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Rex rabbit

The Rex rabbit is a medium-sized breed of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) originating from France, characterized by its short, plush, velvety fur resulting from a recessive genetic mutation that causes the guard hairs to be the same length as the undercoat, producing a dense, uniform texture prized for its quality.^[1]^[2] Developed in 1919 by French farmer Désiré Caillon, who observed the mutation in a litter of wild-colored rabbits, the breed gained rapid popularity for its fur, which mimics high-value wild furs like beaver or seal, leading to its export to the United States in 1924 and recognition by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA).^[3] ARBA standards specify an ideal weight of 3.5 to 4.5 kg (7.5 to 10 lb) for adults, with a commercial body type featuring a broad head, upright ears, and rounded hindquarters suitable for meat production, while the coat in 16 recognized color varieties must exhibit even density of 15,000 to 38,000 fibers per cm² without flyback or harshness.^[1]^[2]^[4] Versatile as a fur, meat, laboratory, and pet breed, Rex rabbits are noted for their docile temperament and show quality, though selective breeding emphasizes fur texture over longevity, with skins averaging 950–1,000 cm² at five months.^[5]^[2]

Origins and History

Early Development in France

The Rex rabbit breed emerged from a recessive genetic mutation first observed in 1919 among a litter of wild gray rabbits kept by French farmer Désiré Caillon in the village of Louché-Pringé, in the Sarthe department.^[6]^[7] The affected kits displayed a distinctive short, woolly coat where guard hairs failed to extend beyond the undercoat, resulting in a plush, velvety texture unlike the longer-furred parents.^[7]^[8] Caillon, recognizing the fur's commercial potential for its density and luster—reminiscent of high-quality pelts like beaver—initiated selective breeding to propagate the trait, crossing mutants with standard rabbits to stabilize the rex phenotype.^[6]^[9] Early efforts focused on fixing the mutation in a viable breeding population, as initial litters produced few rex-coated offspring due to the trait's recessive inheritance.^[9] By the early 1920s, Caillon and other French breeders had developed stock primarily in castor coloration, a grayish-brown hue that enhanced the fur's appeal for garment production.^[6] The breed's development coincided with France's established rabbit farming industry, where rabbits were valued for meat and pelts, but the rex variant stood out for its non-shedding, uniform fur structure that mimicked sealskin without requiring extensive processing.^[8] The rex rabbit gained formal recognition in France following its debut at the 1924 International Rabbit Exhibition in Paris, where specimens impressed judges and furriers with their novel coat quality, prompting wider dissemination among European breeders.^[8]^[9] This event marked the transition from experimental farmyard breeding to organized fanciering, though initial propagation relied on inbreeding to maintain purity, which posed risks of genetic bottlenecks.^[9] French records from the period emphasize the breed's rapid adoption for fur harvesting, with pelts fetching premium prices due to their softness and durability compared to conventional rabbit fur.^[6]

Recognition and International Spread

The Rex rabbit gained formal recognition following its public debut at the Paris International Rabbit Show on December 1, 1924, where it was exhibited as a novel mutation prized for its plush, uniform fur resembling that of a seal or beaver.^[1] This exposure highlighted the breed's potential for fur production and pet appeal, leading to its official acceptance as a standard breed in multiple European nations by 1925.^[8] Breeders in France and surrounding countries rapidly standardized its traits through selective breeding, emphasizing the rex gene's guard hair mutation that shortens and aligns fur for a velvety texture.^[10] Concurrent with its European acclaim, the breed was imported to the United States in 1924 by American breeders John C. Fehr and Alfred Zimmerman, who recognized its commercial value for meat and pelts shortly after the Paris show.^[1] The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA), established in June 1924, integrated the Rex into its exhibition framework, enabling widespread adoption among U.S. fanciers for show and farming purposes.^[1] By the late 1920s, Rex rabbits had disseminated to breeding programs across North America, valued for yielding approximately 20-25 pelts per doe annually in commercial operations.^[11] The breed's international proliferation accelerated in the mid-20th century, reaching markets in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia for both utility and ornamental uses, with early imports to these regions documented by 1930.^[7] Its adaptability to diverse climates and high reproductive rates—litters averaging 6-8 kits—facilitated establishment in fur industries, though post-World War II shifts toward synthetic alternatives tempered expansion in some areas.^[10] Today, the Rex remains a globally recognized breed under standards from bodies like ARBA and European rabbit councils, with ongoing development of color varieties sustaining interest among breeders worldwide.^[1]

Genetic Foundations

The Rex Fur Mutation

The Rex fur mutation is an autosomal recessive genetic variation that alters hair follicle differentiation in rabbits, resulting in a short, dense, and velvety coat prized for its texture. First documented as a spontaneous occurrence in a litter of wild gray rabbits in the Pays de Loire region of France in 1919, the mutation provided the foundation for selective breeding of the Rex breed.^[12] At the molecular level, the predominant form of the mutation, designated as the r1 allele, stems from a homozygous single nucleotide deletion (c.1362delA) in exon 9 of the LIPH gene, which encodes a phospholipase enzyme essential for lipid-mediated signaling in hair growth regulation. This deletion causes a frameshift, introducing a premature stop codon that truncates the protein by 19 C-terminal amino acids, thereby disrupting its catalytic domain and impairing sebum production or follicular lipid homeostasis.^[12] The phenotypic effects manifest in modified hair structure: guard hairs, typically the longest and coarsest, are severely reduced in length (averaging 18.9 mm versus 33.4 mm in wild-type rabbits) and proportion (0.96% coarse fibers compared to 2.28%), while awn and underfur hairs achieve near-uniform length without distinct layering, yielding a plush appearance with slightly rolled tips. Undercoat length decreases by about 20%, and guard hair diameter diminishes, accompanied by curled vibrissae (whiskers). These changes arise from defective hair shaft keratinization and follicle cycling, confirmed through histological comparisons.^[12] Although r1 is the most common, two additional recessive rex alleles (r2 and r3) have been identified, with r1 and r2 linked on the same chromosome; homozygosity or compound heterozygosity (e.g., r1r2) at any of these loci produces analogous short-fur phenotypes, though r1 predominates in commercial and show lines. Inheritance requires two mutant alleles, with heterozygotes exhibiting normal fur due to dominance of the wild-type Re allele.^[13]^[12]

