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Regimental sergeant major

A Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) is a senior military appointment, primarily in the British Army and other Commonwealth armed forces, held by a Warrant Officer Class 1 (WO1)—the highest non-commissioned rank—serving as the principal enlisted advisor to the commanding officer on matters of discipline, standards, morale, welfare, and leadership within a battalion or regiment.^[1] This role embodies the senior soldier's perspective, bridging the gap between officers and enlisted personnel to ensure the unit upholds the army's core values, maintains operational readiness, and fosters a cohesive fighting force.^[2] The RSM's insignia typically features the royal coat of arms, symbolizing their authoritative position without formal command authority.^[2] In practice, the RSM acts as a mentor to junior non-commissioned officers, monitors unit tempo and ethical compliance, and translates high-level directives into actionable guidance for soldiers, while relaying ground-level feedback to leadership.^[3] During operations, they oversee critical functions such as discipline enforcement, ammunition distribution, prisoner handling, and welfare support in combat environments.^[2] The appointment demands extensive experience, often gained through prior service in progressively senior roles, and emphasizes leading by example to instill professionalism and resilience.^[1] The RSM role originated in the British regimental tradition and has been adopted across Commonwealth militaries, including the Australian Army—where it focuses on advising on training, operations, and ceremonial duties—and the Canadian Armed Forces, where it denotes the senior non-commissioned member of an infantry battalion responsible for overall enlisted guidance.^[3]^[4] In all contexts, the position remains pivotal to unit cohesion, adapting to modern challenges like technological integration while preserving its foundational emphasis on soldier welfare and discipline.^[3]

Overview

Definition and Role

The regimental sergeant major (RSM) is a senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) appointment in Commonwealth militaries, typically held by a warrant officer class 1 (WO1) or equivalent rank, such as a chief warrant officer in the Canadian Army.^[1]^[5] This position serves as the senior enlisted advisor to the commanding officer (CO) within a regiment, battalion, or equivalent unit, providing counsel on matters affecting enlisted personnel.^[1]^[6] In its primary role, the RSM maintains discipline, standards, welfare, and administrative efficiency among the enlisted ranks, functioning as a vital bridge between commissioned officers and other ranks to ensure cohesive unit operations.^[1]^[5] Key responsibilities include overseeing soldier training and development, managing equipment accountability, leading ceremonial parades, and advising on the enforcement of military law and customs, all while lacking direct command authority over officers.^[1]^[6] The RSM acts as the CO's principal partner in these areas, translating strategic directives into practical guidance for subordinates.^[5] In modern usage across these armies, the RSM is distinctly an appointment rather than a standalone formal rank, though historically it originated as such in some contexts.^[1]^[6] Holders of the appointment are commonly addressed as "Sir" or "Ma'am" by subordinates and junior officers, or simply as "RSM" within the unit for efficiency.^[1]^[5]

Historical Origins

The title and role of the regimental sergeant major originated in 16th-century Europe, particularly in the Spanish Army, where the sargento mayor was a high-ranking officer who commanded the infantry of a tercio (a large combined-arms formation) and ranked third in the overall command structure behind the maestre de campo and the army's captain general.^[7] This position involved tactical leadership, drill supervision, and administrative oversight of troops, reflecting the professionalization of infantry units during Spain's imperial expansion.^[8] The concept spread to England in the early 17th century, with "sergeant major" emerging around 1630 as the designation for the third-in-command of a regiment, an officer role akin to a modern major responsible for training, discipline, and battlefield coordination.^[9] In the British Army, this officer rank was prominent during the English Civil War, including in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army established in 1645, where sergeant majors handled regimental administration and combat leadership under colonels and lieutenant colonels.^[10] By the late 17th and 18th centuries, as military reforms emphasized specialized non-commissioned roles, the sergeant major transitioned from a commissioned officer to a senior non-commissioned appointment focused on enlisted discipline and unit cohesion.^[11] A pivotal change occurred in 1915 amid World War I reorganizations, when the British Army abolished the sergeant major as a substantive rank at the company level—replacing it with the company sergeant major—and formalized it instead as a Warrant Officer Class 1 appointment dedicated to the regiment, emphasizing ceremonial and advisory duties.^[12] The Royal Marines restructured the regimental sergeant major as a dedicated Warrant Officer Class 1 role in 1973, aligning it more closely with army standards while preserving its traditional authority.^[13] The British colonial legacy disseminated the regimental sergeant major concept across Commonwealth forces, where post-independence militaries adapted it to local structures while retaining its core as the senior enlisted advisor.^[14] In the United States, the rank was adopted early in the Revolutionary War (1775 onward) by the Continental Army, directly emulating British organization to denote the top non-commissioned officer in a regiment for drill and order maintenance.^[9]

Insignia and Traditions

Uniform and Insignia

The insignia of the regimental sergeant major (RSM), an appointment held by a warrant officer class 1 (WO1), prominently features the Royal Coat of Arms, often encircled by a laurel wreath and worn on the right upper sleeve approximately 6.5 inches from the cuff. This badge, embroidered in gold wire on a scarlet or regimental-colored backing, signifies the highest non-commissioned rank and is distinct from the chevrons or crowns used by junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs), emphasizing the RSM's unique seniority and advisory role to the commanding officer. In Commonwealth armies, variations incorporate regimental or national elements, such as the Australian coat of arms with kangaroo and emu motifs on a metal badge for WO1 RSMs.^[2]^[15]^[14] The RSM's dress uniform is typically No. 1 Ceremonial Dress, comprising a regimental tunic (e.g., scarlet for Foot Guards or rifle green for The Rifles), trousers or kilts with colored welts, a white shirt, and black bow tie, all paired with polished leather boots. Essential accoutrements include the Sam Browne belt—a brown leather waist and shoulder strap with brass fittings to holster a ceremonial sidearm such as a Webley revolver—and, in Guards regiments, a colored sash (red for infantry) worn over the left shoulder as a mark of distinction. Unlike standard NCO uniforms, the RSM's attire often features unique regimental flashes or piping on epaulettes, further highlighting their elevated status.^[15] A key tool of office is the pace stick, a hinged rosewood or mahogany device resembling large compasses, carried folded under the arm in No. 2 Service Dress or open during drill; it measures march distances, such as the 75 cm quick march stride, symbolizing the RSM's authority over parade ground standards. Historically, RSM insignia transitioned from 19th-century epaulettes and four downward-pointing chevrons on the upper sleeve—prevalent before the 1902 khaki service dress reforms—to embroidered badges on the forearm following the 1919 introduction of formal WO1 warrants that replaced sergeant-major chevrons with the Royal Arms. In some Commonwealth forces, pace sticks are decorated with brass regimental badges or engravings for ceremonial use.^[16]^[15]^[14]

