Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Rizal Avenue

Rizal Avenue, commonly referred to as Avenida Rizal, is a principal north-south in northern , , named in honor of national hero . It constitutes Radial Road 9 (R-9) within Metro Manila's circumferential and radial road system, extending roughly 6.5 kilometers from its southern terminus at Carriedo Street in the and Quiapo districts to its northern continuation as Rizal Avenue Extension in . The entire length accommodates the elevated viaduct of Light Rail Transit Line 1, facilitating mass transit alongside heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Originally formed in 1911 by merging Calle Dulumbayan and Calle Salcedo, the avenue evolved into Manila's preeminent commercial corridor, hosting theaters, retail establishments, and bustling markets that defined urban life until mid-20th-century shifts toward suburban expansion diminished its centrality. Today, it remains a vital conduit for daily commuters and commerce amid persistent congestion and infrastructure strains.

Location and Physical Characteristics

Route and Dimensions

Rizal Avenue originates at the with Carriedo Street in Manila's , adjacent to the Quiapo area, and extends northward as a primary through densely urbanized zones. It traverses key districts including , passing landmarks such as the LRT Line 1 stations, before crossing into Caloocan City and terminating at the Circle (also known as Plaza Rizal or Plaza Lacson). This north-south alignment forms a vital link in Metro Manila's radial road system, historically part of the Manila North Road and designated as National Route 150 (N150) under the maintained by the of Public Works and Highways..svg) The avenue measures approximately 6.5 kilometers in length, facilitating connectivity from central to northern suburbs and integrating with extensions like Rizal Avenue Extension toward further northern routes. Traffic configuration varies along the route, with segments supporting two to six lanes to handle urban volumes, including divided sections with medians in busier portions. For example, certain evaluated sections feature six lanes with carriageway widths supporting approximately 5.75 meters per lane plus shoulders. The elevated of the Light Rail Transit Line 1 parallels the roadway for much of its extent, influencing sightlines and vertical clearance but not altering the ground-level dimensions.

Naming Origin

Rizal Avenue, originally designated as Avenida Rizal, was named in honor of (1861–1896), the Filipino polymath, novelist, and reform advocate whose works (1887) and (1891) critiqued Spanish colonial abuses and inspired the . The avenue's creation and naming coincided with the American colonial era's emphasis on fostering Filipino national consciousness through public infrastructure bearing the names of independence-era figures, positioning Rizal as a symbol of nonviolent intellectual resistance against colonial rule. The street was formally established on December 20, 1911, via a Manila city ordinance that merged two preexisting parallel roads: Calle Dulumbayan, a Tagalog-derived name meaning "end of the town" (dulo ng bayan), which denoted its location at the urban fringe during the late Spanish period; and Calle Salcedo, likely commemorating Spanish colonial officials or explorers associated with early Manila governance, though direct etymological ties remain undocumented in primary records. This consolidation extended the route from what is now Recto Avenue southward to Carriedo Street, transforming disparate colonial-era paths into a unified thoroughfare emblematic of emerging modern urban planning under U.S. administration. No subsequent renamings have altered its dedication to Rizal, distinguishing it from other streets that underwent frequent changes post-independence to reflect shifting political priorities, such as the replacement of or nomenclature with Filipino heroes. The choice of over revolutionary figures like Andres Bonifacio underscored authorities' preference for his reformist, assimilationist legacy as a model for "civilized" , avoiding glorification of armed .

Historical Evolution

Pre-Independence Formation (1911–1941)

Avenida Rizal, later known as , was established in 1911 through a Manila city ordinance that merged two existing parallel streets: Calle Dulumbayan, meaning "edge of town" in , and Calle Salcedo. This consolidation formed a major north-south thoroughfare in northern , extending from the toward what is now , initially serving as an extension beyond the urban core defined by earlier Spanish-era layouts. The naming honored , the Philippine national hero executed by Spanish authorities in 1896, reflecting growing nationalist sentiments under American colonial administration. During the 1910s and 1920s, the avenue underwent gradual widening and paving as part of localized urban improvements, accommodating increased vehicular and tram traffic amid Manila's expansion. By the 1930s, it had evolved into Manila's premier commercial and social artery, often dubbed the "Queen of Streets," lined with luxury department stores, international cinemas, grand hotels, and upscale restaurants that catered to the emerging middle class and elite. Tranvias, or streetcars, operated along its length, facilitating connectivity from Quiapo and Santa Cruz northward, while electric lighting and neoclassical facades enhanced its prominence as a symbol of modernizing colonial urbanism. Up to 1941, Rizal Avenue solidified its status as the city's longest continuous street, spanning approximately 6 kilometers and functioning as a vital hub for , , and daily , with theaters like the and drawing crowds for and films. Its development paralleled broader American-era efforts to rationalize Manila's street grid, though distinct from grander visions like the 1905 Burnham Plan, emphasizing practical functionality over monumental design. This pre-war vibrancy positioned it as a focal point for social interaction, though underlying issues like began to emerge with .

