion Square, erected by the Greater London Council to honor his lifelong efforts in these causes.^[54] Unveiled in the 1980s, the sculpture depicts Brockway in a dynamic pose symbolizing activism, serving as a public reminder of opposition to intolerance in a location marked by the 1974 confrontation between anti-fascist protesters and police.^[4] No physical memorial to Kevin Gately exists directly in Red Lion Square itself, though his death during the 1974 disorders prompted the University of Warwick Students' Union to commission a memorial painting, which remains displayed in the union building.^[55] Public memory of the events centers on anniversary commemorations, particularly by anti-fascist and student groups, which often portray Gately's death as resulting from police violence amid efforts to counter the National Front.^[56] These narratives persist in media reflections, such as those marking the 50th anniversary in 2024, emphasizing the clash as a pivotal moment in anti-racism history despite official inquiries attributing Gately's fatal head injury to crowd dynamics rather than direct police blows.^[57]^[31] Ongoing developments include sporadic discussions in academic and activist circles questioning prior inquiries' conclusions on police responsibility, but no new memorials or plaques have been installed in the square as of 2025.^[58] The site's role in broader public memory underscores tensions between empirical findings from the Scarman report—which cleared police of blame for the death—and interpretive accounts favoring protester perspectives.^[59]

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May 26, 2006 · Red Lion Square has several important associations with the Pre-Raphaelites. Morris & Co. was first established at no. 8 but is itself is no longer ...Missing: 20th century<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
1860 – 1960 - Red Lion Square
Mar 14, 2017 · The map uses a spectrum of dark red to dark blue to map from rich to poor, with “Upper-middle and upper classes. Wealthy” picked in orange and “ ...Missing: geographical coordinates
[25]
Red Lion Square - Lisahistory.net
Jul 28, 2019 · In Red Lion Square in 1889, William Briggs opened the London headquarters of the University Correspondence College. ... Very little of the late ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[26]
15 | 1974: Man dies in race rally clashes - BBC ON THIS DAY
One man died at the scene while up to 39 policemen and several demonstrators received treatment for cuts and other injuries.
[27]
RED LION SQUARE DEMONSTRATION (Hansard, 17 June 1974)
Jun 17, 1974 · The violence which took place in and around Red Lion Square on June 15 followed police action to prevent a clash between a demonstration organised by the ...
[28]
This Day in History | 1974 - Man dies in race rally clashes
Jun 15, 2017 · Members of the International Marxist Group (IMG), marching with Liberation, clashed with police at Red Lion Square when they attempted to ...Missing: disorders opposing
[29]
https://ucpi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/20210420_Opening-Statement-DL-AMENDED.pdf
[30]
The Red Lion Square Disorders of 15 June 1974 – Report of Inquiry
Jun 15, 1974 · The Red Lion Square Disorders of 15 June 1974 – Report of Inquiry – Lord Justice Scarman. DOC088. File. File Text Pages Notes Results.
[31]
From the archive, 17 June 1974: Dead student fell under crowd
Jun 17, 2010 · Kevin Gately, the Warwick University student who died after the violence in Red Lion Square, London, on Saturday, was left prone and motionless on the ground.
[32]
https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/15/newsid_2512000/2512725.stm
[33]
Death Of Kevin Gately, Red Lion Square 1974 - Report digital
Red Lion Square Anti Fascist Protest 1974 · Assembling Concorde BAC Filton ... Battle of Lewisham Anti Fascist Counter Protest NF 1977 · Save Biafra London ...
[34]
Today in London anti-fascist history, 1974: the death of Kevin Gately ...
Jun 15, 2019 · On June 15, 1974, the rightwing National Front had organised a march through London, ending at Conway Hall in Red Lion Square. The Front's ...Missing: background | Show results with:background
[35]
Records of Cecil Angel and Company, solicitors of Coventry, relating ...
The coroner's inquest into Gately's death returned a verdict of death by misadventure. ... death of Kevin Gately at Red Lion Square · Ephemera re death of Kevin ...
[36]
Kevin Gately – fifty years on - Labour Hub
Jun 19, 2024 · He died from a head injury he received in Red Lion Square, London, at a protest against the fascist National Front party. He was the first ...
[37]
Red Lion Square and the Death of Kevin Gately
Jun 15, 2013 · On 15 June, 1974, Kevin Gately, an anti-fascist demonstrator and student at Warwick University, was killed during a demonstration in Red Lion ...Missing: context | Show results with:context<|separator|>
[38]
Red Lion Square and the death of Kevin Gateley - lives; running
Jan 16, 2019 · On 15 June 1974, clashes between anti-fascists and the police at London's Red Lion Square culminated in a police charge against anti-fascist ...
[39]
Revisionism, spies and cover-ups: The origins of the Security and ...
Oct 16, 2025 · The Red Lion Square protest, against the fascist National Front, resulted in the death of 21-year-old Kevin Gately and a major government ...