Ceremonial Duties

The regimental sergeant major (RSM) leads military parades by issuing commands, conducting inspections of troops, and ensuring uniform alignment and precision during regimental reviews, trooping the colour, and other state ceremonies. In events like Trooping the Colour, the RSM formally passes the regimental colour to the ensign while positioned at the rear of the escort, handing their pace stick to an orderly before proceeding. This role emphasizes the RSM's authority in maintaining drill standards, often marching at the head of units with a pace stick to regulate step and rhythm, as seen in competitions and formal parades across Commonwealth forces.^[17]^[18] In inspections and guard duties, the RSM oversees the changing of the guard, directs presenting arms, and enforces protocol during VIP visits to uphold ceremonial decorum and security. For instance, as part of colour parties in battalion ceremonies, the RSM or equivalent warrant officer positions themselves to escort and safeguard colours, ensuring they are properly lodged and presented during reviews. The RSM also dresses formations—ordering rear ranks steady and pacing intervals—in company and battalion lines or columns to achieve perfect alignment before inspections. In garrison settings, such as those involving the Household Division, the senior RSM equivalent manages guard mountings and route linings for state events.^[19]^[20]^[21] Symbolic actions further define the RSM's ceremonial presence, including marching with the pace stick to symbolize disciplined movement, executing precise saluting procedures, and enforcing silent drill standards for visual uniformity. During select ceremonies, the RSM draws their sword—the only occasion permitted—to render full honours, underscoring their elevated status. In traditions like beating retreat or regimental dinners, the RSM may oversee proceedings or deliver remarks on enlisted welfare, such as toasts reflecting unit history.^[22]^[23] These ceremonies serve as vital tools for instilling discipline and fostering unit cohesion, with the RSM acting as the visible enforcer of standards to enhance morale and pride among ranks. By leading with example in dress, bearing, and protocol, the RSM reinforces regimental traditions, contributing to overall operational readiness and esprit de corps.^[23]^[20]

In the United Kingdom

Appointment and Responsibilities

The Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) is an appointment held by a Warrant Officer Class 1 (WO1), the most senior non-commissioned rank in the British Army. The commanding officer selects the RSM from eligible WO1 candidates, prioritizing those with extensive operational experience, proven leadership abilities, and deep knowledge of regimental customs and ethos. This merit-based selection process ensures the appointee can effectively bridge the gap between officers and enlisted personnel. Once chosen, the appointment is formally notified in The London Gazette, the official public record of military promotions and postings.^[1] In daily operations, the RSM acts as the principal advisor to the commanding officer on all aspects of soldier welfare, discipline, and morale within a battalion or equivalent unit, typically comprising 500-700 personnel. Key responsibilities include overseeing the enforcement of Army standards in dress, drill, and conduct; conducting regular inspections and audits; mediating interpersonal disputes among other ranks; and delivering targeted training to junior non-commissioned officers to build leadership skills. The RSM also monitors unit training programs to ensure they align with operational readiness and supports administrative functions related to personnel management. Through these duties, the RSM maintains the unit's cohesion and effectiveness as a fighting force.^[1]^[24] The RSM wields significant influence and commands respect from all ranks below commissioned officers, serving as a role model for standards of behavior and professionalism. However, the position lacks formal command authority over officers or the power to issue direct orders to other ranks; instead, the RSM enforces discipline through advisory recommendations to the commanding officer and personal example. At the Army level, the most senior WO1 appointment is the Army Sergeant Major, introduced in 2015, who provides direct counsel to the Chief of the General Staff on enlisted perspectives, welfare policies, and strategic issues affecting the force.^[1]^[25]

Historical Development

The rank of regimental sergeant major (RSM) was established in the British Army during the late 18th century (formalized in 1797) as the senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) within a regiment, tasked with supervising other NCOs, maintaining muster rolls for personnel accounting, and administering punishments to enforce discipline under the governing Articles of War.^[26] This role evolved through the 19th century, with the RSM bearing primary responsibility for regimental administration and internal order, often acting as the commander's key advisor on NCO matters. The 1881 Royal Warrant marked a pivotal formalization, elevating the RSM to warrant officer status and subdividing warrant ranks into classes to expand their scope and integrate them more closely with officer-led structures. World War I prompted significant restructuring; under Army Order 70 of 28 January 1915, the substantive rank of RSM was abolished for line infantry regiments to simplify the rank hierarchy and enhance command efficiency amid rapid army expansion, with the position reclassified as an appointment held by warrant officers class I (WO1).^[26] The Foot Guards retained the RSM as a distinct rank to uphold ceremonial traditions, while WO1 appointees adopted the Royal Arms as their badge of rank per subsequent Army Order 174. In the interwar period, the RSM's focus shifted toward administrative oversight in mechanized units, including training coordination and standards enforcement, as the army modernized its equipment and tactics. During World War II, this emphasis intensified, with RSMs managing discipline and logistics in diverse theaters despite the challenges of large-scale mobilization.^[26] In the Royal Marines, the RSM persisted as an actual rank equivalent to WO1 until 1972, when warrant reforms under the Armed Forces Act 1971 aligned it fully with army nomenclature, replacing the title with WO1 appointments to standardize progression and duties across services. Post-World War II, as the British Army integrated into NATO frameworks from 1949 onward, RSMs adapted to oversee conscript-heavy forces during National Service (1947–1960), emphasizing unit morale and basic training before transitioning to professional all-volunteer structures that demanded advanced leadership in joint operations.^[26]^[2] The 1992 Options for Change initiative, a major post-Cold War restructuring, reduced army manpower by approximately 40,000 and consolidated regiments, compelling RSMs to prioritize efficiency in smaller units while sustaining disciplinary and advisory roles amid fiscal constraints.^[27]^[28] In the 21st century, RSM training has increasingly incorporated leadership development to enhance regimental traditions and public duties.

