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Rethymno

Rethymno is a city and municipality on the northern coast of Crete, Greece, functioning as the capital of the Rethymno regional unit with a population of 34,084 inhabitants according to the 2021 census.^[1] Located between the White Mountains and the Cretan Sea, it features a well-preserved old town blending Venetian and Ottoman architectural influences, including the imposing Fortezza fortress constructed in the 16th century for defense against Ottoman incursions.^[2] The city's economy revolves around tourism, supported by its extensive sandy beaches, historic harbor, and cultural sites such as the Rimondi Fountain and archaeological museums, while its history traces back to ancient settlements with prominence achieved during the Venetian period from the 13th to 17th centuries before Ottoman rule until unification with Greece in 1913.^[3]

Geography

Location and Topography

Rethymno is situated on the northern coast of Crete, Greece's largest island, approximately 80 kilometers east of Chania and 65 kilometers west of Heraklion, serving as the administrative center of the Rethymno regional unit.^[4] Its geographic coordinates are approximately 35.366° N latitude and 24.482° E longitude.^[5] The city occupies a low-elevation coastal position, with an average height of about 14 meters above sea level.^[6] The local topography consists of a narrow coastal plain fringed by a long sandy beach that extends eastward for around 11 kilometers, transitioning inland to gently rising hills where the urban core, including the Venetian fortress on a promontory, is situated.^[4] Southward, the terrain ascends into rugged mountainous areas, bordered by the Psiloritis (Ida) massif to the east, featuring Crete's highest peak at 2,456 meters, and the White Mountains (Lefka Ori) to the west.^[4] These ranges contribute to a diverse landscape of valleys, gorges, and plateaus within the broader regional unit, which spans varied elevations from sea level to over 2,000 meters.^[7] The municipality covers an area of approximately 397 square kilometers, encompassing both lowland coastal zones and upland terrains.^[8]

Climate

Rethymno has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), defined by prolonged hot and arid summers alongside mild winters with moderate rainfall concentrated in the cooler months.^[9] The hot season spans from June to September, with average daily highs exceeding 27°C, while the cool season runs from December to March, featuring highs below 18°C and lows around 10°C. Annual average temperatures hover near 17°C, with precipitation totaling approximately 350 mm, predominantly falling between October and March.^[5] Summers are marked by negligible rainfall—often zero in July and August—and high humidity levels that can feel muggy, peaking in late summer with average wind speeds remaining moderate. Winters bring the bulk of the precipitation, with December seeing about 66 mm and up to 10 rainy days, alongside occasional windy conditions peaking in February at around 22 km/h. Cloud cover is minimal during summer (nearly clear in July) but increases in winter, with December often overcast about 39% of the time.^[5] The following table summarizes average monthly high and low temperatures, rainfall, and rainy days based on historical data:

Month	High (°C)	Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Rainy Days
January	15	10	68.6	10.2
February	15	9	61.0	8.5
March	17	11	35.6	6.3
April	21	13	15.2	3.1
May	24	17	7.6	1.7
June	28	21	2.5	0.5
July	31	23	0.0	0.1
August	30	23	0.0	0.4
September	28	21	7.6	1.5
October	24	17	33.0	5.1
November	19	14	55.9	7.8
December	16	11	66.0	9.7

These patterns support agriculture and tourism, with dry summers minimizing flood risks but enabling wildfires, though no recent extreme variability trends specific to Rethymno deviate markedly from broader Mediterranean warming observed since the late 20th century.^[5]

History

Ancient Period

The region encompassing modern Rethymno exhibits evidence of early human activity from the Palaeolithic period, including Acheulean stone tools unearthed at Plakias, dated to approximately 130,000 BCE.^[10] Settlement in the vicinity intensified during the late Minoan period (ca. 1350–1100 BCE), with archaeological traces of habitation and a notable Late Minoan III cemetery at Armeni, located 12 kilometers south of the city, containing over 200 tombs from the 13th and 12th centuries BCE that reveal Bronze Age burial practices such as chamber tombs with grave goods.^[11]^[12] The ancient city-state of Rithymna, underlying the current urban site, emerged prominently in the Classical and Hellenistic eras, flourishing particularly in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, as attested by discoveries of gold and silver coins from that timeframe.^[2] An autonomous polity with maritime facilities, including potential harbors and coastal infrastructure adapted to the local geoarchaeological context of subsidence and sedimentation, Rithymna maintained economic ties through trade and possessed an acropolis featuring a sanctuary dedicated to Artemis.^[13] Excavations have uncovered elements of its urban fabric, such as temple structures and civic buildings, reflecting its role as a key northern Cretan center before declining in the Roman period.^[14]

Byzantine and Venetian Eras

Historical records provide limited details on Rethymno during the Byzantine era, spanning from the 4th century AD until the Ottoman conquest. The settlement likely persisted as a minor coastal outpost following the Byzantine reconquest of Crete from Arab rule in 961 AD, with early development of its harbor during this late phase.^[15] Christianity expanded across Crete, leading to the construction of basilicas and vaulted churches in the region, though few survive intact within Rethymno itself; nearby examples include the Agios Ioannis Antzoussis church, dated to the early Byzantine period.^[16]^[17] Sparse documentation reflects Rethymno's secondary status compared to larger centers like Chania or Heraklion.^[18] The Venetian period began after the Fourth Crusade disrupted Byzantine control, with Venice securing Crete by 1211 and designating the island as the Kingdom of Candia. Rethymno emerged as an intermediate port between Candia (Heraklion) and Canea (Chania), leveraging its strategic northern coast position for trade in olive oil, wine, and cheese.^[19]^[20] Economic prosperity under Venetian governance fostered cultural growth, positioning Rethymno as a hub of the Cretan Renaissance, marked by advancements in literature, painting, and architecture blending Italian and Byzantine influences.^[10] In 1561, the Vivli Academy was established, representing the first post-Byzantine cultural institution in Greece dedicated to scholarship and arts.^[11] Amid rising Ottoman threats, the Venetians initiated construction of the Fortezza fortress in 1573 under Rector Alvise Lando, with walls and bastions completed by around 1590 to defend the city and harbor.^[21] This massive structure, spanning 18 hectares, included barracks, warehouses, a cathedral, and administrative buildings, symbolizing Venice's fortified colonial strategy.^[22] Venetian defenses held until 1646, when Ottoman forces under Köprülü Mehmed Pasha captured Rethymno after a prolonged siege, ending 435 years of rule and shifting control to the Sublime Porte.^[23]