Wartime Destruction and Post-War Revival (1942–1970s)

During the Battle of Manila from to , 1945, Rizal Avenue sustained significant damage from artillery bombardment and urban combat as American forces advanced against entrenched defenders. Photographic evidence from February 28, 1945, documents collapsed and scarred buildings along the avenue, reflecting the broader devastation that reduced over 80% of Manila's structures to rubble and claimed more than 100,000 Filipino civilian lives alongside over 1,000 . This fighting, marked by house-to-house engagements and Japanese scorched-earth tactics, transformed the avenue—a pre-war commercial lifeline—from a vibrant into a gauntlet of debris and fortified positions. Reconstruction of Rizal Avenue commenced amid Manila's wider post-liberation , initiated with debris clearance in 1945 and bolstered by U.S. exceeding $1.24 billion after Philippine on , 1946. Government-led initiatives under presidents like prioritized restoring urban infrastructure, enabling repairs to surviving pre-war edifices and the erection of new commercial buildings along the avenue by the late 1940s. This revival reestablished Rizal Avenue as a central and corridor, with businesses reopening to serve the resurgent population. Through the and , the avenue adapted to growing vehicular traffic and economic demands, incorporating modern elements while retaining elements of its interwar character, though overshadowed by emerging districts like . By the 1970s, under Ferdinand Marcos's administration, which formalized in 1975, Rizal Avenue continued functioning as a key radial route, though strains from rapid began to emerge. These decades marked a phoenix-like resurgence, driven by pragmatic rebuilding rather than comprehensive master plans, sustaining the street's economic vitality amid national recovery.

Mid-20th Century Decline and Modern Challenges (1980s–1990s)

The construction of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 1 viaduct along in the early marked a pivotal turning point in the street's fortunes, contributing to its physical and commercial deterioration. Groundbreaking for the project occurred in 1976 under the administration, but significant construction delays extended disruptions into the , including extended road closures that impeded vehicular access and harmed local businesses. The elevated , which became operational in phases starting May 1984 from to Central Terminal and extending northward along the avenue by 1985, blocked sunlight and altered the street's open, pedestrian-friendly character, accelerating the decline of its theater district where establishments like the State Theater had already closed in the 1970s. Compounding these infrastructure impacts, the Philippine economic crisis of 1983–1985, triggered by oil shocks and debt accumulation, led to averaging 20% annually in and widespread business failures along traditional commercial strips like Rizal Avenue. The rise of modern shopping malls, beginning with SM City North EDSA in 1985 and others in Cubao and , drew retail traffic away from the aging Avenida, fostering characterized by abandoned facades, informal street vending, and congestion. By the late 1980s, the avenue's once-vibrant cinema row had largely shuttered, with the LRT's shadow—literal and figurative—symbolizing the shift from a premier social hub to a utilitarian transit corridor. In the , Rizal Avenue grappled with ongoing challenges including persistent bottlenecks despite LRT integration, rising , and environmental strain from Metro Manila's rate, which saw the population exceed 48.6% by 1990. Informal economies dominated, with sidewalk vendors proliferating amid weak enforcement, while and poor maintenance exacerbated the avenue's seedy reputation. Economic under subsequent administrations offered limited revitalization to the area, as investment favored suburban developments, leaving Rizal Avenue emblematic of Manila's uneven evolution.

Pedestrianization Attempt and Reversion (2000–2008)

In 2003, Manila Mayor Lito Atienza initiated the pedestrianization of the Rizal Avenue section between Carriedo Street and Claro M. Recto Avenue as part of the city's urban renewal efforts to revitalize the declining commercial district. The project began with the closure of the northbound lane, which was elevated to sidewalk level and repaved with interlocking stone blocks to form a continuous pedestrian promenade. Vehicular traffic was rerouted, with northbound vehicles directed to the southbound lane and alternatives via Claro M. Recto Avenue, Misericordia Street, Ongpin Street, Plaza Santa Cruz, and the MacArthur Bridge. The initiative aimed to transform the avenue into a vehicle-free shopping strip, incorporating outdoor cafes and dining areas to draw an estimated 50,000 daily pedestrians, including LRT Line 1 commuters from nearby stations, thereby stimulating local retail activity. The southbound lane was subsequently closed and redeveloped in phases, completing the full pedestrianization by late 2003. Although promoted as a short-term experiment to foster a pedestrian-friendly and counteract the avenue's following earlier LRT construction disruptions, the closure extended beyond initial plans, lasting through 2008. This decision drew criticism for bypassing coordination with the Department of and Highways, as Rizal Avenue functions as a under rather than solely local control. The pedestrian zone's implementation redirected substantial vehicular volume to parallel and intersecting streets, exacerbating in the surrounding network. Economic assessments highlighted unmitigated costs, including disrupted for businesses reliant on through-traffic and insufficient gains in footfall to offset spillover effects. In one of his initial acts after the 2007 mayoral election, ordered the reopening of the avenue to vehicular in 2008, restoring its role as a multi-lane to alleviate these pressures and prioritize connectivity over the experimental model.

