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Resurrection Bay

Resurrection Bay is a 18-mile-long (29 km) fjord on the southeastern coast of Alaska's Kenai Peninsula, extending southward from the mouth of the Resurrection River at the city of Seward to the Gulf of Alaska.^[1] It is characterized by its deep, sheltered waters, rugged surrounding mountains, rocky islands, and proximity to glaciers, forming a prime example of Alaska's dramatic coastal landscape.^[2] The bay's name originates from 1792, when Russian explorer Alexander Baranov named it for the Russian Orthodox Easter, known as the "Sunday of Resurrection," during his arrival in the area.^[3] Prior to European contact, the region served as a homeland for the Alutiiq-speaking Unegkurmiut people, who utilized its abundant marine resources, with evidence of settlements like the village of Qutekcak near modern-day Seward.^[1] Following Russian exploration, the bay became a hub for sea otter hunting by the Russian-American Company in the early 19th century, and later supported gold prospectors and workers building the Alaska Railroad in the late 1800s and early 1900s.^[2] Seward, founded in 1903 as the southern terminus of the railroad and named after U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward—who negotiated the Alaska Purchase in 1867—grew significantly around the bay, which also played a strategic role as a military port during World War II, including fortifications like Fort McGilvray at Caines Head.^[3]^[1] Geologically, Resurrection Bay exemplifies fjord formation through Pleistocene glaciation, where massive ice sheets carved deep U-shaped valleys that were later inundated by rising sea levels about 10,000 years ago, with ongoing tectonic uplift from the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate at a rate of about 10 mm per year.^[4] Prominent features include sheer basalt cliffs at Cape Resurrection, eroded spires of shale and greywacke on opposing shores, and state-managed recreation areas such as Caines Head State Recreation Area and marine parks like Thumb Cove and Safety Cove, accessible primarily by boat.^[4]^[2] The bay's watershed, encompassing 141,731 acres fed by streams from the Harding Icefield and Sargent Icefield, supports a vibrant ecosystem rich in biodiversity.^[1] Ecologically, Resurrection Bay is renowned for its wildlife, hosting seabirds such as tufted and horned puffins, common murres, and bald eagles nesting on coastal cliffs, alongside marine mammals including humpback whales, orcas, and sea otters, as well as land species like black bears and mountain goats.^[2] Its protected waters facilitate activities like kayaking, wildlife viewing tours, and fishing, making it a gateway to Kenai Fjords National Park and a key destination for ecotourism in Southcentral Alaska.^[2] The area's historical and natural significance is preserved through state parks offering camping, public-use cabins, and interpretive sites, underscoring its role in both cultural heritage and environmental conservation.^[2]

History

Indigenous Use

The Resurrection Bay area on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula served as a vital habitat for indigenous peoples, particularly the Sugpiaq (Alutiiq), including the local Unegkurmiut subgroup, and Dena'ina Athabascan groups, who maintained sustainable practices for thousands of years prior to European contact. The Sugpiaq, maritime hunters of the outer coast, established seasonal campsites along the bay's shores to exploit its rich resources, while Dena'ina communities from the interior accessed the bay via established overland routes for coastal foraging and trade. Oral traditions among these groups emphasize respectful stewardship of the land and sea, passing down knowledge of seasonal patterns and resource cycles through stories and songs that reinforced communal sharing and environmental harmony.^[5]^[6]^[1] Resource utilization centered on the bay's abundant marine and coastal bounty, with Sugpiaq and Dena'ina peoples fishing for salmon and halibut using hooks, weirs, and dip nets, and hunting marine mammals such as seals and sea otters with harpoons and lances crafted from bone and stone. Gathering activities included harvesting shellfish like mussels and clams from intertidal zones, as well as berries from adjacent coastal forests, supporting year-round subsistence through drying, smoking, and storage techniques that ensured food security. These practices reflected a deep ecological knowledge, with communities rotating sites to allow resource regeneration and adapting to tidal and migratory patterns.^[5]^[7]^[8] Archaeological evidence underscores this long-term presence, with over 90 sites in the Kenai Fjords region, including shell middens and tool assemblages dating back more than 1,000 years, revealing continuous occupation by Sugpiaq villagers at locations like Qutekcak near modern Seward. These middens contain remains of shellfish, fish bones from salmon and halibut, and seal bones, alongside artifacts such as barbed lance points and composite hooks that attest to sophisticated maritime technologies. Dena'ina sites on the peninsula similarly yield evidence of marine exploitation, including clam processing areas.^[9]^[7]^[8] Culturally, Resurrection Bay functioned as a key corridor for trade and migration, linking Dena'ina interior territories to the north with Sugpiaq coastal networks and Chugach routes from the east, facilitating exchange of goods like furs, tools, and preserved foods among Alaska Native groups. This connectivity fostered intergroup relations and cultural exchange, positioning the bay as a hub in pre-colonial Southcentral Alaska.^[1]^[5]

