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Research associate

A research associate is a professional position commonly found in academic institutions, research laboratories, and industry settings, where individuals with advanced qualifications support and conduct research projects under the supervision of a principal investigator or senior researcher.^[1] This role typically involves independent execution of research components, such as designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and contributing to publications or reports, across disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, and social sciences.^[2] Qualifications for research associates generally include a doctoral degree (such as a PhD, MD, or equivalent terminal degree) with minimal additional experience, or a master's degree with relevant professional experience, typically 2–5 years depending on the institution; some positions accept a bachelor's degree with equivalent experience.^[3] In some institutions, the position may require three or more years of postdoctoral experience to ensure advanced expertise and independence in research tasks.^[1] Appointments are often funded through grants or institutional budgets and are typically time-limited, such as annual terms that can be renewed for several years, providing stability while aligning with project timelines.^[4]^[3] While prevalent in academia, the role also exists in industry, where qualifications may include a bachelor's degree with relevant experience and the focus is often on applied research and development. Beyond core research duties, research associates may mentor junior staff, students, or technicians; maintain laboratory equipment; collaborate with external partners; and participate in grant writing or outreach activities to advance project goals.^[2] The role is distinct from postdoctoral fellowships in many contexts by emphasizing professional staff contributions over temporary training, though titles and expectations can vary by institution, with some universities offering tiered levels (e.g., Research Associate I, II, III) based on experience and responsibilities.^[5]^[6] Overall, the position plays a vital role in fostering innovation and knowledge production, often serving as a career bridge for researchers pursuing principal investigator roles or industry leadership.^[7]

Overview and definition

Definition

A research associate is a mid-level research professional employed in academic, governmental, or industrial research institutions, typically holding a doctoral degree such as a PhD, who conducts independent or collaborative research under the supervision of principal investigators on grant-funded projects.^[8]^[9] This role emphasizes contributing to scientific inquiry through structured support for larger research agendas, distinguishing it from more junior or administrative positions.^[2] Key characteristics of the position include its status as a fixed-term (often 2-5 years) or permanent staff appointment, with responsibilities encompassing experimental or methodological design, data collection and analysis, and preparation of publications or reports.^[10]^[6] These professionals generally possess several years of postdoctoral experience and are expected to demonstrate advanced technical skills relevant to their field.^[9] The research associate role has evolved from early 20th-century support positions in nascent American research universities, where assistants aided faculty in basic data gathering amid the rise of the PhD as a research credential, to contemporary equivalents that integrate into multidisciplinary labs and emphasize original contributions. In the United States, it is frequently classified as a non-tenure-track faculty or staff position per guidelines from authoritative bodies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which align it with roles such as staff scientist focused on sustained research support without independent funding authority.^[11]

Historical development

The role of the research associate emerged in the early 1900s alongside the institutionalization of organized scientific research in U.S. universities and dedicated institutes. At the forefront was the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, founded in 1901 by John D. Rockefeller Sr. to advance biomedical inquiry without the burdens of teaching or clinical duties.^[12] This institution pioneered structured support roles for investigators, with early research associates assisting in foundational work on pathology, bacteriology, and physiology; for instance, Alexis Carrel joined as a researcher in 1906 to conduct experiments on vascular surgery and tissue transplantation, contributing to breakthroughs that earned him the Nobel Prize in 1912.^[12] By the mid-1900s, the institute had formalized titles such as "associates" and "associate members" with renewable terms, distinguishing them from short-term fellows and enabling sustained contributions to fields like virology and biochemistry.^[12] The position expanded significantly after World War II, driven by a surge in federal investment in scientific research. Prior to the war, academic research relied largely on private philanthropy, but wartime innovations underscored the need for sustained public support, leading to the creation of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1950 through Public Law 81-507.^[13] The NSF's initial grants focused on basic research at colleges and universities, funding graduate fellowships and projects that necessitated additional professional staff; this marked a shift toward formalized research associate roles to handle the growing volume of grant-driven investigations in physics, biology, and engineering.^[13] By the 1950s, federal funding had transformed university research landscapes, with institutions like those supported by the NSF employing research associates to bridge principal investigators and technical aides, fostering interdisciplinary teams.^[14] In the 1960s, research associate positions evolved from ad-hoc temporary aides into more professionalized roles, coinciding with the rapid growth of grant-based science fueled by expanded federal budgets. The decade saw U.S. higher education enrollment double and research funding peak, with agencies like the NSF and National Institutes of Health prioritizing project-specific support that required dedicated mid-level researchers. This period formalized associates as grant-eligible contributors rather than mere assistants, enabling them to lead sub-projects in burgeoning areas like molecular biology amid a tripling of PhD production from the 1950s.^[15] By the 1980s and 1990s, surging PhD output further structured research associate roles into viable career tracks, accommodating the influx of doctorate holders amid stagnant tenure-track faculty positions. Annual U.S. doctorate awards rose from approximately 31,000 in 1980 to a peak of over 42,000 in 1992, creating a pool of qualified professionals who filled associate positions as interim steps between postdoctoral training and permanent academic or industry roles. This era emphasized associates' independence in grant applications and publications, reflecting adaptations to a competitive research ecosystem where such positions offered stability and skill-building for long-term scientific careers.^[16]

