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Rosa

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American civil rights activist whose refusal to vacate her seat for a white passenger on a segregated Montgomery, Alabama, city bus on December 1, 1955, led to her arrest and catalyzed the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott, a mass protest against racial segregation that culminated in a U.S. Supreme Court ruling declaring bus segregation unconstitutional. Long active in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Parks had served as secretary of its Montgomery branch since 1943 and conducted investigations into white sexual assaults on Black women, work that underscored her commitment to combating systemic racial violence prior to the bus incident. Though often mythologized as a spontaneous act of exhaustion after a long workday, Parks's defiance aligned with strategies to challenge laws through test cases, following earlier similar arrests like that of earlier in 1955, and drew on her training in at the Highlander Folk School. The , coordinated by local Black leaders including Martin Luther King Jr., involved widespread carpooling and walking, economically pressuring the bus system and demonstrating the efficacy of organized economic noncooperation against Jim Crow ordinances. Parks's later career included employment as a secretary and receptionist for U.S. Representative in after relocating there in 1957 amid retaliation in , where she and her husband faced job loss and threats. She received honors such as the from the in 1979 and the in 1996, yet her legacy has faced reinterpretations, including critiques of oversimplification in popular narratives that downplay her premeditated activism and broader organizational role. In her later years, Parks endorsed initiatives against and advocated for voting rights, reflecting a consistent focus on structural inequities over individual symbolism.

Biology

Genus Rosa (plants)

The genus Rosa L., first described by in in 1753, comprises approximately 150 distinct wild species of woody shrubs or scandent climbers within the family . These are predominantly native to the temperate and subtropical zones of the , with the highest species diversity concentrated in , particularly , alongside notable concentrations in , Southwest Asia, and . Natural hybridization and , especially prevalent in sections like Caninae, contribute to taxonomic complexity, resulting in thousands of published names but fewer recognized "good" species. Morphologically, Rosa species feature stems armed with hooked or straight prickles, rarely exceeding 10 feet in height, though no species are consistently prostrate. Leaves are typically imparipinnate with 3 to 9 serrate leaflets, except in the anomalous Hulthemia where they are ; stipules are often adnate to the petioles. Flowers arise solitary or in corymbose clusters, measuring 2 to 3 inches across, with five sepals, five petals in shades from white to crimson, and numerous stamens; styles may be free or fused depending on the section. The resulting fruits, termed hips, are fleshy, urn-shaped or globose, and range from red to greenish, containing achenes and serving as a source for wildlife. Taxonomically, the genus is subdivided into subgenera such as Rosa, Platyrhodon, and Hesperrhodos, with sections including Chinenses (East Asian climbers), Synstylae (erect shrubs with persistent sepals), Caninae (European dog roses with odd-polyploid reproduction via single fertilization), and Cassiorhodon. These groupings reflect variations in sepal persistence, style fusion, and hip morphology. Ecologically, Rosa species occupy diverse habitats from open scrub and woodland edges to rocky slopes, demonstrating adaptability across climates from boreal to Mediterranean, though they favor well-drained soils and full sun; many exhibit apomixis or facultative sexuality, enhancing persistence in fragmented landscapes.

Biological taxa in animals

In zoological taxonomy, the name Rosa is not used for any due to nomenclatural priority held by the botanical genus Rosa L. in the family . Instead, the specific epithet rosa—derived from Latin for "rose," often denoting pinkish or rosy coloration—appears in the binomina of various animal species across multiple phyla. One such example is Triplophysa rosa, a ray-finned in the family (stone loaches), endemic to the subterranean waters of Dongba Cave in Municipality, . This species exhibits typical adaptations, including loss of pigmentation and eyes, and was documented in surveys of aquifers. The epithet references the local name "Hongmeigui" () for the cave system. In , Bursa rosa (G. Perry, 1811) represents a of gastropod in the Bursidae, known as frog shells. Distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, it inhabits and rocky substrates at depths up to 50 meters, with a globular featuring and a rosy to brownish periostracum. The epithet also occurs in Porifera, as in Callyspongia rosa (de Laubenfels, 1954), a in the Callyspongiidae. This encrusting or massive , with tubular oscules and a roseate tint, is recorded from Pacific environments, contributing to benthic structure. Among , Mesosa rosa Karsch, 1882, a (family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae), is native to and . Adults measure approximately 15-20 mm, with elongated antennae and a body exhibiting subtle rosy hues on the elytra; larvae develop in decaying wood.