European Exploration and Naming

The initial European contact with Resurrection Bay occurred during Russian expeditions in the late 18th century, driven by the pursuit of fur trading opportunities in Alaska's coastal regions. In 1792, Alexander Baranov, manager of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company, led an exploratory voyage along the southeastern Kenai Peninsula coast to identify sites for shipbuilding and expanded trade operations. Seeking shelter from a severe storm, Baranov entered the bay around the time of Orthodox Easter Sunday on the Julian calendar, prompting him to name it "Voskresenskaya Gavan'" (Resurrection Harbor) in commemoration of the religious holiday.^[10] Early Russian activities in the bay focused on establishing temporary outposts to support the lucrative maritime fur trade, particularly the harvesting of sea otter pelts, which fetched high prices in Chinese markets. The following year, in 1793, Baranov oversaw the construction of Fort Voskresenskii at the head of the bay, a fortified settlement that incorporated defensive features and served as a hub for trading beads and other goods with local indigenous groups in exchange for furs and provisions. This outpost facilitated the construction of the first ocean-going vessel built in Alaska, the frigate Phoenix, launched in 1794 using local timber resources, underscoring the bay's role in Russian colonial expansion despite challenges like supply shortages and harsh weather.^[10] The 19th century saw increased British and American surveying efforts to chart the bay's complex fjords and entrances amid growing interest in Alaskan navigation. British explorer George Vancouver approached the area during his 1794 voyage but was deterred by storms and fog from conducting a detailed survey. Following the U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, American expeditions began evaluating the territory's resources and geography; the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey produced initial nautical charts of the region in the 1880s, mapping key features like the bay's narrow entrances and inner fjords for safer maritime passage. These surveys, complemented by a 1898 U.S. Geological Survey reconnaissance led by Walter C. Mendenhall starting from Resurrection Bay, highlighted the inlet's ice-free depths and protected anchorage as a strategically valuable harbor for Pacific commerce and potential naval use.^[11]

20th-Century Development

In 1903, the Alaska Central Railway established Seward as the southern terminus on the shores of Resurrection Bay, marking a pivotal shift toward regional connectivity and resource extraction. The arrival of the steamer Santa Ana on August 28 brought engineers and supplies, founding the town and initiating rail construction northward to access coal from the Matanuska fields and minerals from the interior.^[12] This development capitalized on the bay's ice-free natural harbor, positioning Seward as a key export port for bulk commodities shipped to global markets.^[13] During World War II, Resurrection Bay's strategic importance prompted significant military fortifications to safeguard against potential Japanese threats to Alaska's Pacific coast. Construction of Fort McGilvray at Caines Head began on July 31, 1941, with initial temporary setups evolving into permanent infrastructure following the U.S. entry into the war after Pearl Harbor.^[14] Completed between 1941 and 1943, the site featured two six-inch gun emplacements capable of firing 1,000-pound shells up to 15 miles, along with concrete bunkers for ammunition storage, searchlight positions, anti-aircraft batteries, barracks for over 200 troops, and extensive road networks spanning seven miles.^[15] These defenses protected Seward's port facilities, though the fort saw no combat action.^[16] The post-war era brought challenges from natural disasters, notably the magnitude 9.2 Great Alaska Earthquake on March 27, 1964, which devastated Resurrection Bay's infrastructure. Vertical subsidence of up to 4 feet, combined with underwater landslides and a tsunami reaching 30 feet in Seward, obliterated the waterfront docks, oil tanks, and much of the harbor, resulting in 13 deaths, 86 homes destroyed, and approximately $22 million in damages to the bay area.^[17] Recovery efforts led to harbor reconstruction starting in the late 1960s under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, with major expansions in the 1970s to restore berthing for commercial and fishing vessels, enhancing resilience against future seismic events.^[18] The century closed with environmental setbacks from the Exxon Valdez oil spill on March 24, 1989, when 11 million gallons of crude oil escaped into Prince William Sound and dispersed into Resurrection Bay. Currents carried oil to the bay's shorelines, contaminating rocky beaches and intertidal zones over several miles, harming marine habitats and prompting immediate response challenges like debris-clogged skimmers. Cleanup in the bay involved innovative early efforts, including hot-water washing, manual removal, and the first large-scale use of bioremediation fertilizers to accelerate microbial breakdown of oil residues on affected shores, though full recovery took decades.^[19]