Role and responsibilities

Core duties

Research associates primarily engage in hands-on research activities, including conducting experiments and collecting data across diverse settings such as laboratories, field sites, and computational environments. In laboratory contexts, they execute procedures like biological assays, chemical syntheses, or material testing to generate empirical evidence for ongoing projects. Field-based work may involve gathering samples from natural ecosystems, conducting surveys, or recording observational data in real-world scenarios, particularly in disciplines like ecology or social sciences. For computational research, associates run simulations, model complex systems, or process large-scale datasets using high-performance computing resources to simulate experimental outcomes or predict trends.^[17]^[18]^[19] A core component of their role involves analyzing collected data through statistical methods and specialized software. Associates apply techniques such as hypothesis testing, regression modeling, or clustering algorithms to identify patterns and draw inferences from raw data. Commonly used tools include R for statistical computing and graphics, and Python for scripting data pipelines and implementing machine learning workflows, enabling efficient handling of both small-scale and big data applications. This analysis ensures the reliability and validity of research findings before further interpretation. Research associates are also responsible for upholding ethical standards, including compliance with institutional review boards (IRBs) for studies involving human or animal subjects and relevant data privacy regulations.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] In addition to data handling, research associates prepare comprehensive research reports, manuscripts for submission to peer-reviewed journals, and sections of grant proposals to secure future funding. They synthesize results into coherent narratives, incorporating visualizations and statistical summaries to communicate key insights effectively. For manuscripts, they adhere to journal-specific guidelines, such as those from Nature or Science, while contributing to grant writing by detailing methodologies and expected impacts to support principal investigators' applications to agencies like the National Science Foundation. These outputs facilitate the dissemination of knowledge and continuation of research programs.^[17]^[24]

Supervisory and collaborative aspects

Research associates often play a key role in mentoring junior staff and graduate students, demonstrating laboratory techniques, experimental procedures, and research protocols to ensure proper execution and skill development. For instance, at higher levels such as Research Associate III or IV, they may train and guide team members, evaluate progress, and provide technical supervision during assigned periods, fostering a supportive learning environment within the research group.^[5]^[25]^[26] In collaborative efforts with principal investigators (PIs), research associates contribute to project design, implementation, and funding applications by assisting in the preparation of proposals, budgets, and technical reports, while offering insights on research objectives and methodologies. They work closely under general or academic supervision to integrate their expertise into larger initiatives, often co-authoring publications or disseminating results through manuscripts and presentations.^[5]^[27]^[25] Research associates actively participate in lab meetings, conferences, and interdisciplinary teams to facilitate communication, share data, and coordinate workflows across projects. In smaller teams, they frequently act as de facto lab managers, overseeing operations such as supply management, equipment troubleshooting, and compliance during PI absences, without holding full authoritative power. This role ensures efficient team dynamics and supports seamless interagency or multi-disciplinary collaborations.^[26]^[5]^[27]