Landmarks and Infrastructure

Notable Buildings and Sites

Rizal Avenue hosts several structures of historical and architectural significance, primarily in Manila's Santa Cruz district. The former , located along the avenue, served as the site for the inauguration of the First on October 16, 1907, marking an early milestone in legislative history under colonial rule. The Capitan Pepe Building stands at the intersection with C.M. Recto Avenue, exemplifying pre-World War II commercial architecture that survived urban changes. Similarly, the Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building at the corner of Carriedo Street and Rizal Avenue, designed by National Artist in the 1930s, features modernist elements characteristic of early Philippine construction. Early 20th-century row houses, known as accessoria, persist in pockets along Rizal Avenue in and adjacent Tondo areas, representing vernacular urban housing from the period with shared walls and narrow facades adapted to dense populations. Extending into , the avenue terminates near the at its junction with , a 1933 bronze sculpture by depicting Andres Bonifacio leading the revolution, serving as a of struggles erected on the site of his 1897 execution nearby. The avenue's mid-20th-century entertainment heritage includes defunct cinemas such as the , , Ever, and Avenue theaters, which drew crowds for film screenings and live performances until post-war decline and urban redevelopment displaced them. Modern infrastructure landmarks encompass the elevated viaducts and stations of LRT Line 1, including those in and , integrated above the roadway since the 1980s to facilitate mass transit amid growing vehicular demand.

Major Intersections

Rizal Avenue's major intersections facilitate connectivity across Manila's , Quiapo, and Sampaloc districts into , linking to radial and circumferential roads in the . The avenue, designated as National Route 150 (N150), spans approximately 6.6 kilometers from its southern terminus at Avenue to the northern boundary near 5th Avenue. These crossings handle high volumes of vehicular, pedestrian, and public transit traffic, often featuring signalized controls and overhead LRT-1 viaducts. The southernmost major intersection occurs at (formerly Azcarraga Street), marking the avenue's start in and Quiapo districts; this junction serves as a gateway to downtown and integrates with east-west traffic toward and Escolta. Further north, the crossing with Gonzalo Puyat Street (formerly Raon Street) in Quiapo connects to commercial zones and provides access to and , historically a bustling point for retail and pedestrian flows since the mid-20th century. In central sections, Carriedo Street intersects near , linking to the eastern markets and serving as an entry to the avenue's commercial core with department stores and theaters; this crossing predates modern designations, originating in early 20th-century . The Tayuman Street junction (N140) in Sampaloc accommodates northbound routes to and features LRT-1 Tayuman Station overhead, contributing to peak-hour congestion from mixed traffic. Northern intersections include (N160), where LRT-1 Blumentritt Station spans the crossing, connecting to Tondo's residential areas and handling freight-adjacent flows; this point links east to Aurora Boulevard extensions. Abad Santos Avenue (N151) crosses near the Manila-Caloocan boundary, providing access to Tondo's industrial zones and the vicinity, with four-lane divided configurations exacerbating bottlenecks. The avenue culminates at 5th Avenue (N130) in , transitioning to Rizal Avenue Extension toward Bonifacio Monument Circle (AH 26/) and , a high-density node notorious for pedestrian scrambles akin to global urban crossings.

Transportation and Connectivity

Rail and Public Transit Integration

Rizal Avenue features the elevated viaduct of Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 1, which parallels the roadway through and , enabling direct rail access for commuters along this major north-south corridor. The 15 km system connects in Pasay City to Monumento in City, with the Rizal Avenue segment operational since May 12, 1985, following initial openings on the portion in December 1984. Stations such as Carriedo, Recto, and Doroteo Jose are positioned along or immediately adjacent to the avenue, facilitating pedestrian access from street level to the elevated platforms. This rail infrastructure integrates with complementary road-based public transit services, including and buses that operate parallel to the LRT , serving as feeder routes to the stations. lines, such as those traversing Rizal Avenue toward intersections like 8th Avenue in , allow transfers for short-haul trips within densely populated areas. Buses on Rizal Avenue routes further enhance , though the elevated LRT minimizes road-level while accommodating mixed traffic below. Ongoing developments include extensions and interchanges, such as the North Extension Project completed in 2010, linking LRT Line 1 to Line 3 at North Avenue, and plans for a common station to streamline transfers across lines. These enhancements aim to improve overall system efficiency amid high ridership, with LRT Line 1 handling significant daily passenger volumes along the Rizal Avenue alignment.

Vehicular Traffic Patterns

Rizal Avenue functions as a bidirectional radial arterial road, accommodating north-south vehicular flow from Caloocan through Manila's Santa Cruz and Quiapo districts, with heavy mixed traffic including private cars, jeepneys, buses, and trucks. The avenue's annual average daily traffic (AADT) rose from 71,669 vehicles in 2013 to 114,674 in 2023, reflecting a 60% increase amid broader Metro Manila radial road growth exceeding circumferential routes. Peak traffic occurs during morning rush hours from 6:00 AM to 9:00 AM and evening hours from 4:00 PM to 7:00 PM, with evening periods exhibiting more severe disruptions due to elevated indices ( > 1, often exceeding 2 in affected segments). Northbound flow experiences particularly acute delays during evenings, driven by factors such as crossings, maneuvering at stops, and defective signals near key nodes like the PNR station between Tayuman and streets. Congestion varies by segment, with the highest levels (CI > 2 during peaks) in areas from Tayuman to Cavite Street, attributed to absent lane boundaries, on-street parking, and public transport loading/unloading, while mid-segments like Bambang to Tayuman show lower indices (0.131–1.248). Traffic density is modeled in passenger car equivalents (PCE) per kilometer, correlating with flow rates and speeds to predict travel times, yielding mean absolute percentage errors of 15.72% in validation. The avenue's integration with LRT Line 1 viaducts overhead contributes to intermittent bottlenecks from station access and parallel public transit demand.