Ottoman Rule

The Ottoman conquest of Rethymno occurred in 1646 during the Cretan War (1645–1669), following a siege that lasted approximately 20 days, after the fall of Chania in 1645 but preceding the prolonged siege of Candia (modern Heraklion) until 1669.^[24]^[11] Ottoman forces under Admiral Köprülü Mehmed Pasha overwhelmed the Venetian defenses, leading to the city's incorporation into the Ottoman Empire as Resmo, the administrative center of the Rethymno sanjak within the eyalet of Crete.^[25]^[26] Under Ottoman administration, Rethymno experienced demographic shifts with the settlement of Turkish Muslims, who formed a significant portion of the urban population alongside the indigenous Christian Cretans subjected to dhimmi status, including the payment of jizya tax and restrictions on religious practices. Many Venetian-era churches were converted into mosques, such as the former Cathedral of San Nicolò, which became the Mosque of Sultan Ibrahim in 1646, reflecting the Islamization of public spaces. Governance involved a mix of local Muslim aghas and appointed pashas, with the city serving as a key port for trade in olive oil, wine, and agricultural products, though heavy taxation and corvée labor fueled resentment among the Christian majority.^[27]^[11] Recurrent revolts marked the period, beginning with the Sfakian uprising of 1770 and intensifying during the Greek War of Independence in 1821, when Rethymno's Christians rose but were brutally suppressed, resulting in massacres and enslavements. The Great Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869 saw widespread fighting in Rethymno province, with rebels controlling rural areas and prompting Ottoman reprisals, culminating in the Halepa Pact of 1878 that granted limited autonomy but failed to quell tensions. The final uprising in 1897, sparked by intercommunal violence, involved Rethymno in clashes that drew international intervention, leading to the withdrawal of Ottoman garrisons by 1898 and the establishment of Cretan autonomy under the Great Powers.^[2]^[28]^[29]

19th–20th Century Independence and Integration

In the 19th century, Rethymno prefecture served as a cradle for multiple Cretan uprisings against Ottoman rule, with revolts often originating in its mountainous regions such as Apano Syvritos.^[30] The Great Cretan Revolution of 1866–1869 highlighted Rethymno's resistance, particularly at Arkadi Monastery near the city, where on November 30, 1866, approximately 259 fighters and over 700 civilians detonated gunpowder stores during an Ottoman siege, resulting in nearly 1,000 deaths among the defenders and significant Ottoman casualties.^[30] This event symbolized Cretan defiance and drew international attention to the island's quest for autonomy.^[10] The Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898 escalated tensions, leading to Ottoman withdrawal from administration and the establishment of an autonomous Cretan State under international oversight, with Ottoman suzerainty retained nominally.^[10] In Rethymno, Russian forces assumed control of the sector during this period of European intervention.^[10] This autonomy, formalized by the Pact of Chalepa in 1878 and reinforced post-1897, marked a transitional phase, though Cretans under leaders like Eleftherios Venizelos pushed for full enosis (union) with Greece. The Theriso Revolt of 1905, initiated in Chania but supported island-wide, including in Rethymno, challenged the governance of High Commissioner Prince George and accelerated demands for integration.^[31] Crete's legislative assembly declared union with Greece on May 30, 1908, but international recognition came only after the Balkan Wars, culminating in official annexation on December 1, 1913, when Greek forces raised the national flag in Chania.^[31] Rethymno, as part of Crete, integrated into the Greek state, experiencing demographic shifts including the exodus of most Muslims by 1924 and influx of around 6,000 Greek refugees from Asia Minor.^[10] During World War I, Cretan figures like Venizelos influenced Greece's alignment with the Allies, solidifying the island's ties to the mainland. In World War II, Rethymno faced invasion during the Battle of Crete from May 20 to 29, 1941, where Australian troops of the 2/11th Battalion, alongside Greek forces and local civilians, repelled initial German airborne assaults, denying the enemy a bridgehead at the local airstrip despite eventual Axis occupation.^[32] The city suffered bombing and occupation until liberation in 1944, after which post-war reconstruction and population growth—from 10,000 in 1951 to doubling between 1971 and 2001—affirmed its full incorporation into modern Greece.^[10]

Administration and Demographics

Municipal Structure

The Municipality of Rethymno was established on January 1, 2011, under Greece's Kallikratis Programme, a nationwide reform of local government that consolidated smaller administrative entities into larger municipalities to enhance efficiency and service delivery.^[33] This reform merged the former municipalities of Rethymno, Arkadi, Lappa, and Nikiforos Fokas, which were redesignated as the municipality's four municipal units (δημοτικές ενότητες): Rethymnis, Arkadiou, Lappaiōn, and Nikiforou Phōka.^[34] The municipal seat is the city of Rethymno, which serves as the administrative and economic hub.^[35] Each municipal unit retains some autonomy in local affairs, such as community councils for smaller settlements, while overarching decisions are made by the municipal council elected every five years. The municipality spans approximately 397 square kilometers, encompassing coastal urban areas, inland villages, and agricultural hinterlands.^[36] As of the 2011 census, it recorded a population of 55,525 residents, reflecting a blend of urban dwellers in Rethymno proper and rural communities in the units.^[37] Governance follows the standard Greek municipal framework: a mayor leads the executive, supported by deputy mayors for specific portfolios like finance, environment, and urban planning, while a 33-member council handles legislative functions.^[38] Decentralized services, including waste management, water supply, and cultural preservation, are coordinated across units to address the diverse needs of densely populated coastal zones and sparsely settled inland areas.^[39]