[40]
Death of Kevin Gately - Engole
May 11, 2021 · Student who died as the result of a head injury received in the Red Lion Square disorders in London in 1974.Missing: context | Show results with:context
[41]
15 June, 1974 – 'No Platform' and Red Lion Square
Jun 16, 2019 · 15 June, 1974 saw both an emergency conference held by the National Union of Students on the issue of 'no platform' and a counter-demonstration ...
[42]
National Front (UK) - Wikipedia
... clashes with anti-fascists became known as the "Battle of Lewisham". ... anti-fascist protesters combatted a National Front march in 1977. Preoccupied ...Death of Kevin Gately · History · British National Party (1960) · A. K. Chesterton
[43]
Remembering to never forget: the death of Kevin Gately over 50 ...
Apr 8, 2025 · It was Kevin Gately, a 20-year-old maths student at Warwick, whose life would tragically end on the June 15.
[44]
Red Lion Square Holborn London WC1R 4HQ
The brand-new, inspired by the art deco aesthetic, Red Lion Square provides office space to accommodate businesses of all shapes and sizes.Missing: shops | Show results with:shops
[45]
Flexible Managed Office in Red Lion Square, London WC1R 4QH
Situated in the heart of Holborn, these managed offices on Red Lion Square offer occupiers the benefits of traditional office space in period buildings.
[46]
14-17 Red Lion Square London WC1R 4QH - CBRE
The Barbon Buildings in Red Lion Square offers occupiers the benefits of a traditional office with all the benefits of flexible lease terms.Missing: shops | Show results with:shops
[47]
The Barbon Buildings, Red Lion Street | JLL Properties - UK
The Barbon Buildings in Red Lion Square combine the charm of a traditional office with the flexibility of modern lease terms.
[48]
Red Lion Square: Home
26 Red Lion Square is an existing office building being refurbished for flexible class A commercial office space with sustainable design.
[49]
26 Red Lion Square - New Development - Holborn, London WC1R
The site spans the northeastern edge of Red Lion Square and currently houses multi-let offices that have underperformed since the COVID-19 pandemic. Existing ...
[50]
26 Red Lion Square, London - Stiff + Trevillion
Providing revitalised office space with a new roof-top pavilion and roof terraces and office amenity on the ground floor.Missing: shops | Show results with:shops
[51]
Railpen secures consent for refurbishment of 106, 584 sq ft (NIA ...
Aug 8, 2025 · Complementing the growing demand from occupiers and investors, Camden Council is proposing a series of major enhancements to Red Lion Square and ...Missing: current businesses occupants
[52]
Whitbread acquires freehold of 35 Red Lion Square in Central London
Feb 4, 2025 · Whitbread Plc, the parent company of Premier Inn, the UK's largest hotel brand, has acquired the freehold of 35 Red Lion Square, WC1 for conversion into a hub ...Missing: current occupants
[53]
Churchill House, 35 Red Lion Square, WC1 - Properties - Newmark
A prominent and modern headquarters building that was last refurbished in 2006. The existing accommodation provides Grade B specification offices.Missing: commercial shops
[54]
[PDF] 2O RED LION STREET
2O Red Lion Street is a refurbished, multi-let office building with 36,824 sq ft, high environmental ratings, and excellent transport links, located on a ...Missing: dimensions size
[55]
Fenner Brockway statue - London Remembers
Erected by the GLC in honour of his untiring efforts for peace and racial equality. Reinstated 1988 by Irene Chamberlain and others in memory of W.J.Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
[56]
Red Lion Square disorders | Military Wiki - Fandom
The Red Lion Square disorders were a series of events in 1974. On 15 June that year, the National Front marched through London's West End; their march was ...
[57]
Red Lion Square, June 1974 - the killing of an anti-fascist | Searchlight
Jun 15, 2025 · On this day, in 1974, at an anti-fascist demonstration in London, Kevin Gately, a student from Warwick University, was killed, almost certainly by a blow.Missing: disorders | Show results with:disorders
[58]
50 years after Kevin Gately's death at a London protest | News UK
Jun 15, 2024 · 'The reason why is that the fascists were not stopped at Red Lion Square. It took Rock Against Racism, the Anti-Nazi League and Margaret ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[59]
the scope and composition of Lord Scarman's 1981 public inquiry
May 7, 2024 · Scarman, L. L. 1975. The Red Lion Square Disorders of 15 June 1974: Report of Inquiry. London: H.M.S.O.. (Open in a new window)Google Scholar.Missing: sequence | Show results with:sequence
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1974: A YEAR LIKE NO OTHER - Parliamentary Archives
Apr 10, 2024 · Front cover Report of the Inquiry into the Red Lion Square Disorders ... LION SQUARE) (Hansard, 17 June 1974) (parliament.uk)). black and ...