In Other Commonwealth Countries

Australia

In the Australian Army, the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) holds the rank of Warrant Officer Class 1 (WO1) and is appointed to each battalion or regiment-sized unit, typically overseeing 600 to 800 personnel in expeditionary and operational contexts. The RSM serves as the senior enlisted advisor to the commanding officer, focusing on maintaining discipline, soldier welfare, training standards, and equipment readiness while acting as a key communicator between senior leadership and the ranks to ensure policies are understood and feedback is relayed effectively.^[3] This role is adapted to support the Australian Defence Force's (ADF) joint operations, integrating Army elements with Navy and Air Force capabilities in multinational exercises and deployments, while upholding ANZAC traditions of mateship and resilience to foster unit cohesion and interoperability with allies.^[29] The most senior RSM position is the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A), a singular WO1 appointment established in 1983 as the highest-ranking non-commissioned officer, directly advising the Chief of Army on enlisted matters such as morale, professional development, and operational effectiveness. Following the intensification of Australian commitments in Afghanistan from 2010 onward, the RSM-A's responsibilities expanded to prioritize soldier wellbeing, including mental health support and transition assistance amid the demands of prolonged deployments that lasted until 2021.^[30]^[31] Selection for RSM appointments, including the RSM-A, requires extensive service of at least 15 years, demonstrated leadership in prior senior non-commissioned roles, and completion of mandatory courses through the Centre for Australian Army Leadership, which delivers the Army Leadership Program to build skills in ethical decision-making and team development.^[32] In a recent development, on 12 August 2025, the RSM-A participated in discussions with Indian Army Subedar Major Gopa Kumar S during Chief of Army Lieutenant General Simon Stuart's visit to India, exchanging insights on junior leadership challenges, troop management, and mitigation strategies to enhance bilateral cooperation.^[33]

Canada

In the Canadian Armed Forces, the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) is a senior non-commissioned officer appointment primarily held by a Chief Warrant Officer in the army, serving as the senior enlisted advisor to the commanding officer in a unit. Analogous roles in the navy and air force are occasionally filled by a Chief Petty Officer or Wing Chief Warrant Officer, reflecting the multi-service structure of the forces. The RSM is addressed as "RSM" or "Sir/Ma'am."^[34]^[35]^[4] The RSM maintains standards of discipline, morale, welfare, dress, deportment, and drill within the unit, while mentoring other non-commissioned officers and acting as a liaison between ranks. Responsibilities include advising the commanding officer on matters affecting non-commissioned members, overseeing the senior and junior ranks' messes, and promoting professional development. In the bilingual context of the Canadian Armed Forces, RSMs emphasize effective operations in both official languages to ensure clear communication and compliance with supervisory language policies. Since the 2010s, as part of broader departmental efforts toward indigenous reconciliation, RSMs support inclusive unit environments that foster relationships with indigenous communities and integrate cultural awareness into daily operations.^[4]^[36]^[37] The RSM role traditionally applies to army regiments and battalions but extends to air force wings and naval squadrons in joint or multi-branch contexts, overseeing units typically comprising 400-600 personnel.^[38]^[39] Candidates for RSM are nominated by unit commanders based on performance evaluations and leadership potential, with final approval by formation chiefs through a structured board process for Chief Warrant Officer strategic employment. Selected individuals must complete mandatory professional development, including the Unit Command Team Course and training aligned with NATO interoperability standards to ensure seamless operations in multinational environments.^[40]^[34]^[41] Unique to the Canadian context, the RSM position integrates closely with reserve units, where many appointments occur to bridge regular and part-time forces. RSMs also play a prominent ceremonial role, often serving as Parade RSM in Remembrance Day events to honor veterans and lead unit commemorations.^[42]^[4]

India

In the Indian Army, the role equivalent to the regimental sergeant major is fulfilled by the Subedar Major, the senior-most junior commissioned officer (JCO) rank, who serves as the primary advisor to the commanding officer on matters concerning the enlisted personnel in a battalion typically comprising 800 to 1,000 troops.^[43] This position, held by either substantive or honorary Subedar Majors, maintains continuity with British colonial traditions while adapting to India's post-independence military structure, where JCOs bridge the gap between commissioned officers and other ranks.^[44] Appointment to the Subedar Major rank occurs through promotion from senior Naib Subedars, requiring over 20 years of exemplary service, merit-based evaluation, and often a rigorous selection process emphasizing leadership and unit knowledge; this system was formalized after India's independence in 1947, evolving from the pre-existing Viceroy's Commissioned Officer framework.^[45] The appointee is typically the most experienced JCO in the unit, selected to represent and guide the other ranks effectively.^[46] The Subedar Major's responsibilities center on upholding discipline, overseeing training, and ensuring the welfare of troops across India's diverse regiments, such as the Sikh Regiment and Rajput Regiment, where they play a key role in fostering integration among soldiers from varied caste, regional, and ethnic backgrounds despite the class-composition structure of many units.^[47] In these regiments, which draw from specific communities to preserve cohesion, the Subedar Major acts as a cultural and morale anchor, advising on issues like sports, security, and daily administration to promote unity and combat readiness.^[48] Unique to the Indian context, Subedar Majors contribute to border security operations in challenging environments, including high-altitude postings on the Siachen Glacier, where they supervise enlisted personnel amid extreme conditions to maintain operational effectiveness and troop resilience.^[49] In 2025, bilateral engagements highlighted this role when an Indian Subedar Major participated in discussions with an Australian Regimental Sergeant Major in New Delhi, focusing on shared leadership challenges for junior ranks and strengthening defence cooperation between the two nations.^[46] Among traditions, the Subedar Major serves as a confidential advisor to the commanding officer on enlisted morale and unit ethos, while participating in ceremonial duties such as carrying regimental colours during parades to symbolize regimental pride and historical honors.^[47] These practices reinforce the Subedar Major's status as a paternal figure and guardian of regimental standards in the Indian Army.^[50]