Etymology and nomenclature

Linguistic origins

The Latin noun rosa, denoting the flower—a fragrant prized for its beauty and thorns since —forms the foundational term in for the genus Rosa. This word entered Latin likely through borrowing from ῥόδον (rhodon; Aeolic variant βρόδον brodon), reflecting Eastern Mediterranean cultural exchanges. Deeper roots trace to an Iranian etymon vr̥da-, possibly via Old Iranian urda- and wardā, originating in linguistic influences; these connections are supported by cognates such as vard and modern gūl (Turkish gül). The term's or non-native status in suggests it may represent a word or early loan from or Indo-Iranian sources, rather than a native Indo-European formation. In descendant languages, rosa persisted unchanged in Romance tongues, yielding , , and rosa, while adapted it through Latin or intermediaries: rōse evolved into "rose," alongside Rose and roos. This diffusion underscores rosa's role as a cross-linguistic anchor for rose-related , distinct from unrelated dew terms like Latin rōs (from Proto-Indo-European h₁ers-, "to be wet").

Cultural and symbolic meanings

The rose, genus Rosa, has long symbolized love, beauty, and passion across cultures, with red roses particularly denoting romantic affection and desire since ancient times. In , the rose was linked to , goddess of love, emerging from her blood or , representing beauty intertwined with thorns as a reminder of love's pains. Roman associations extended this to , embedding the flower in themes of and sensuality. Color variations convey nuanced meanings in the Victorian , formalized in the : white roses signify purity and innocence, yellow denote friendship and joy, express admiration or gratitude, and or evoke mourning or farewell. These interpretations persist in modern , though rooted in traditions rather than universal constants. In , the rose represents the Virgin Mary as , with white petals for her purity and red for martyrdom or Christ's blood, a motif in and such as the of the Roses attributed to saints like in 1225. culture viewed roses dualistically as emblems of love and death, often placed in tombs as offerings. The Latin phrase , meaning "under the rose," denotes secrecy or confidentiality, originating from ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of suspending roses above banquet halls or council chambers to invoke silence, as the flower symbolized confidentiality in mystery cults. This evolved into medieval European custom, where roses over confessionals reinforced discretion.

Personal names

As a given name

Rosa is a feminine derived from the Latin word rosa, meaning "rose," a flower long associated with , , and in . This floral connotation traces back to , where the name gained early usage amid the empire's cultural dissemination of Latin . While primarily linked to the Latin root, some etymological analyses suggest an alternative Germanic origin from Roza, potentially unrelated and connoting strength or , though modern interpretations overwhelmingly favor the "rose" association due to historical borrowing and symbolic prevalence. The name is especially common in Romance-language regions, including , , , and , often appearing independently or as a short form of compound names like Rosalia ("rose festival," from Latin rosa lilium) or Rosalba (""). Cross-culturally, variants include Roza in and contexts, Roos in , and Rosita as a diminutive, reflecting adaptations while retaining the core floral essence. In non-Romance areas, such as , related forms like Roja emerge, denoting rose-like qualities in regional languages. In the United States, Rosa has been predominantly a girl's name, used about 99% of the time for females over the past 125 years, with an estimated 268,484 bearers ranking it as the 249th most popular overall. records indicate it entered the top 1,000 names for girls in the late , peaking around 1900–1920 amid immigrant influences from and , before declining to around the 600–700 range in recent decades; for instance, it ranked 663rd in the 2020s. Globally, usage remains near-exclusively female, with male instances below 1%, concentrated in outlier regions like parts of the . The name's enduring appeal lies in its simplicity and natural imagery, though it has not sustained high rankings in English-dominant countries compared to English variants like .