Economic and Social Impact

Commercial and Retail History

Rizal Avenue emerged as a key commercial artery in following its formal creation in 1911 via the consolidation of Calle Dulumbayan and Calle Salcedo under a city ordinance. By the , it had established itself as a destination for the masses, contrasting with the elite-oriented , and hosted accessible outlets such as the shoe store and Department Store. Prior to and in its immediate aftermath, the avenue solidified its role as a vibrant commercial and social center, lined with diverse shops, restaurants, and movie theaters that drew crowds for everyday shopping and leisure. Emporium, a five-story erected by Lim Ka Ping and associates, became the avenue's inaugural and largest retail landmark, exemplifying the era's expanding departmental trade. Street vendors, carinderias, and formal establishments coexisted, fostering a dynamic for apparel, , and foodstuffs. In 1958, entrepreneur opened his initial Shoemart shoe store along Rizal Avenue, marking an early milestone in what would evolve into a national empire and underscoring the street's appeal for nascent consumer businesses. The avenue's landscape thrived through the mid-20th century, supported by its centrality and traffic, though it began facing pressures from suburban mall developments and changes by the late 1970s. Department stores and specialty shops gradually diminished as cinemas shuttered and vendor activity waned, reflecting broader shifts in urban commerce amid .

Cultural and Event Significance

Rizal Avenue emerged as a prominent center for cultural entertainment in Manila during the early to mid-20th century, primarily through its concentration of cinemas that drew large crowds for film screenings and performances. Theaters such as the , , Ever, , , and lined the street, screening both local productions and films, which positioned the avenue as a vital artery for the development of Philippine cinematic culture from the 1930s to the 1970s. The avenue also hosted politically and historically significant events, including the inauguration of the First at the on October 16, 1907, marking an early milestone in legislative history under colonial rule. Public gatherings and processions have frequently utilized Rizal Avenue due to its central location and width suitable for large crowds. It served as a route for parades featuring floats honoring national hero , as documented in early 20th-century accounts. Political protests, such as the 2013 demonstrations during the Bonifacio 150th anniversary celebrations, involved parading effigies from Liwasang Bonifacio to Mendiola via the avenue, highlighting its role in civic expression. More recent events include religious rallies, like the "Pray for the Philippines" gathering in 2025, underscoring the street's ongoing utility for mass assemblies. The avenue's cultural footprint extended to broader festivities, with its theaters and surrounding areas contributing to Manila's pre-war and scene, though many structures faced decline by the late amid shifting dynamics.

Contemporary Challenges and Developments

Traffic Congestion and Accident Data

Rizal Avenue experiences chronic as a key in northern , handling dense flows of private vehicles, public utility jeepneys, buses, and trucks amid urban intersections and commercial activity. A 2023 analysis of segments spanning Ronquillo Street in Sta. Cruz to the Aurora Boulevard intersection calculated indices (CI = (modeled travel time - free-flow travel time) / free-flow travel time) exceeding 1—indicating moderate to high —across multiple sections during morning peak hours (8:00–11:00 AM) and evening peaks (4:00–7:00 PM), with northbound portions in segments near Tayuman and Streets reaching CI >2 for severe delays. Primary causes include intrusions, defective signals, on-street parking, and unregulated loading/unloading at stops, as validated by modeling with a of 15.72%. Accident data underscores the avenue's hazards, with the (MMDA) designating sections in City as among 50 major accident-prone roads in , where incidents frequently involve and vehicle defects. MMDA's 2015 Metro Manila Accident Recording and Analysis System (MMRAS) recorded 95,615 road crashes Metro Manila-wide, including 519 fatalities—over 200 from motorcycles—with City's 43 deaths encompassing Rizal Avenue's high-risk stretches alongside . December peaks in accidents align with heightened holiday volumes, though granular post-2015 statistics for Rizal Avenue specifically are not publicly detailed in MMDA reports, reflecting broader challenges in data aggregation from blotters.