Inheritance Patterns and Selective Breeding

The Rex coat phenotype in rabbits results from a recessive autosomal mutation at the r1 locus, primarily caused by a 1-bp deletion in exon 9 of the LIPH gene, which encodes a lipase involved in hair shaft formation and leads to guard hairs resembling underwool in length and texture.^[12] Homozygous individuals (r1r1) express the short, plush fur characteristic of the breed, while heterozygous carriers (R r1) and wild-type homozygotes (RR) display normal fur length and structure.^[14]^[13] This Mendelian inheritance pattern means that breeding two Rex rabbits (r1r1 × r1r1) yields 100% Rex offspring, whereas mating a Rex to a non-Rex (r1r1 × RR) produces all carriers (R r1) with normal phenotypes, requiring subsequent test matings or genotyping to identify carriers for introducing the trait into new lines.^[15] Although three distinct Rex loci (r1, r2, and r3) have been identified in rabbits, the standard Rex breed predominantly utilizes the r1 mutation, with r2 and r3 rarer and associated with different hair abnormalities or breed variants.^[15]^[13] Coat color genetics operate independently via loci such as A (agouti pattern), B (black/brown), C (color intensity), D (dilution), and E (extension), allowing selective fixation of Rex fur alongside desired hues like castor or lynx without altering the underlying rex mutation's recessivity.^[16] In practice, breeders perform progeny testing—mating suspects to known Rex—to confirm carrier status, as phenotypic normalcy masks heterozygotes, with litters from carrier × carrier matings yielding approximately 25% Rex kits per Mendelian ratios.^[17] Selective breeding of Rex rabbits began in 1919 when French breeder Désiré Caillon identified curly-furred kits in a litter of gray rabbits and isolated the recessive trait through inbreeding and culling of non-rex phenotypes to establish a homozygous line.^[18] Subsequent programs emphasized outcrossing to Flemish Giants or other meat breeds for improved body conformation and vigor, followed by backcrossing to Rex stock to reinforce the r1r1 genotype while selecting against deleterious recessives like those causing sparse fur or skeletal issues.^[19] Modern protocols prioritize estimated breeding values for traits such as litter size (targeting 6-8 kits per doe), fur density (measured via hair samples), and growth rate to 2.5 kg by 12 weeks, using pedigree records and, increasingly, genomic selection to accelerate fixation of favorable alleles beyond the rex locus.^[19]^[20] This approach has stabilized the breed's commercial viability, though inbreeding coefficients above 10% risk reducing heterozygosity and fertility, necessitating rotational crossing with unrelated lines.^[19]

Physical Characteristics

Fur Structure and Quality

The fur of the Rex rabbit features a distinctive structure due to the recessive Rex mutation, which causes a reduction in guard hair length by approximately 43% and undercoat length by 20% compared to normal rabbit fur, resulting in guard hairs of similar length to the underwool for a uniform, plush appearance.^[13] This mutation leads to short, dense, velvet-like fur that stands upright without the longer outer guard hairs typical of wild-type rabbits.^[1] The overall coat consists primarily of undercoat fibers with very short guard hairs, producing a smooth, non-matted texture prized in breed standards.^[21] ARBA standards specify fur length between 1/2 and 7/8 inches, with an ideal of 5/8 inches, emphasizing extreme density, straightness, and luster without silkiness, which is faulted.^[22] Hair density ranges from 15,000 to 38,000 fibers per cm², contributing to the coat's thickness and resilience.^[2] All hair types—fine underwool and coarser guard hairs—exhibit nearly uniform length and normal diameter, enhancing the fur's even quality suitable for pelting.^[23] In terms of quality for commercial use, Rex rabbit pelts yield skins of 950-1,000 cm² at five months of age, with high density correlating strongly to overall fur value (correlation coefficient of 0.93 between in vivo and dried pelt measurements).^[2] Fur quality improves with age up to a point, as body weight, coat length, and skin metrics increase, though seasonal factors influence hair follicle development and traits like density.^[24]^[25] The plush, rollback texture—where fur springs back after disturbance—marks superior specimens, distinguishing Rex fur for its durability and aesthetic appeal in fur production over standard woolly or flyback coats.^[21]

Body Conformation and Size Standards

The Standard Rex rabbit possesses a commercial body type, medium in length, with substantial depth and width throughout, emphasizing meat-producing qualities. The body features a well-rounded hindquarter, a filled loin, and broad, firm back and sides carrying ample flesh evenly distributed along the spine. The topline rises in a gentle curve from the base of the ears to the highest point over the hips before descending gradually to the tail base, providing balance and structural integrity.^[26]^[22] Legs and feet are of medium bone and length, supporting a sturdy yet proportionate frame without excessive heaviness. The head is broad with upright ears set close together, complementing the overall conformation for functionality in production and exhibition. This build aligns with American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) guidelines, prioritizing symmetry and vitality over ornamental traits.^[26]^[1] Senior bucks (6 months and older) weigh 7.5 to 9.5 pounds, while senior does range from 8.5 to 10.5 pounds, with an ideal weight around 9.5 pounds and a maximum of 10.5 pounds to avoid disqualification in shows. Juniors under 6 months are proportionally smaller, with bucks at 6 to 8.5 pounds and does at 7 to 9.5 pounds. These size parameters ensure uniformity and breed purity, as deviations toward underweight or overweight specimens detract from the desired meaty, balanced form.^[1]^[26]

