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Major

The Rt Hon Sir KG CH (born 29 March 1943) is a politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1990 to May 1997 and as Leader of the from 1990 to 1997, succeeding after her resignation amid internal party divisions. Born in , , Major left school at 16 without attending university, entered politics via in , and rose rapidly through ministerial ranks to become an in 1979, in 1989, and later that year. His premiership featured the unexpected 1992 general election victory, which delivered the highest popular vote total in history, alongside policies such as replacing the with and establishing the National Lottery. Major's government committed British forces to the coalition in 1991, survived an mortar attack on that year, and initiated the through direct engagement with Irish nationalists, laying groundwork for later accords. On European integration, he secured opt-outs from key provisions, including the single currency and social chapter, amid fierce infighting that fueled . Economically, the administration faced the 1992 Exchange Rate Mechanism crisis—known as —when speculative attacks forced the pound's devaluation and exit from the system, a politically humiliating event that eroded public trust but enabled currency flexibility and underpinned Britain's longest streak of continuous growth thereafter. The term also saw scandals dubbed " sleaze" involving ministerial misconduct, contributing to the Conservatives' defeat in 1997. Post-office, Major has focused on governance, charitable work, and advisory roles, including as a special to Princes William and Harry.

Etymology

Origin and linguistic evolution

The word major derives from Latin maior, an irregular comparative form of magnus ("great" or "large"), denoting something greater in size, extent, or importance. This root entered Middle English around 1300 directly as a borrowing, initially functioning adjectivally to indicate comparative superiority or precedence, as in legal or descriptive contexts emphasizing hierarchical distinction over mere scale. The term's adoption reflected Latin's influence on English through ecclesiastical, scholarly, and administrative texts, where it preserved a sense of relative magnitude grounded in observable differences in authority or capacity rather than abstract symbolism. In military usage, major first appeared in English during the mid-16th century, specifically in the compound "," designating the senior responsible for and in a — a role that embodied causal command hierarchies essential to battlefield efficacy. This application, emerging around the 1570s amid the professionalization of standing armies in , underscored the word's shift toward denoting practical leadership precedence, as the coordinated subunits under higher officers, prioritizing operational control over titular status. Historical records from English forces, such as those in the , illustrate this as an adaptation of continental practices, where the term highlighted the "greater" sergeant's role in maintaining unit cohesion during conflicts like the Anglo-Spanish wars. By the early 17th century, major had broadened semantically to encompass general comparative superiority in non-military domains, such as administrative or scholarly comparisons of scale and import, evidenced in texts like legal treatises and mercantile ledgers that invoked it for denoting principal over subsidiary elements. This evolution maintained fidelity to its Latin progenitor's emphasis on empirical gradation—greater responsibility or extent—without dilution into egalitarian reinterpretations, as seen in period writings that applied it to precedence in guilds or estates, reinforcing causal structures of decision-making and resource allocation.

Military and hierarchical uses

Officer rank

In military hierarchies, the of designates a field-grade position, corresponding to code O-4 (OF-3 in some classifications), situated above and below . Majors assume responsibilities such as serving as battalion executive officers, staff specialists, or commanders in specialized units, overseeing and execution for formations typically numbering 100 to 800 personnel, which demands proficiency in , tactics, and subordinate leadership to maintain under conditions. This emerged in European armies during the late , evolving from the —derived from the Latin maior meaning "greater" or "senior"—who acted as the chief administrative in , a role formalized amid the of standing armies following the transition from feudal levies to regimented forces. By the , had separated into a commissioned grade focused on tactical oversight, reflecting causal necessities for intermediate command layers to bridge regimental colonels and in expanding armies. The adopted the rank in 1775 with the formation of the Continental Army, where majors filled regimental staff roles and led detachments in early campaigns, enabling decentralized decision-making that proved critical for adapting to against superior British forces. For instance, majors coordinated company maneuvers at pivotal engagements like the 1777 , where effective mid-level execution of flanking and supply operations contributed to the encirclement of British General John Burgoyne's army, yielding a surrender of over 5,000 troops and shifting the war's strategic momentum through demonstrated tactical efficacy rather than numerical parity. Promotion to major in the U.S. requires captains to accrue at least 10 years of total service and 3–6 years in grade, with selection boards assessing performance evaluations, command experience, and educational qualifications like completion of the Command and General Staff Officer Course, prioritizing empirical indicators of leadership competence over tenure alone. Across allies, equivalents persist with minor variations; in the , majors command sub-s or serve on staffs, with entry-level pay set at £53,975 annually as of 2025 scales, adjusted for service length and supplemented by allowances for operational deployments. These structures underscore majors' role in causal chains of command efficacy, where deficiencies in this tier—such as inadequate or poor selection—have historically amplified failures in battles by disrupting , as evidenced in analyses of 18th-century linear tactics where major-level lapses led to routs despite higher echelons' plans.