New Zealand

In the New Zealand Army, the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) is appointed at the rank of Warrant Officer Class 1 (WO1) and serves as the senior non-commissioned officer in individual units, such as battalions or regiments, where they maintain discipline, standards, and training for personnel typically numbering 300 to 500. These RSMs act as key advisors to unit commanders, ensuring operational readiness for deployments, particularly in the Pacific region, including missions to support stability in places like the Solomon Islands and Cook Islands. The role emphasizes a professional, volunteer force's focus on soldier welfare, integrating cultural elements like Māori tikanga (customs and protocols) into daily practices and ceremonies, such as haka performances during key events.^[51]^[52] The pinnacle of this appointment is the Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA), the most senior soldier in the force, who advises the Chief of Army on matters of training, management, and wellbeing across the entire army. Established as a dedicated senior advisory position, the SMA bridges enlisted personnel concerns with leadership, promoting interoperability with allied forces, notably through longstanding ANZAC partnerships with the Australian Army for joint exercises and operations. Appointments to RSM and SMA roles occur through merit-based selection from eligible Warrant Officer Class 2 (WO2) candidates, with the SMA specifically endorsed by the Chief of Army; for instance, WO1 Dave Alder assumed the SMA role in September 2024 after a career spanning engineering and leadership postings.^[53]^[54] Post-2020, the RSM and SMA roles have increasingly prioritized mental health and holistic wellbeing, reflecting global military trends and New Zealand's response to challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, with initiatives supporting recovery through psychological flexibility, sleep management, and cultural reconnection via tikanga Māori frameworks. This includes guiding units on identifying mental health concerns and fostering resilience among deployed personnel, aligning with the New Zealand Defence Force's broader strategies for veteran and active service member support.^[55]^[56]^[57]

Nigeria

In the Nigerian Army, the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) serves as a senior non-commissioned officer appointment at the battalion level, holding the rank of Master Warrant Officer (MWO), the highest enlisted rank. This position, adapted from British Commonwealth traditions, emphasizes leadership in a large post-colonial force structured around federal commands rather than traditional regiments. The RSM acts as the principal advisor to the commanding officer on enlisted matters, ensuring the maintenance of standards across units that often exceed 700 personnel.^[58] The primary responsibilities of the RSM include enforcing discipline, overseeing administrative functions, and managing equipment maintenance to support operational readiness. In a force engaged in diverse missions, including counter-insurgency, the RSM plays a crucial role in upholding unit cohesion and soldier welfare, particularly during extended deployments. Appointed from among senior Warrant Officer Class II (WOII) personnel, selection prioritizes demonstrated loyalty, leadership qualities, and completion of specialized training, such as promotional courses focused on regimentation and ethics.^[59]^[60] Unique traditions distinguish the Nigerian RSM, such as marching with a decorated pace stick during inspections and visits by general officers, symbolizing precision in drill and authority. The pace stick is also integral to cane and stick drills that reinforce ceremonial standards. In West African peacekeeping operations, RSMs contribute to leadership and mentorship, fostering discipline in multinational contingents under frameworks like ECOWAS.^[59]^[61] Since Nigeria's independence in 1960, the RSM role has evolved with the army's expansion from a colonial-era force to a modern entity addressing internal security challenges. Recent developments include the inaugural Regimental Sergeant Majors Convention in May 2025, which emphasized exemplary leadership, anti-corruption measures, and enhanced training to adapt to ongoing conflicts, followed by a second convention in Enugu in November 2025 focusing on mentorship and discipline. RSMs continue to advise on troop welfare in high-intensity environments, supporting the army's operational effectiveness.^[62]^[63]^[64]

Singapore

In the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) holds the rank of a senior warrant officer, typically a Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) or Senior Warrant Officer (SWO), and exercises authority over all enlisted personnel within a battalion-sized unit, which generally consists of 400 to 600 soldiers. This position serves as the pinnacle of the enlisted leadership structure, advising the commanding officer on matters of discipline, welfare, and operational readiness among both regular and national servicemen.^[65]^[66] The RSM's core responsibilities revolve around organizing and supervising drills, troop movements, and parades to maintain high standards of precision and synchronization, particularly during ceremonial events such as the SAF Day Parade and Trooping of Colours. In the national service context, where the majority of personnel are conscripts serving two years of mandatory enlistment followed by reservist obligations, the RSM enforces strict regimentation and discipline to ensure unit cohesion and combat preparedness, acting as a bridge between officers and enlisted ranks to address welfare issues and uphold core SAF values. This role is especially critical in fostering a professional environment amid the high turnover of national servicemen, with RSMs conducting workshops and assessments to standardize training outcomes across contingents.^[67]^[65]^[68] Appointments to the RSM role are merit-based, drawn from experienced senior specialists and warrant officers within the Warrant Officer and Specialist (WOSpec) Corps, who must demonstrate exceptional leadership and technical expertise. Selected candidates undergo rigorous training at the SAF Warrant Officer School (SAFWOS), part of the Specialist and Warrant Officer Institute at the SAFTI Military Institute, which delivers advanced courses on leadership, warfighting, and regimental duties; the inaugural RSM course graduated 20 warrant officers in August 1988. This meritocratic process ensures that RSMs are equipped to lead in diverse operational scenarios, with ongoing professional development through programs like the Enhanced Warrant Officers Scheme introduced in 2009 and the Warfighter Course added in 2010.^[65]^[69] Distinct to Singapore's multi-ethnic society and compact urban terrain, the RSM emphasizes discipline that promotes racial harmony by integrating soldiers from diverse backgrounds into cohesive units, while tailoring training for urban defense scenarios such as rapid mobilization in built-up areas. RSMs also lead ceremonial guards of honour for state functions, including National Day observances and official visits, symbolizing national unity and readiness.^[70]^[67] Following Singapore's independence in 1965, the RSM role evolved rapidly to align with the total defense doctrine, which encompasses military, civil, economic, social, psychological, and—since 2019—digital pillars to mobilize the entire nation against threats; early pioneers like Captain (Ret) Shamsudin bin Shadan, the first RSM of the 1st Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment in 1966, established foundational standards for national service discipline during the inaugural National Day Parade. By the 2020s, RSMs have incorporated digital administrative tools, such as integrated platforms for training management and personnel tracking, as part of the SAF's broader digital transformation, including the establishment of the Digital and Intelligence Service in 2022 to enhance operational efficiency in administrative and disciplinary functions.^[70]^[71]^[72]