Breed Standards and Variations

ARBA and International Standards

The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) recognizes the Rex as a medium-sized, commercial-type breed originating from a 1919 mutation in France, first imported to the United States in 1924 by breeders John Fehr and Alfred Zimmermann, with official acceptance into ARBA shows by 1929.^[1] The ARBA standard, detailed in the organization's Standard of Perfection, prioritizes a balanced, meaty body conformation with medium length, well-rounded hindquarters, deep loins, and shoulders that blend smoothly into a broad, full chest; the head is oval and massive in bucks, slightly less so in does, with ears upright and 5.5 to 6.25 inches long.^[22] Senior weights ideally range from 7.5 to 10.5 pounds, with bucks not exceeding 9.5 pounds and does up to 10.5 pounds maximum, disqualifying underweight or overweight specimens that deviate from this commercial utility focus.^[1] The defining feature under ARBA is the fur: extremely dense, soft, and velvety with guard hairs nearly matching the undercoat in length (ideally 5/8 inch), creating a plush, rolling effect without waviness or flyback; texture must be uniform across the body, with penalties for thin, harsh, or overly long fur.^[22] Sixteen color varieties are accepted, including black, blue, chocolate, and the newest addition, amber, provisionally recognized in 2005 and fully accepted in October 2007, reflecting selective breeding for both fur market appeal and show standards.^[4] Disqualifications include wool undercoat visibility, brindling, or non-standard eye colors (e.g., non-ruby in whites). Internationally, standards diverge from ARBA's meat-oriented emphasis, with European bodies like the British Rabbit Council (BRC) classifying Rex in the fur section and favoring smaller, more compact frames suited to pelt production over meat yield.^[27] BRC guidelines specify ideal adult weights of 6 to 8 pounds (2.72 to 3.62 kg) without age-based disqualifications, prioritizing short, dense, upright fur with even tipping and no guard hair protrusion, alongside a cylindrical body, short neck, and alert posture.^[28] The breed's French origins trace to a 1924 debut at the Paris International Rabbit Show, where early standards focused on the rexed mutation's guardless fur for luxurious pelts, influencing continental recognition by 1925 across Europe; these prioritize aesthetic fur sheen and minimal body size (often 6 to 9.9 pounds) over ARBA's heavier build, leading to distinct breeding lines.^[29] Such variations underscore regional priorities—ARBA for dual-purpose utility, European for specialized fur—without universal harmonization.^[1]

Color Varieties and Recognized Types

The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) recognizes 16 color varieties for the Rex rabbit breed, as defined in its Standard of Perfection.^[1] These varieties are categorized into self (solid uniform colors), agouti (banded hairs mimicking wild rabbit patterns), shaded (darker dorsal shading), pointed (color on extremities), and special groups like Otter and Broken, each with precise standards for surface color, undercolor, guard hairs, markings, and eye pigmentation to ensure the plush Rex fur quality is complemented by genetic color purity.^[4]^[22] Self varieties include Black (uniform jet black to the skin with brown eyes), Blue (even dark slate blue-gray with blue-gray eyes), Chocolate (rich milk chocolate brown with dove undercolor and brown eyes), and Lilac (dove-gray with pink tint and blue-gray eyes).^[22] Agouti varieties feature ticking and banding: Castor (chestnut agouti with black tipping, orange ring, and slate undercolor; brown eyes), Chinchilla (pearl with black ticking over slate; brown eyes preferred), Lynx (fawn agouti with lilac tipping and off-white undercolor; blue-gray eyes), and Opal (blue agouti with tan ring and slate undercolor; blue-gray eyes).^[22]^[4] Shaded varieties exhibit dorsal darkening: Sable (sepia brown fading to lighter flanks with matching undercolor; brown eyes) and Seal (dark sepia with minimal shading; brown eyes).^[22] Pointed and solid white types are Californian (white body with black, chocolate, or blue points on nose, ears, feet, and tail; pink or ruby eyes) and White (pure ruby-eyed white).^[22] Additional solid-like varieties include Amber (light reddish-brown with chocolate tipping and golden ring; brown eyes, accepted by ARBA in 2007) and Red (even rich red buff; brown eyes).^[4]^[22] The Otter group comprises four varieties—Black Otter (black body with cream belly, tan markings, and fawn eye circles; brown eyes, accepted 1988), Blue Otter (dark blue with similar cream and fawn patterns; blue-gray eyes), Chocolate Otter, and Lilac Otter (accepted as a group in 2008)—featuring a distinctive tan or fawn bordered cream ventral pattern over colored dorsum.^[4] Broken varieties combine any recognized color with white (minimum 10% color on head and body) or bi-colored patterns like black and orange, with eye color matching the base variety.^[22] Internationally, bodies like the British Rabbit Council accept more varieties, exceeding 30, reflecting broader genetic experimentation beyond ARBA's selective standards.^[4] The Mini Rex is a distinct breed derived from the Rex rabbit's genetic lineage, specifically through selective breeding to achieve a dwarfed body type while retaining the characteristic rex fur mutation. Developed in 1984 by breeder Monna Berryhill in Texas, it originated from crossings between a Dwarf Rex and a lynx-colored Rex rabbit, with the first litter producing offspring exhibiting the desired compact conformation and plush coat.^[30] ^[31] Berryhill presented the inaugural castor Mini Rex at the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) convention in 1986, leading to provisional recognition in 1988 after evaluation for uniformity in size, fur quality, and temperament.^[30] ARBA standards classify the Mini Rex as a small fancy breed with an ideal senior weight of 3 to 4.5 pounds (1.4 to 2 kg), featuring a rounded body, short neck, and erect ears measuring up to 5.5 inches (14 cm), distinguishing it from the larger Standard Rex, which weighs 8 to 10.5 pounds (3.6 to 4.8 kg).^[30] The breed's popularity stems from its velvety rex coat—short, dense, and uniformly rolled guard hairs that create a plush texture without underwool—combined with a gentle disposition suitable for exhibition and pet ownership; it consistently ranks as the top or second-top entry at ARBA national conventions.^[30] Recognized colors mirror many Rex varieties, including black, blue, castor, chocolate, and lynx, with the rex gene (recessive, requiring homozygosity for expression) ensuring the signature fur in purebred lines.^[30] Other breeds incorporating the rex fur mutation include the Plush Lop and Velveteen Lop, which adapt the gene to lop-eared conformations for a softer, rex-like texture on drooping ears and bodies, though they differ in body type from the upright-eared Mini Rex.^[4] These variants demonstrate the rex mutation's versatility in selective breeding programs, but the Mini Rex remains the most direct dwarf analog to the Standard Rex, prioritizing compactness without sacrificing fur density or show quality.^[30]