Crime and Urban Decay Issues

Rizal Avenue has experienced persistent issues with street-level , particularly and , facilitated by its dense commercial activity, heavy foot traffic, and proximity to informal vending areas. Multiple incidents involving armed suspects have been reported along the avenue, including a fatal in September 2023 where a was killed by a during a encounter with a motorcycle-riding suspect in section. Earlier encounters, such as those in December 2019, resulted in the deaths of suspected robbers in operations near intersections. These events highlight a pattern of opportunistic targeting pedestrians and small businesses, exacerbated by the avenue's role as a bustling under the elevated LRT Line 1 viaduct, where shaded underpasses create dimly lit zones conducive to such activities. Urban decay along Rizal Avenue manifests in physical deterioration and unregulated , stemming from post-war congestion and unplanned development that eroded its former prominence as Manila's premier commercial artery. By the late , rampant peaked, characterized by overcrowded sidewalks, informal structures, and declining maintenance, transforming sections into microcosms of broader slum-like conditions. The 2003 pedestrianization of a central stretch from Carriedo to , intended as , instead amplified certain problems by restricting vehicular access and fostering unkempt pedestrian zones prone to litter and , though it aimed to revive shopping promenades. Informal settlements nearby contribute to elevated risks of property crimes and substance-related offenses, aligning with 's high crime index for theft (71.06) and drug issues (71.30), where poverty-driven informal economies perpetuate cycles of vice and insecurity. Despite national trends showing a 14.34% decline in overall Philippine rates from January to October 2025, localized perceptions of danger persist along Rizal Avenue due to its visibility in incident reports, including a February 2025 hostage-taking at a Recto-Rizal corner shop following a . These challenges underscore causal links between , inadequate lighting, and socioeconomic pressures, rather than isolated policy failures, though official volumes dropped 21-23% in early 2025 periods.

Recent Renewal Initiatives

In July 2025, the Department of Engineering and conducted repainting works on the center island of Rizal Avenue to enhance its aesthetic condition and visibility for motorists and pedestrians. This initiative addressed wear from heavy traffic and urban exposure, aligning with routine infrastructure upkeep amid ongoing challenges like monsoon flooding along the avenue. Broader flood mitigation efforts in , including a ₱14 billion portfolio of and control projects announced in 2025, aim to alleviate inundation risks in low-lying areas like those near Rizal Avenue, though specific allocations for the avenue remain undocumented in public records. These measures build on historical vulnerabilities, with the avenue frequently affected by overflow from nearby esteros during heavy rains, as observed in July 2025 events. No large-scale rehabilitation or pedestrianization revivals, similar to the 2003 temporary transformation of sections into brick-paved promenades, have been implemented since 2020, reflecting constrained budgets and competing priorities in Metro Manila's infrastructure agenda. Local maintenance persists to sustain functionality for the avenue's role as a key north-south artery under the LRT-1 .