Geography

Location and Dimensions

Resurrection Bay is situated on the southeastern coast of the Kenai Peninsula in south-central Alaska, United States, forming a deep fjord that opens southward into the Gulf of Alaska.^[20] Its northern terminus lies at the mouth of the Resurrection River adjacent to the city of Seward, providing a natural harbor approximately 120 miles south of Anchorage.^[21] The bay's approximate central coordinates are 59°58′ N, 149°22′ W.^[20] The bay measures approximately 18 miles (29 km) in length from its head near Seward to the open Gulf of Alaska, with a width varying from 2 to 5 miles (3.2 to 8 km).^[20] It reaches a maximum depth exceeding 960 feet (293 m) in its central areas, characteristic of its fjord-like structure carved by glacial activity.^[21] These dimensions create a sheltered waterway protected from the prevailing storms of the Gulf of Alaska, with depths generally ranging from 20 to over 100 fathoms (120 to 600 feet) throughout much of the bay.^[20] The western boundary is defined by the Aialik Peninsula, while the eastern edge follows the Resurrection Peninsula, with the southern entrance spanning between Aialik Cape and Cape Resurrection.^[20] Unlike many surrounding bays that freeze in winter, Resurrection Bay remains ice-free year-round, owing to strong tidal currents and its relatively deep, well-mixed waters that prevent ice formation.^[21] This accessibility supports year-round marine activities and nearby human settlements like Seward.^[21]

Geological and Hydrological Features

Resurrection Bay is a fjord carved during the Pleistocene epoch by glaciers advancing from the Harding Icefield, which covers much of the Kenai Mountains and continues to influence the region's landscape through ongoing glacial activity.^[4] These glaciers sculpted steep U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, and cirques into the bedrock, with post-glacial sea level rise approximately 10,000 years ago submerging these features to form the bay's characteristic fjord morphology.^[4] The underlying geology consists primarily of resistant granodiorite on the western side and pillow basalts on the eastern cliffs, such as those at Cape Resurrection, which resisted erosion to create dramatic sheer walls.^[4] Prominent landforms within the bay include several islands, such as Fox Island, Rugged Island, and Cheval Island, the latter two forming the Harding Gateway passage that channels water flow.^[21] Deep coves indent the shoreline, notably Thumb Cove and Humpy Cove on the eastern side, which are remnants of smaller glacial valleys now sheltered by the surrounding terrain.^[21] Freshwater inflows contribute to the bay's dynamic features, with the Resurrection River discharging near Seward from glacial melt in the Kenai Mountains, alongside smaller streams like Fourth of July Creek and Likes Creek, which originate from snowfields and glaciers on the Resurrection Peninsula.^[22] These rivers deposit sediments at their mouths, forming deltas that alter the coastal bathymetry over time.^[23] Hydrologically, the bay experiences strong tidal influences from the Gulf of Alaska, with diurnal tidal ranges reaching up to 10.6 feet on average and extremes approaching 15 feet during mixed tides, driving significant water exchange and currents through its narrow passages.^[24] Glacial runoff from the Harding Icefield introduces cold, low-salinity freshwater, creating stratified layers in the water column—surface salinities as low as 12 ppt near shore reflect this input, which mixes with marine waters to form a brackish estuarine environment.^[25] This freshwater influx carries suspended sediments, leading to turbidity and deposition that supports the formation of subaqueous fans and deltas at river outlets.^[23] The bay's location near the Aleutian Trench, a major subduction zone, exposes it to seismic activity, including the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake (magnitude 9.2), which originated from tectonic stress along the plate boundary and generated tsunamis that inundated Seward with waves up to 30 feet high.^[26] This event, the second-largest earthquake ever recorded, uplifted or subsided coastal areas around the bay by several feet, reshaping shorelines and highlighting the region's vulnerability to future seismic and tsunami hazards.^[26]