As a surname

The surname Rosa derives principally from the Latin rosa, meaning "rose," and functions as a topographic identifier for individuals residing near wild rose bushes or rose proliferations in , , , and linguistic traditions. This application reflects common medieval naming practices linking surnames to environmental features. A distinct Slavic variant exists in and contexts, where rosa denotes "," "juice," or "sap," likely originating as a descriptive for personal traits or occupations involving moisture or extraction. Globally, the surname exhibits high incidence in the , accounting for 85% of bearers, with 75% concentrated in —predominantly in Portuguese-speaking regions such as . In the United States, the 2010 census recorded 33,521 individuals with the , yielding a frequency of about 11 per 100,000 population, and demographic data indicate 61.3% origin alongside 32.3% non-Hispanic. Historical patterns, including 19th- and 20th-century to the , contributed to this distribution, as evidenced by early U.S. concentrations in by 1840.

Notable individuals

Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist whose refusal to vacate her bus seat for a white passenger in , on December 1, 1955, led to her arrest and catalyzed the 381-day , a pivotal event in the U.S. . She had prior involvement in civil rights through the , serving as secretary of the Montgomery chapter from 1943. Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919) was a Polish-German Marxist theorist, economist, and revolutionary socialist who co-founded the and the , advocating for mass strikes and internationalism against reformist socialism. Her writings critiqued Bolshevik centralism, and she was murdered during the in . Rosa Bonheur (March 16, 1822 – May 25, 1899) was a realist painter and sculptor renowned for animal depictions, such as (1853–1855), which gained international acclaim and was acquired by the . She received the French Legion of Honor in 1865, one of the first women so honored. For surnames, Salvator Rosa (June 20, 1615 – March 15, 1673) was an Italian Baroque painter, poet, and satirist known for landscapes, battle scenes, and allegorical works, often infused with rebellious themes against artistic conventions of his time. Don Rosa (born June 29, 1951) is an American comic book writer and illustrator famous for The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, a detailed backstory for the Disney character, earning him multiple Eisner Awards.

Geography

Populated places

Rosa, , is a town located in Blount County in northeastern , United States. Incorporated as a , it had a population of 376 according to the , with estimates projecting growth to 383 residents by 2025 at an annual rate of 0.52 percent. The town covers approximately 3.8 square miles and features a mayor-council government structure, with a suburban-rural character dominated by residential areas and limited commercial development. Smaller unincorporated communities named Rosa exist in the United States, including one in , classified as a populated place with no separately reported , and another in , also an unincorporated locality appearing on geographic surveys but lacking independent demographic data. In , Rosà (often rendered as Rosa in English contexts) is a municipality in the , region, with a of 14,328 inhabitants. The settlement's name originates from the Latin term "roxata," denoting an ancient local waterway, and it encompasses historic sites such as villas and churches amid a of and agricultural activity. Global geographic databases identify at least 33 other minor locales named Rosa across 18 countries, predominantly rural hamlets or villages with negligible recorded populations.

Geographical features

Monte Rosa is a prominent mountain massif in the Pennine Alps, straddling the border between Switzerland's Valais canton and Italy's Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions. This snow-covered range features an average elevation among the highest in the , with its (Punta Dufour) summit reaching 4,634 meters above , making it the second-highest peak in the after . The massif spans approximately 195 square kilometers and includes over 30 peaks exceeding 4,000 meters, such as the Gnifetti (4,554 m) and Parrotspitze (4,513 m). The range's eastern location places it southeast of , , and near Macugnaga, Italy, with extensive glaciation covering much of its surface, including the Gorner Glacier and other ice fields that contribute to its rounded, imposing profile. Geological formation stems from tectonic uplift in the , resulting in crystalline rock compositions dominated by and , subject to ongoing by glacial and periglacial processes. The massif's hydrology feeds alpine rivers like the Rhone and Sesia tributaries via , supporting downstream ecosystems despite seasonal variability influenced by climate patterns. No major rivers, lakes, or other landforms directly named "Rosa" beyond this massif are widely documented in geographical records, though minor features like Rosa Peak in various ranges exist but lack the scale or prominence of .