Population and Composition

The Municipality of Rethymno recorded a population of 57,216 inhabitants in the 2021 Population-Housing Census conducted by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT). The urban core of Rethymno city itself accounted for 34,084 residents, reflecting a 0.46% annual growth rate from 2011 to 2021 amid broader depopulation trends in rural Greek areas. This figure encompasses the expanded municipal boundaries established under the 2011 Kallikratis administrative reform, integrating former communes and villages across 396 km².^[40] Demographically, the population is predominantly ethnic Greek, with Cretan regional identity predominant due to historical continuity and limited large-scale migration into the area. ELSTAT data indicate a high proportion of native-born residents, with foreign nationals comprising under 5% based on 2021 citizenship breakdowns for Crete, primarily from Albania, Pakistan, and Eastern Europe—figures lower than national averages due to Rethymno's relative isolation from major urban immigrant hubs. Gender distribution shows approximate parity, with 49.5% male and 50.5% female in the municipal unit, consistent with national patterns. Religiously, over 90% of residents identify as Greek Orthodox, aligning with Crete's overall composition where the Church of Greece maintains strong cultural and institutional influence.^[41] A small Catholic community persists, linked to Venetian-era legacies and evidenced by churches like St. Anthony's, while Muslim adherents number in the low hundreds, descendants of Ottoman-period converts whose numbers sharply declined after the 1923 Greco-Turkish population exchange.^[42] Other faiths, including Protestants and Jehovah's Witnesses, represent negligible fractions, with no significant Jewish presence post-World War II. Atheism and agnosticism, while rising nationally, remain understated in local self-reporting due to social norms.^[43]

Economy

Tourism Industry

![Rethymno Harbour.jpg][float-right] Tourism constitutes the dominant sector of Rethymno's economy, drawing approximately 1.2 million visitors annually to its coastal location and historical sites.^[44] The industry leverages the city's Venetian-era architecture, including the Fortezza fortress and the old town's narrow streets lined with Ottoman and Renaissance influences, alongside sandy beaches extending several kilometers from the urban center.^[45] In peak summer months, areas like Plakias in south Rethymno accommodate up to 4,000 daily tourists, with hotel occupancy rates surpassing 70%.^[46] The sector experienced robust growth in 2024 and into 2025, mirroring Crete's overall 7% increase in tourist arrivals, supported by international flights and events such as the TUI SOCCER Champions League, which generated 14,000 overnight stays across local hotels.^[47]^[48] Conference tourism has extended the season beyond summer, achieving occupancy rates up to 85% in May for specialized venues.^[49] Key attractions include the Venetian harbor, Rimondi Fountain, and nearby sites like the Arkadi Monastery, which draw cultural tourists year-round.^[50] While primarily seasonal, efforts to promote off-peak visits through cultural festivals and winter sports events aim to stabilize revenue, contributing substantially to local employment and infrastructure development.^[51] Tourism's role aligns with Crete's broader economic reliance on the industry, which accounts for about 50% of the island's GDP.^[52]

Other Economic Sectors

Agriculture constitutes a primary non-tourism sector in Rethymno, emphasizing arable farming and olive oil production. The region's economy relies on extensive olive groves, with local mills processing Koroneiki variety olives into extra virgin olive oil, supporting both domestic consumption and exports. Rethymno's olive oil has gained recognition through competitions, reflecting sustained investment in quality and sustainability.^[53]^[54] Livestock farming, including sheep and goats, contributes to dairy (notably cheese and milk) and meat production, integral to Crete's agricultural output despite reported discrepancies in national livestock yield data that suggest underreporting or inefficiencies in areas like Rethymno. In the 2009 Agricultural-Livestock Census, Rethymno recorded 13,020 holdings, many focused on such rearing.^[55]^[56] Coastal fisheries form a small-scale sector, involving multi-gear operations typical of Greece's small-boat fleet, which catches species for local markets amid challenges like declining stocks.^[57]^[58] Manufacturing remains limited, centered on niche activities such as glass processing and brick production, with firms like Yalos Yiannoulis and Rethymniotiki Brick Industry exemplifying localized industrial efforts. The Rethymnon Chamber of Commerce recognizes manufacturing alongside food production in business awards, indicating modest but active contributions.^[59]^[60]^[61]

Culture and Society

Architectural and Historical Heritage

Rethymno's architectural heritage primarily reflects Venetian (13th–17th centuries) and Ottoman (17th–19th centuries) dominance, manifesting in fortified structures, public fountains, and converted religious buildings that overlay earlier Byzantine remnants. The old town's compact layout, with winding cobblestone alleys, arched doorways, and multi-story houses featuring wooden balconies, preserves this layered history without major modern intrusions. These elements underscore the city's role as a strategic Mediterranean port, where defensive needs shaped urban form.^[62] The Fortezza, Rethymno's defining monument, was constructed by Venetian engineers from 1573 to 1580 on Paleokastro Hill following designs influenced by Michele Sanmicheli, aiming to protect against Ottoman incursions after earlier raids. This star-shaped bastion fortress, spanning 18 hectares with thick walls up to 10 meters high and artillery platforms, represented advanced Renaissance military architecture but proved insufficient, surrendering to Ottoman forces in 1646 after a 44-day siege. Ottoman modifications included converting the central cathedral into the Sultan Ibrahim Mosque around 1657, adding a dome while retaining some Venetian features. Today, it houses ruins of barracks, a theater, and administrative buildings, offering panoramic views.^[22]^[63] Key Venetian civil structures include the Rimondi Fountain, rebuilt in 1626 by provincial rector Alvise Rimondi atop older Byzantine foundations to supply potable water via aqueducts. Its three lion-head spouts feeding basins, topped by the Rimondi crest and Latin inscriptions, exemplify ornate hydraulic and decorative arts serving public utility. Nearby, the Venetian Loggia, erected in the mid-16th century and attributed to Sanmicheli, functioned as a noble assembly hall with arcaded facades; later a mosque under Ottoman rule, it now displays archaeological replicas. The Guora Gate (Megali Pyli), built 1566–1568 as the fortified city's main southern entrance, features a 2.6-meter-wide pointed arch flanked by lion reliefs, symbolizing St. Mark's authority.^[64]^[65]^[66] Ottoman overlays are prominent in religious conversions, such as the Neratze Mosque, originally a late-16th-century Venetian Augustinian church dedicated to Santa Maria, transformed post-1646 with Islamic interiors and a minaret added in 1890 for elevated views. This adaptation highlights pragmatic reuse, blending Gothic arches with Ottoman vaults; since the 20th century, it serves as a music conservatory leveraging its acoustics. The old Venetian harbor, initiated in the 13th century and reinforced with breakwaters, retains lighthouse and warehouse remnants, framing the waterfront's eclectic facades. These sites, maintained through post-independence restorations, illustrate causal shifts from colonial defense to cultural synthesis without comprehensive UNESCO designation for the urban core.^[67]^[68]^[69]