References

  1. [1]
    Avenida Rizal: A Walk Through Manila's Forgotten Glory
    Feb 12, 2025 · Avenida Rizal was the place to be, lined with legendary cinemas like Ideal, State, Ever, and Avenue. These weren't just places to watch films— ...
  2. [2]
    N2, C5, R10: A full guide to Metro Manila's road network
    Mar 12, 2024 · ... Philippine Highway (also designated as Asian Highway 26). This road ... Bonifacio Avenue; R9: Rizal Avenue; R10: Del Pan/Marcos Highway ...
  3. [3]
    Rizal Avenue - Manila - Facebook
    Nov 6, 2019 · Length: 6.5 km South end: N150 (Carriedo Street) in Santa Cruz and Quiapo, Manila More about Rizal Avenue · No photo description available.Roxas Boulevard is a 7.6 km road that starts at Rizal Park in Manila ...Taft Avenue is a major road thoroughfare in Metro Manila. It crosses ...More results from www.facebook.com
  4. [4]
    HISTREET | Avenida - Digital MNL - WordPress.com
    Jun 12, 2020 · Officially named after Dr. Jose Rizal who was groomed by American invaders as poster boy of their pro-Filipino propaganda, Rizal Avenue has a ...
  5. [5]
    Rizal Avenue – A street to love. | Manila Nostalgia
    Jan 24, 2015 · It started out being built in 1911 by combining two streets, Calle Dulumbayan (meaning the “edge of town”) and Calle Salcedo. It grew to be the ...
  6. [6]
    Old Photo – Avenida Rizal - Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation
    Oct 21, 2021 · Avenida Rizal (Rizal Avenue) was center of the city's social life, with the street lined with shops, restaurants and movie theaters.<|control11|><|separator|>
  7. [7]
    Take a Look at Avenida Rizal Before the LRT Took Over - Spot PH
    Jan 3, 2018 · Avenida Rizal or simply Avenida was practically the country's Main Street before the LRT took over, and before the rise of Greenhills and Ayala.
  8. [8]
    Rizal Avenue - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
    Nov 25, 2024 · Rizal Avenue is a part of the Pan-Philippine Highway, connecting MacArthur Highway to Ronquillo and Bustos Streets, which further connects it to ...
  9. [9]
    [PDF] b. road information
    Conc. J. A. Santos. Rizal Avenue. Quezon Blvd. Rizal Ave. 0.7 37.4. 23.0 (6). 5.75. 5.75 2.9. Conc. W. Quezon Blvd. 0.3. 37.4. 23.0 (6). 5.75. 5.75 2.9. Conc.
  10. [10]
    AVENIDA A Street Named Rizal Magazine Article Bayanihan ...
    ... Avenida Rizal was created by a Manila city ordinance in 1911. Initially formed from two streets-- Calle Dulum- bayan and Calle Salcedo-- within the Sta.
  11. [11]
    https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781531505301-007/html
  12. [12]
    Vista de Toponimia de Manila desde 1898 | Philologia Hispalensis
    Chinese influence not only is depicted in Hokkien Chinese place names but also appears in Spanish and Tagalog place names referring the Chinese community: ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  13. [13]
    Developing a (re)balance of life in Manila: the 1905 city plan, and ...
    Jan 23, 2023 · By drawing attention to Manila's planning history, particularly Daniel H. Burnham's 1905 plan, awareness of the relationship between space ...Missing: Avenue | Show results with:Avenue
  14. [14]
    Damaged buildings in Rizal Avenue, Manila, 1945 - UWDC
    Damaged buildings in Rizal Avenue, Manila, 1945 ; Photographer: Shepard ; Date. February 28, 1945 ; Publisher: Technicolor Government Services, Inc. ; Summary.
  15. [15]
    Manila's utter destruction during World War II - INQUIRER.net USA
    Nov 25, 2022 · More than 100,000 Filipino civilians and over 1,000 American soldiers died during the brutal fighting. At the conclusion of the battle, Manila ...
  16. [16]
    Manila Reborn - Google Arts & Culture
    An exhibit on the postwar reconstruction of a city ... Manila is said to have been called "Pearl of the Orient" since the 1750s, but before World War II, ...
  17. [17]
    WISH YOU WERE HERE: AVENIDA RIZAL - Senor Enrique
    Sep 17, 2006 · From Carriedo Street to Claro M. Recto Avenue, Rizal Avenue has now become a colorful pedestrian's haven. Subsequently, more shops reopened ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  18. [18]
    HERITAGE AT RISK: The Old Movie Palaces of Manila
    Mar 20, 2021 · Along Rizal Avenue, the construction of the LRT Line 1 has reportedly contributed to the decline of said establishments, fostering a somber and ...
  19. [19]
    [PDF] Governance and Urban Development: Case Study of Metro Manila
    Because of the economic crisis in 1983-1985, the inflation rate in Metro Manila almost doubled from an annual average of 11.5 percent in 1975-1980 to 20.0 ...
  20. [20]
    NOONG WALA PANG LRT Rizal Avenue, Avenida, just a (few years ...
    Nov 20, 2024 · I think the decline of the Avenida area is more due to a shift to malls that started in the early 80s with SM Cubao followed by SM City. People ...
  21. [21]
    From dream palace to ruins: The life and death of Manila's grand ...
    Feb 3, 2020 · Thereafter came LRT-1 which hastened the decline and plunge into darkness of the once vibrant Rizal Avenue theater district. Rising real ...
  22. [22]
    [PDF] Republic of the Philippines National Urban Assessment
    The Philippines is a highly urbanized nation. As early as 1980, urbanization was at 37.2%, and by 1990 it had reached 48.6%. In 2000, urban areas were home to ...
  23. [23]
    #68 Rizal Avenue | 365 Great Pinoy Stuff - WordPress.com
    Mar 9, 2010 · In the 1930s, Avenida Rizal was Manila's centre of social life, with the avenue lined with the country's exclusive shops, expensive restaurants ...
  24. [24]
    First phase of Rizal Avenue dev't project underway - Philstar.com
    Jun 25, 2003 · The center island and the steel railings on both sides would be removed to make the pedestrian shopping strip and promenade more spacious.Missing: 2000-2008 | Show results with:2000-2008