Practical Uses and Economic Role

Fur Production and Market Value

Rex rabbits are intensively farmed for fur due to their distinctive rex mutation, which produces a plush pelt with guard hairs matching the underfur in length, creating a velvety texture prized in the garment industry.^[32] Production focuses on uniform color, density, and luster through selective breeding, with harvesting typically at 4-5 months of age when fur quality peaks.^[2] China dominates global output, processing around 130 million rex rabbits for fur in 2011-2012, though industry consolidation has occurred since.^[33] Seasonal factors, such as skinning in optimal periods, significantly affect follicle development and overall pelt quality.^[25] Pelts from 5-month-old rex rabbits measure 950-1000 cm² in area, with hair densities of 15,000-38,000 fibers per cm², comprising 93-94% fine hairs of 18-19 µm diameter and 1.3-2.2 cm length.^[2] Tanned skins weigh 98-117 g, span 732-1174 cm², achieve thicknesses of 0.60-0.70 mm, and demonstrate tensile strengths of 150-240 kg/cm, supporting durability in end products like coats, scarves, and trims.^[32] Slaughter weights in commercial cycles reach 2.3-2.7 kg, with fur grading yields of 33-52% prime quality.^[32] Market values for rex pelts reflect their premium status over standard rabbit fur, with wholesale prices ranging from $2.90-4.90 per skin in bulk lots, often dyed for fashion applications.^[34] Integrated farming models yield benefit-cost ratios of 1.1-1.7, generating substantial income for small-scale operators through fur sales, meat byproducts, and manure utilization.^[32] Demand persists in apparel, though global fur markets fluctuate with ethical and economic pressures.

Meat Yield and Commercial Farming

Rex rabbits are utilized in meat production primarily as a byproduct of fur farming, though they serve dual-purpose roles in smaller commercial and homestead operations. Mature bucks and does typically attain live weights of 8 to 10 pounds, with does averaging slightly lighter to facilitate breeding efficiency.^[35] ^[36] Processing occurs at 12 to 16 weeks of age, yielding live slaughter weights of 4.5 to 6 pounds, which produce carcasses with a dressing percentage of approximately 60 to 65 percent, indicative of a solid meat-to-bone ratio.^[37] ^[36] ^[38] Compared to dedicated meat breeds such as New Zealand Whites or Californians, which reach 9 to 12 pounds by 8 to 10 weeks, Rex rabbits demonstrate comparatively slower growth, extending feed costs and time to market.^[36] This positions them less favorably for large-scale monoculture meat operations, where rapid turnover is prioritized, but viable for integrated systems emphasizing fur revenue alongside meat sales.^[39] Rabbit meat from Rex exhibits fine-grained, white texture suitable for delicacies, with each doe capable of producing 25 to 50 kits annually, potentially yielding 125 to 250 pounds of meat per 10 does in optimized setups, though Rex outputs skew lower due to breed size.^[40] Commercial farming of Rex for meat emphasizes cage or colony housing to minimize disease and maximize space efficiency, with feed conversion ratios supporting viability in regions favoring diversified protein sources. Environmental assessments of rabbit systems, including Rex-inclusive chains, indicate lower impacts than poultry or pork production, with benefits from circular practices like manure utilization.^[40] ^[41] However, economic analyses highlight that fur markets drive primary incentives, rendering meat yield secondary and sensitive to pelt demand fluctuations.^[42]

Suitability as Pets and Show Animals

Rex rabbits exhibit a calm, friendly, and patient temperament, rendering them suitable companions for families, including those with older children under supervision.^[43] Their docile nature facilitates litter training and basic command recognition, while their playful side engages owners without excessive demands. ^[44] As medium-sized animals weighing 8 to 10.5 pounds at maturity, they require spacious enclosures—at least 4 by 2 feet for adults—with ample opportunities for exercise to prevent obesity and behavioral issues.^[1] ^[45] A diet comprising 80-90% hay, supplemented by pellets and vegetables, supports digestive health, though owners must monitor for selective feeding.^[43] Despite these positives, Rex rabbits demand committed care; their thin foot fur predisposes them to pododermatitis (sore hocks), necessitating soft bedding and regular paw checks.^[8] They generally tolerate handling but dislike being lifted abruptly, suiting experienced owners or those willing to learn proper techniques over novice handlers with young children prone to rough play.^[46] ^[47] Lifespans average 8-12 years with veterinary oversight, including vaccinations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease where prevalent.^[43] For exhibition, Rex rabbits thrive as show animals due to their distinctive velvety fur, which ARBA standards emphasize for plush density, uniform guard hairs of 1/2 to 5/8 inch, and rollback that retains shape after stroking.^[1] ^[22] Recognized in 16 color varieties, they are judged on commercial body type—medium length, rounded hips, deep shoulders—idealizing meat production traits alongside fur quality, with maximum senior weight of 10.5 pounds disqualifying heavier entries.^[1] ^[48] Their conformation supports competitive success in ARBA-sanctioned events, where fur texture often distinguishes top specimens, though disqualifications apply for wool undercoat presence or mismatched coat length.^[1] Breeders select for these traits, enhancing show viability while maintaining pet-friendly dispositions.^[22]

Health Considerations and Management

Predisposed Conditions and Vulnerabilities

Rex rabbits exhibit a genetic predisposition to ulcerative pododermatitis, or sore hocks, attributable to the rex mutation's reduction in foot pad fur density, which diminishes natural cushioning against environmental pressures.^[49] This vulnerability manifests as callus formation progressing to skin ulceration, bacterial infection, and chronic inflammation when rabbits are housed on wire flooring or hard substrates, with heavier individuals or those in intensive farming settings at heightened risk.^[50] Veterinary intervention typically involves antibiotics, wound cleaning, and supportive care, alongside habitat modifications such as solid platforms to mitigate recurrence rates exceeding 50% in affected cases without prevention.^[43] Beyond pododermatitis, the breed shares common lagomorph ailments like gastrointestinal stasis from dietary imbalances or stress, exacerbated potentially by their grooming behavior yielding hairballs in the dense, uniform coat.^[43] Dental overgrowth remains a frequent issue due to continuous incisor eruption, though not uniquely elevated in Rex compared to other breeds; regular trims or malocclusion assessments are advised, as unchecked cases lead to anorexia and secondary infections.^[43] Ectoparasites such as mites may proliferate in the plush pelage, necessitating vigilant flea and fur mite checks, particularly in multi-rabbit colonies.^[8] Overall longevity averages 8-12 years with proper management, but predispositions underscore the need for breed-specific husbandry to avert welfare declines; unaddressed sore hocks correlate with mobility loss and euthanasia in severe farm outbreaks documented in veterinary literature.^[49]