Literature and Arts

Rethymno emerged as a significant center for the Cretan Renaissance during the Venetian rule from the 13th to 17th centuries, when local scholars and artists, often educated at Italian universities, advanced literature, theater, painting, and architecture.^[11] This period marked Rethymno as one of Crete's key hubs for intellectual and artistic output, blending Byzantine traditions with Western influences amid Ottoman threats.^[70] In literature, Georgios Chortatzis (c. 1545–c. 1610), a prominent playwright born in the Rethymno region, exemplifies this flourishing; his works, including the tragedy Erofili (c. 1600–1610) and the pastoral Panoria, represent early modern Greek drama with themes of love, honor, and social critique, drawing from classical and Italian sources while rooted in Cretan vernacular.^[71] Other contributors from Rethymno include the poet Marinos Tzane Bounialis (d. 1685), whose epic Cretan War (1687) chronicles the Venetian-Ottoman conflicts, preserving historical memory through verse.^[70] These figures, alongside contemporaries like Vitsentzos Kornaros, propelled Cretan literature's evolution into a distinct Renaissance tradition, influencing later Greek writing.^[72] The 20th century saw modern literary talents from Rethymno, such as Pantelis Prevelakis (1909–1984), a novelist and essayist born locally on February 18, 1909, who studied law, philosophy, and literature in Athens and Paris; his works, including the novel The Sun of Death (1940), explore Cretan identity, exile, and existential themes, earning him recognition in Greek letters.^[73] Prevelakis's contributions reflect Rethymno's ongoing role in fostering writers attuned to regional history and broader humanistic concerns. In the arts, Rethymno's Venetian heritage spurred visual and performative traditions, with the Cretan School of painting—characterized by elongated figures and spiritual intensity—influenced by local workshops that bridged Byzantine icons and Mannerism.^[74] Folk arts persist in the Rethymno prefecture, as seen in the works of Alciviades Skoulas (1902–1996), a self-taught painter from Anogia whose museum preserves his depictions of rural Cretan life, blending naive style with traditional motifs.^[75] Contemporary arts draw on this legacy through festivals and galleries, though historical output remains the core of Rethymno's artistic identity.^[76]

Sports and Recreation

Rethymno features organized sports through local clubs, including REA FC, a football team that secured third place in its league during the 2022/2023 season after qualifying for playoffs with notable performances.^[77] Tennis is supported by the Rethymno Tennis Club, founded in 1986 and based at the Municipal Sports Center Gallou,^[78] as well as the Baseline Sports Club, which provides facilities for tennis and padel on the Adelianos plain.^[79] The city organizes annual athletic events, such as the City Running, Beach Running, Arkadia Running, and Nikiforios Running races, alongside various cycling competitions.^[80] Recreational opportunities emphasize coastal and outdoor pursuits, with water sports like jet skiing, parasailing, banana boating, and stand-up paddleboarding available at operators including Popeye Water Sports.^[81] Scuba diving centers operate in the area, offering underwater exploration,^[82] while horseback riding trails and quad safaris through gorges and shallow waters provide adventure in the surrounding terrain.^[82]^[83] Beaches facilitate swimming, beach volleyball, and other informal activities.^[84]

Education and Research

Institutions and Facilities

The University of Crete maintains its administrative headquarters and primary campus for humanities and social sciences in Rethymno at the Gallos site, approximately 5 km from the city center, encompassing the Schools of Philosophy, Education, and Social, Economic, and Political Sciences across a 30,000 m² area.^[85]^[86] This campus supports multidisciplinary research and teaching, with facilities including specialized laboratories and the Central Library, which serves disciplines such as Greek philology, history, archaeology, philosophy, sociology, and psychology.^[87]^[88] The Institute for Mediterranean Studies, founded in 1985 under the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas and headquartered in Rethymno, focuses on historical, cultural, and archaeological research concerning Greece and the broader Mediterranean, including programs on Ottoman and Turkish studies.^[89] It maintains a specialized library as the only such collection in Greece for Islamic and Turkish studies, housing archival materials, periodicals, and monographs in multiple languages.^[90] The Public Central Library of Rethymnon, established as a municipal institution, ranks among Greece's largest public libraries and operates as the sole such facility on Crete, offering extensive collections for public access and supporting local scholarly activities.^[91] Additional research-oriented libraries, such as those affiliated with the University of Crete, provide resources for academic pursuits in education and social sciences, though broader tertiary education in the region is supplemented by branches of institutions like the Hellenic Mediterranean University.^[92]^[87]

Challenges and Controversies

Overtourism and Environmental Pressures

Rethymno, as a key tourist hub on Crete's northern coast, has experienced significant strain from rising visitor numbers, particularly during peak summer months, leading to overcrowding in the old town and along coastal areas. Local reports highlight chronic traffic congestion on the coastal road and parking shortages that exacerbate daily mobility challenges for both residents and tourists.^[93] ^[94] In 2025, the municipality noted that high tourist volumes posed borderline risks to public services, prompting interventions to manage seasonal influxes.^[94] Tourism-driven demand has intensified environmental pressures, notably water scarcity, with Rethymno facing supply shortages in July 2025 due to critically low levels in Lake Kournas, its primary reservoir.^[95] Crete's broader chronic water stress stems from competing uses in tourism—such as hotel pools and landscaping—and agriculture, amid declining natural supplies from drought and climate variability.^[96] The municipality has responded with conservation campaigns distributing leaflets to residents and visitors, alongside events for World Water Day emphasizing sustainable use.^[97] ^[98] Coastal ecosystems face additional threats from erosion and pollution linked to mass tourism. Northern Crete beaches, including those near Rethymno, have suffered severe erosion, threatening habitats like sea turtle nesting sites, as sediment transport is disrupted by upstream developments and intensified human activity.^[99] Greece overall lost approximately 250 square kilometers of beaches over the past 30 years due to sea-level rise and erosion, with tourism infrastructure amplifying vulnerability through coastal hardening.^[100] Efforts to mitigate pollution include municipal initiatives against plastic waste in marine environments, aligning with EU circular economy policies.^[101] Despite these measures, unchecked growth risks further degradation, as tourism's resource intensity outpaces local carrying capacity without integrated planning.^[96]