Arts and entertainment

Film and television

Rosa is a 1986 film directed by Joe Cheung, starring as a police academy graduate navigating a bungled investigation alongside his partner, portrayed by ; the film blends humor with sequences and runs 92 minutes. A 2019 Slovenian titled Rosa, directed by Katja Colja, follows an elderly couple grappling with profound loss and a woman rediscovering vitality through intimate relationships, emphasizing themes of and renewal. I Love You Rosa (1972), an directed by Moshé Mizrahi, explores familial and romantic tensions in a historical context, earning acclaim for its poignant storytelling. In television, "Rosa" refers to the third episode of the eleventh series of the BBC's , aired on October 21, 2018, written by and Pete McTighe; it depicts the Doctor and companions intervening in 1955 , to ensure ' refusal to yield her bus seat, sparking the , while confronting a racist time traveler. The episode drew 7.09 million UK viewers on initial broadcast and addressed civil rights history through , though some critiques noted its handling of racial themes. A 1995–1996 Spanish Catalan-language series Rosa, produced by Televisió de Catalunya, serves as a to Poble Nou, chronicling Rosa's relocation to for business and personal reinvention amid dramatic life changes. Additionally, a 1971 Danish mini-series Rosa portrays a young woman's transition from rural Fløng to urban employment in a , highlighting early 20th-century social shifts. Other productions include the 2007 Swedish comedy Rosa: The Movie, centering on teenage singer Anna Ryrberg's summer camp experiences and personal growth, which received mixed reviews for its lighthearted yet formulaic narrative. A 2023 Sri Lankan Sinhala-language series Rosa (රෝස), directed by Sharmila Darmarasa and aired on , debuted on May 8, focusing on contemporary interpersonal dynamics. These works span genres from and drama to , often leveraging the name "Rosa" for character-driven stories of resilience or historical inflection points.

Music

Rosa Ponselle (1897–1981) was an renowned for her performances at the , where she debuted on November 15, 1918, in the role of Leonora in opposite . She originated several roles, including Rachel in in 1919, and sang 19 seasons with the company until her retirement in 1937, earning acclaim for her vocal power, technique, and interpretations in operas by , , and others. Ponselle's recordings, including studio sessions from 1939 and radio broadcasts, preserve her legacy as one of the 20th century's preeminent sopranos, with critics noting her voice's extraordinary range and emotional depth. Rosa: The Death of a Composer is a music theater work composed by in 1993–1994, with a by , depicting the fictional death of American composer Rosa, a scorer obsessed with authenticity as a . Premiered in , the piece blends , film, and elements, lasting approximately 100 minutes, and explores themes of artistic identity and mortality through a surreal involving Rosa's and possessions. "Rosa" is a choro composition by (João da Silva Moreira), first recorded by Orlando Silva in 1937, characterized by its melancholic melody and rhythmic complexity typical of the genre. The piece has been covered extensively in Latin American music, reflecting Pixinguinha's influence on early 20th-century instrumental traditions.

Literature and other media

Rosa (1908), the second in Knut Hamsun's diptych following Benoni, centers on romantic entanglements in the fictional coastal town of Sirilund, where the protagonist Rosa returns after abandonment by her husband and becomes the object of affection from two suitors: a struggling painter and a wealthy merchant. Hamsun, a winner in Literature (1920), explores themes of love, class, and human ambition in this realist work set against a backdrop of provincial life. Jonathan Rabb's Rosa (2005) is a historical crime novel set in during the chaotic winter of 1918–1919, shortly after and the . The story follows detective as he investigates a series of murders targeting prostitutes, uncovering links to a conspiracy involving the assassination of socialist leader on January 15, 1919. The narrative blends thriller elements with political intrigue amid Germany's transition. In fiction, Hailey Alcaraz's Rosa by Any Other Name (2025), published by , reinterprets Shakespeare's in the context of the civil rights era. The protagonist, a Mexican American teenager passing as white, confronts racial identity, forbidden romance, and activism following a tragic event that exposes systemic racism and police brutality. Fernanda Trías's Mugre Rosa (2020; English: Pink Slime), longlisted for the 2024 for Translated Literature, depicts a dystopian future in where a navigates , , and ecological amid and a mysterious . The critiques and maternal vulnerability through introspective prose. Other media adaptations or works titled Rosa are limited; for instance, no major theatrical plays or directly titled Rosa predominate in searches of literary databases, though biographical like Kate Evans's Red Rosa (2015) address historical figures but fall under personal name entries.