Husbandry Practices for Optimal Health

Rex rabbits thrive under husbandry practices that prioritize a high-fiber diet, protective housing, regular grooming, and proactive veterinary interventions to mitigate breed-specific vulnerabilities such as sore hocks and gastrointestinal issues.^[43] ^[51] Dietary Management: The foundation of Rex rabbit health is unlimited access to high-quality hay, comprising approximately 70% of intake, such as Timothy or orchard grass, which supports digestive motility and continuously wears down ever-growing teeth to prevent malocclusion.^[52] ^[45] The remaining diet should consist of 20-25% fresh leafy greens (e.g., romaine lettuce, parsley) and 5-10% specialized pellets low in protein (under 16%) and calcium to avert urinary calculi and obesity, with fruits and root vegetables offered sparingly (1-2 tablespoons daily per kilogram of body weight) to avoid diarrhea.^[53] ^[54] Fresh water must be available at all times via sipper bottle or heavy bowl, refreshed daily, as dehydration exacerbates stasis risks.^[55] Abrupt feed changes are contraindicated, as they can induce life-threatening gastrointestinal stasis; gradual transitions over 7-10 days are recommended, with monitoring for reduced fecal output or appetite loss requiring immediate veterinary support including sub-cutaneous fluids and syringe feeding.^[43] ^[56] Housing and Environmental Enrichment: Enclosures should provide at least 4 square feet per adult rabbit indoors or secure outdoor hutches with wire mesh tops, featuring solid resting mats or fleece liners over any wire flooring to protect against pododermatitis (sore hocks), prevalent in Rex due to sparse foot fur and body weight distribution on hind limbs.^[51] ^[8] Maintain temperatures between 15-21°C (59-70°F) with humidity under 60% to prevent respiratory infections, and ensure daily cleaning to minimize parasite and bacterial buildup.^[43] Exercise runs or supervised free-roaming for 3-4 hours daily, supplemented by chew toys, tunnels, and digging boxes, fosters muscle tone, prevents obesity, and reduces stereotypic behaviors like bar-gnawing indicative of stress.^[57] Grooming and Hygiene: Their uniform-length guard and undercoat demands weekly brushing with soft silicone or rubber tools to remove loose fur and distribute skin oils, averting ingestion-related blockages during self-grooming; avoid slicker brushes that may damage the velvety texture.^[43] ^[58] Bathing is discouraged except in veterinary-directed cases of severe soiling, as wet fur promotes hypothermia and fungal growth; spot-clean with dry shampoo if needed.^[59] Nail trimming every 4-6 weeks prevents overgrowth-induced pododermatitis, using rabbit-specific clippers to avoid the quick.^[60] Preventive Health Measures: Annual veterinary examinations, including fecal analysis for parasites (e.g., coccidia, managed prophylactically with approved anthelmintics), are essential; vaccinate against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) where endemic, as Rex show no breed-specific immunity deficits but share general lagomorph susceptibilities.^[60] ^[43] Spay or neuter by 4-6 months to reduce uterine adenocarcinoma risk in females (up to 80% incidence unspayed) and aggression in males, extending lifespan to 6-8 years.^[61] For breeding stock, select parents free of dental or hock issues, limit litters to 4 per doe annually, and wean kits at 4-5 weeks to minimize maternal exhaustion and kit malnutrition.^[43] Monitor for ear mites or infections via weekly checks, treating with topical ivermectin under guidance to prevent secondary bacterial complications.^[57] These practices, grounded in observable physiological needs, yield robust health outcomes without reliance on unverified supplements.^[45]

Debates and Criticisms

Animal Welfare in Breeding and Farming

In intensive Rex rabbit farming, particularly for fur production in regions like China and parts of Europe, animals are commonly confined to wire-mesh battery cages measuring approximately 0.3-0.5 square meters per adult, which severely limit locomotion and natural behaviors such as hopping, digging, and foraging.^[62] This housing design, prioritized for ease of management and disease control, results in high incidences of pododermatitis (footpad ulcers) due to prolonged contact with abrasive wire floors, with prevalence rates exceeding 20-50% in conventional systems according to European Food Safety Authority assessments.^[62] Restriction of movement is identified as the primary welfare compromise, scoring the highest impact (1.29 on a standardized scale) among consequences like thermal discomfort and inability to express species-typical activities.^[62] Breeding practices exacerbate these issues, as does are often subjected to induced lactation and multiple litters per year (up to 6-8), leading to elevated risks of reproductive disorders including uterine infections and mastitis, with infertility rates in commercial herds reaching 10-20% in some studies.^[63] Selective breeding for the Rex mutation—resulting in uniformly short, velvety fur—does not inherently impair welfare but, when combined with high-density stocking (e.g., 12-16 kits per square meter post-weaning), contributes to stress indicators like elevated cortisol levels and stereotypic bar-biting, observed in over 30% of caged rabbits.^[64] Kit mortality in fur-oriented Rex operations averages 10-15%, attributed to factors such as hypothermia in early life, cannibalism from maternal stress, and respiratory infections in poorly ventilated facilities.^[65] Critics, including bodies like the EFSA, argue that such systems fail to meet basic needs for physical and mental well-being, with barren environments promoting chronic fear and frustration; empirical data from enriched alternatives (e.g., platforms or gnawing materials) show reduced injury rates and improved growth by 10-15%.^[62]^[66] However, industry responses emphasize that cage systems minimize predation and parasitism risks compared to floor pens, though peer-reviewed comparisons rank elevated or enriched pens higher for overall welfare without compromising productivity.^[62] In the absence of stringent U.S. federal oversight—unlike EU directives mandating minimum space since 2012—many operations rely on voluntary standards from bodies like the American Rabbit Breeders Association, which recommend larger enclosures (e.g., 0.56 square meters for breeding does) but are not universally enforced in commercial fur or meat contexts.^[67]^[68]