Migration Impacts

In mid-2025, Rethymno experienced significant strain from a surge in irregular migrant arrivals to Crete, primarily via sea routes from Libya, with over 6,500 migrants landing on the island in the first half of the year alone, marking a 350% increase compared to prior periods.^[102] Local facilities in Rethymno, including the commercial port and Tsemes stadium, were repurposed to house hundreds of arrivals, such as 442 individuals rescued near Agia Galini in early July and temporarily sheltered under extreme heat conditions without adequate provisions.^[103] This overwhelmed port infrastructure ill-suited for prolonged stays, leading to makeshift accommodations like tents and breakwaters, exacerbating logistical challenges for a city reliant on tourism.^[104] Social tensions escalated, with residents protesting the use of public spaces like stadiums for migrant housing, culminating in incidents such as flares thrown at a group of newly arrived persons in Rethymno's stadium in July 2025, prompting UNHCR concerns over a worsening climate against refugees.^[105] Following local backlash, authorities transferred 501 migrants from tents at Tsemes stadium to a nearby building, while broader efforts included shipping hundreds to the mainland port of Piraeus for processing under new Greek legislation enabling detention and expedited deportations.^[106] These events strained community resources and heightened fears of permanent camps, which locals resisted amid Crete's hosting of nearly 4 million tourists annually.^[107] The influx directly threatened Rethymno's tourism-dependent economy, as chaotic scenes of mass arrivals and overcrowded facilities circulated globally via media, prompting warnings from 15 Cretan tourism bodies to Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis about visible damage to the island's image and booking declines.^[108] Empirical indicators included disrupted port operations and perceived risks to vacationers, compounding pressures on water, waste, and emergency services already taxed by seasonal visitor peaks.^[109] Government responses, including naval patrols and asylum processing bans from North Africa, reduced arrivals from 2,642 in early July to 900 later that month, but the episode underscored vulnerabilities in southern Greece's migration management.^[110]

Notable People

Nick Dandolos (1883–1966), born Nikolaos Andreas Dandolos on April 27, 1883, in Rethymno, was a renowned professional gambler and high-stakes player known as "Nick the Greek," who amassed and lost multiple fortunes in casinos, particularly in the United States, influencing modern poker culture.^[111]^[112] Gülnuş Sultan (c. 1642–1715), originally Eugénie Voria, was born in Rethymno under Venetian rule to a Greek Orthodox priest; captured during Ottoman campaigns, she became the favorite concubine of Mehmed IV, mother to sultans Mustafa II and Ahmed III, and Valide Sultan, wielding significant influence in Ottoman palace politics.^[113]^[114] Ahmed Resmî Efendi (1700–1783), born in Rethymno (then Resmo) to a family of Greek descent, rose as an Ottoman diplomat, statesman, and chronicler, serving as ambassador to Vienna and authoring key works on Russo-Turkish relations and administrative reform.^[115] Pantelis Prevelakis (1909–1986), born on February 18, 1909, in Rethymno, was a prominent Greek novelist, playwright, and scholar whose works, including the philosophical trilogy The Sun of Death, explored Cretan identity and existential themes, influenced by his friendship with Nikos Kazantzakis.^[116] Stylianos Harkianakis (1935–2019), born on December 29, 1935, in Rethymno, served as Archbishop of Australia for the Greek Orthodox Church from 1975 to 2019, a theologian, poet, and hymnographer who expanded the archdiocese's institutions while authoring over 20 volumes of poetry and theological texts.^[117]^[118] Evangelos Apostolakis (b. 1957), born on May 14, 1957, in Rethymno, is a retired Hellenic Navy admiral who commanded the National Defence General Staff (2015–2018) and briefly served as Minister of National Defence in 2019, overseeing military modernization amid regional tensions.^[119]

International Relations

[International Relations - no content]