Qualifications and requirements

Educational background

A research associate position generally requires a PhD or equivalent terminal degree in a relevant field, such as biology, physics, or social sciences, to ensure candidates possess advanced knowledge and research capabilities aligned with the role's demands.^[3] This doctoral training emphasizes field-specific skills, including laboratory techniques in the sciences, theoretical modeling in physics, or empirical methods in social sciences, preparing individuals to contribute independently to ongoing research projects.^[28] In academic institutions, a PhD is the standard entry point, as it demonstrates the rigorous analytical and investigative expertise necessary for advancing scholarly inquiries.^[29] Postdoctoral experience is often preferred, particularly in U.S. academic postings, to verify practical application of doctoral knowledge in a professional research environment.^[30] This additional training bridges the gap between graduate education and independent research leadership, enhancing competitiveness for roles involving complex experimentation or interdisciplinary collaboration.^[31] In non-STEM fields, such as social sciences or humanities, a master's degree combined with extensive relevant experience may occasionally suffice for entry-level research associate roles, though a PhD remains the prevailing standard to meet the intellectual depth required.^[3] This flexibility acknowledges the diverse pathways in these disciplines, yet underscores the PhD's role in fostering specialized research proficiency.

Skills and experience

Research associates typically require at least three years of postdoctoral experience, often gained through fellowships or positions in academic or research institutions, to demonstrate independence in conducting specialized investigations.^[32] This tenure allows candidates to build a track record of contributing to funded projects and collaborating on multi-year studies, distinguishing the role from entry-level positions.^[7] Proficiency in research methodologies is essential, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative approaches such as data collection, statistical analysis using tools like R or Python, and experimental design tailored to the field.^[18] Ethical compliance forms a core competency, particularly adherence to institutional review board (IRB) protocols for studies involving human subjects, ensuring protection of participant rights and regulatory alignment.^[33] Key skills include grant writing to secure funding for ongoing research, a strong publication record in peer-reviewed journals reflecting impactful contributions, and project management to oversee timelines, budgets, and team coordination.^[34] Effective communication abilities are critical, enabling clear presentation of findings at conferences and in interdisciplinary settings, as emphasized in job postings from leading institutions.^[35] These competencies build upon a doctoral education, focusing on practical application in real-world research environments.^[2]

Versus research assistant

A research assistant typically holds a bachelor's degree or equivalent, often serving as an entry-level position for recent graduates or students, where they perform supportive tasks such as data collection, basic experimentation, literature reviews, and administrative duties under close supervision from senior researchers.^[36] In contrast, a research associate generally requires an advanced degree, such as a master's or doctorate in a relevant field, enabling them to engage in more independent analysis, project design, and interpretation of results.^[36]^[37] The key distinction in responsibilities lies in autonomy and scope: research assistants execute assigned tasks with limited decision-making authority, focusing on operational support like scheduling interviews or applying basic statistical methods, while research associates lead sub-projects, supervise junior staff, manage data integrity, and contribute to publications or grant proposals with greater independence.^[36]^[37] This hierarchy reflects the associate's higher expertise, allowing them to drive research objectives rather than merely assisting in their implementation. Salary differences underscore the status gap, with research associates earning approximately 20-50% more than assistants; for instance, the U.S. median annual wage for social science research assistants is $58,040 as of May 2024, compared to an average of $70,045 for research associates.^[38]^[39] Employment terms further differentiate the roles: research assistants are frequently hired on a temporary or hourly basis, often tied to specific project funding without full benefits, whereas research associates typically receive salaried positions with comprehensive benefits, reflecting their professional standing and long-term contributions.^[36]^[40]

Versus postdoctoral researcher

A postdoctoral researcher, commonly referred to as a postdoc, is defined as an individual who has received a doctoral degree and is engaged in a temporary, mentored period of advanced training to enhance their professional skills and research independence.^[41] These positions typically span 1 to 5 years and serve as a transitional phase immediately following the PhD, with a primary focus on skill development, specialized research, and preparation for independent academic or professional careers under the supervision of a principal investigator.^[42] Postdocs often have limited autonomy, as their roles emphasize mentorship and collaboration rather than leadership. In comparison, a research associate occupies a more stable, mid-career position, generally requiring at least three years of postdoctoral experience, and involves greater integration into ongoing research programs.^[9] Unlike the training-centric postdoc role, research associates conduct independent work on specific project elements, supervise junior researchers or technicians, and contribute to long-term laboratory objectives, fostering sustained team contributions.^[9] This setup provides enhanced job security and career continuity compared to the transient nature of postdoc appointments. Funding structures underscore these distinctions: postdoc positions are commonly tied to dedicated training mechanisms, such as the NIH T32 Institutional National Research Service Award grants, which support mentored development for pre- and postdoctoral trainees and impose term limits aligned with training goals.^[43] Research associate roles, by contrast, are usually supported by principal investigator-directed grants or institutional funds, enabling more indefinite employment without the emphasis on temporary training.^[9] In the UK academic system, postdoctoral positions are often titled as research associates, with researchers progressing to more senior roles such as senior research associate or research fellow after 3 to 4 years of experience, reflecting increased seniority and stability.^[44]