Ecology

Marine Environment

Resurrection Bay's marine environment is defined by cold, nutrient-rich waters originating from upwelling in the adjacent Gulf of Alaska, which delivers deep, oxygen-saturated waters to the surface and sustains high biological productivity. Surface water temperatures typically average 45–55°F (7–13°C) during the summer months, with an annual mean of about 45°F (7°C), reflecting the influence of subarctic currents and seasonal warming. Salinity levels range from 30 to 33 parts per thousand (ppt), influenced by occasional freshwater inputs from surrounding glaciers but maintained by oceanic exchange over the bay's sill.^[27]^[28]^[29] Circulation within the bay is primarily driven by tidal forces and prevailing winds, resulting in dynamic mixing that brings nutrient-laden waters upward and prevents strong summer stratification. As a single-silled fjord, the bay experiences annual renewal of its deep basin waters during summer, when dense shelf waters flow inward over the sill, replenishing oxygen levels to above 4 ml/L and flushing out winter-accumulated carbon. This process ensures consistent oxygenation of deeper layers, with minimal impact from local freshwater runoff.^[30]^[31]^[32] Water quality in Resurrection Bay remains high due to its remote location and limited human development, with low concentrations of contaminants reported in routine monitoring of ports and shipping lanes. However, the bay is susceptible to ocean acidification, as its cold waters absorb elevated atmospheric CO2 more readily than warmer regions, leading to declining pH levels and reduced aragonite saturation states that affect carbonate chemistry. Glacial melt from nearby mountains introduces freshwater pulses that can further influence local pH dynamics, while trace residues from regional oil spills, such as the 1989 Exxon Valdez incident, persist in sediments despite overall low pollution.^[33]^[34]^[35] Seasonally, the bay's waters exhibit pronounced variations, including spring phytoplankton blooms triggered by nutrient upwelling, increased daylight, and post-winter mixing, which form the foundation of the pelagic food web. These blooms peak from May through early summer, with chlorophyll levels rising sharply along monitoring transects like the Seward Line. The fjord remains largely ice-free throughout the year, facilitating ongoing vertical mixing and nutrient distribution even in winter.^[36]^[29]^[37]

Biodiversity

Resurrection Bay supports a rich biodiversity shaped by its nutrient-rich waters, which foster high productivity for marine and coastal species. The bay's ecosystem includes diverse marine mammals, seabirds, fish populations, and terrestrial vegetation adapted to the temperate coastal environment. Marine mammals are prominent in the bay, with harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) frequently hauling out on rocky shores and islands for resting and pupping. Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) congregate at haul-out sites along the bay's rugged coastline, where they breed and forage on fish and squid. Orcas (Orcinus orca), including transient and resident pods, are commonly observed in the southern reaches of the bay year-round, hunting marine mammals and fish in coordinated groups. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate northward from winter calving grounds in Hawaiian and Mexican waters to summer feeding areas in Resurrection Bay and adjacent Kenai Fjords from May through September, where they consume krill and small fish using bubble-net feeding techniques. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) are regularly sighted in the outer bay during summer months, drawn by abundant prey. Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) forage in nearshore kelp beds, preying on invertebrates to maintain the intertidal ecosystem. The bay's avifauna features extensive nesting colonies of seabirds on cliffs and islands, supporting large populations during the breeding season. Tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) nest in burrows on steep slopes and offshore islands, diving for fish and invertebrates to feed their young. Black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) form dense colonies on rocky ledges, feeding on small fish and zooplankton in the bay's productive waters. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nest on coastal cliffs and mature trees, with over 1,800 breeding pairs in the broader North Gulf Coast region, including Resurrection Bay, where they scavenge fish and hunt waterfowl. Migratory waterfowl, such as various ducks and geese, utilize the bay as a stopover along Pacific flyways, resting and foraging in shallow nearshore areas during spring and fall migrations. Fish populations thrive in the bay, with significant salmon runs of all five Pacific species—Chinook (king), chum, coho (silver), pink, and sockeye—entering freshwater streams and the bay's head for spawning from late summer through fall. Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) inhabit deeper waters, while various rockfish species (Sebastes spp.) occupy rocky reefs and structure. Kelp forests, dominated by bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana), provide habitat and refuge for invertebrates, including Dungeness crabs (Metacarcinus magister), which scavenge and burrow in the understory. Terrestrial flora along the bay's shores consists of coastal spruce-hemlock forests, primarily Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), forming dense canopies in the rainforest zone above the high-tide line. On surrounding peninsulas, alpine tundra communities feature low-growing shrubs, mosses, and sedges adapted to exposed, windy conditions at higher elevations. Intertidal zones host bull kelp beds in subtidal areas and eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in protected shallows, supporting epiphytic algae and small crustaceans.