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Mountains, Gorges, and Layers of History - Ursula's Weekly Wanders
Nov 10, 2022 · We also stopped in the beautiful and historically rich capital city of Rethymno, originally founded during the Minoan civilization (3500 – 1100 ...
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Cycladia Travel Guides | History
Byzantine Period. In the Early Byzantine period (330-824), Rethymno came under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire. Christianity begun to spread and, as ...
[17]
Byzantine Churches on Crete
Over 300 churches including: The Agios Ioannis Antzoussis church situated 3 kilometres west of Rethymno Town, which is believed to be the oldest church of the ...
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History RETHYMNO (Province) CRETE - GTP - Greek Travel Pages
There is little information referring to the town of Rethymno during both the First Byzantine period (325-824) and the period of Arab occupation (824-961).
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Venetian Rule in Crete (1211-1669)
The Crossroads of the Mediterranean. The Venetian period in Crete, spanning from 1211 to 1669, marks a fascinating chapter in the island's history.
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History of Rethymno - Rethymnon Open Mall
Rethymno's history includes Neolithic, Minoan, Venetian, and Ottoman periods, with a flourishing under Venetians, and later unified with Greece.
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Fortezza Fortress
The fortress was founded in 1573, when the Rector (Venetian Governor) of Rethymnon was Alvise Lando, and was completed around 1590. The original plans were made ...
[22]
Fortezza of Rethymno - Greek Castles
Info, history, geolocation, fortification, photos for the Fortezza of Rethymno(VENETIAN), Municipality of Rethymno, Rethymno. ... 1573-1580: Construction of a new ...
[23]
Destination Rethymnon Prefecture | VisitCrete.com®
The prefecture of Rethymnon is Crete's most mountainous region, bordered in the west by the White Mountains and in the east by Mt. Psiloritis.<|separator|>
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Rethymno – Discover the beautiful City of Crete
Jul 21, 2023 · In any case, and despite its imposing size, the Ottoman Empire managed to invade and capture the city in 1646, after about 20 days of siege.
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Travel Guide for Island Crete , Greece - Ottoman Era (1669 - 1898)
... Ottomans stabilized the possession of Constantinople, they targeted new conquests. ... Ottomans managed to occupy the cities of Chania in 1645 and Rethymnon ...
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Ottoman rule - Crete Guide
Shortly afterwards, the Turks moved east to their next target, Rethymno, which fell a year later. By 1648 the whole island was under Turkish occupation, except ...<|separator|>
[27]
Conquering Rethymnon, from seaside to countryside - Blog
Oct 9, 2018 · The Ottomans conquered Rethymno in 1646, and after a long series of battles, bloody massacres and struggle, Cretans expelled the Ottoman forces ...
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Gavriil Marinakis (1826 - November 9, 1866) - Greek City Times
Nov 9, 2021 · These decisions sparked several revolts against Ottoman occupation and rule – 1841, 1858, 1866 and later 1878, 1897 and 1905. At the outbreak of ...
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PRE-REVOLUTIONARY CONDITIONS ON Crete - Crete 1821 - 2021
As part of the Ottoman administrative system, Crete formed a separate province or eyalet. Administratively, it was divided into three sancaks: Chandax ...<|separator|>
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A History of the Cretan Revolutions (1211-1913) - Geotour Crete
Oct 11, 2025 · These uprisings originated in the mountainous and fiercely independent provinces of Rethymno known as Apano Syvritos (Upper Syvritos, in the ...
[31]
Union of Crete with Greece - Part 1
December 1, 1913: Crete reunited with Greece Cretans had fought equally hard to overthrow the Turkish occupier, had made similar sacrifices, had shed in ...
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https://historyguild.org/visit-the-rethimno-battlefield/
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Rethymno - MEDCITIES
The municipality of Rethymno was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:.Missing: administrative structure
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Δήμος Ρεθύμνης | Δημοτικές Ενότητες
Ο Δήμος Ρεθύμνης αποτελείται απο τέσσερις Δημοτικές Ενότητες ( Αρκαδίου, Λαππαίων, Νικηφόρου Φωκά και Ρεθύμνης) και έχει έδρα το Ρέθυμνο. 15 Οκτωβρίου ...Missing: διοικητική διαίρεση<|control11|><|separator|>
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Municipality of Rethymnon
Welcome to the city of Rethymnon, a place blessed with beauty, embraced by breathtaking mountains and the deep blue of the Mediterranean.
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Rethymno Greece - Travel and Tourist Information - Greek Boston
Administrative Region of Rethymno, Greece. Crete. Area of Rethymno, Greece. 396.3 km2 (153.0 sq mi). Population of Rethymno, Greece. 55,525. Top Attractions in ...<|separator|>
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Δήμος Ρεθύμνου - Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα
Ο πληθυσμός της πόλης ανέρχεται στους 32.468 κατοίκους, ενώ ο πληθυσμός του Δήμου Ρεθύμνου είναι 55.525 (απογραφή 2011). Ο Δήμος Ρεθύμνου συγκροτείται από τους ...Missing: έκταση | Show results with:έκταση
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[PDF] STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL ...
Jun 5, 2024 · The Mayor, the Municipal Council and the Municipal Committee form the governing bodies of the Municipality. The President of the Municipal ...Missing: Rethymno | Show results with:Rethymno
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Municipality of Rethymno, Greece. - Interreg Europe
Dec 6, 2019 · The Municipality is the body mandated to perform waste management in the Regional Unit of Rethymno, including the collection of municipal waste ...
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Απόφαση ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ. 9429/Β4 - 2116/2022 - ΦΕΚ 6951/Β/30-12-2022
Dec 31, 2022 · Αποτελέσματα της Απογραφής Πληθυσμού-Κατοικιών έτους 2021 που αφορούν στο Νόμιμο Πληθυσμό (δημότες) της Χώρας. ; 70603 · 707 · 70700 ; ΔΗΜΟΤΙΚΗ ...
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Demographics of Crete Island - Tours Crete
Greek Orthodox: Over 90% of the population is Greek Orthodox, and church events are an important part of life on Crete. · Other Religions: There is a small ...
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About Crete/Chania - Easy Conferences
The majority of the population is Greek Orthodox, with a small Muslim minority concentrated in the cities of Chania and Rethymno. In recent years, Crete has ...
[43]
2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Greece
Jan 13, 2022 · According to research polls, 81 to 90 percent of the population identifies as Greek Orthodox, 4 to 15 percent atheist, and 2 percent Muslim.
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Rethymno | CIVITAS
38,759. Population · 126.5 km2. Area · May 2019. Membership start ...
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Regional Unit of Rethymno, Greece - What Europe does for me
Rethymno's economy is based on tourism and arable and livestock farming. The city is now the third largest in Crete, with a population of around 34 300. There ...Missing: contribution | Show results with:contribution
[46]
Greece's South Rethymno And Plakias Set New Tourism Milestones ...
Jul 18, 2025 · With hotel occupancy rates hovering well above 70%, the region is proving its resilience and appeal, attracting both domestic and international ...
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Crete's Seasonal Tourism Shifts: What the Numbers Reveal
May 27, 2025 · Data shows that the island witnessed a 7% growth in the number of tourists in 2024. Its two major airports had 5.35 million arrivals, much ...
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UK, Germany, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, And Romania Flock ...
Oct 18, 2025 · These events will result in approximately 14,000 overnight stays across 22 local hotels, contributing to the town's tourism growth as the summer ...
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Conference tourism brings high occupancy and extension of the ...
Aug 27, 2025 · The dynamics of conference tourism are reflected in the figures: last May, the occupancy rate of Theartemis Palace reached 85%, while the ...
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THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Rethymnon (2025) - Tripadvisor