Comparative status in organizations

In corporate governance, a major shareholder is defined as an individual, entity, or affiliate holding a substantial , often 5% or more of shares, which triggers regulatory disclosures and grants disproportionate influence over board elections, mergers, and compared to minor shareholders with fragmented or negligible power. This threshold reflects causal dynamics of control, where concentrated enables veto or directive authority, as seen in U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules mandating Schedule 13D filings for such holders to prevent undetected accumulations that could subvert minority interests. Variations exist by jurisdiction; for example, specifies major shareholders as those with significant unincorporated or corporate interests impacting oversight. Empirical evidence from shows major holders correlating with higher returns on influence, such as forcing strategic pivots in underperforming firms, underscoring their elevated status in decision hierarchies. In governmental and nonprofit organizations, "" denotes positions or policies entailing broad authority over resource allocation and strategic direction, contrasting with minor roles confined to implementation. For instance, U.S. states like designate major policymaking positions—such as agency heads or advisors shaping fiscal or regulatory outcomes—as requiring public financial interest statements to mitigate conflicts, a requirement absent for lower-tier staff. Federally, the limits administrative agencies from unilaterally resolving issues of "vast economic and political significance," such as environmental regulations affecting trillions in compliance costs, reserving such status for congressional action to preserve democratic accountability over bureaucratic overreach. In NGOs, analogous hierarchies prioritize major donors or board principals who dictate programmatic shifts, with data from policy analyses indicating their input drives 70-80% of funding-aligned outcomes in issue advocacy groups, prioritizing causal impact over distributed input. This structure enforces realism in power distribution, where major status correlates with enforceable leverage rather than nominal .

Academic and educational uses

Field of study

An constitutes a structured concentration of within a specific , comprising the core of a program and emphasizing in-depth mastery of foundational and advanced concepts to foster expertise. , where the system originated in the early amid shifts toward elective curricula in universities, a major typically demands to semester credits dedicated to the field, out of 120 total credits required for . This enables causal linkages between focused and practical competencies, as students progress from general to specialized requirements, including core mandatory courses, restricted electives, and culminating projects like theses or internships. Students generally declare a major by the conclusion of their sophomore year, permitting initial exploration of disciplines before committing to rigorous sequences that build sequential knowledge. Declaration often hinges on prerequisite performance, ensuring readiness for advanced material, and aligns coursework with career-oriented outcomes, such as laboratory training in sciences or quantitative modeling in economics. Data from labor statistics underscore the empirical advantages of : among 25- to 29-year-olds with bachelor's degrees in 2018, those in fields exhibited median annual earnings of $60,800, surpassing the $50,600 average for all majors, alongside lower rates. Engineering majors, in particular, demonstrate strong correlations with innovative outputs; research indicates that education policies enhancing scientific directly boost filings among graduates, reflecting deeper causal impacts on technological advancement than diffuse curricula. Critiques of overspecialization, such as claims it impedes holistic problem-solving, persist but lack robust counter-evidence against specialization's benefits in and ; for instance, while narrow focus may overlook interdisciplinary connections, labor market outcomes and metrics affirm that targeted majors yield measurable gains in expertise-driven roles over generalized approaches.