Human Activity

Settlement and Economy

The city of Seward serves as the primary settlement around Resurrection Bay, with a population of 2,717 recorded in the 2020 census, and estimates around 2,800 as of 2024.^[38]^[39] Founded in 1903 by settlers associated with the Alaska Central Railway, Seward originated as the southern ocean terminus for the planned rail line connecting coastal ports to Alaska's interior resources.^[3] This rail connection, later incorporated into the Alaska Railroad, positioned Seward as the economic hub for the bay, facilitating trade and resource extraction in the surrounding Kenai Peninsula region.^[40] Seward Harbor functions as a deep-water port facility, handling cargo operations that include fish processing and support for regional supply chains.^[41] The port's infrastructure enables the loading and unloading of bulk goods, integrating with rail services to move commodities efficiently from coastal waters to inland destinations.^[42] The fisheries sector forms a cornerstone of the local economy, centered on commercial harvesting of salmon and crab within Resurrection Bay's productive waters.^[43] These activities sustain processing operations at the harbor and generate employment for fishers and support staff in Seward.^[43] Aquaculture initiatives, such as the shellfish hatchery operated by the Alutiiq Pride Marine Institute in Seward, conduct trials for oyster cultivation in protected coves along the bay, aiming to diversify marine resource production.^[44] Remnants of small-scale mining persist in the Seward Mining District, where historical placer operations for gold and other minerals, such as copper and lead, continue on a limited basis near the bay's periphery.^[45] Additionally, the Alaska Railroad's logistics operations at Seward underpin broader economic activity by transporting freight, including seafood products and construction materials, northward from the port.^[46] This rail support contributes to the stability of local industries reliant on efficient overland distribution.^[46]

Tourism and Recreation

Resurrection Bay attracts a wide array of tourists seeking outdoor adventures in its protected waters and surrounding shores, with popular activities including guided kayaking tours through secluded coves that offer close-up views of marine life and coastal scenery.^[47] Sport fishing charters, particularly targeting king salmon, depart daily from Seward's harbor, utilizing the bay's nutrient-rich waters to provide anglers with opportunities for catching trophy-sized fish amid stunning glacier backdrops.^[48] Whale-watching boat tours, often lasting 5 to 7 hours, explore the bay's depths for sightings of humpback whales, orcas, and other marine mammals, drawing visitors eager to witness the region's abundant biodiversity in a relatively calm fjord environment.^[49] Infrastructure supporting these pursuits includes water taxi services that transport visitors to remote islands and coastal sites within Resurrection Bay and adjacent Kenai Fjords National Park, enabling access for kayakers, hikers, and campers without personal vessels.^[50] Hiking trails, such as the segment of the Iditarod National Historic Trail starting from Seward's Mile 0 monument, follow the shoreline for several miles, offering easy to moderate paths through rainforest and along Resurrection Bay with interpretive signs highlighting the area's sled dog history.^[51] Tourism peaks in summer, when more than 100 cruise ships dock in Seward annually, bringing over 200,000 passengers to the region in 2024 and providing a major economic boost through related excursions and spending on local services.^[52]^[53] In 2025, the Alaska State Legislature passed a bill to finance a new $135 million cruise dock and terminal to accommodate growing traffic, including larger vessels like Royal Caribbean's Ovation of the Seas.^[54] Safety considerations are paramount due to the bay's strong tidal currents and frequent wildlife encounters; all boaters must carry U.S. Coast Guard-approved personal flotation devices, and operators adhere to Marine Mammal Protection Act guidelines to maintain a 100-yard distance from whales and other protected species during tours.^[55]^[56]

Protected Areas

National Parks

Kenai Fjords National Park, established in 1980 through the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, encompasses a legislative boundary of 669,650 acres on the southeastern Kenai Peninsula, with Resurrection Bay providing the primary coastal access point for visitors.^[57]^[58] The park's vast wilderness areas, including the Harding Icefield from which nearly 40 glaciers flow, are managed by the National Park Service (NPS) to preserve natural ecosystems and limit human impacts.^[57] A visitor center in Seward serves as the main hub for education and trip planning, supporting 418,682 recreation visits in 2024, the highest on record.^[58]^[57] Resurrection Bay enables boat tours as the gateway to the park's fjords and tidewater glaciers, such as Aialik Glacier and Holgate Glacier, where visitors observe calving ice and rugged coastlines.^[59] These marine routes highlight the bay's role in accessing protected coastal waters that serve as a sanctuary for seabird colonies and marine mammals, including humpback whales, sea lions, and harbor seals, with breeding and hauling areas safeguarded from disruption.^[59]^[57] Additionally, Exit Glacier stands out as a unique land-based feature accessible by road from Seward, allowing hikers to approach the retreating ice front and witness its dynamic interaction with the landscape.^[58]^[59] NPS management emphasizes wilderness preservation across 569,000 acres of eligible wilderness, focusing on conservation goals to protect glacial outflows, fjords, and coastal ecosystems amid climate change pressures, such as glacier retreat and shifting marine habitats.^[57] These efforts maintain the environmental integrity of the Harding Icefield and surrounding islands, ensuring the persistence of diverse wildlife populations in their natural state.^[57]^[60]

State Recreation Areas

Resurrection Bay encompasses several state-managed recreation areas under the Alaska Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation, part of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), which emphasize accessible public use, historical preservation, and minimal environmental impact through practices like Leave No Trace principles. These sites offer diverse activities including hiking, camping, kayaking, and fishing, with some requiring boat or tide-dependent access, and cabin rentals incurring nightly fees ranging from $75 to $150 depending on the facility.^[61] Caines Head State Recreation Area spans 5,961 acres on the western shore of the bay, approximately 5.5 miles south of Seward, and is renowned for its World War II-era historic sites, particularly the abandoned Fort McGilvray, a coastal defense installation built in 1941 with gun batteries, searchlight towers, and bunkers accessible via interpretive trails.^[62] Visitors can explore 4.5 miles of coastal trails from Lowell Point to North Beach, including tide-dependent beach sections passable only at low tides of +3 feet or lower, while engaging in beachcombing for marine debris and artifacts, fishing for salmon and halibut, and overnight camping at designated sites with a 15-night limit.^[62] The area also features three public-use cabins for rent, picnic shelters, and toilets, with access primarily by foot, boat, or water taxi from Seward.^[62] Adjacent to Seward, Lowell Point State Recreation Site covers 19 acres of beachfront along the bay's southwestern edge, serving as a key entry point for recreation with ADA-accessible facilities including toilets and parking.^[63] It provides picnic areas for day use, opportunities for shore fishing targeting Dolly Varden and silver salmon, and acts as the trailhead for the 4.5-mile coastal path to Caines Head, where hikers must time their journey around tidal changes to safely traverse the beach sections.^[63] The site's rainforest setting enhances wildlife viewing of shorebirds and marine mammals during high tide, supporting low-key activities without overnight camping options.^[63] Among the marine-focused parks, Sandspit Point State Marine Park, located at the northeast tip of Fox Island 12 miles southeast of Seward, encompasses 560 acres of uplands and a prominent half-mile sand and cobble spit ideal for kayaking launches and shoreline exploration.^[64] Divers and snorkelers access tide pools teeming with marine invertebrates, while campers use a tent platform with bear-resistant food storage; the park lacks fresh water and facilities beyond a planned privy, requiring self-sufficiency for intermediate paddlers navigating vessel traffic.^[64]^[65] Sunny Cove State Marine Park, on the southwest side of Fox Island about 14 miles south of Seward, covers 960 acres and offers protected anchorage for kayakers with intermediate to advanced skills, who can paddle to explore sea arches, caves, and forested game trails amid views of Cape Aialik.^[65] Beach camping is available without facilities or fresh water, emphasizing remote, low-impact use in this boat-access-only site free of private inholdings.^[65] Thumb Cove State Marine Park, situated 9 miles south of Seward on the bay's eastern shore, includes 720 acres featuring dramatic rock faces, waterfalls, and proximity to Porcupine Glacier for stunning vistas.^[66] Boaters anchor using mooring buoys or beach at campsites, while two public-use cabins—one wheelchair accessible—provide shelter with wood stoves and bunks, reservable in advance for fishing salmon or hiking to nearby glaciers; a stream offers fresh water, and toilets support day and overnight visits.^[66]^[65] These areas border Kenai Fjords National Park boundaries, enhancing regional connectivity for multi-site exploration.^[65]