In Other Nations

Ireland

In the Irish Defence Forces, known as Óglaigh na hÉireann, the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) serves as the highest non-commissioned officer rank, equivalent to OR-9, and is typically appointed at the battalion level in the Army or squadron level in the Air Corps.^[73] This role emphasizes leadership within units of approximately 300-500 personnel, focusing on upholding operational readiness for UN peacekeeping deployments and domestic security tasks, such as aid to the civil power.^[74] The RSM acts as a key advisor to the unit commander on enlisted matters, ensuring discipline, morale, and adherence to the Defence Forces' values in a neutral military context.^[74] Appointment to the RSM position involves selection from experienced senior sergeants, based on merit, leadership qualifications, and prior service, including completion of advanced military training courses.^[75] For instance, Regimental Sergeant Major Keith Caffrey, appointed as the inaugural Defence Forces Sergeant Major in April 2019, exemplifies this process; with 25 years of service starting in 1994, including multiple UN peacekeeping tours in Lebanon, Liberia, and Kosovo, he was chosen for his expertise in crisis management and operational leadership.^[75] Distinct to Ireland's neutral stance, the RSM plays a vital role in advising on enlisted welfare and cohesion within Óglaigh na hÉireann, supporting the force's commitment to impartial UN missions while navigating domestic and international security challenges.^[74] This includes facilitating training exchanges that respect neutrality, such as the March 2022 visit by NATO's Allied Command Operations Command Senior Enlisted Leader to the Irish Defence Forces, which focused on professional development and shared peacekeeping best practices without alliance membership.^[76] Irish RSM traditions incorporate cultural elements like St. Patrick's Day parades, often held by units during overseas deployments to foster esprit de corps, as demonstrated by the 2014 Irish contingent's military parade in the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) mission area.^[77]

United States

In the United States military, the regimental sergeant major (RSM) originated as a formal rank within the U.S. Army during World War I, introduced in 1917 as the senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) position in regiments to manage enlisted personnel amid rapid expansion.^[78] This rank, designated as pay grade 12(a), assisted regimental adjutants with administrative tasks such as maintaining rosters, forming details, and addressing enlisted matters, while enforcing discipline and standards within the unit.^[79] The role drew from British military traditions, reflecting early U.S. adoption of Commonwealth structures during the war.^[80] Following the war, the Army reorganized its enlisted structure under the National Defense Act of 1920, which consolidated multiple sergeant major variants—including the regimental sergeant major—into a simplified seven-grade system, effectively phasing out the specific RSM rank by the early 1920s.^[81] Today, the U.S. Army lacks a formal RSM rank or dedicated billet at the regimental level; instead, regiments employ command sergeant majors (E-9 pay grade) as senior enlisted advisors, with responsibilities distributed across battalion and brigade levels.^[82] In contrast, the United States Marine Corps maintains the RSM as a prestigious billet rather than a distinct rank, assigned to a sergeant major (E-9) serving as the principal enlisted advisor to the regimental commander.^[83] This position, formalized with the reintroduction of the sergeant major rank in 1954, focuses on advising on enlisted welfare, morale, discipline, and training, while coordinating with subordinate unit leaders to ensure operational readiness across the regiment's approximately 3,000 personnel.^[84] For instance, the RSM in an infantry regiment like the 7th Marines oversees standards in expeditionary environments, emphasizing the Corps' amphibious and rapid-response doctrine.^[83] Appointments to USMC RSM billets occur through the Marine Corps' centralized slating process, selecting experienced sergeant majors based on combat and leadership experience.^[85] Since the 1950s, these billets have emphasized advisory functions over direct command, supporting the Commandant's vision for enlisted professionalism in modern warfare.^[84]