Top Attractions in Rethymnon ; 1. Rethymnon Old Town · 4.6. (8,464) ; 2. Monastery of Arkadi · 4.6. (2,806) ; 3. The Venetian Fortezza · 4.1. (3,457) ; 4.Rethymnon Old Town · Nightlife in Rethymnon · Shopping in Rethymnon · Day TripsMissing: key | Show results with:key
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World Tourism Day 2024 - Rethymno Guide
Rethymno celebrated World Tourism Day 2024 with great enthusiasm, highlighting the importance of tourism for the local economy and society.
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Tourism accounts for around 50 % of Crete's GDP
Jan 9, 2025 · Tourism serves as the cornerstone of the economy in the Region of Crete, contributing approximately 50% to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
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Olive Oil Competition - Rethymno Guide
Rethymno's participation in the competition reflects the region's strong tradition in olive oil production and its commitment to sustainability and excellence.
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Company | Plakias Olive Oil, Rethymno Crete
Our olive oil is exclusively from olive groves in the wider region of southern Rethymno, “koroneiki” variety. The production and standardization of olive oil is ...
[55]
Discrepancies in Greece's livestock data raise concerns
Jul 6, 2025 · The data suggest extremely low average yields in areas like Rethymno, where milk output per animal is far below expected norms. According to ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
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[XLS] Table1
Table 1. Number of holdings and utilised agricultural area, by region and department. 2, 2009 Agricultural – Livestock Census ... RETHYMNO, 13020, 13013, 1087 ...
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[PDF] Reconstruction of Greek fishery catches by fishing gear and area ...
Greek commercial fisheries consist of three major sectors: (a) overseas (distant-water); (b) large- scale (or 'industrial'); and (c) small-scale coastal.
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Consuming the 'trash of the - WUR eDepot
play a beneficial role in the economy of Crete if trading fish caught using spearfishing was made legal. Locals could reap the benefits by profiting in both ...
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Yalos Yiannoulis Glass Manufacture Rethymno Crete
Yalos Yiannoulis Commercial & Industrial S. A. has been active in the glass-processing sector since 2006. However, the company was already established since ...
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Rethymniotiki Brick Industry S.a. - Rethymno 74100 (Rethimni), Oikism
Electricity production · Electricity distribution · Ceramic and clinker building products · Ceramic bricks · Bricks, ceramic or clinker, machine pressed and ...<|separator|>
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Rethymno Chamber of Commerce business awards
... sectors like tourism, manufacturing, shipping and logistics, and food production. This ceremony highlighted that Rethymno is a great place for businesses.
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Rethymno Architecture: Info & Photos | Greeka
The four-century-long Venetian rule, in particular, left Rethymnon an important architectural legacy including squares, loggias, fountains and clock towers ...
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Fortezza | Rethymno, Greece | Attractions - Lonely Planet
The star-shaped Venetian fortress cuts an imposing figure with its massive walls and bastions but was nevertheless unable to stave off the Turks in 1646.
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Rimondi Fountain in Rethymno, Greece - Greeka
It was built in 1626 by Rector A. Rimondi and used to supply a large part of the town's water needs. The fountain is a representative piece of a delicate, fine- ...
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The Loggia of Rethymno | City | Municipality of Rethymnon
Loggia has been built during the 16th century and was designed by the famous architect Michel Snamicheli. Loggia was an eminent building of the city centre ...
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Big Door (Porta Guora) of Rethymno in Crete - Greeka
The Big Door, also known as Porta Guora, is one of the most significant sights of Rethymno and is the entrance to the Old Town.
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Neradje Mosque in Rethymno, Greece - Greeka
The Neradje Mosque is one of the most impressive sights in Rethymno Town. At first, it used to serve as an Augustinian monastery dedicated to Santa Maria.
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Guora Gate (Porta Guora) - Interkriti
The Guora Gate is the main entrance of the Venetian city walls of Rethymno, built in 1566-1568, and is 2.60m wide.
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Neratze Mosque - Discover Crete
The Neratze Mosque, also known as Neratzes, is a structure in the Old Town of Rethymno, originally serving as the principal church of the Santa Maria Monastery.
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History RETHYMNON (Town) CRETE - GTP - Greek Travel Pages
Hortatzis, Troilos and Marinos Tzane Bounialis, the poet of the Cretan War, contributed to the flourishing Cretan literature and were rewarded for their ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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the prefecture of rethymno - georgios chortatsis
Solomos – are the three major artists that contributed to the evolution of Greek literature from the end of the 16th century to the end of the 19th century.
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[PDF] The Region of Rethymno - Fondazione Ippolito Nievo
Kornaros and D. Solomos – are the three major artists that contributed to the evolution of Greek literature from the end of the 16th century to the end of the ...
[73]
Three sculptures in Rethymnon celebrate the literary, cultural and ...
Apr 27, 2024 · Pantelis Prevelakis was born Παντελής Πρεβελάκης in Rethymnon on 18 February 1909. He studied law, philosophy, literature and art in Athens ...
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Crete Arts & Literature - Interkriti
Great painter famous as "EL GRECO"(Fodele Iraklion Crete 1541 - Toledo Spain 1614) El Greco's art is the product of both his time and his genius. The ...
[75]
A Tour In The Crete Culture And Arts - Cretico Blog
Mar 31, 2016 · Art Museum Of Alkiviades Skoulas In Anogia, Rethymno. The museum is dedicated to the folk artist Alciviades Skoulas who lived from 1902 to 1996.Missing: literature | Show results with:literature
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Culture & Heritage - Rethymno Guide
Rethymno is steeped in history and tradition and has been inhabited since 1600 BC. You can trace the steps of influence from Turkish, Arabic, and Venetian ...
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The Club - Rea FC
REA (2022/2023) was outstanding and exceeded all expectations. Playing spectacular football, our team qualified for the playoffs and finished 3rd in the league ...
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Rethymno Tennis Club - oar.gr – tennis club
The Rethymno Tennis Club was founded in 1986 by a small group of Rethymno residents and its facilities have been located at the Municipal Sports Center Gallou ...
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Baseline Sports Club | Tennis & Padel
The Baseline Tennis & Padel Club is located on the Adelianos plain in Rethymno, opposite the Rithymna Beach hotel of the Aquila group. Our facilities operate 6 ...
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Sports & Recreation - Rethymno Guide
Rethymno also continues to host many annual sporting events such as City Running, Beach Running, Arkadia Running, Nikiforios Running, and many cycling events.
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Popeye Water Sports, Rethymno Crete | Parasailing, Jet Ski, Crazy ...
Popeye Water Sports Rethymno: Parasailing, Jet Ski, Crazy Sofa, Slides, Banana, Water-Ski, Sup, Speed Boat Tour. 2 spots same expierence. 2 sunbeds & UMBRELLA ...
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Sports in Rethymno, Greece - Greeka
Rethymno Sports ; Horseback Riding(2) · Horseback Riding ; Scuba Diving(4) · Scuba Diving ; Tennis(1) · Tennis ; Watersports(1) · Watersports ...
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THE 10 BEST Outdoor Activities in Rethymnon (Updated 2025)
Head up to the mountains and into the wild Cretan nature on this half-day quad safari. You will travel through shallow waters and through impressive gorges.
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Activities | Rithymna Beach Family hotel in Crete
Join a game of beach volleyball, test your skills with archery, try your hand at petanque, or enjoy a game of water polo and our entertaining pool games. For ...<|separator|>
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University of Crete - Study in Greece