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Mar 25, 2024 · Tsunamis produced by the earthquake resulted in deaths and damage as far away as Oregon and California. Altogether the earthquake and subsequent ...<|separator|>
[26]
Seward Water Temperature (AK) | United States
The warmest water temperature is in August with an average around 55.4°F / 13.0°C. The coldest month is March with an average water temperature of 38.1°F / 3.4° ...Missing: salinity | Show results with:salinity
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Seward ocean water temperature today | AK, United States temp
The ocean salinity in Seward is 30.39‰, and the average salinity of the World Ocean is 35‰. Surf Forecast in Seward for today. Another important indicators for ...
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The Seward Line: Marine Ecosystem Monitoring ... - Gulf Watch Alaska
The Seward line is a transect of oceanographic survey stations that begins at the GAK1 mooring at the mouth of Resurrection Bay in the Gulf of Alaska (59°50.7' ...Missing: circulation upwelling<|control11|><|separator|>
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A numerical model of circulation in a continental shelf-silled fjord ...
The effect of freshwater inflow to Resurrection Bay is shown to be minimal. Meteorological forcing of hydrographic conditions on the adjacent shelf (coastal ...
[30]
Patterns of carbon supply and distribution and oxygen renewal in ...
The deep basin water of Resurrection Bay (a single-silled fjord at 60°N on the south-central Alaskan coast) is renewed each summer with water having a ...
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[PDF] Circulation Processes on Alaska's Shelf Seas
Smooth, gently sloping shelf. Winds & tides dominate circulation. Seasonality: sea ice, river runoff nearshore, shelfbreak exchange. Mean flows are weak!! Page ...
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[PDF] Water Quality Measures in Alaska's Ports and Shipping Lanes: 2020 ...
This is the 2020 annual report on water quality measures in Alaska's ports and shipping lanes, prepared for the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.Missing: circulation upwelling
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Long-term Ocean Acidification Moorings - Alaska Ocean Observing ...
The GAKOA mooring is located at the mouth of Resurrection Bay near Seward and provides year-round data on a suite of oceanographic variables ...
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Alaska - NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
The cold waters of the Alaska region absorb more carbon, resulting in a higher amount of ocean acidification.<|separator|>
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Taking the Long View (U.S. National Park Service)
Sep 10, 2019 · The Seward Line begins with the GAK-1 monitoring station at the mouth the Resurrection Bay and proceeds south 150 nautical miles to the outer ...
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Seward Line - Alaska Ocean Observing System
Large increases in phytoplankton during the spring and sustained ... Resurrection Bay on the eastern side of the Kenai Peninsula in southcentral Alaska.
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[PDF] Alaska Population Estimates by Borough, Census Area, City, and ...
Seward city. 2,717. 122. 71640. Soldotna city. 4,342. 122. 73070. Sterling CDP. 5,918. 122. 73950. Sunrise CDP. 15. 122. 79890. Tyonek CDP. 152 ... Source: US ...
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Seward - Iditarod Historic Trail Alliance
The city of Seward was founded in 1903 by Alaska Central Railway as the ocean terminus for its proposed railroad to the interior. It was named in honor of ...
[39]
[PDF] Seward Marine Terminal Expansion Planning - Alaska Railroad
Option F-RE6 - Seafood Processing: Provide a seafood processing facility including dedicated new plant, dedicated dock, and accommodations for 100 people. Page ...Missing: throughput | Show results with:throughput
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[PDF] Seward Freight Dock Expansion and Corridor Improvements
May 23, 2024 · Project goals include: • Expand terminal and vessel service to accommodate growing freight cargo. • Increase opportunities for freight rail ...
[41]
[PDF] overview of the global supply chain - Alaska Seafood
Air cargo carriers FedEx Freight and UPS operate in Alaska but serve fewer locations than Alaska. Airlines. FedEx air freight serves Anchorage, Juneau ...
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Alaska's Vast Mariculture Potential - Aquaculture North America
Nov 12, 2024 · The Alutiiq Pride Marine Institute (APMI) located in Seward on Resurrection Bay was issued the state's first shellfish hatchery permit in 1992.
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Seward Mining District, Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, USA
Aug 10, 2025 · This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region ... Cadmium ... Chromium ... Copper ... Gold ... Iron ... Lead.
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[PDF] Freight Services - Alaska Railroad
Jun 17, 2024 · Freight is the Alaska Railroad's largest rev- enue source, generating more than half of ARRC's operating revenues (excluding capital grants).
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Seward & Kenai Fjords Sea Kayaking Tours | See Glaciers & Wildlife
See dynamic glaciers and abundant wildlife with a sea kayaking excursion in Resurrection Bay and into the Kenai Fjords National Park.
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Half-Day King Salmon and Rockfish Fishing Charter - Miller's Landing
Get ready for a king salmon adventure in the calm, protected waters of Resurrection Bay, with glacier views as your backdrop. Step aboard the Avery H, a 28-foot ...
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Seward, AK | Things to Do, Recreation, & Travel Information
These whale watching tours explore Resurrection Bay and Kenai Fjords ... Resurrection Bay and beyond for some of the best saltwater fishing in Alaska.
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Water Taxis - Kenai Fjords National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Sep 15, 2023 · Hiking · Boat ... The following water taxi services, operating out of Seward, provide access to many areas of the park or Resurrection Bay.
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Iditarod National Historic Trail | ALASKA.ORG
It's an easy 3‑mile hike or bike ride on a wide, well-developed trail with a gentle elevation gain that winds through America's northernmost rainforest, crosses ...Missing: services | Show results with:services
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Cruise ships in Seward bring a boost of summer tourism economy ...
Apr 25, 2024 · Local Seward brewery and shop owner Elle Zernia said she gets 80% of her yearly revenue from tourists. “Tourism season is everything for our ...Missing: Resurrection Bay
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Kayak and Boat Safety - Kenai Fjords National Park (U.S. National ...
Apr 22, 2025 · Everyone must have a U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation device (PFD). Wear it! It is extremely difficult to put on in the water, and ...
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Alaska Marine Mammal Viewing Guidelines and Regulations
May 7, 2025 · Information on approach regulations, safe viewing practices, and more information on reducing disturbance while watching whales, sea lions, seals, dolphins, ...
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[PDF] Kenai Fjords National Park Fact Sheet
Kenai Fjords protects the Harding Icefield, glaciers, and marine life. It was established in 1980, with a legislative boundary of 669,650 acres. The Harding ...
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Basic Information - Kenai Fjords National Park (U.S. National Park ...
Mar 26, 2025 · The primary months to visit are June, July, and August. There are reduced services in the area during the months of May and September. The road ...Places To Go · Eating & Sleeping · Current Conditions · Calendar
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Kenai Fjords National Park Press Release: Annual Visitation Release
Feb 23, 2024 · At Kenai Fjords National Park, 2023 marks our third highest visitation on record with 389,525 visitors. The park's highest visitation on record ...
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Things To Do - Kenai Fjords National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
### Summary of Boat Tours, Exit Glacier, and Marine Sanctuary Aspects
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Kenai Fjords National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
### Key Facts About Kenai Fjords National Park
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https://www.nps.gov/kefj/planyourvisit/basicinfo.htm
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Caines Head State Recreation Area
Caines Head State Recreation Area is the scenic site of an abandoned World War II fort, can be reached by boat or foot from Seward.
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Lowell Point State Recreation Site
The 4.5 mile coastal trail leads from Lowell Point to the recreation area, ending at North Beach. A portion of this trail can be hiked only at low tide.
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Sandspit Point State Marine Park
Sandspit Point State Marine Park is located at the northeast tip of Fox Island (Renard Island) in Resurrection Bay, twelve miles southeast of Seward.
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[PDF] Resurrection Bay Marine Trail
One can cross from Caines Head to the northern tip of Fox Island or from North Beach to Thumb Cove then follow the shoreline to Humpy Cove and then cross to ...Missing: Cheval | Show results with:Cheval
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Thumb Cove State Marine Park
Thumb Cove State Marine Park, 720 acres, has campsites, cabins, and is popular for boating and fishing. It's located near Porcupine Glacier, with no road ...