Ethical and Economic Perspectives on Fur Utilization

The fur of Rex rabbits is economically significant due to its uniform length of guard hairs and underwool, producing a plush, velvety texture prized for garments such as coats, collars, and linings, often marketed as an affordable alternative to mink or fox. In China, the dominant global producer, Rex rabbit numbers expanded rapidly from approximately 5 million in 2000 to 15 million by 2007, driven by demand for pelts in domestic and export markets. This growth supported rural economies through specialized breeding and processing, though historical promotions of Rex fur farming occasionally involved exaggerated price promises, leading to uneven profitability for small-scale operators.^[69]^[70] China's broader fur industry, including rabbit pelts, contributed to export values of US$1.3 billion in 2009, with recovery projected amid global economic upturns, underscoring fur's role in trade balances despite fluctuations in luxury demand. Rex pelts typically yield skins of 950–1,000 cm² from five-month-old rabbits, with hair densities of 15,000–38,000 fibers per cm², enabling efficient processing into high-volume apparel components. Economically, dual-purpose farming—combining fur with meat byproducts—enhances viability, as rabbit production systems exhibit lower environmental footprints than pork or poultry, per lifecycle assessments, potentially justifying fur utilization on resource-efficiency grounds.^[71]^[2]^[41] Ethically, Rex rabbit fur production faces criticism for intensive confinement in wire-mesh cages, which advocacy investigations link to chronic stress, stereotypic behaviors, and physical injuries like footpad sores, as rabbits are naturally crepuscular burrowers ill-suited to barren, elevated enclosures. Slaughter methods, including cervical dislocation or electrocution without consistent stunning, have been documented as causing distress, with reports of conscious skinning in unregulated settings, particularly in China where oversight is minimal.^[72]^[73]^[74] Public sentiment reflects these concerns, with a 2022 survey of British residents finding 86% deeming fur-farmed animals' lives poor and 83% opposing the practice on welfare grounds, influencing bans in regions like parts of the EU. Proponents counter that controlled farming mitigates wild risks such as predation and disease, and fur's biodegradability contrasts with petroleum-based synthetics' persistence, though empirical welfare data remains contested due to reliance on advocacy-sourced footage over standardized metrics. Rex-specific breeding for fur accelerates pelage cycles but may exacerbate vulnerabilities, as seasonal skinning affects follicle health and overall vitality.^[75]^[25]