  25. [25]
    (Final) NEDA 7 Pedestrianization FR - Dec2019 With Appendices
    Dec 15, 2019 · Manila. In 2003, the City of Manila under then Mayor Lito Atienza closed off the portion of Rizal Avenue (Avenida) between CM Recto and Carriedo ...
  26. [26]
    evaluating the congestion effects of the pedestrianization of avenida ...
    In 2003, as part of the City of Manila's urban renewal program, a section of Rizal Avenue, which is a major national arterial road, was pedestrianized, thereby ...Missing: 2000-2008 | Show results with:2000-2008
  27. [27]
    (PDF) ASSESSING THE COSTS OF THE PEDESTRIANIZATION OF ...
    In 2003, as part of the City of Manila's urban renewal program, a section of Rizal Avenue, which is a major national arterial road, was pedestrianized, thereby ...Missing: 2000-2008 | Show results with:2000-2008
  28. [28]
    WISH YOU WERE HERE: August 2007
    Aug 31, 2007 · Mayor Lim may have reopened the pedestrianized Rizal Avenue to vehicular traffic -- much to my disappointment at that time -- but he had ...
  29. [29]
    Capitan Pepe building in Manila's history - Facebook
    Aug 23, 2025 · The Capitan Pepe Building: A Piece of Manila's History Located at the corner of Avenida Rizal and C.M. Recto, the Capitan Pepe Building ...
  30. [30]
    Carriedo Street corner Rizal Avenue, Santa Cruz, Manila circa ...
    Jan 21, 2025 · Carriedo Street corner Rizal Avenue, Santa Cruz, Manila circa 1950s Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building (designed by Arch. Pablo Antonio, National Artist for ...Missing: famous structures
  31. [31]
    Historic Row Houses in Manila's Rizal Avenue and Tondo District
    May 27, 2024 · Rizal Avenue in Santa Cruz district and part of Tondo district has the best examples of "Accessoria" or Row Houses built in early 1900s that ...Historic Rizal Avenue in Manila, Philippines, 1939 - FacebookExploring the Rich History of Sta. Cruz, Manila Did you ... - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.com
  32. [32]
    Major Attractions - Caloocan City Tour Guide
    Bonifacio Circle Monumento, Caloocan City The main landmark of the city, the Bonifacio Monument is located at the intersection of Rizal Avenue & EDSA. The ...
  33. [33]
    File:0105jfCaloocan City Rizal Avenue Bararangays Landmarksfvf ...
    May 18, 2016 · ... Caloocan City, Buildings in Caloocan City (along the List of roads in Metro Manila, Rizal Avenue Extension, to Monumento LRT Station. Date ...
  34. [34]
    Rizal Avenue - Wikipedia
    Named after the José Rizal, one of the Philippine national heroes, it is a part of Radial Road 9 (R-9). The LRT Line 1 elevated railway is built above the ...Train stations along Rizal... · History · Former pedestrian zone · Intersections
  35. [35]
    intersection of Claro M. Recto Avenue and Rizal Ave. - Facebook
    Sep 2, 2024 · This historical photograph captures Rizal Avenue in Manila in 1939, showing a bustling urban scene from pre-World War II Philippines.Rizal Avenue corner Carriedo Intersection Santa Cruz, ManilaManila street scene at Rizal Avenue and Fugoso Street - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.com
  36. [36]
    Intersection of Rizal Avenue and Raon Street, Quiapo, Manila circa ...
    Jan 11, 2025 · It is a six lane, 1.1-kilometer-long. The boulevard is the main access to the popular Quiapo Church and is one of the main thoroughfares of the ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
  37. [37]
    Rizal Avenue corner Carriedo Intersection Santa Cruz, Manila
    Sep 15, 2023 · The avenue was designated as Route 3A and a part of Manila North Road (Highway 3 or Route 3). It became the city's longest street before ...How would Rizal and Taft Avenues look today if LRT-1 had been ...Avenida Rizal and Azcarraga St intersection in Manila after WWIIMore results from www.facebook.com
  38. [38]
    Rizal Avenue, Manila stop - Routes, Schedules, and Fares - Moovit
    T. Mapua / Remigio Intersection, Manila, 2 min walk, · Oroquieta / Bambang Intersection, Manila, 3 min walk, · T. · Rizal Avenue, Manila, 4 min walk, · Oroquieta / ...
  39. [39]
    Avenida (Blumentritt)Level crossing - Metro Manila - Mapcarta
    The station is situated above Rizal Avenue, particularly at its intersections with Old Antipolo Street and Blumentritt Road, from which the station's name is ...
  40. [40]
    N151 (Philippines) - AARoads Wiki
    It is a divided roadway with four lanes in each direction running through the eastern edge of Tondo from the intersection with Rizal Avenue near the Manila ...
  41. [41]
    Intersection of 5th Avenue & Rizal Avenue Extension, Caloocan City
    May 17, 2024 · Traffic situation at the intersection of 5th Avenue and Rizal Avenue Extension, Caloocan City #traffic #5thavenue #caloocancity Video ...
  42. [42]
    Social media users dub Caloocan-Monumento crossing as ... - POP!
    Dec 9, 2023 · A video capturing the heavy foot traffic at the Caloocan-Monumento crossing has logged in millions of views on Facebook.
  43. [43]
    Railway Operations | Light Rail Transit Authority
    The Light Rail Transit System Line No. 1 consists of the 15km elevated railway system servicing the Taft Avenue – Rizal Avenue route between Baclaran, Pasay ...
  44. [44]
    JEEP Route: Schedules, Stops & Maps - Rizal Ave / 8th Ave West ...
    The first stop of the JEEP bus route is Rizal Ave / 8th Ave West, Caloocan City, Manila and the last stop is Claro M. Recto Ave / Jose Abad Santos Ave.
  45. [45]
    [PDF] Challenges of Urban Transport Development in Metro Manila
    JUMSUT focused on studies to support the implementation of the LRT Line 1 project along Rizal and Taft Avenues. ... LRT, bus and jeepney along the corridor.