Classification of degrees

In medieval European universities, degree awards derived from mastery of the trivium (grammar, logic, rhetoric) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy), granting bachelor-level recognition after 3-4 years of foundational study without graded classifications, prioritizing holistic competence over ranked performance. This evolved in the 19th century with UK institutions like Oxford and Cambridge adopting honours systems post-1800s reforms, introducing class-based rankings via final examinations to meritocratically distinguish graduates, as full classification standardization occurred after 1918, linking higher awards to enhanced professional prospects through verifiable achievement metrics. Contemporary honours degrees classify performance with first-class requiring an average of 70% or above, upper second-class (often termed 2:1) 60-69%, lower second-class (2:2) 50-59%, and third-class 40-49% or above, where "" or single honours denotes intensive focus on one discipline—typically comprising 75% or more of credits—to cultivate specialized depth critical for or vocational roles, contrasting joint honours that split credits and may dilute expertise. These thresholds, calculated across weighted modules, enforce by rewarding empirical demonstration of mastery, with upper classifications correlating to superior due to rigorous of causal competencies like analytical rigor. In North American contexts, or majors require satisfying distinct departmental criteria within a single degree, feasible in standard 4-year timelines via credit overlaps but often extending to 4.5-5 years for unrelated fields owing to added coursework loads of 30-60 extra . Empirical analyses reveal majors—pursued by approximately 20% of graduates—yield higher lifetime earnings (up to 10% premium for complementary pairings like and ) and greater satisfaction via broadened skills, though non-overlapping combinations risk shallower per-field proficiency, underscoring trade-offs in depth versatility for long-term professional outcomes. Such multi-major paths, when aligned with market demands, reinforce classifications' role in signaling adaptable merit to employers.

Music and theoretical uses

Major scale and intervals

The major scale comprises seven distinct pitches arranged in the ascending interval pattern of two whole steps, one half step, two whole steps, and one half step, equivalent to semitone distances of 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, and 1, summing to the 12 semitones of an . This structure defines the scale's characteristic intervals from the : (2 semitones), (4 semitones), (5 semitones), (7 semitones), (9 semitones), and (11 semitones). The and fourth derive from the and 4:3 frequency ratios, respectively, which minimize auditory roughness due to aligned partials in the harmonic series. In , the major scale approximates pure acoustic ratios centered on small integers for maximal consonance: 1:1 (tonic to tonic), 9:8 (), 5:4 (), 4:3 (), 3:2 (), 5:3 (), 15:8 (), and 2:1 (). These ratios emerge from the overtone series, where simpler proportions like 5:4 for the reduce amplitude beating between harmonics, yielding perceptual stability over equal-tempered approximations that introduce systematic detuning. Psychoacoustic research confirms that such low-integer ratios enhance consonance by promoting harmonic fusion and periodicity detection in the , independent of cultural exposure. This configuration traces to ancient Western tuning practices, where formalized the through successive 3:2 fifths, establishing the framework for modes including the Ionian (proto-major) scale used in Greek and . Empirical harmony prioritizes these physics-based intervals over subjective preference, as deviations increase dissonance measurable via and preference ratings. In contrast to the natural minor scale's (3 semitones, approximating 6:5), the major scale's elevates overall consonance, correlating with brighter timbral perception through reduced sensory dissonance in formations.

Major keys and chords

A major key in Western music theory is defined by its foundation on the , with the note serving as the around which the and revolve, establishing a sense of tonal center and resolution. For instance, uses the notes C-D-E-F-G-A-B without sharps or flats, concluding typically on a to reinforce stability. This structure provides a bright, framework, contrasting with minor keys' perceived somber quality, as evidenced by psychoacoustic studies linking major tonalities to positive emotional responses through aligned overtones. Major keys exhibit structural stability due to their diatonic intervals, which facilitate cadential progressions like the dominant-to-tonic (V-I), creating cycles of tension and release central to progression. Empirical analyses of listener responses confirm a measurable preference for -key music, with participants rating it higher in pleasantness and arousal compared to modes, attributable to the major triad's closer approximation to the series via decomposition of partials. This consonance arises from the major chord's intervals—root to (four semitones) and root to (seven semitones)—yielding beating patterns that minimize dissonance in . In Western classical repertoires, keys predominate in triumphant or affirmative contexts, as in Beethoven's No. 1 in C , Op. 21 (premiered 1800), where the opening Allegro vivace establishes exuberant resolve, or the Ninth Symphony's final movement shifting to for choral victory. The major triad, comprising , , and (e.g., C-E-G), forms the foundational of major keys, generating perceived uplift through its spectral alignment with natural instrument timbres, as quantified in acoustic analyses showing reduced relative to triads. Cultural prevalence stems from this inherent stability, with corpus-based reviews indicating major-mode selections in over 70% of analyzed Western art music segments for evoking , countering subjective relativism with objective perceptual data from controlled experiments. Beethoven's exemplars, such as the Seventh in (1813), leverage these chords for rhythmic drive and heroic closure, underscoring causal links between harmonic structure and emotional causality in .