Career path and progression

Entry routes

The primary pathway to a research associate position in academia involves completing a postdoctoral appointment, which usually spans 1-3 years and provides advanced research training under a principal investigator.^[45] Following this, individuals apply to research associate openings, often at universities or research institutions, where prior postdoctoral experience is frequently required to demonstrate independence in research design and execution.^[46] Alternative entry routes exist for exceptional candidates directly from a PhD program, particularly those with a robust publication record in peer-reviewed journals that evidences significant contributions to their field. Lateral moves from industry or technology sectors are also possible, especially for applicants whose professional experience aligns with the academic role, such as leading R&D projects or applying specialized technical skills.^[34] The standard application process requires monitoring and responding to job advertisements on specialized platforms like Nature Jobs or institutional career portals, where candidates submit tailored curricula vitae emphasizing quantifiable research outputs, such as first-author papers, grants secured, or datasets generated.^[47] Successful applications often highlight alignment with the host lab's ongoing projects, and while core skills like data analysis and grant writing are essential, they are evaluated in the context of the applicant's overall research trajectory.^[48] Networking at conferences significantly enhances entry prospects through forging connections with potential employers and collaborators.^[49]

Advancement and challenges

Research associates often advance within academic or research institutions by progressing to senior research associate positions, which typically involve greater independence in project leadership and mentoring junior staff, followed by roles such as research scientist or principal investigator (PI) in non-tenure-track paths.^[50] In academia, this upward mobility may include transitioning to faculty-equivalent PI roles at research centers, where associates lead grant-funded labs after demonstrating a track record of publications and funding acquisition.^[51] However, such advancements are competitive and depend on institutional resources and performance metrics like peer-reviewed outputs. Key challenges in this progression include limited access to tenure-track faculty positions, with estimates indicating that only about 15-21% of postdocs and research associates successfully transition to such roles in biomedical and related fields.^[52]^[53] Funding instability exacerbates these barriers, as federal grant uncertainties—such as those affecting NIH and NSF budgets—create precarious employment, with many associates facing short-term contracts tied to principal investigators' awards; as of November 2025, ongoing budget negotiations continue to heighten concerns about research support.^[54]^[55] Work-life balance issues further compound the strain, including heavy workloads, job insecurity, and geographic relocations that disrupt personal stability.^[56] To overcome these hurdles, research associates can pursue strategies like securing independent funding through programs such as NSF's Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) awards or similar early-career grants, which support autonomous projects and enhance PI candidacy.^[57] Alternatively, transitioning to industry roles in pharmaceutical R&D offers stability, where associates leverage lab expertise for positions in drug discovery teams, often with better compensation and defined career ladders.^[58]^[59]

Variations across contexts

By academic field

In science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, particularly biology, research associates typically engage in extensive laboratory-based activities, including conducting experiments, operating specialized equipment such as microscopes and centrifuges, and maintaining rigorous compliance with biosafety protocols to mitigate risks from biological materials.^[60] They often perform tasks like cell culturing, reagent preparation, and equipment calibration while adhering to institutional safety standards, including regular inspections and hazard assessments.^[61] This hands-on role ensures the integrity of experimental data and supports principal investigators in advancing discoveries in areas like molecular biology.^[62] In contrast, research associates in the social sciences and humanities emphasize non-laboratory methods, such as archival research in historical documents and libraries, designing and administering surveys to gather empirical data, and conducting qualitative analyses like thematic coding of interviews or ethnographic observations.^[63] These professionals may compile datasets from primary sources, perform content analysis on texts or media, and contribute to interpretive studies that explore societal patterns or cultural phenomena, often requiring skills in ethical data handling and narrative synthesis.^[64] Their work supports broader projects in disciplines like sociology, anthropology, or history by providing foundational evidence for theoretical frameworks. Field-specific demands further shape the role; in computing and computer science, research associates prioritize programming tasks, including developing algorithms, implementing machine learning models, and analyzing large datasets using languages like Python or tools for GPU acceleration, to drive innovations in areas such as artificial intelligence or data processing.^[65] In clinical research, they must possess deep knowledge of regulatory frameworks, including FDA guidelines on good clinical practice (GCP), to monitor trial compliance, verify source data accuracy, and ensure adherence to protocols that protect human subjects and maintain investigational integrity.^[66] These specialized requirements highlight how the position adapts to the technical and ethical nuances of each discipline. A notable example occurs in physics, where research associates frequently contribute to massive international collaborations, such as those at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, by participating in detector operations, data quality monitoring, and analysis within experiments like ATLAS, often involving on-site residency or travel to integrate findings into global particle physics advancements.^[67] In these settings, their efforts focus on collaborative tasks like software development for event simulation and contributing to peer-reviewed publications from shared datasets, underscoring the role's emphasis on teamwork in high-stakes, resource-intensive projects.^[68]

By country and institution

The role of a research associate exhibits considerable variation by country, influenced by national academic policies, funding mechanisms, and tenure systems. In many contexts, it serves as an early- to mid-career research position, but its permanence, responsibilities, and qualifications differ markedly.^[69] In the United States, research associates typically hold non-tenure-track staff positions supporting principal investigators on specific projects, often involving data collection, analysis, and lab work without mandatory teaching. These roles accommodate varying qualifications, from bachelor's or master's degrees for junior positions to PhDs for more advanced ones, and are common in both predoctoral and postdoctoral contexts. At Harvard Business School, for instance, they are predoc opportunities for recent undergraduates or master's graduates to assist faculty with empirical studies, emphasizing analytical skills over independent leadership.^[70] In research universities like the University of Miami, the focus is on executing experiments for assigned divisions, with salaries ranging from $70,000 to $110,000 (as of 2025) depending on experience.^[71]^[72] In the United Kingdom, research associate positions are predominantly postdoctoral, requiring a PhD and functioning as fixed-term (1-3 years) roles tied to grant funding, where incumbents contribute independently to research outputs like publications and experiments. This aligns closely with US postdoc roles but contrasts with more junior US research associate titles, with salaries of approximately £39,000–£53,000 (as of 2025) signaling early postdoctoral status and no tenure pathway.^[73]^[74]^[75] Canadian institutions mirror aspects of both US and UK models, defining research associates as term-based appointees focused solely on research, without formal teaching obligations or tenure eligibility. At the University of British Columbia, these require a PhD or equivalent experience and involve coordinating studies or managing datasets on projects like health research, with starting salaries around CAD $70,000 (as of 2025).^[76]^[77]^[78] In Australia, research associates represent entry-level academic ranks (Level A), typically post-PhD fixed-term contracts (1-3 years) emphasizing research conduct, data analysis, and occasional teaching support, with salaries from $100,000 upward (as of 2025). Positions at universities like the University of Sydney often require publication experience and interdisciplinary skills for roles in fields such as economic history.^[79]^[80]^[81] European variations highlight structural diversity: temporary contracts dominate in the UK and Switzerland, comprising up to 41% of academic staff in the Netherlands, while France, Italy, and Sweden provide earlier permanent tracks for equivalent early-career roles, funded through core university or external sources. The OECD notes 86% temporary contracts for under-35 academics in Sweden (as of 2022), underscoring precarity in research-intensive systems.^[82]^[69] Institutionally, university-based research associates often balance research with service or light teaching, especially in teaching-oriented colleges, whereas in non-university research institutes—like Germany's Max Planck Society—they prioritize pure research under stable funding, fostering deeper specialization but limiting teaching exposure. In US R1 research universities, roles stress high-impact outputs amid competitive grants, differing from primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs) where they include student mentoring; European research institutes similarly emphasize collaboration over tenure progression.^[83]^[84]