References

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Rank Structure - The British Army
... British Army. A Regimental Sergeant Major, who is a WO1, is the senior advisor to the Commanding Officer. They are responsible for leadership, discipline ...
[2]
British Army ranks | National Army Museum
British Army ranks. A soldier's rank indicates his position in the military ... Appointments include conductor and regimental sergeant major. WO1's rank ...
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Defining the Role of the Regimental Sergeant Major | The Cove
Feb 24, 2021 · The RSM's role is to ensure all ranks receive the key information released by the Army's senior leadership, and that they understand it – in soldier speak.
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Regimental Sergeants Major (RSM)
The Regimental Sergeant Major (R.S.M.) is the senior non-commissioned soldier in an infantry battalion. During the First World War, this appointment was ...
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[PDF] Soldier Information Handbook - Canada.ca
The Regimental Sergeant Major. Who is this? The Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM), normally a Chief. Warrant Officer, is the CO's right hand and partner, and.
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Ranks | Australian Army
Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A). The senior Warrant Officer in the Australian Army holds the appointment of Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army.
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The Spanish -- myArmoury.com
... Century, and it was from this that the 16th Century Spanish army sprang. The ... A Tercio was commanded by a Maestre de Campo, assisted by a "Sargente Mayor ...
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(PDF) Spanish Infantry of the Early Peninsular War - Academia.edu
Sargento mayor did not mean the NCO rank of sergeant major but was a of ... relic of the 16th century when he was the second in command of a Tercio ...
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History of the Sergeant Major - NCO Historical Society
Jul 20, 2020 · The long history of the sergeant major can be traced back to the fifteenth century. Some may argue that the early French and English sergeant ...
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Philip Skippon - The Battlefields Trust
When the New Model Army was formed in December he was appointed its Sergeant-Major General. He was badly wounded at Naseby on 14 June 1645 and did not serve ...Missing: British | Show results with:British
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The rank of "Sergeant Major" had no formal existence, but numerous references to them ... His life, and the history of the British regiment in which he served, ...
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British army ranks during the Great War - The Long, Long Trail
Warrant Officer Class I: the rank from which a man may typically be appointed to Regimental Sergeant Major . A group of soldiers. Authors collection. Most of ...
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History of the RSM's badge, WO1 and WO2
Warrant Officers can be addressed as “Sergeant Major” only if they hold a Sergeant Major appointment, e.g. Company Sergeant Major (CSM), Squadron SM, Battery SM ...
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None
Below is a merged summary of the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) and Warrant Officer 1 (WO1) uniform, insignia, pace stick, belts, sashes, and sidearms in dress uniforms, consolidating all information from the provided segments. To maximize detail and clarity, I’ve organized the information into tables where applicable, followed by additional narrative details for items not easily tabularized. The response retains all mentioned specifics while avoiding redundancy.
[16]
Pace Sticking: What Is It Really All About? - Forces News
Jun 11, 2021 · The pace stick itself looks like a giant compass and dates back to Roman times when it was used to mark out the distance of straight Roman roads.
[17]
What is Trooping the Colour? - The British Army
Jun 14, 2023 · The Regimental Sergeant Major passes the Colour to the Ensign who places it in his white Colour Belt and turns about to face the Escort. The ' ...
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Precision on parade at All Arms International Pace Sticking ...
Jun 20, 2025 · A pace stick is the instrument carried by Drill Sergeants and Regimental Sergeant Majors when on parade. ... Today, the pace stick plays a crucial ...Missing: duties | Show results with:duties
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Chapter 9 Battalion ceremonial - Canada.ca
May 7, 2024 · The majors take the Colours from the escort and place them on the drums, the Regimental Colour first and the Queen's Colour on top. The Colours ...
[20]
[PDF] THE CANADIAN FORCES MANUAL OF DRILL AND CEREMONIAL
Drill is still used routinely to move troops in an orderly and efficient manner. It also forms the basis of the precise manoeuvres used in military displays and ...
[21]
Royal Wedding's Sergeant Major receives historic insignia - GOV.UK
Apr 28, 2011 · It incorporates the Royal Coat of Arms worn by selected Warrant Officers Class 1 of The Household Division, placed over four chevrons sewn in ...
[22]
[PDF] Links to Queen's Regulations for navy and army, and ... - GOV.UK
The Regimental Sergeant-Major draws his sword during the ceremony, the only occasion on which he does so. This is in order that he may pay full honour when.
[23]
[PDF] Insights from Regimental Sergeant Majors | The Cove
I will diligently discharge my duty to maintain the standards of the Army. ... This includes items such as morning roll call parades, use of footpaths, dress in ...
[24]
RSM - SERVE
1. Responsible to the CO for maintaining the British Army's Core Values and Standards and the Army's Code of Conduct and Ethos amongst ORs and recruits. 2.
[25]
Army's top soldier appeals to personnel to seek help in cost of living ...
Nov 24, 2022 · WO1 Carney has served as the Army Sergeant Major, the most senior warrant officer and member of the other ranks in the British Army, since 2021.
[26]
Diversity and inclusion | The British Army
Every unit in the British Army has a trained D&I advisor who ensures that their unit has an inclusive culture and assists the commanding officer in supporting ...Missing: Sergeant | Show results with:Sergeant
[27]
[PDF] Warrant Officers in the British Armed Forces
... warrant officer rank, until the British Army and Royal Marines elevated a number of Sergeant-Majors and other ranks to the military grade of warrant officer ...