Geographical uses

Settlements and regions

Major County, located in northwestern , , is a rural region established on November 16, 1907, from portions of Woods and Woodward counties in former . Named for John C. Major, an early settler and participant in the Cheyenne-Arapaho land openings, the county spans 952 square miles and features a landscape suited to wheat farming and livestock ranching, which drove initial settlement following statehood and federal land allotments. The , Fairview, was designated at formation and confirmed by election in 1908, serving as the administrative and commercial hub for dispersed agricultural communities. Population in Major County reached a peak of 15,248 in 1910, reflecting influxes from booms tied to fertile plains and railroad access via the line, but declined sharply to 12,426 by 1920 amid agricultural consolidation and outmigration during the era. By the 2020 census, residents numbered 7,782, with an estimated 7,671 in 2025, concentrated in small towns like Fairview (population 2,493 in 2020) and Seiling, where economies persist around grain production and limited oil extraction. Settlement patterns emphasize family farms and cooperatives, with no major urban centers; the area's isolation from larger metros like contributed to steady depopulation post-1920s. Other minor settlements bearing the name Major include scattered hamlets in countries such as and , often rural locales with populations under 100, though documentation is limited to local gazetteers without significant historical or economic prominence. In non-English contexts, variants like Rio Maior in Portugal's —a of 21,192 residents across 273 square kilometers established around ancient production sites—reflect etymological ties to "major" (maiior in Latin/ for greater), but derive from riverine rather than direct English naming. These instances underscore how "Major" as a toponym typically arises from personal surnames or descriptive scales in pioneer naming conventions, absent large-scale urban development.

Natural landmarks

The , situated in , , , represents a prominent natural tree landmark. This pedunculate oak () is estimated to be 800 to 1,000 years old, with age derived from historical girth data and an average radial growth rate of 1.13 cm per year, supported by dendrochronological methods. Girth measurements document its expansion: 8.33 meters in 1790, 10.59 meters in 1990, and 10.66 meters at 0.90 meters height in 2006, indicating sustained biological vitality despite its pollarded form. The tree weighs approximately 23 tons, underscoring its massive scale. Verified as alive and structurally supported through ongoing monitoring, it holds designation as a Tree of National Special Interest and Heritage Tree, with field assessments by the Ancient Tree Hunt Team confirming its ancient status in 2006. Empirical records show no abrupt decline, attributing longevity to the species' resilience in temperate woodland conditions.

Biological uses

Plant species and varieties

Plantago major, commonly known as broadleaf plantain or greater plantain, is a perennial herbaceous species in the family, characterized by a basal of broad, ovate leaves with prominent parallel veins and erect spikes of small, greenish flowers. Native to , it has been introduced globally and thrives in disturbed soils, lawns, and agricultural fields, often exhibiting rapid colonization via wind-dispersed seeds. Herbaria records confirm its presence across temperate regions, with growth habits including tolerance to compaction and drought once established. As an agricultural , it infests 26 crops including , corn, oats, and , potentially reducing yields by competing for resources, though empirical data from field studies show variable impacts depending on density and management. Astrantia major, or great masterwort, belongs to the family and is a clump-forming native to , extending to the northern , with pinnate leaves and umbel-like inflorescences of bracted flowers in shades of pink, white, or green. It prefers moist, humus-rich soils in partial shade, reaching heights of up to 90 cm, and is valued in for its ornamental qualities and attraction, with verified distributions in taxonomic databases. Unlike more aggressive weeds, its yields stable stands in settings, supported by extension trials noting resilience to typical temperate conditions without significant pest issues. Fothergilla major, a in the Hamamelidaceae family also known as large witch-alder, originates from the , featuring bottlebrush-like spikes of white flowers in and vibrant red-orange fall foliage on branches growing 1.5 to 3 meters tall. It inhabits acidic, moist woodlands and adapts to cultivated landscapes with well-drained soils, as documented in regional botanical surveys. Agronomic evaluations highlight its ornamental yield in nurseries, outperforming smaller varieties like F. gardenii in height and floral display under comparable conditions, though it requires protection from extreme winter cold in northern zones. The '' cultivar of Malus domestica, a bittersweet apple variety originating from traditional English cider orchards, produces medium-sized fruits suitable for juice extraction, with sensory profiles indicating amber-copper color, high aromatics, and balanced bitterness when fermented. It ripens mid-season and contributes to blend stability in cider production, with orchard data from specialty growers showing consistent yields in temperate climates, though less emphasized for fresh eating compared to dessert types.

Animal species and breeds

The great tit (Parus major) is a small bird in the Paridae family, measuring 14 cm in length, with a distribution spanning , the , , and parts of and . It exhibits a glossy black head with large white cheek patches, olive-green upperparts, and yellow underparts streaked with black, enabling in deciduous woodlands where it forages for , seeds, and berries. Populations remain stable across much of its range due to adaptability to human-modified habitats, though local declines occur from agricultural intensification reducing insect availability. The (Abudefduf saxatilis) is a reaching 23 cm in length, native to the western Atlantic from to , including reefs. Its body displays a silvery-green dorsum with five prominent black vertical bars and a yellowish tint ventrally, adapted for territorial defense in shallow, turbulent waters where it feeds on , , and small . The maintains abundant populations, rated Least Concern by the IUCN, with juveniles settling in beds and adults guarding spawning sites aggressively. Major Mitchell's cockatoo ( leadbeateri, also Lophochroa leadbeateri) is a medium-sized , 35-40 cm long and weighing 300-450 g, confined to inland arid and semi-arid woodlands. Distinctive features include soft pink facial and underbody plumage, white wing and tail feathers, and a large crest with red basal bands and yellow tips, observed and documented during expeditions in the . Nomadic flocks follow seasonal rainfall for seeds, grasses, and fruits, nesting in hollows of mature river red gums (). Among breeds, the (Ca de Bestiar) originates from the Balearic Island of Majorca, , developed for and guarding in rugged terrain. Males stand 66-73 cm at the and weigh 35-40 kg, with a short black coat, athletic build for agility, and natural ears and tail, emphasizing endurance over 10-14 years lifespan in working roles. The (Ca de Bou) shares the island's heritage as a medium-large molosser guard breed, historically crossed with imported mastiffs for and farm protection until the 18th century. It features a robust, rectangular frame up to 66 cm tall, brindle or fawn coat with a black mask, and strong bite force suited to deterring intruders.

Sports and competitive uses

Major tournaments and events

In professional , the four major championships—The (inaugurated in 1934), the (1916), the U.S. Open (1895), and (1860)—represent the pinnacle of competition, with winners demonstrating exceptional skill through metrics like multiple victories correlating with superior consistency under pressure. holds the second-most major titles with 15, behind only Jack Nicklaus's 18, underscoring a where repeated success in these events, often on varied terrains and conditions, reflects causal advantages in technique and mental fortitude rather than chance. Tennis's four Grand Slam tournaments—, , , and US Open—are equivalently termed majors, contested annually on different surfaces to test comprehensive athletic prowess, with leading all-time with 24 men's singles titles as of 2024, followed by (22) and (20). These events' prestige derives from their historical continuity and demanding formats, where dominance by a few players over decades evidences skill-based causation over transient factors, with total career majors serving as a primary metric of elite status. In baseball, the , established in 1903 as the annual championship between and winners, functions as Baseball's premier event, with the Yankees securing a record 27 titles, highlighting institutional prestige tied to organizational depth and player talent pipelines. In esports, the BLAST.tv Austin Major 2025 for , held offline from June 3 to 22 at Austin's , exemplifies modern major tournaments with a $1.25 million prize pool standard for such S-Tier events, drawing peak viewership exceeding 1 million concurrent streams and emphasizing team coordination metrics where top squads like achieve win rates above 70% in qualifiers. These competitions quantify economic impact through sponsorships and global audiences, reinforcing skill hierarchies via data-driven performance analytics.