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Biological Safety
The Biological Safety Officer provides training, minimizes risk, reviews protocols, advises on biosafety, and conducts lab inspections and equipment testing.
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Research Associate I - Heart Institute, Cheng Lab at CEDARS-SINAI
Assists in the operation of specialized equipment and machinery. Observes safety standards and procedures. The Research Assistant I will be able to perform ...Missing: regulations | Show results with:regulations
[62]
Research Associate 2 in Miami, Florida, United States of America
Should have considerable knowledge of laboratory equipment, methods and materials, and safety practices in a research setting. Participate in the scheduling and ...Missing: regulations | Show results with:regulations
[63]
Qualitative Methods | Institute for Research in the Social Sciences
Qualitative methods include but are not limited to: Ethnographic fieldwork; Interviewing (long-form, unstructured, structured, etc.) Archival research; Content ...Missing: associate | Show results with:associate
[64]
[PDF] Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices
The scientific method, as applied to social sciences, includes a variety of research approaches, tools, and techniques, for collecting and analyzing qualitative ...
[65]
Research Associate 1 in New Haven, Connecticut, 06519 | Other at ...
Saved jobs(0). -. yalehome. Research Associate 1. Description ... programming ... work with large structured and unstructured datasets, and GPU-accelerated ...
[66]
[PDF] CP 7348.810 Sponsors and CROs - FDA
Sep 15, 2021 · The monitor may be an employee or a consultant to the sponsor or. CRO and are commonly referred to as clinical research associates (CRAs). 2.Missing: knowledge | Show results with:knowledge
[67]
Joining the ATLAS Collaboration
Institutes interested in a cooperation with the ATLAS Collaboration on technical projects can be affiliated as Technical Associate Institutes. Join as an ...
[68]
Research Associate-Fixed Term - East Lansing, Michigan, United ...
A Ph.D. or equivalent in high energy physics is required. We anticipate that this position will involve frequent travel to CERN or residency at CERN. This ...
[69]
[PDF] The state of academic careers in OECD countries (EN)
The evidence review examines the state of academic careers in higher education systems in OECD countries, providing an overview of available data, research ...
[70]
Research Associates - Harvard Business School
Research Associates work with faculty on research, case studies, and coursework, analyzing data, conducting interviews, and engaging with diverse perspectives.Who We Are · Predoctoral Research · Benefits & Compensation · CommunityMissing: definition | Show results with:definition
[71]
Research Associate - PEER Center - American University Careers
The initial appointment is for 12 months, and can be renewed annually. The salary range for the research associate position is $70,000-$110,000. The salary for ...
[72]
Research Associate 1 - University of Miami jobs
The Research Associate 1, SOM supports research activities for the assigned division by conducting laboratory experiments on assigned research projects.
[73]
Is a Research Assistant/Associate in UK equivalent to a Post ...
Mar 29, 2020 · Yes, postdoctoral positions in the UK are commonly advertised as research associates, research assistants, research fellows, teaching fellows.Why do people generally do postdoc? - Academia Stack Exchange(Re-)entering UK academic system after a long time abroadMore results from academia.stackexchange.comMissing: transition | Show results with:transition
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Research associates - UBC Human Resources
Research associates are appointees who primarily conduct research with no formal teaching duties. They differ from honorary research associates.
[75]
Research Associate - Multiple Positions Available - CAUT
Oct 31, 2025 · Successful candidates must hold a doctoral degree or have equivalent qualifications and experience. Minimum starting salary is $50,000, ...
[76]
Research Associate Jobs (with Salaries) - SEEK
Find your ideal job at SEEK with 477 Research Associate jobs found in Australia. View all our Research Associate vacancies now with new jobs added daily!
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Research Associate jobs in Australia - Times Higher Education (THE)
Postdoctoral Research Associate in Economic History · Sydney, Australia · $113,400 - $121,054 + 17% superannuation · UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY. Join a ...
[78]
Academic career maps in Europe | LERU
The maps show the different research positions available in an institution, the levels of responsibility, how they are funded at each stage and how a researcher ...
[79]
University vs. Research Institute? The Dual Pillars of German ...
Feb 7, 2020 · Its dual-pillar research policy differentiates these organizational forms functionally: universities specialize in advanced research-based ...Missing: associate variations
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The wide range of academic institutions
Feb 19, 2021 · Research universities are categorized as R1, R2 and doctoral/professional (formerly R3) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.<|separator|>