References

[1]
Rex – ARBA - American Rabbit Breeders Association
Jul 19, 2019 · Today the “King of the Rabbits” can be shown in 16 color varieties that showcase that plush and unforgettable fur. – Maximum weight 10.5 lbs.
[2]
Studies on the quality of Rex rabbit fur - PoliPapers
The results of our study show that the skin area of a five months old Rex rabbit is 950-1000 cm2.The hair density on the skin is 15000 to 38000 fibres/cm2. The ...
[3]
Recognized Breeds – ARBA - American Rabbit Breeders Association
Imported to the US in 1924 by John Fehr and Alfred Zimmerman. The popularity of the Rex is largely due to the mutation that produces a short, dense velvet-like ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[4]
VARIETIES | NRRC Website - National Rex Rabbit Club
The Rex boasts 16 varieties. Amber is the newest of the 16, being officially accepted by the American Rabbit Breeders Assoc., Inc. in October of 2007.
[5]
Rabbits – their domestication and molecular genetics of hair coat ...
Nov 20, 2020 · One of the most researched rabbit breeds is the Rex rabbit. It is a typical fur-producing rabbit, with consumers highly appreciating its fur ...<|separator|>
[6]
Rex Rabbit: All about the king of fur rabbits
History of the Rex Rabbit Breed. A rabbit with a “rexed” coat first came to light in 1919, amongst the barn rabbits owned by Mr. Desire Caillon of France.
[7]
REX RABBITS - Rare Breeds NZ
The Standard Rex rabbit originated in France in 1919 as the result of a recessive genetic mutation leading to guard hairs that do not project longer than the ...
[8]
REX RABBITS - a very special breed - CottonTails Rescue
Anyone who has stroked a Rex rabbit will know precisely what makes this breed unique – its luxurious deep-velvet fur. This quality endears the breed to pet ...
[9]
Choosing a Rex Rabbit | PetPlace.com
Dec 30, 2014 · First discovered in France, the rex rabbit was originally so uncommon that inbreeding was necessary to perpetuate the breed.
[10]
Rex Rabbit Animal Facts - Oryctolagus Cuniculus
The first Rex rabbits were bred in France sometime around 1919 from wild gray rabbits. Like other large rabbits, female Rex rabbits feature a large skin flap ...
[11]
Rex Rabbits: Luxurious Fur and Charming Pets in Demand
May 16, 2024 · The Rex rabbit was first shown in Paris in 1924. Known as the King of Rabbits, the Rex is the most commonly used rabbit for pelts, ...Missing: officially | Show results with:officially
[12]
A Deletion in Exon 9 of the LIPH Gene Is Responsible for the Rex ...
Apr 28, 2011 · Rex rabbits show the first mutation in the C-terminal of PA-PLA1α in a homozygous state involved in a hair growth defect. To that point, it ...
[13]
Rabbit Fur Type Genetics - Dichrome Rabbitry
The r1 mutation of the LIPH gene is the most common in rex coated rabbits, so it can generally be assumed that any rex rabbits are r1r1.
[14]
The Fur Genes - Normal, Rex, Satin, and Wool - lots of lops rabbitry
Rex is a mutation that causes a very short, plush coat. There are two breeds with this fur type: Rex and Mini Rex. Rex is recessive. A normal rabbit (not a rex ...
[15]
Rabbit Coat Structure Genetics
Sep 5, 2020 · The R Locus controls the Rex gene. The Rex mutation is a well-understood mutation in many animals. It is a soft, dense, shorter coat which can ...Isn't Rex fur recessive? - Rabbit TalkRexed Fur Probability? | Rabbit Talk - Meat Rabbit & Farming ForumMore results from rabbittalk.com
[16]
Understanding the genetics behind rabbit coat colors: Part 1
In this collection of articles we will be focusing on the 7 known genes that have been confirmed to affect rabbit coat color.<|separator|>
[17]
An Illustrated Guide to Rabbit Coat Color Genetics
Jan 25, 2023 · In Rex, the ideal broken pattern allows for 10-50% color. It can be a blanket pattern or spots, but the ears must be colored and there should be ...Missing: mutation | Show results with:mutation
[18]
Black otter rex rabbits, the breed stock of which was developed in ...
Nov 6, 2021 · The rex rabbit breed stock was developed in France by Desire Caillon , a farmer, in 1919. He was drawn to the kits in a litter of gray ...
[19]
[PDF] REVIEW ON REX RABBIT BREEDING IN CHINA
Jun 13, 2008 · The purpose of selection is to find those phenotypic trait differences caused by genetic factors. For example, one female rabbit may give birth ...
[20]
Resequencing Analyses Revealed Genetic Diversity and Selection ...
Mar 29, 2024 · Eight rabbit breeds (REX, AN, KD, SCW, LWB, MXN, FJW, and JYS) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, and their genotypes were jointly ...
[21]
Rex Fur - Hoppy Days Rabbitry
Rex fur is a recessive gene. It consists of the undercoat mostly and very short guard hairs. Soft is considered a negative commentary.<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Un-Official Illustrated Rex Standard [Mink Hollow Rabbitry]
Nov 5, 2024 · The animal should exemplify meat producing qualities, having medium body length, well rounded hips, well filled loin, ribs, and shoulders that ...Body · Fur · Chinchilla · Lynx
[23]
[PDF] studies on the quality of rex rabbit fur tao yr - PoliPapers
The Rex rabbit fur has characteristics of high hair density, normal diameter and almost same length of hair fibre for all types of hair (fine and coarse) and.
[24]
Thickness, Weight, and Width of Pelt of Rex Rabbits Resulted from...
The results revealed that the values for body weight, coat length, skin thickness, skin area, and skin weight of Rex rabbits were increased significantly with ...
[25]
Hair Follicle Development of Rex Rabbits Is Regulated Seasonally ...
Dec 4, 2023 · Our study proved that the skinning season has a significant influence on the fur quality and hair follicle traits of Rex rabbits.
[26]
Official Standard for the Standard Rex Rabbit | Rabbit Talk
Nov 21, 2011 · Order the Standard of Perfection from ARBA. Its 15 or 20 bucks, has the official standard for every breed in it.Missing: American | Show results with:American
[27]
Rabbit Breeds - The British Rabbit Council
Rabbit breeds are categorized into Lop, Fancy, Fur, and Rex sections. Examples include Mini Lop, Netherland Dwarf, British Giant, and Standard Rex.
[28]
The Breed Standard - National Orange and Fawn Rex Rabbit ...
The ideal weight for a standard Rex to be 2.72-3.62kg (6-8lb). There is no weight disqualification for any age Standard Rex rabbit.
[29]
Rex For Sale | Rabbit Breeds - Omlet
The Rex rabbit was first shown at an international rabbit show in Paris in 1924. Since 1925 it has been recognised as a standard breed across Europe. Rex ...
[30]
Mini Rex – ARBA - American Rabbit Breeders Association
Jul 19, 2019 · The Mini Rex is consistently the #1 or #2 top entry at any ARBA Convention. Developed in 1984 in Texas by the late-great Monna Berryhill.
[31]
https://lafeber.com/mammals/mini-rex-rabbits-in-profile/
[32]
[PDF] CONCEPT OF A REX RABBIT FARMING BASED ON A ...
In addition, rabbits, especially Rex breed produce attractive and high quality fur, which could be used for expensive fur products, such as stuffed toys,.
[33]
[PDF] China's fur trade and its position in the global fur industry - ACTAsia
Oct 6, 2019 · Taking published figures from 2011 to 2012 as an example, 130 million rex rabbits were reportedly bred and processed into fur in China. 4 ...
[34]
Wholesale Rex Rabbit Skins - High Quality Fur Pelts - Alibaba
4.2 326 Rex Rabbit Skin(697+) ; Wholesale Customized Real Rex Skin Rabbit Fur Skins. $2.90-4.90. Min. order: 100 pieces ; Animal Fur Fabric Rex Rabbit Fur Blanket Rex ...Missing: 2023 2024
[35]
WHAT BREED OF RABBIT TO RAISE FOR MEAT?
Oct 21, 2012 · REX- are another commercial breed weighing 8-9 lbs. They are raised primarily for their awsome fur and meat is the byproduct. SABLES- weigh 8- ...
[36]
Rex Rabbits for Meat: Are They the Right Choice for Your Homestead?
Mar 19, 2025 · Fast reproduction cycle: Like most rabbit breeds, Rex rabbits can produce multiple litters per year. Ideal for small spaces: Their smaller ...
[37]
Standard Rex for meat | Rabbit Talk
Dec 23, 2012 · You can get a good size carcass at 12 weeks (I do out of mine) 4.5-6lbs but I have heard from quite a few people that their rex being used for fur is closer to ...Missing: per | Show results with:per
[38]
Commercial Meat Rabbit Growth Rates
Oct 11, 2019 · These rabbits produce fast growing offspring with a good meat to bone ratio, usually 60-65% dress-out rate. Adults usually weigh 8-12 pounds at ...
[39]
Why I Raise Rex Rabbits - Little Hare Homestead
Jul 30, 2022 · Rex rabbits are a multi-purpose rabbit because they were initially bred for their furs. The fur of a Rex is like running your hand across velvet.