... Crete is a young public educational institution committed to excellence in research and teaching. The seat of the University is the Gallos Campus in Rethymnon ...
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University of Crete
Koules Fortress. Heraklion, Crete ; Study at the. University of Crete. Don't miss the chance! ; Gallos University Campus. University of Crete, Rethymno ; Voutes ...LocationRethymnoAbout the UniversityGallos university campusStudies
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University of Crete Library - About the library
The University of Crete Library consists of the Central Library in Rethymnon University Campus, which supports Humanities, Social Sciences and Education.
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University of Crete Library - Central Library in Rethymno
Central Library in Rethymno. Discipline (Greek Philology & Literature, Linguistics, Theatrology, History, Archaeology, Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology, ...
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Our Institute - Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas
The Institute for Mediterranean Studies (IMS) – based in Rethymno, Crete – was founded in 1985 and is one of the 10 Institutes of the Foundation for Research ...
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Library
The Institute for Mediterranean Studies has created a specialized library of Islamic and Turkish studies, the only one of its kind and size in our country.
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Public Central Library of Rethymnon
The Public Central Library of Rethymnon is one of the largest in Greece and the only Public Library in Crete.
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Library | HMU
The HMU Library and Information Center supports the educational and research requirements of the university's undergraduate and postgraduate study programs.
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Rethymno can barely handle the tourists and is overplaying its hand.
Rating 1.0 · Review by Fred vThe crowds in Rethymno are overwhelming. Parking has become a nightmare, and the coastal road is constantly congested with traffic. Additionally, the prices for ...
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Municipality of Rethymno: Planning for the tourist season in full swing
Mar 24, 2025 · The planning of the Municipality of Rethymno is in full swing in view of this year's tourist season, with the aim of excellent preparation ...Missing: numbers | Show results with:numbers
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Water shortages in Rethymno, Heraklion and Ierapetra - Crete Tip
Jul 16, 2025 · Water shortages in Rethymno, Heraklion and Ierapetra - Problems with the water supply in Rethymno due to low water levels in Lake Kournas.
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Assessing the Sustainability of Mass Tourism Amidst an Escalating ...
Aug 2, 2025 · The failure to connect tourism plans with water management has created a significant gap in control, leaving Crete's main source of income ...
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Water Conservation campaign - Rethymno Guide
The city of Rethymno is providing a water conservation leaflet to its residents as well as to its visitors in an effort to reduce water consumption.
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World Water Day 2025 - Rethymno Guide
The Growing Challenge of Water Scarcity. With ... Rethymno is dedicated to preserving water resources through sustainable tourism and responsible water use.
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Severe beach erosion in northern Crete threatens nesting beaches...
Beach erosion at Lakonikos Bay is probably caused by construction of small dams along Evrotas river, which prevent transport of sediments to theMissing: pollution | Show results with:pollution
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Greece Lost 250 Sq Km of Its Beaches in 30 Years Due to Climate ...
Nov 12, 2024 · Greece will see even more of its coastline being swallowed up as climate change continues to push up the sea level.
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The Municipality of Rethymno is on the front lines for environmental ...
The project aimed to support the regions of the European Union in addressing plastic waste and water pollution through circular economy policies and the ...
[102]
Crete Overwhelmed with New Migrant Crisis Hits Tourist Island ...
Jul 10, 2025 · In the first half of 2025, more than 6,500 migrants landed on Crete, adding further stress to the island's infrastructure. As the migrant crisis ...
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Crete Overwhelmed: Migrant Arrivals Surge by 350%, Facilities at ...
Jul 9, 2025 · Rethymno: 442 refugees who disembarked on Sunday in Agia Galini are being housed at the commercial port of Rethymno under heatwave conditions.Missing: effects | Show results with:effects
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Migrant surge strains Crete 's tourism infrastructure
In Rethymno, 442 people rescued near Agia Galini are being housed in port facilities ill-suited for prolonged stays, while Heraklion's old cargo terminal is now ...
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Concern Over the Worsening Climate Against Refugees ... - UNHCR
Jul 14, 2025 · The arrival of refugees and migrants in Crete has put pressure on local capacities and communities, particularly in the absence of an organized ...
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Hundreds of migrants on Crete moved to new facility as tensions ...
Jun 24, 2025 · The 501 migrants who are currently being hosted in tents at the Tsemes stadium in Rethymno, Crete, will soon be transferred to a building in the area of ...Missing: effects | Show results with:effects
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Is Greece in the middle of a new refugee crisis? - InfoMigrants
Jul 17, 2025 · The people of Crete, which welcomed almost 4 million tourists in 2024, are vehemently resisting the construction of a camp for the new refugees.
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Letter to Kyriakos Mitsotakis from 15 Tourism Bodies of Crete Over ...
Jul 11, 2025 · “Recent incidents of mass migrant arrivals on the island's shores have resulted in chaotic images that are already circulating globally through ...<|separator|>
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SOS from Crete's institutions: The impact of migration flows on ...
Jul 11, 2025 · “Crete is threatened with becoming a new channel for migration flows, and this is already having serious consequences for tourism and the local ...
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Greece may extend North Africa asylum ban if migrant flow resurges
Aug 7, 2025 · Arrivals of irregular migrants in Crete declined rapidly after the new legislation took effect from 2,642 in the first week of July to 900 in ...Missing: impacts | Show results with:impacts
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“Nick the Greek,” The Immortal “Gentleman of Gambling&quot
May 17, 2019 · Nikolaos Dandolos was born on April 27, 1883 in Rethymno, Crete. His family came from Smirni and grew up well off for the time. His father ...
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Nicholas Andreas Dandolos (1884-1966) - Memorials - Find a Grave
Birth: 27 Apr 1884. Rethymno, Regional unit of Rethymno, Crete, Greece ; Death: 25 Dec 1966 (aged 82). Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, USA ; Burial.
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https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-30133.xml
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10 A Queen Mother and the Ottoman Imperial Harem: Rabia Gülnuş ...
Gülnuş was born during the 1640s in Rethymno, Crete, the island, at that point under Venetian rule.7 Of Greek origin, her given name was Eugénie.8 The Ottoman ...
[115]
https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ISLO/COM-0221.xml
[116]
Pandelis Prevelakis | The Modern Novel
Pandelis Prevelakis was born in 1909 in Rethymno, Crete. When fifteen, he published a local literary magazine He enrolled in the Law School of the University of ...
[117]
In memoriam Archbishop Stylianos of Australia (1935-2019)
Mar 26, 2019 · He was born in Rethymno, on the island of Crete, Greece on 29 December 1935. He studied theology at the Theological School of Halki near ...
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Archbishop Stylianos of Australia has passed away
Mar 25, 2019 · Archbishop Stylianos was born in Rethymno, Crete, on December 29, 1935. He studied theology at the Theological School of Chalki, where he ...
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Vice Admiral Evangelos Apostolakis HN - Πολεμικό Ναυτικό
Vice Admiral Evangelos Apostolakis HN, was born in Rethymnon Crete on May 14th, 1957. He joined the Hellenic Naval Academy in 1976.Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace