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Report card

A report card, also known as a progress report, is a written document issued by educational institutions to students and their parents or guardians, summarizing a student's academic performance, behavioral conduct, and progress toward curriculum outcomes over a defined period, such as a quarter or semester.^[1]^[2] It serves as a formal communication tool required by many educational policies to evaluate achievement against learning standards and inform next steps for improvement.^[1]^[2] The origins of report cards trace back to the 1830s and 1840s in the United States, where they emerged as a grassroots initiative by teachers in common schools to secure parental involvement and maintain classroom order amid growing enrollment in public education.^[3] Report cards evolved from simple teacher journals into standardized forms by the 1870s, sold by private companies and mandated by school superintendents to track progress systematically.^[3] By the late 19th century, they had become integral to school administration, replacing oral exams with written assessments and enabling comparisons of student achievement, while also extending to uses like college admissions and even juvenile justice decisions in the early 20th century.^[3]^[2] Modern report cards vary in format to reflect evolving educational philosophies, with traditional versions using letter or numeric grades (such as A-F scales, used in 77% of U.S. school districts as of 2023)^[4] alongside teacher comments on strengths and areas for growth.^[2] Standards-based report cards, increasingly common since the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, focus on mastery of specific learning objectives rather than relative ranking, often incorporating checklists, portfolios, or narrative feedback to provide a comprehensive view of student development.^[2] These tools not only motivate learners and guide instruction but also spark ongoing debates about equity, as they can disproportionately affect students from diverse socioeconomic or cultural backgrounds.^[2] Despite reform efforts, such as gradeless alternatives in the 1960s-1970s, report cards remain a cornerstone of K-12 assessment worldwide, now often delivered electronically for real-time access.^[3]^[2]

Overview

Definition

A report card is a formal document or digital record issued by educational institutions to communicate a student's academic performance, behavioral conduct, and progress over a defined period, such as a term or semester.^[5] These records are distributed periodically throughout the school year, depending on the school's grading schedule, providing snapshots of achievement in various subjects. Originating in 19th-century schools, report cards evolved from oral progress updates to written summaries as a way to systematically track and share student development with families.^[6] Central to the report card are grading scales that evaluate the quality of a student's work, often using formats like letter grades (A–F), numerical percentages, or descriptive levels such as "meets expectations" or "exceeds standards."^[5] These grades are frequently supplemented by teacher comments offering qualitative insights into a student's strengths, challenges, effort, behavior, and recommendations for improvement, fostering a more holistic view of performance.^[2] In some cases, report cards may consist solely of numerical or categorical grades without accompanying narrative feedback. Beyond individual students, the term "report card" extends metaphorically to evaluative documents in other domains, such as state-mandated assessments of school and district performance under federal education laws, which measure overall student outcomes and institutional effectiveness.^[7] Similarly, it is applied to accountability tools for public figures, including legislative scorecards that rate politicians' voting records on key issues like civil rights or education policy.^[8]

Purpose

The primary purpose of report cards is to communicate a student's academic achievement status, including progress, strengths, and areas needing improvement, to parents, guardians, and the students themselves, thereby guiding future learning and support strategies.^[9] This communication enables families to understand how well the student is meeting educational standards and to collaborate with educators on tailored interventions.^[10] By providing a clear snapshot through elements like grades and comments, report cards facilitate informed discussions that align home and school efforts toward student success.^[11] Report cards also play a key role in motivating students by recognizing accomplishments and highlighting opportunities for growth, which can boost self-efficacy and encourage sustained effort.^[9] For instance, they identify needs for enrichment to challenge high achievers or targeted interventions to address weaknesses, fostering a positive learning environment without the demotivating effects of failure labels.^[10] This motivational aspect supports student engagement while promoting accountability among educators to refine instructional approaches based on documented performance.^[11] Furthermore, report cards enhance teacher-parent conferences by offering standardized performance data that informs collaborative planning and ensures school-wide accountability.^[12] They contribute to long-term educational planning, such as adjusting curricula to better meet student needs or referring students to special education services when persistent challenges are evident.^[13] In this way, report cards serve as a foundational tool for ongoing improvement in educational outcomes.^[14]