[28]
[PDF] Review Body on Armed Forces Pay - GOV.UK
Additionally we have seen the effect of the Government's decision to reduce and stage the 1992 recommendations for two star officers and above of the then Top ...
[29]
Australian and New Zealand armies sign Plan Anzac - Defence
Apr 18, 2023 · “Plan ANZAC builds on our significant history of partnership by strengthening our Army-to-Army relationships, enhancing interoperability ...
[30]
Army welcomes 11th Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army
Jul 3, 2018 · The position of the Regimental Sergeant Major of Army was first established in 1983. The holder of this office is the only person in the ...
[31]
Australians in the War in Afghanistan 2001 to 2021 - Anzac Portal
Oct 2, 2025 · Australia's main objective was to support the US-led coalition's efforts to combat terrorism and help stabilise and reconstruct Afghanistan.
[32]
The Centre for Australian Army Leadership | The Cove
CAAL is responsible for delivering the Australian Army Leadership Program (AALP) across all promotion courses. Visit the RMC-A DPN page and find the CAAL ...
[33]
Top military leadership from Kazakhstan and Australia hold High ...
Aug 12, 2025 · ... Australian Army interacted with Subedar Major Gopa Kumar S. The duo held discussions on the role of junior leaders, challenges faced with ...Missing: RSM interaction counterparts
[34]
Additional 2025 Canadian Army Commanding Officer, Chief Warrant ...
Sep 1, 2025 · Additional 2025 Canadian Army Commanding Officer, Chief Warrant Officer, and Regimental Sergeant Major Appointments Announced. Photo of ...
[35]
1 Wing Chief Warrant Officer - Royal Canadian Air Force - Canada.ca
Sep 12, 2025 · Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) Mark Keown joined the Canadian Armed Forces in September 2000, in North Bay, Ontario. After completing his basic ...Missing: RSM | Show results with:RSM
[36]
[PDF] Regimental Sergeant Major - Kingston - PWOR
May 13, 2018 · The RSM is the senior NCO, responsible for discipline, moral, welfare, setting drill standards, and ensuring proper conduct of NCMs.
[37]
Change in policy regarding language requirements for bilingual ...
Nov 28, 2024 · If you are employed in a bilingual region, you will have the right to be supervised and evaluated in the official language of your choice, ...
[38]
Department of National Defence Indigenous Reconciliation Program
Mar 27, 2025 · The Indigenous Reconciliation Program provides funding for work that helps build and maintain relationships between Indigenous communities and the Department ...Missing: RSM | Show results with:RSM
[39]
Regiment | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Jun 9, 2021 · A single-battalion regiment ranges in size from 300 to 1,000. Royal Canadian ... Canadian army (CA) regiments, both Regular Force and ...
[40]
14 Wing Chief Warrant Officer - Royal Canadian Air Force - Canada.ca
Oct 2, 2025 · In 2025, CWO Harper was appointed as the 14 Wing Chief Warrant Officer in Greenwood, Nova Scotia, where they will serve as the senior Non- ...Missing: RSM | Show results with:RSM
[41]
Annexes – CPO1/CWO Strategic Employment Model - Canada.ca
Jul 11, 2025 · This instruction provides direction on the selection and appointment of CPO1s/CWOs beyond the tactical employment sector.
[42]
Operation REASSURANCE - Canada.ca
Op REASSURANCE is currently the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) largest overseas mission, through which the CAF contributes to NATO deterrence and defence measures.
[43]
Canadian Army Announces 2025 Reserve Commanding Officers ...
Aug 27, 2025 · The Canadian Army has announced additional appointments for Reserve unit Commanding Officers (CO) and Regimental Sergeant Majors (RSM) as part ...
[44]
What is a Subedar-Major? - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute
Dec 20, 2021 · Subedar Major is the senior-most rank of junior commissioned officer in the Indian and Pakistani Armies, formerly known as the Viceroy's commissioned officer.Post Independence · Indian Army · Pakistan Army
[45]
Ojit Singh is Army's 1st Command Subedar Major, to ... - ThePrint
Jun 5, 2025 · “The appointment followed a rigorous interview process personally overseen by the previous Army commander. The Infantry Directorate (Inf-6) ...
[46]
https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/indian-subedar-major-australian-regimental-sergeant-major-discuss-junior-511
[47]
Indian Subedar Major and Australian RSM Discuss Junior ...
Aug 12, 2025 · Indian and Australian Army leaders exchange insights on junior leadership and troop challenges during Lt Gen Simon Stuart's visit to India.Missing: counterparts | Show results with:counterparts
[48]
Subedar Major Sahab: Duties, Power & Why Soldiers Respect Them
Aug 24, 2025 · Their responsibilities span leadership, discipline enforcement, administrative support, and cultural preservation, making them an indispensable ...
[49]
Why class based regiments have survived test of time in Indian Army
Jul 23, 2022 · In the years following Independence, although some mixed class regiments were formed, the infantry remained largely caste and community based.<|separator|>
[50]
Subedar Major Bana Singh: The Living Legend of Siachen and ...
Jun 26, 2025 · Naib Subedar Bana Singh volunteered to be a member of a task force constituted in June 1987 to clear an intrusion by an adversary in the Siachen ...
[51]
Indian Army: Colours and Standards - CRW Flags
Oct 28, 2007 · Regimental Colours/Standards shall not be worshipped or used for oath-taking or similar purposes. However, on attestation parades these may be ...
[52]
NZDF throws weight into Cook Islands infrastructure work
Sep 23, 2025 · The full team of New Zealand Army engineers and support staff has arrived on the small island of Ma'uke in the Cook Islands, where they will ...Missing: RSM | Show results with:RSM
[53]
OPERATION SOLOMON ISLANDS ASSISTANCE - Issuu
The NZDF initially deployed elements of the High Readiness Task Unit and HQ DJIATF, alongside the ADF's Ready Combat Team, in November 2021. Advertisement. Once ...
[54]
Warrant Officer Class One Dave Alder appointed Sergeant ... - NZDF
Sep 4, 2024 · Warrant Officer Class One Dave Alder has today assumed his new responsibilities as the 17th Sergeant Major of Ngāti Tūmatauenga the New Zealand Army.
[55]
Episode 28 - SMA Wiremu Moffitt (NZ Army) and SMA Grant ...
In this special ANZAC day episode, we are delighted to talk to Sergeant Major of the New Zealand Army Wiremu Moffitt, and his counterpart Sergeant Major of the ...
[56]
Narratives of holistic mental health recovery in New Zealand ...
Aug 29, 2023 · This study reports a diverse range of factors that together supported the mental health recovery of active duty members of the New Zealand military.Missing: RSM | Show results with:RSM
[57]
[PDF] Protecting and improving mental health and wellbeing in the ...
A guide for the leaders in NZDF was developed to support them in their roles. The guide covers: > understanding/identifying mental health concerns. > strategies ...Missing: RSM 2020
[58]
[PDF] Kia Eke - NZDF
• Tikanga Māori (Māori customs, ... We will also develop strong partnerships with Māori that achieve great outcomes for the New Zealand Defence Force,. Māori, New ...
[59]
Nigerian Army ranks, symbols, and salaries: Top facts and details
Aug 3, 2022 · A Warrant Officer is an assistant to the Master Sergeant. Master Warrant Officer/Master Sergeant - These Nigerian Army officers rank highest ...
[60]
Military Ranks of the Nigerian Armed Forces - The History ... - Dawodu
The "Major" became the regimental staff officer while the "Sergeant-Major" continued in the role of "Head Sergeant" over enlisted men as it remains to this ...
[61]
Tradition, Custom and Ethics of The Nigerian Army | PDF - Scribd
Rating 5.0 (3) tradition in the NA to keep and maintain Magajiya. They serve as link to the. Commanding Officer through the Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM). They mobilize ...
[62]
Nigerian Army conducts warrant officers' promotional training in Enugu
Oct 19, 2025 · The training involves master warrant officers preparing for promotion to the rank of Nigerian Army warrant officer. Tags: Major-General Adewale ...
[63]
Army chief inaugurates residence of peace-keeping centre, RSM's ...
Oct 26, 2024 · Mr Lagbaja emphasised that RSMs remained the custodians of regimentation in the Nigerian Army who play vital role in providing leadership ...
[64]
Week-long Nigerian Army Inaugural Regimental Sergeant Major ...
May 31, 2025 · Week-long Nigerian Army Inaugural Regimental Sergeant Major Convention Ends At 3 Division, COAS Calls For Exemplary Leadership. May 31, 2025 ...
[65]
Build trust with Nigerians - COAS tasks Regimental Sergeant Majors
May 28, 2024 · The Chief of Army Staff (COAS), Lieutenant General Taoreed Lagbaja, has charged Regimental Sergeant Majors (RSM) of the Nigerian Army to inspire
[66]
LEADERS AT EVERY LEVEL
In this amalgamated role, they train the rank and file; enforce regimentation and discipline among soldiers; lead and manage as well as deepen the skills and ...
[67]
SAF Honours its Best Units | Ministry of Defence - MINDEF Singapore
Jun 28, 2025 · In total, 18 active units and 12 National Service (NS) units are recognised for their outstanding achievements in their respective ...
[68]
PREPARING THE PARADE FOR SAF'S DIAMOND JUBILEE
SAF Day Parade Commander LTC Shew Narian and Parade Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) ME4 Lee Han Seng share how they and the parade participants have been hard ...
[69]
MINDEF, SAF PERSONNEL AWARDED COMMENDATIONS
When Operationally-Ready National Servicemen from 282nd Battalion, Singapore Artillery (282 SA) attend In-Camp Training (ICT) each year, Regimental Sergeant ...<|separator|>
[70]
Specialist and Warrant Officer Institute - SAFTI Military Institute
The Specialist and Warrant Officer Institute (SWI) is the home of the WOSpecs Corps, encapsulating their core values, image, cultural heritage and pride.
[71]
REMEMBERING OUR PIONEERS: A DISCIPLINED LIFE
... SAF pioneers, we talk to Captain (Ret) Shamsudin bin Shadan. The 83-year-old is remembered for being a strict disciplinarian, the Regimental Sergeant Major ...
[72]
Digital Defence
About Total Defence ... While the digital revolution presents opportunities for Singapore, it also makes us vulnerable to threats from the digital domain.Missing: warrant officer SAF
[73]
Updates to the Establishment of the Digital and Intelligence Service
Jun 30, 2022 · The establishment of the DOTC will equip the SAF with a quick response force to meet new operational requirements on the digital frontier and ...
[74]
None
### Summary of Ranks and Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) in the Irish Defence Forces
[75]
[PDF] Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine
All members should live by the volunteer ethos and defend, protect and support the Irish people and State. Defence Forces leadership consists of all ranks.
[76]
None
### Biography, Responsibilities, and Appointment Details of RSM Keith Caffrey
[77]
ACO CSEL visits Irish Defence Forces - nato shape
Mar 2, 2022 · Command Sergeant Major (CSM) Siim Saliste visited the Óglaigh na hÉireann (Irish Defence Forces) on March 1, 2022.
[78]
IRECON Military Parade: St Patrick's Day and Medal Parade - UNDOF
Mar 19, 2014 · ... Irish Defence Forces stood tall and proud in a military parade in Camp Faour. The parade served two purposes; to honor St Patrick's Day and ...<|separator|>
[79]
US Army Enlisted Rank Insignia of World War I 1917-1920
As an example, in 1917 the grade of regimental sergeant major was numbered "12(a)," quartermaster sergeant senior grade was "12(b)," hospital sergeant was "12( ...
[80]
Regimental Sergeant's Major - The History of the U.S. Second Cavalry
Dec 11, 2005 · The Sergeant Major served as the assistant to the Regimental Adjutant. He kept rosters, formed details, and handled matters concerning the ...
[81]
[PDF] The Sergeants Major of the Army - GovInfo
The Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA) is the premier NCO, advising the Chief of Staff on enlisted matters, and is one of the nation's senior soldiers.
[82]
Enlisted Grade Structure and the Army Reorganization Act of 1920
(a) Sergeant Major, Regimental; Sergeant Major, Senior Grade, Coast Art. (b) Quartermaster Sergeant, Senior Grade, QMC; Master Hospital Sergeant, Medical.<|control11|><|separator|>
[83]
https://www.1stmardiv.marines.mil/Leaders/Biography/Article/542834/sergeant-major-lane/
[84]
Marine Corps Ranks
SERGEANT MAJOR – serves as the principal enlisted advisor for a senior Marine commander, making high level strategic decisions that impact the entire Marine ...
[85]
History - Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
The post of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps was established in 1957 as the senior enlisted advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corps. It was the first ...
[86]
Sergeant Major Lane - Biography - 1st Marine Division
In March 2014, SgtMaj Lane was reassigned to 7th Marine Regiment, where he currently serves as the Regimental Sergeant Major. His personal awards include ...
[87]
sergeants major assignments to high visibility billets - Marines.mil
Aug 31, 2017 · The MMEA Sergeant Major (SgtMaj) will publish billet vacancies as required and compile a list of all eligible candidates to be routed to all ...