[40]
Rabbit Production - Penn State Extension
Jun 20, 2005 · Angora rabbits produce 8 to 10 inches, or 12 to 16 ounces, of wool per year. Marketing. Before you start producing rabbits, you must identify ...
[41]
Environmental impact of rabbit production systems: a farm-based ...
Our study shows that rabbit productions have a relatively low environmental impact compared to other livestock systems, intermediate between poultry and pig ...
[42]
Comparative life cycle assessment of rex rabbit breeding industry ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of two rex rabbit industry chains and verify which one has better environmental benefits, ...
[43]
Rex Rabbit - PetMD
Oct 26, 2023 · Rex rabbits originated in France in the early 1900s, where they were referred to as “The King's Rabbits” because of their luxurious fur. They ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[44]
Rex Rabbit - Pet Profile - animalfunfacts.net
Rex Rabbits are good for beginners. They're even-tempered, docile, calm, loving, friendly and gentle. But they also have a very playful side, so it's really fun ...
[45]
Rex - PDSA
Rex rabbits are medium to large, calm, and good-natured, weighing 3-3.5kg. They need a large environment and are not suitable for small children. They are not ...
[46]
How to Care for a Pet Mini Rex Rabbit
Sep 7, 2025 · Mini rex rabbits are calm, friendly, and relatively easygoing, but they prefer not to be picked up. · A mini rex's enclosure should be spacious, ...
[47]
What are the pros and cons of Mini Rex rabbits as pets for children?
Oct 21, 2022 · No rabbits make good pets for kids! They don't like being handled and if picked up incorrectly may bite, scratch or kick out and damage their very fragile ...Are Mini Rex rabbits friendly? - QuoraWhat are your thoughts on rabbits as pets? What is the average cost ...More results from www.quora.com
[48]
Rex - Brie's Bunny Barn
The Rex Rabbit was first shown publicly at the Paris International Rabbit Show in 1924 and has been recognized as a standard breed in parts of Europe since 1925 ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[49]
RABBITS - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
Dutch, Havana, tan, and French silver breeds are more likely to develop uterine neoplasia. Because Rex rabbits have thin fur on the plantar surface of their ...
[50]
Skin Diseases in Rabbits: Common Causes, Common Treatments
Heavy-bodied breeds (Flemish Giant, Californian), obese rabbits, and those with thin fur on the bottoms of their feet (Rex) are predisposed to this problem.
[51]
Anyone raise Rex | Rabbit Talk - Meat Rabbit & Farming Forum
Nov 6, 2023 · Because Rex are a high-risk breed for sore hocks, we're pretty aggressive on keeping those hard plastic mat grids on their floor wire, keeping ...<|separator|>
[52]
Rex Rabbit: Breed Care Guide, Lifespan & Traits - Hepper
Oct 8, 2025 · Your Rex rabbit should have 70% high-quality hay, such as orchard or Timothy hay. The other 30% should be leafy greens, vegetables, fruits, and ...
[53]
What to Know About the Mini Rex Rabbit - WebMD
Aug 20, 2024 · Rabbits are herbivores, meaning they can eat plants. Their diet should consist of green leafy vegetables, specialized rabbit food, and fruit.What Is A Mini Rex Rabbit? · Mini Rex Rabbit Care · Mini Rex Rabbit Facts
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Hop Into Rabbit Care: A Comprehensive Guide for Bunny Owners
Look for pellets that are high in fiber but low in protein and calcium to avoid weight gain and urinary issues. We reccomend feeding ¼ cup of pellets per 5lbs ...
[55]
Hop Into Rabbit Care: A Comprehensive Guide for Bunny Owners
Your rabbit should always have access to fresh, clean water, whether it's in a sturdy bowl or a water bottle clipped to their cage. Staying hydrated is key to ...
[56]
I have a young rex rabbit. I had read about different vegetables to ...
Jan 9, 2011 · Feed broccoli in moderation, balanced with high-fiber hay to support digestion. Avoid sudden diet changes and monitor for signs of ...Missing: husbandry optimal
[57]
https://vetslovepets.com.au/blogs/rabbit/rex-rabbit-breed-guide
[58]
What brushes or methods are best for keeping a mini Rex - Facebook
Apr 3, 2024 · We haven't had to deal with any matts on our Mini Rex boy. We do brush him regularly with a soft silicone rubber brush and it seems to keep him ...What are the best practices for raising rabbits for meat? - FacebookStarting a rabbit farming venture involves several steps to ensure ...More results from www.facebook.com
[59]
How to care for Rex rabbits - Quora
Nov 11, 2022 · Don't let your Rex rabbit get wet and do not bathe him. Rabbits are not fond of water and they can also develop hypothermia if they get wet.
[60]
Rex Rabbit Insurance, Care and Health Advice - Everypaw
VHD2 isn't as serious but can still cause serious illness. Signs of disease include anorexia, lethargy, being off-colour, or sudden and unexplained death.Missing: predisposed | Show results with:predisposed
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https://askavet.com/blogs/news/rex-rabbit-care-guide-%25F0%259F%2590%2587-vet-advice-for-2025
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Health and welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems
This scientific opinion focusses on six different housing systems, namely conventional cages, structurally enriched cages, elevated pens, floor pens, outdoor/ ...Missing: Rex | Show results with:Rex
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Reproductive Diseases in Farmed Rabbit Does - PMC - NIH
Oct 14, 2020 · The domestic rabbit doe can have several reproductive diseases, including infertility. These were causes for consultations from rabbit producers.
[64]
[EPUB] Enhancing rabbit farming efficiency with integrated genomics and ...
Jan 17, 2025 · This review explores the genetic diversity in rabbit breeds, key genetic traits influencing productivity and welfare, and advances in genetic ...
[65]
Effects of the Welfare Housing Systems Based on Environmental ...
May 19, 2025 · In conclusion, these findings suggest that the two welfare housing systems can improve meat quality and intestinal health. This study offers a ...
[66]
Using Different Cage Enrichments to Improve Rabbits' Performance ...
Aug 4, 2024 · According to the current findings, enriching rabbit cages with plastic-colored balls and mirrors positively affects rabbits' productivity, ...<|separator|>
[67]
[PDF] ARBA Recommendations for the Care of Rabbits and Cavies.
ARBA Recommendations for the Care of Rabbits and Cavies. This document is being created in order to provide guidance to all individuals who care for rabbits ...Missing: vulnerabilities | Show results with:vulnerabilities
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[PDF] HE HUMANE SOCIETY or THE UNITED ... - Hawaii State Legislature
Feb 6, 2023 · Even in the U.S., fur factory farms are not subject to required inspections and little to no federal regulations hold these facilities ...
[69]
[PDF] M-Liu Hanzhong - World Rabbit Science Association
Jun 13, 2008 · The development for Rex-Rabbit is quicker than meat-rabbit and wool-rabbit, the number increases from about 5,000,000 in 2000 to 15,000,000 in ...
[70]
[PDF] Rabbit Production Worldwide - CABI Digital Library
In some cases, the promotion of Rex fur production was fraudulent or unethical, with promises of unrealistically high prices for the pelts and with very high ...
[71]
[PDF] China - Peoples Republic of Fur Animals and Products
May 25, 2010 · According to industry statistics, this area is a key tanning area which has an output of 90 percent of the nation's total tanned mink pelts, 85 ...
[72]
Fur Farming - Animal Welfare Problems - Fur Free Alliance
The stress of the caging conditions and fear of humans cause animals kept for fur to exhibit a high number of stress-related welfare problems.
[73]
Inside the Fur Industry: Factory Farms - PETA
No federal humane slaughter law protects animals in fur factory farms, and killing methods are gruesome. Because fur farmers care only about preserving the ...
[74]
Fur Farms Still Unfashionably Cruel, Critics Say | National Geographic
Aug 17, 2016 · Chinese fur farming is virtually unregulated when it comes to animal welfare. Chinese farms are often small, family-owned operations.<|separator|>
[75]
Beliefs and Attitudes of British Residents about the Welfare of Fur ...
Feb 22, 2022 · A large majority (86%) believed fur-farmed animals do not experience a good life. A similar majority (83%) believed it was unacceptable for the ...