History and Etymology

Historical Development

In the United States, report cards first appeared in the 1830s and 1840s as practical tools in common schools to help teachers manage large, heterogeneous classrooms and track student conduct, including efforts to curb unruly behavior.^[3] Education reformer Horace Mann, appointed Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837, championed their introduction as part of his push for professionalized public education, drawing inspiration from Prussian structures observed during his 1843 European tour.^[15] Mann advocated for monthly report cards to document progress, inform parents, and promote intrinsic motivation while avoiding the moral risks of competitive rankings.^[15] By the mid-19th century, these practices built on university-level innovations, such as Harvard's 1837 adoption of a 100-point grading scale and Yale's early categorical grading system in 1785 followed by numerical experiments in the mid-19th century, which shifted evaluations toward quantifiable academic performance.^[16]^[17] The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw report cards expand alongside burgeoning school bureaucracies, evolving from simple conduct-focused tracking to integrated academic assessments that reflected standardized curricula. This shift coincided with the proliferation of compulsory education laws, beginning with Massachusetts in 1852 and extending globally as nations like those in Europe and other U.S. states mandated attendance to foster national literacy and workforce preparation.^[17]^[18] Key milestones included the 1899 establishment of the College Entrance Examination Board, which encouraged uniform grading practices for college admissions, and the early 1900s introduction of standardized U.S. report card formats using letter grades (A-F) for efficiency in large-scale systems.^[17]^[18] By this period, report cards had become essential for accountability in compulsory frameworks, spreading internationally through colonial and reform movements.^[3]

Etymology

The term "report card" originated in the United States during the mid-19th century, with the earliest documented use appearing in 1869 in the 16th Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the state of Wisconsin.^[19] This nomenclature combines "report," denoting a formal narrative or account of a student's scholastic and personal development, and "card," referring to the sturdy physical format printed on cardstock or heavy paper, which ensured longevity and portability for distribution to parents in an era before widespread digital or standardized printing.^[19] In British English, terminology for similar documents evolved from early behavior-focused assessments in the 19th century to the more general "school report" or simply "report" by the 20th century, emphasizing comprehensive progress over isolated conduct evaluations.^[20] Internationally, equivalents vary by language and region; for instance, in Serbia, the term "svedočanstvo" describes a yearly grade report or certificate of achievement issued at the end of each school year.^[21] In French-speaking areas, such as France and parts of Canada, "bulletin scolaire" is used, translating to a school bulletin or report card that details grades and teacher observations.^[22] With the rise of digital education technologies in the late 20th century, school progress documents transitioned from paper to electronic formats, yet the "report card" designation has endured in North American English, now applied to online portals and PDF versions that maintain the traditional structure for accessibility and familiarity.^[23]

Components

Academic Grades

Academic grades constitute the primary quantitative measure of student achievement in report cards, indicating levels of mastery in core subjects such as mathematics, language arts, and science. These grades evaluate a student's proficiency relative to predefined learning objectives, providing parents, educators, and students with a standardized snapshot of academic performance over a specific period, such as a semester or quarter. By focusing on subject-specific outcomes, academic grades help identify strengths and areas needing improvement, influencing decisions on promotion, placement, and further instruction.^[24]^[25] The typical structure of academic grades in a report card involves a breakdown by individual subjects, listing the performance indicator for each course alongside any relevant details like credits earned. For instance, a card might show grades for English, mathematics, science, and social studies separately, allowing for targeted feedback on curriculum areas. An overall summary, often in the form of a Grade Point Average (GPA), aggregates these subject grades to represent holistic academic standing for the reporting period. The GPA is calculated by first determining quality points for each course (numerical grade points multiplied by the course credits, e.g., A=4.0 points in a 3-credit course yields 12 quality points), summing the quality points, and dividing by the total credits attempted, providing a cumulative metric that standardizes performance across subjects.^[26]^[27] Teachers assign academic grades based on multiple criteria that collectively assess student proficiency against learning objectives, including formal assessments like tests and quizzes, ongoing work such as homework and projects, and active participation in class discussions or activities. These components are weighted according to the teacher's grading policy—often with greater emphasis on summative evaluations like exams—to ensure the final grade accurately reflects demonstrated knowledge and skills rather than isolated efforts. This multifaceted approach aims to balance formative feedback with end-of-period evaluation, though practices can vary to prioritize conceptual understanding over rote memorization.^[24]^[25]^[28] Representative examples of grading formats include the widely used A-F letter scale, where A signifies excellent mastery (typically corresponding to 90-100% of possible points), B indicates good performance (80-89%), C denotes satisfactory achievement (70-79%), D reflects below-average work (60-69%), and F marks failing (below 60%). To add granularity, many systems incorporate plus/minus modifiers, such as A- or B+, which adjust the value slightly (e.g., A-=3.7 points in GPA calculations). Alternatively, direct percentage scales (0-100) or numerical ratings may be employed, offering precise indicators of attainment without letter equivalents. These formats ensure grades communicate clear benchmarks of academic success in subjects.^[24]^[26]

Teacher Comments and Behavioral Notes

Teacher comments on report cards consist of narrative feedback written by educators to offer personalized insights into a student's effort, participation, and areas for improvement that extend beyond numerical or letter grades. These comments allow teachers to highlight specific strengths, such as a student's consistent engagement in class discussions or perseverance in challenging tasks, and suggest targeted strategies for growth, like practicing organizational skills to enhance homework completion. For instance, an effective comment might state, "Has a good grasp of basic concepts but needs reinforcement in applying them independently," providing concrete examples tied to observed performance.^[29] Such feedback draws from teachers' ongoing observations, including portfolios, tests, and anecdotal records, to convey how a student compares to grade-level expectations.^[29] Behavioral notes, often integrated alongside or within these comments, assess non-academic traits such as attendance, cooperation, work ethic, and social skills, typically using descriptive narratives, rating scales, or checklists to quantify qualitative observations. Teachers may note a student's reliability in group activities, for example, by describing how they "work cooperatively in group settings and contribute ideas effectively," or identify needs like "requires reminders to stay on task during independent work" to address disruptions.^[30] These notes capture daily behaviors across contexts, including classroom interactions, playground dynamics, and transitions, emphasizing traits like responsibility during activities or time management in completing assignments.^[29] Common themes in such feedback include on-task behavior, following directions, and classroom participation, with positive phrasing encouraged to foster motivation, such as "Puts forth best effort and completes work in a timely manner."^[30] In traditional report cards, teacher comments and behavioral notes serve to contextualize academic grades by explaining underlying factors, such as how strong collaboration contributes to a high mark in group projects or how inconsistent effort impacts overall progress. This pairing offers parents and students a fuller picture of performance, revealing not just what was achieved but how it was approached.^[29] For example, a note might clarify that a satisfactory grade reflects improved social skills despite initial shyness in peer interactions.^[30] However, in automated or digital report card systems, limitations arise due to reduced space for individualized comments, often restricting teachers to brief entries or pre-set phrases that may lack personalization. These constraints can result in repetitive or generic feedback, hindering the nuanced communication essential for addressing unique student needs, as systems prioritize efficiency over detailed narratives.^[31]

Grading Formats

Traditional Systems

Traditional grading systems in report cards have long relied on letter and numerical formats to encapsulate student performance in a standardized manner. The A-F letter grade scale emerged in early 20th-century U.S. schools, serving as a broad categorization of academic achievement that aligned with the growing emphasis on uniformity in education. Under this system, grades are typically mapped to percentage ranges: A for 90-100% (excellent), B for 80-89% (good), C for 70-79% (satisfactory), D for 60-69% (poor), and F for below 60% (failing). This approach facilitated quick summaries of subject-based evaluations, enabling educators to convey overall proficiency without excessive detail. By the 1920s, the A-F scale had become widely adopted across U.S. schools amid efforts to standardize reporting for purposes like student transfers and college admissions. In parallel, numerical systems using percentages (0-100) or scales like 1-10 have been common in Europe and Asia, providing finer-grained assessments of achievement levels.^[32] For example, in European contexts such as Austria, a 1-5 scale denotes excellence (1) to failure (5), while in Asia, China's 0-100 percentage system marks 90-100 as excellent and 60 as the passing threshold.^[33]^[34] These formats allow for precise quantification, often reflecting exam scores or cumulative marks directly on report cards. One key advantage of traditional letter and numerical systems is their simplicity in averaging scores to compute overall performance metrics, such as grade point averages, which supports efficient record-keeping and comparisons.^[35] However, critics argue that these methods overlook individual student growth trajectories and true mastery of learning standards, as they may blend academic results with subjective factors like behavior, leading to less accurate representations of progress.^[35]

Check and Standards-Based Systems

The check system, commonly employed in North American elementary education for grades K-3, evaluates student performance using simple, non-letter indicators to assess whether work meets, exceeds, or falls short of expectations. A "check" signifies grade-level proficiency, a "check plus" denotes advanced performance, a "check minus" indicates below-grade-level work, and a "0" may be used for incomplete assignments. This approach deliberately avoids traditional letter grades to minimize competitive pressure and anxiety among young learners, fostering a focus on growth rather than ranking.^[36] Standards-based grading systems, emerging as part of U.S. K-12 education reforms in the 1990s, assess students against explicit learning objectives rather than aggregating scores into averages. These systems typically employ proficiency scales, such as levels 1 through 4, where level 1 represents minimal understanding, level 2 partial mastery, level 3 meeting the standard, and level 4 exceeding it. By emphasizing demonstration of specific skills and knowledge, standards-based grading provides targeted feedback on progress toward mastery, often through detailed rubrics that outline criteria for each level. For instance, a rubric for a mathematics standard might describe level 3 as accurately solving problems with regrouping within 100, enabling students and educators to pinpoint areas for improvement.^[37]^[38] Unlike traditional grading, which often combines achievement, effort, and behavior into a single composite score to facilitate ranking, check and standards-based systems prioritize individual skill attainment and ongoing development over comparative competition. This shift allows for revisions and retakes to reflect current proficiency, separating practice work from final evaluations and promoting a mastery-oriented mindset. Rubrics in standards-based formats further differentiate by breaking down complex standards into observable components, reducing ambiguity in assessment.^[39] Adoption of the check system remains prevalent in early elementary settings across North America to support developmental stages, while standards-based grading has gained traction in progressive U.S. districts since the 2000s, particularly in response to calls for equitable, transparent reporting. Implementation in these contexts often involves professional development for teachers to align curricula with state standards, though challenges like parental familiarity persist. Surveys indicate mixed reception, with some students favoring its clarity in communicating learning gaps, but ongoing parental pushback in districts adopting it as of 2025.^[40]^[41]

Regional Variations

United States

In the United States, student report cards in public elementary schools are typically issued three to four times per year, aligned with quarterly grading periods that often span September to December, December to March, and March to June, though some districts include an additional end-of-year summary.^[42] Secondary schools, including middle and high schools, generally distribute report cards twice annually at the conclusion of each semester, with interim progress reports provided mid-term to monitor ongoing performance.^[43] These schedules allow parents and guardians to track academic and behavioral development throughout the school year, though exact dates vary by district calendar.^[44] Education in the U.S. is primarily a state and local responsibility, resulting in no federal standard dictating the format or content of individual student report cards.^[45] However, federal legislation such as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015 has shaped school-level report cards by mandating annual public disclosures of performance metrics, including student achievement data from state assessments, graduation rates, and teacher qualifications, to promote accountability and transparency.^[46] This influence extends indirectly to student reporting by encouraging alignment with state academic standards. Most U.S. public school report cards feature a combination of letter grades (typically A through F), numerical percentages reflecting mastery levels, and qualitative teacher comments addressing academic strengths, areas for improvement, and behavioral observations.^[5] Some states have shifted toward standards-based systems, evaluating student progress against specific learning objectives rather than aggregating scores; for instance, Kentucky pioneered such approaches in the 1990s through the Kentucky Education Reform Act of 1990, which established statewide academic standards and spurred the development of aligned report cards.^[47] Homeschooled students and those in private schools often receive report cards in customized formats, allowing families or institutions greater flexibility to incorporate narrative assessments, portfolio reviews, or alternative grading scales that reflect unique curricula or philosophies, unbound by public school regulations.^[48]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, school report cards have traditionally consisted of annual written reports compiled by teachers, providing detailed narratives on a pupil's academic progress, personal development, and behavior. These reports, dating back to the 19th century in public schools where term-end letters to parents were common, emphasized qualitative assessments alongside any available exam rankings or character evaluations, particularly following the Elementary Education Act of 1880 which expanded compulsory schooling.^[20]^[49] Since the 2010s, reporting practices have evolved toward more frequent, grade-based updates, with many schools issuing termly progress reports to enable ongoing monitoring of pupil achievement. This shift was influenced by the 2013 removal of National Curriculum levels, which granted schools autonomy to develop customized assessment systems focused on individual progress rather than standardized sub-levels, often incorporating descriptive grades or attainment bands.^[50]^[51] In secondary education (ages 11-16), these reports align with GCSE grading, which transitioned from the A*-G scale (used until 2016) to the numerical 9-1 scale introduced in 2017 to provide greater differentiation at the higher end.^[52] Primary schools (ages 5-11), however, typically rely on descriptive comments or attainment descriptors against age-related expectations, avoiding formal numerical grades.^[53] Legal requirements mandate an annual written report on general progress, achievements, attendance, and any support needs, with headteachers responsible for arranging parent discussions.^[53] Online access to these reports became compulsory for secondary schools in September 2010 and for primary schools by the end of 2012, facilitating real-time parental viewing of progress, behavior, and attendance data through secure portals.^[54] Reforms in the 2010s, including provisions under the Children, Schools and Families Act 2010 for enhanced home-school communication and the subsequent emphasis on progress measures like Progress 8 from 2016, have reinforced a focus on tracking individual pupil development to address attainment gaps.^[55]^[56]

Canada

In Canada, education is a provincial and territorial responsibility, resulting in no national standard for report cards; each province develops its own assessment and reporting policies tailored to local curricula and needs.^[57] This decentralized approach allows for variations in format, timing, and grading while emphasizing student progress against provincial learning outcomes. Ontario provides a prominent example of a standardized provincial system. For elementary schools (grades 1-8), a Progress Report Card is issued between October 20 and November 20 to highlight early-term achievements and areas for growth, often discussed during parent-teacher interviews.^[58] Two Provincial Report Cards follow: one between January 20 and February 20, and the final one in June, evaluating achievement against the Ontario curriculum.^[58] In grades 1-6, achievement is reported using letter grades ranging from A+ (outstanding, level 4+) to D- (minimal, level 1), corresponding to percentage equivalents of 90-100% for A+ down to 50-52% for D-.^[59] Grades 7-8 use percentage marks (50-100%), while kindergarten relies solely on descriptive comments and observations without numerical or letter grades.^[58] Secondary schools (grades 9-12) issue report cards two or three times per year depending on semestered or non-semestered schedules, using percentage marks aligned to four achievement levels (1-4), with personalized comments on strengths and next steps.^[58] A distinctive feature across all levels is the "Learning Skills" section, assessing six behaviors—responsibility, organization, independent work, collaboration, initiative, and self-regulation—on a scale from exceeding to approaching expectations, separate from academic grades to promote holistic development.^[59] Other provinces exhibit similar termly reporting but with distinct elements. In British Columbia, report cards are issued at least three times per year and incorporate standards-based proficiency scales for grades K-9 (emerging, developing, proficient, extending), shifting away from traditional letter grades to emphasize descriptive feedback on curriculum competencies, while grades 10-12 retain percentages and letters.^[60] Parent-teacher conferences complement these reports nationwide, fostering communication on student progress.^[58]

Serbia

In Serbia, report cards are referred to as svedočanstva, which are official end-of-year certificates issued upon completion of each grade in primary and secondary education, as well as for overall program completion. These documents encapsulate a student's academic progress, serving as the primary record for advancement to the next educational level or institution across primary (grades 1-8), secondary (grades 9-12 or equivalent), and higher education contexts, where similar transcripts fulfill an analogous role.^[61]^[62] The standard format utilizes a numerical grading scale of 1 to 5 in primary and secondary levels, with 5 indicating excellent achievement, 4 very good, 3 good, 2 sufficient (the minimum passing grade), and 1 insufficient (failing); higher education employs a 6-10 scale, where 6 is the lowest passing mark and 10 excellent. Issued annually at the end of the school year or per semester for interim reviews, svedočanstva emphasize holistic evaluation by integrating final subject grades, behavior assessments, and descriptive teacher feedback on strengths, areas for improvement, and overall development, particularly in primary grades 1-4 where narrative descriptions predominate over numbers. In secondary and higher education, the certificates or transcripts also note extracurricular participation and accomplishments to provide a comprehensive profile.^[63]^[64] As official records, svedočanstva hold significant cultural weight in Serbian society, symbolizing academic milestones and influencing family pride, career aspirations, and social mobility; they are mandatory for enrollment decisions, such as transitioning from primary to secondary school via the Grade 8 exam average or entering higher education through matura results. The inclusion of extracurricular notes underscores a broader view of student growth, extending beyond academics to personal and social competencies.^[63]^[65] Post-2000 reforms, aligned with EU standards through initiatives like the 2018 curriculum update and the Strategy for Education Development to 2020, have incorporated competency-based elements into svedočanstva, such as assessments of transversal skills (e.g., problem-solving, digital literacy) via pilots for national exams and formative tools like portfolios. These changes, including the 2004 introduction of descriptive evaluations in early primary years and the 2011 Grade 8 exam, aim to balance numerical grading with qualitative insights for more equitable and skill-oriented reporting, with the State Matura rollout now planned for the 2028/2029 school year to standardize secondary completion.^[63]^[66]^[67]

Modern Developments

Digital Report Cards

The adoption of digital report cards accelerated in the early 2000s as schools transitioned from paper-based systems to online platforms integrated with student information systems, providing real-time access to grades and feedback for parents and students. Platforms like PowerSchool, a leading K-12 student information system founded in 1997, enabled educators to generate and distribute electronic report cards through secure web portals. Similarly, Edsby, a comprehensive K-12 learning management platform launched in 2010, supports customizable digital report cards that streamline the reporting process for districts worldwide. By the 2010s, such tools had become standard in many developed education systems, with some regions, like the UK, requiring schools to publish performance-related information online to enhance transparency for parents. Key features of digital report cards include secure parent and student logins that allow viewing of grades, teacher comments, attendance records, and progress tracking over time, often visualized through dashboards and charts. These platforms integrate seamlessly with learning management systems (LMS) like Google Classroom or Canvas, automating data flow from daily assignments to final reports and reducing manual entry errors. For instance, Edsby's system permits teachers to complete and submit report cards digitally, with administrators reviewing and publishing them directly to users' accounts, fostering ongoing communication without physical distribution.^[68] Digital report cards offer several advantages, including significant reductions in printing and mailing costs—potentially saving schools thousands annually—while providing instant updates that keep families informed throughout the term rather than at fixed intervals. Mobile apps associated with these platforms, such as those from PowerSchool, enable access on smartphones, promoting greater parental engagement and allowing timely interventions in student performance. Environmentally, the shift minimizes paper use, aligning with sustainability goals in education.^[69]^[70]^[71] However, challenges persist, particularly the digital divide, where students from low-income or rural families may lack reliable internet or devices to access reports, exacerbating educational inequities. Privacy concerns are also prominent, with systems required to comply with regulations like the U.S. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), which mandates secure handling of student data to prevent unauthorized access or breaches. Schools must implement encryption, role-based permissions, and regular audits to protect sensitive information such as grades and behavioral notes.^[72]^[73]^[74] By the early 2020s, digital report cards had achieved widespread adoption in developed countries, driven by the COVID-19 pandemic's push toward remote learning. As of 2024, over 68% of U.S. K-12 schools used student information systems that include online grading features.^[75] Globally, this trend reflects broader digital transformation in education, with platforms now incorporating AI-assisted tools for generating personalized teacher comments based on student data, though such features raise concerns about authenticity and over-reliance on automation. These advancements continue to evolve, emphasizing accessibility and data security to support equitable education.^[76]

Standards-Based Reporting

Standards-based reporting represents a shift in educational assessment from traditional percentage-based or letter-grade systems to evaluations centered on students' mastery of specific learning standards. In this approach, report cards detail proficiency levels for individual standards, such as those outlined in frameworks like the Common Core State Standards in the United States, rather than aggregating scores into an overall average.^[77] Proficiency is typically indicated on a scale, for example, 1 (below basic), 2 (basic), 3 (proficient), and 4 (advanced), allowing educators to communicate precise areas of strength and need.^[38] Implementation of standards-based reporting gained significant traction following educational reforms in the early 2010s, particularly with the adoption of the Common Core State Standards in 2010, which emphasized clear, measurable learning objectives.^[78] This method often incorporates tools like digital portfolios, where students compile artifacts such as projects, reflections, and assessments to demonstrate growth over time, providing tangible evidence of progress toward standards mastery.^[79] In regions like Ontario, Canada, the Ministry of Education's Growing Success policy, introduced in 2010, integrates standards-based evaluation into report cards, focusing on achievement levels and learning skills to support ongoing student development.^[80] Similarly, U.S. states such as Kentucky have adopted standards-based systems in districts, leading to documented improvements in mathematics proficiency scores.^[78] The benefits of standards-based reporting include providing clearer, more actionable feedback on specific skills, which helps students and parents understand progress without the ambiguity of averaged grades.^[81] Research indicates that this approach reduces grade inflation by prioritizing demonstrable mastery over subjective factors, resulting in more reliable achievement data.^[82] Studies also show enhanced student motivation through opportunities for reassessment and growth tracking, alongside greater equity by minimizing biases in traditional grading practices.^[78]^[83] Furthermore, modern implementations increasingly integrate social-emotional learning metrics, such as self-management and relationship skills, aligned with frameworks like CASEL, to offer a holistic view of student development.^[84]

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The purpose of this digest is to explain why teacher comments on report cards are important, offer suggestions on how to construct effective comments, point out ...Missing: guidelines | Show results with:guidelines
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[PDF] STUDENT WORK HABITS: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF REPORT ...
Narrative comments in report cards provide rich and insightful information from a teacher's perspective about a student's progress and skills acquired in ...
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[PDF] Teachers Perceptions of the Impact of Online Grading Systems.
There is minimal space for the teacher to write comments and no space for parents‟ written comments. This system prevents the report card from being used as an ...
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Grading Systems by Country 2025 - World Population Review
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Administrator's Desk | Education World
**Summary of Check-System in Grading for Homework or Report Cards in Elementary Schools:**
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[PDF] Standards-based Grading: An Alternative to Score-based Assessment
Standards-based grading was first developed during the 1990s when all US states reformed public K-12 education ... In particular, two major changes were made to ...
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Everything You Need to Know about Standards-Based Grading
Jul 11, 2023 · Standards-based grading is a way to view student progress based on proficiency levels for identified standards rather than relying on a holistic representation.
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What is the Difference between Standards-Based Grading (or ...
Nov 11, 2014 · Standards-based grading “involves measuring students' proficiency on well-defined course objectives.” (Tomlinson & McTighe, 2006). (Note: ...
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[PDF] Making Change Stick: A Case Study of one High School's Journey ...
Standards-based grading (SBG) is a philosophy of communicating student learning disaggregated by standards rather than assessments in which the grade book.
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As Schools Move to Change How Kids Are Graded, Some Families ...
Nov 30, 2023 · 'Standards-based grading' treats homework as unscored practice, eliminates extra credit and focuses on proving mastery of material.
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Report Cards - Atlanta Public Schools
Oct 26, 2022 · Students shall receive report cards after the end of the quarter mark; traditionally, after the end of the 9th, 18th, 27th and 36th weeks of the ...
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Report Cards - NYC Public Schools
Your school must give you grades on a report card at least twice per year. Many schools choose to share report cards and student progress reports more often.Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
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Reporting Periods - Prince William County Public Schools
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Report Card Templates - HSLDA
Nov 20, 2024 · Select the report card template that matches your homeschool's grading periods (ie, whether you assign grades each quarter or each semester).Missing: United | Show results with:United
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[PDF] Where have all the levels gone?
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Online school reports soon to be compulsory - The Guardian
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Children, Schools and Families Act 2010 - Parliamentary Bills
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[PDF] International Report Card on Public Education: - Environics Institute
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Student assessment, evaluations and report cards
### Summary of Ontario Report Card System
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[PDF] Growing Success - Ministry of Education
The Elementary Progress Report Card provides two areas that are to be designed by individual boards of education to be used consistently by all schools in the ...
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Jul 2, 2024 · The K-12 Student Reporting Policy (the “Policy”) outlines the requirements for communicating student learning: it requires concise Descriptive Feedback in ...
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[PDF] Serbia (including Kosovo)
Diploma of Acquired Secondary Education. -All documents must be accompanied by a Svedočanstvo (yearly grade report) from each of the four years of secondary.
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Pravilnik o sadržaju i načinu vođenja evidencije i izdavanju javnih ...
PRAVILNIK O SADRŽAJU I NAČINU VOĐENJA EVIDENCIJE I IZDAVANJU JAVNIH ISPRAVA U OSNOVNOJ ŠKOLI. ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 66/2018, 82/2018, 37/2019, 56/2019, 112 ...
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Serbia has made improvements in access to education and international assessments show that learning outcomes have remained generally stable in recent years ...
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Grading System in Serbia ; University (Most Common) · 10.000, Outstanding (Изузетан) · 9.000 - 9.990 ; University (Social sciences, Medicine, Law) · 91.000 - 100.000 ...
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The recognition of a foreign school certificate or other document is a procedure by which the qualification obtained abroad is equated with the corresponding, ...Recognition Of The Primary... · Required Documentation For... · Recognition Of A Diploma Of...<|separator|>
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Report Card | Edsby
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5 benefits of using a report card system to create reports online
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Rating 4.6 (85) Accuracy and Consistency: Digital processes reduce the risk of human error, ensuring that student records and performance data reflect true educational ...
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Report Cards Go Digital | ROSEMARY CLARKE MIDDLE SCHOOL
Sep 10, 2024 · Key Benefits of Digital Report Cards: Instant Access: Parents and guardians can view their student's report card as soon as it is available ...
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Consequences of the Digital Divide in Education
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Sep 26, 2019 · A new reliance on data means K–12 schools will need to have a modern understanding of student data privacy regulations.
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Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing ...
Nov 21, 2022 · Digital technologies have brought changes to the nature and scope of education and led education systems worldwide to adopt strategies and ...
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AI-Generated Report Card Comments Worry Some Parents and ...
Mar 19, 2023 · Some students and parents were indifferent to the use of AI in report card comments, while others were concerned.
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Standards-Based Definition - The Glossary of Education Reform -
Sep 11, 2017 · Standards-based refers to systems of instruction, assessment, grading, and academic reporting that are based on students demonstrating understanding or mastery.
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[PDF] Standards-Based Grading: History, Practices, Benefits, Challenges ...
What is the purpose of grading student work? Should grades represent academic achievement, or should they encompass other factors, like work habits?
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The Role of Digital Portfolios in Standards-Based Grading
Nov 30, 2023 · Digital portfolios can enhance standards-based grading by providing a comprehensive view of student growth and achievement.
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Growing success: assessment, evaluation, and reporting in Ontario ...
Jun 29, 2022 · Completing the provincial report cards: language, grades 1 to 8 · should describe significant strengths that the student demonstrates · should ...
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Getting Started With Standards-Based Grading - Edutopia
Apr 5, 2022 · Research studies also show that using standards-based grading helps ensure that grading and reporting is more meaningful, accurate, and fair.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Grading for equity goes beyond. FAST grading and standards-based grading in two ways: It protects grading from implicit individual biases and it coun-.
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Integrating Social-Emotional Learning and Standards-Based Grading
This article helps educators understand SEL competencies and SBG principles as well as barriers to implementation. The authors outline how explicitly developing ...