  46. [46]
    [PDF] Identifying Segmental Congestion Index along the Traffic Flow of ...
    Oct 29, 2023 · The route of Ronquillo Street, Sta. Cruz up to the intersection of Aurora Boulevard and Rizal Avenue is part of Radial Road 9 (R-9). The locale ...
  47. [47]
    [PDF] Metropolitan Manila Annual Average Daily Traffic ... - Facts igures
    The Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) is a set of statistics compiled by the Metro Manila Development. Authority (MMDA) that records traffic along Metro.
  48. [48]
    Avenida Rizal: In the 1920s, while Escolta catered to the upper ...
    Jan 19, 2016 · Avenida Rizal was more popular with the masses. It was where they could eat and shop at stores like Bata and Otis Department Store.Avenida Rizal in Manila during 1930s - FacebookThrough the years , the evolution of avenida Rizal. - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.com
  49. [49]
    Avenida Rizal's rich history and significance in Manila - Facebook
    Rizal Avenue was built in 1911 by combining two streets, Calle Dulumbayan (meaning the “edge of town”) and Calle Salcedo. It grew up to be the longest street in ...
  50. [50]
    SM Supermalls - Facebook
    Sep 23, 2025 · MILESTONES IN SM's HISTORY 1958 Founder Henry Sy, Sr. opened a shoe store along Rizal Avenue called Shoemart and a second one on Carriedo, ...
  51. [51]
    My Manila Movie Memories — Positively Filipino | Online Magazine ...
    Sep 13, 2014 · Much of Manila's movie-going culture was centered in the “downtown” theaters of Avenida Rizal (Avenue, Ideal, State, Rialto) and nearby.
  52. [52]
    Lineage, Life and Labors of José Rizal: Philippine Patriot
    Rizal's Farewell to His Mother Facsimile. Monument at the Corner of Rizal Avenue From a photograph. Page xv. Float in a Rizal Day Parade From a photograph.
  53. [53]
    Celebrating Bonifacio150 with protests - Bulatlat
    Nov 29, 2013 · The “Pork Barrel King” effigy is to be paraded from Liwasang Bonifacio to Mendiola via Rizal Avenue. The effigy might be burned before 5:30 ...Missing: festivals | Show results with:festivals
  54. [54]
    AT THE MOMENT. The crowd at the "Pray for the Philippines" rally is ...
    Sep 21, 2025 · Rizal Avenue was the perfect street for parades. It was a fairly ... Manila, on January 18, 2015 that concluded the apostolic and state ...
  55. [55]
    The once glamorous movie theaters of downtown Manila
    Apr 3, 2013 · Lords, Roben, Vista, and Dilson are among the only remaining cinemas today in Manila. Most of them are now dilapidated and have acquired a dubious reputation.
  56. [56]
    Stand-alone Avenue Theater - Philstar.com
    May 1, 2021 · The stand-alone theaters along Manila's Rizal Avenue are all gone. Ideal, Ever, State, Universal, Dalisay, Odeon, Galaxy and Avenue Theaters, among others.
  57. [57]
    MMDA identifies 50 accident-prone roads - Manila Standard
    In northern part of Metro Manila, road accidents usually happen along Quirino Highway and Rizal Avenue in Caloocan City; Circumferential Road- 4, Gov. Pascual ...
  58. [58]
    Security guard dies in Caloocan shootout - Manila Bulletin
    Sep 28, 2023 · ... after he was allegedly hit by a stray bullet during a shootout between a motorcycle robbery suspect and the police along Rizal Avenue,...<|separator|>
  59. [59]
    Manila's Finest police engage robbery-holdup suspects in 2 fatal
    Dec 12, 2019 · Cruz, Manila while the second encounter happened along Rizal Avenue corner Quiricada St, Sta Cruz Manila City. Suspect in the first ...
  60. [60]
    Crime in Manila, Philippines - Cost of Living
    Crime rates in Manila, Philippines ; Problem people using or dealing drugs. 71.30, High ; Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft. 71.06, High.
  61. [61]
    [PDF] A Case Study of Informal Settlements in Manila, Philippines
    Many residents complain that informal settlers often engage in crimes such as theft and substance abuse, making Manila an unsafe place to live. Others say ...
  62. [62]
    PNP: Crime rate declines by 14.34% in first 9 months of 2025 - News
    Oct 13, 2025 · The Philippine National Police (PNP) reported a 14.34-percent decrease in crime rate across the country for the first nine months of 2025.Missing: Rizal Avenue 2020-2025
  63. [63]
    LOOK: A man took a woman hostage at an ID lace shop on Recto ...
    Feb 18, 2025 · LOOK: A man took a woman hostage at an ID lace shop on Recto Avenue corner Rizal Avenue in Manila, following a stabbing incident.
  64. [64]
    Crime rate in Metro Manila down by over 21% —NCRPO
    Feb 19, 2025 · The crime rate in Metro Manila went down by 21.71% from January 1 to February 15, 2025 compared with the same period last year, according to the National ...
  65. [65]
    Index Crimes in Metro Manila decreased by 23 percent in the first ...
    Apr 10, 2025 · The number of index crimes in Metro Manila decreased by 23 percent in the first quarter of 2025, according to the National Capital Region Police ...Missing: Rizal Avenue 2020-2025<|control11|><|separator|>
  66. [66]
    Center island on Rizal Avenue gets fresh paint - Metro News Central
    The Manila Department of Engineering and Public Works (DEPW) carried out repainting works along the center island of Rizal Avenue on Sunday, July 20, 2025.
  67. [67]
    Monsoon rain, floods persist; 7 still missing - Philstar.com
    Jul 22, 2025 · Meanwhile, the EDSA-Shaw Boulevard tunnel in Mandaluyong City, Carlos Palanca Street, Rizal Avenue ... flooding in Metro Manila and nearby ...
  68. [68]
    ISKO UNVEILS ₱14B FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS, EYES ...
    Aug 26, 2025 · Records from the Isumbong Mo Kay Pangulo website show the total value of awarded flood-control and drainage contracts in Bambang for the period ...