Leagues and championships

(MLB) is the premier professional baseball league in the United States and , comprising 30 teams divided equally between the and . Established in 1903 through the agreement between the (founded 1876) and the upstart , MLB operates a 162-game regular season per team, culminating in the championship. The league generated a record $12.1 billion in revenue during the 2024 season, driven by media rights, ticket sales, and sponsorships, though this figure reflects uneven distribution where large-market teams like the New York Yankees and report revenues exceeding $800 million annually, compared to under $300 million for smaller-market franchises such as the . Despite revenue-sharing mechanisms redistributing about $2 billion annually to aid competitive balance, financial disparities enable high-spending teams to outbid for elite talent, contributing to payroll gaps where top teams exceed $300 million while others operate below $100 million, underscoring market-driven inequalities in player acquisition and sustained success. MLB's talent pipeline relies on affiliates and international scouting, importing players from and , though antitrust exemptions and draft rules limit smaller teams' bargaining power against wealthier rivals. Major League Soccer (MLS), the top-tier professional soccer league in , was founded in 1993 as part of the U.S. Soccer Federation's bid for the , launching its inaugural season in 1996 with 10 teams. The league has expanded aggressively, reaching 29 teams by 2024 and adding for the 2025 season to total 30, with markets spanning the U.S. and amid criticisms of oversaturation in some regions leading to variable stadium utilization. In 2024, MLS set attendance records with 11.45 million total fans and an average of 23,234 per regular-season match across 510 games, reflecting a 5% increase from 2023 and growth fueled by star signings like , though average figures mask disparities between high-draw teams like Atlanta United (over 40,000 average) and lower-attended clubs. A single-entity structure enforces salary caps and designated player rules to promote parity, yet owner investments vary widely—ranging from billionaire-backed franchises to those reliant on league subsidies—resulting in talent pipelines that develop domestic players for export to Europe while importing experienced foreigners, often at lower wages than global top tiers, which sustains competitive realism through enforced equality but limits overall athletic dominance. This model has achieved measurable success in expanding U.S. soccer participation, with youth academies producing exports like , but financial constraints hinder retention of peak talent against lucrative overseas offers.

Notable individuals

People with the surname Major

Sir , born on 29 March 1943 in , , , served as of the and Leader of the from November 1990 to May 1997. He succeeded following an internal party leadership contest and led the government through the , the negotiations on , and domestic economic policies aimed at reducing inflation via the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). Major's administration faced criticism for the 1992 crisis, when the UK withdrew from the ERM after failed attempts to defend the pound, resulting in significant financial losses estimated at £3.3 billion for the Treasury. Despite these setbacks, his government enacted reforms including the privatization of and the establishment of the National Lottery in 1993, which generated funds for good causes totaling over £50 billion by 2023. Major lost the 1997 general election to Tony Blair's , after which he retired from frontline politics but remained active in public life, critiquing subsequent policies on issues like and inequality. Other individuals with the surname Major include Alan Major (born 1968), an American college basketball coach who led the University of Louisville women's team from 2007 to 2010 before moving to other coaching roles. Alice Major (born 1949), a Scottish-born Canadian poet and writer, has published over a dozen collections exploring themes of science, language, and urban life, earning awards such as the National Magazine Gold Award for Poetry. Scott Major, an Australian actor known for roles in television series like Home and Away and Neighbours, has appeared in over 100 episodes across multiple shows since the 1990s. These figures represent diverse fields but lack the scale of political influence seen in John Major's career.

People known by the title or nickname Major

John André (1750–1780) served as a major in the during the , acting as under General Henry Clinton. He negotiated with American General to facilitate the surrender of West Point fortress, receiving detailed plans of its defenses on September 21, 1780. Disguised in civilian clothes, André was captured by three American militiamen on September 23, 1780, near , while attempting to return to British lines; the documents sewn into his boot confirmed his . A board of officers convicted him as a spy on September 29, 1780, leading to his execution by hanging on October 2, 1780, in , despite appeals for clemency from based on André's rank and conduct. Robert Rogers (1731–1795) commanded , an irregular unit of colonial scouts and raiders during the (1754–1763). Commissioned as a in 1751, he raised the company in and pioneered guerrilla tactics, including amphibious raids and winter marches against French-allied Native American forces. Promoted to major in 1758, Rogers led operations such as the 1759 raid on and authored Rogers' Rules of Ranging (circa 1757), 28 principles emphasizing reconnaissance, surprise, and adaptability that influenced later ranger and doctrines. His unit's actions disrupted French supply lines, contributing to British victories in the Lake George region, though Rogers later faced financial ruin and Loyalist service in the Revolution. John Wesley Powell (1834–1902) held the rank of major in the during the , sustaining a wound at the on April 6, 1862, that necessitated the amputation of his right forearm. Post-war, as Major Powell, he organized and led the , navigating the Green and Colorado Rivers through Utah's canyons from May 24 to August 30, 1869, with nine men in four boats; the journey mapped previously unexplored terrain, including the Grand Canyon, despite losing two boats, supplies, and three participants presumed drowned. His findings, detailed in Exploration of the Colorado River of the West (1875), informed U.S. geological surveys and highlighted arid West , shaping federal land and resource policies as director of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1881 to 1894.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters

Major Major Major Major is a central figure in Joseph Heller's 1961 novel , serving as the reluctant commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces' 256th Squadron during ; his full name, bestowed by his father as a prankish choice of "Major Major Major" before any military service, underscores the novel's theme of arbitrary , as he ascends to the rank of major via clerical error rather than merit. Orphaned early and physically unremarkable—likened in the text to actor —the character embodies evasion of authority, instituting rules to bar visitors from his office while signing documents in others' names, which amplifies the work's depiction of institutional absurdity amid combat operations. While the satire targets military rigidity, reception data indicates the novel's enduring appeal, with over 10 million copies sold globally by 2000, though analyses note its alignment with post-war disillusionment narratives that prioritize individual alienation over systemic operational achievements, such as the Allied air campaigns' documented 1944-1945 efficacy. In Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell manga (serialized 1989-1991) and its anime adaptations, Major Motoko Kusanagi functions as the field leader of Public Security Section 9, a counter-terrorism unit combating cyber threats in a near-future Japan dominated by prosthetic enhancements; as a full-conversion cyborg with only her brain retaining organic origins, she grapples with existential queries on consciousness and soul in a networked society, executing high-stakes infiltrations against hacker syndicates and rogue AIs. Her tactical prowess, including thermoptic camouflage and enhanced reflexes, drives plotlines examining transhumanism, with the 1995 animated film grossing approximately ¥1.3 billion in Japan and influencing global cyberpunk discourse. Critiques highlight the series' philosophical depth over politicized tropes, diverging from bias-prone academic framings that retroactively impose identity politics on its identity fluidity themes. Major Alex Louis Armstrong features in Hiromu Arakawa's Fullmetal Alchemist manga (2001-2010) as a State Military officer and alchemist specializing in carbon-based transmutations, renowned for his muscular physique and the "Armstrong family style" of combat alchemy passed down through generations, which he deploys in battles against homunculi and wartime foes during the Ishval Civil War arc. Portrayed as honorable yet comically vain—often flexing to affirm "the sparkling muscles of the Armstrong lineage"—he aids protagonists Edward and Alphonse Elric while confronting personal failures in conflict resolution, contributing to the series' exploration of equivalent exchange and moral ambiguity in state power. The manga sold over 80 million copies worldwide by 2020, reflecting broad empirical popularity, though its militaristic heroism contrasts with narratives in left-influenced media that reflexively undermine institutional loyalty. The serves as the primary antagonist in Kouta Hirano's (1997-2008), depicted as a regenerating officer and orchestrator of , a Nazi remnant group unleashing armies on to revel in ; his monologues exalt conflict as an end in itself, devoid of beyond destruction, culminating in a futile standoff against the . This characterization critiques through grotesque excess, with the adaptation (2001-2002) and OVA series (2006-2012) amassing fanbases evidenced by over 5 million volumes circulated, yet the work's unapologetic portrayal of Nazi villains avoids softening historical atrocities for contemporary sensitivities, resisting biases that downplay aggression in favor of .

Works in film, television, and literature

Major League (1989), a sports written and directed by , centers on the Indians baseball team assembled by an owner intending failure but achieving success, grossing $49.8 million in domestic receipts against an $11 million budget. Its commercial performance included an opening weekend of $8.8 million across 1,541 screens, contributing to two sequels and sustained fan engagement through quotable dialogue and underdog narrative. Major Payne (1995), directed by and starring as a discharged tasked with leading a lackadaisical JROTC unit, earned $29.4 million domestically with an opening weekend of $7 million on 1,989 screens. The film's legs extended to 4.19 times its debut, reflecting appeal in its blend of military discipline and family tropes. In television, (1989–1993), a CBS sitcom starring Gerald McRaney as a Marine officer navigating family life after marrying a civilian reporter, aired for four seasons and maintained consistent viewership as a Monday night staple. Major Crimes (2012–2018), a TNT procedural spin-off from focusing on a major crimes squad led by Sharon Raydor, averaged 5.18 million total viewers in its final season and exceeded 7 million in its debut, underscoring procedural drama's draw for cable audiences. Literature featuring "major" prominently includes George Bernard Shaw's (1905), a play critiquing and through a munitions heiress's daughter who joins , later adapted into a 1941 film directed by Pascal. The work's influence persists in discussions of ethical armament profiteering, though its stage origins prioritize dialogue over visual metrics.

Music compositions and albums

DJ Khaled's ninth studio album, Major Key, released on July 29, 2016, via and , debuted at number one on the chart, selling 95,000 album-equivalent units in its first week. The project features guest appearances from artists including , , , and , with lead single "" reaching number 30 on the Hot 100. Its commercial success marked Khaled's first chart-topping album after nine releases, driven by streaming and physical sales in a compilation format. In hip-hop, rapper Young Dolph released the single "Major" featuring Key Glock on August 31, 2018, as part of his independent output via Paper Route Empire. The track, produced with trap beats emphasizing street resilience themes, garnered over 20 million YouTube views by 2023, reflecting grassroots streaming traction without major label promotion or Billboard Hot 100 entry. Within the Vocaloid community, producer InsanityNikoru released the original song "Major" on December 19, 2016, utilizing Megpoid GUMI's English voicebank for a narrative-driven electronic track about battlefield awakening and urgency. Hosted initially on platforms like SoundCloud and NicoNico, it remains a niche fan favorite in Vocaloid circles, with lyrics evoking military motifs but lacking mainstream chart data or awards due to its independent, subculture origins.

Miscellaneous uses

Adjective applications in law and business

In legal contexts, "major" refers to the age of , the at which an individual acquires full legal capacity to act independently, typically 18 years in most U.S. jurisdictions, enabling the formation of enforceable contracts, , and liability for obligations without parental oversight. This status terminates minority protections, such as voidable contracts entered as a minor, and imposes adult responsibilities like testamentary capacity. Exceptions persist, with and setting the age at 19, reflecting state-specific statutes balancing and protection. Concepts of majority trace partial roots to , where males attained full adulthood at 25, though paternal authority often extended control beyond puberty-based capacities at 14. In contract disputes, "major" distinguishes material breaches—substantial failures defeating the 's essential purpose, permitting rescission, termination, and full —from breaches, which involve technical non-compliance allowing periods and limited remedies like partial compensation. breaches, by undermining core performance, escalate to litigation more frequently, as they justify non-performance by the aggrieved party and trigger expectations of complete relief under doctrines like substantial performance. Courts assess via factors including the breach's timing, willfulness, and deprivation of expected benefits, with empirical patterns showing material violations correlating to higher termination rates and award values in commercial cases. Business applications of "major" emphasize scale and regulatory triggers, such as major shareholdings where U.S. rules mandate disclosure for exceeding 5% of a public issuer's voting class, amended in 2023 to require initial Schedule 13D filings within five business days to curb risks and enhance transparency. This threshold, lowered from 10% by in 1970, applies to acquisitions influencing control, with passive investors filing Schedule 13G for exemptions if holdings stay below 20%. Major transactions in denote high-stakes events like mergers, consolidations, or asset dispositions valued at or exceeding 50% of a company's total assets in jurisdictions such as , necessitating shareholder approval or special resolutions to safeguard minority interests against value-destructive deals. In the U.S., analogous scrutiny arises under state laws for sales of substantially all assets, often triggering duties and fairness opinions, as in precedents evaluating deal magnitude against enterprise value. Such transactions, exemplified by mega-mergers like the 2015 Heinz-Kraft union valued at $55 billion, demand antitrust reviews and disclosures, with failure to classify accurately exposing directors to claims.

Brands and proper nouns

Major League Gaming is an esports organization and professional video gaming league founded in 2002 by Sundance DiGiovanni and Mike Sepso, initially focusing on competitive tournaments for games like and . The company generated approximately $20 million in revenue by 2010 through events, broadcasting, and sponsorships. It employed 179 people and reported peak annual revenue of $15 million as of 2024 before its acquisition by for $46 million in 2016, after which it integrated into the Call of Duty esports ecosystem. Major World operates as a used car dealership in , , , specializing in pre-owned vehicles under $15,000, with services including financing, trade-ins, and maintenance. The dealership maintains a large of sedans, SUVs, and trucks, emphasizing affordability and volume sales in the . Major Automotive Group LLC functions as an independent used car dealer in , , offering a range of pre-owned automobiles with a focus on , competitive pricing, and from multiple manufacturers. Similarly, Major Auto Sales LLC in , provides quality used vehicles, prioritizing buyer experience through detailed vehicle inspections and financing options. These entities represent localized commercial operations under the "Major" branding, distinct from larger automotive conglomerates.

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