Transportation and technology

Vehicles

The is a light-duty manufactured by Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation, a subsidiary of , primarily for passenger transport in urban and rural settings. Introduced in 1960, the first-generation model utilized a suspension system derived from the mid-sized and the Jeep HJ4 engine, establishing it as a versatile for school, worker, hotel, and applications. Subsequent generations evolved the design for improved safety, comfort, and efficiency. The third generation, launched in June 1986 with the chassis code, represented a full model change from the prior "Pretty Rosa," featuring enhanced bodywork and drivetrain options based on the truck platform. Modern iterations, such as the 2021 update, incorporate standard BusConnect for and vehicle safety monitoring, alongside 4WD variants with low-floor designs for easier accessibility, particularly in cold-weather specifications. The Rosa offers configurations seating 22 to 29 passengers, with engine choices including diesel variants like the 4D32, 4D33, 4D34, and 4M50 series, paired with manual or automatic transmissions. It remains popular in markets like , , and export regions for its reliability and spacious interior, with ongoing production emphasizing fuel efficiency and driver aids as of 2025 models.

Computing and other technology

ROSA Linux is a developed by the Russian company AO NTC IT ROSA, originally forked from and emphasizing ease of use for desktop and environments. It offers editions such as ROSA Desktop for general , ROSA for deployments, and ROSA Fresh for rolling-release updates, with the latest stable version, ROSA 12.5, released in 2015 but maintained with updates into 2025. Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS (ROSA), launched in 2020, is a fully managed platform hosted natively on , enabling rapid provisioning of Kubernetes-based clusters for application development and deployment. It integrates AWS services like compute, storage, and analytics while handling underlying infrastructure management, supporting hybrid cloud strategies for enterprises scaling containerized workloads. ROSA, developed by and open-sourced in 2024, is an leveraging the framework to interface with ROS1 and ROS2 robotic systems through natural language queries. It facilitates tasks such as system status checks, command execution, and troubleshooting in environments, aiding developers and operators in reducing manual intervention.

Other uses

Scientific and historical terms

Rosa is a of approximately 150–300 of woody flowering in the family , commonly known as roses, native primarily to the . These shrubs or climbers typically feature prickly stems, pinnate leaves, and fragrant, showy flowers with five petals in the wild , though cultivated varieties exhibit diverse forms including doubles with numerous petals. The has been extensively hybridized since ancient times, with over 30,000 registered cultivars today, valued for ornamental, perfumery, and culinary uses. In historical and linguistic contexts, rosa is the Latin term for "rose," derived from earlier Indo-European roots and used since to denote the flower symbolizing beauty, love, and transience. This word influenced and entered English via , appearing in medieval texts for both literal and metaphorical references, such as in where roses represented English royal houses during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). The phrase , meaning "under the rose," emerged in Greco-Roman traditions where roses suspended over meetings signified secrecy, evolving into a for that persists in modern legal and diplomatic . This usage traces to Egyptian and Greek associations of the rose with , god of silence, later adopted in Roman banquets and council chambers.

Miscellaneous

Sub rosa is a Latin phrase denoting or , literally meaning "under the ." The expression derives from the ancient symbolic use of the to represent , with historical practices including the suspension of roses above meeting rooms in and medieval European council chambers to remind attendees that discussions must remain private. This tradition traces back to at least the 5th century BCE in contexts and persisted through the , influencing its adoption into English by the 16th century. In several , rosa functions as the word for the color , distinct from its primary meaning as "rose" (the flower). For instance, in , rosa specifically denotes , as in color rosa for pink color, while in , it similarly refers to the hue, often used adjectivally without for . ROSA is an employed in technical fields, notably for Receiver Optical Sub-Assembly, a component in fiber optic transceivers that integrates photodetectors and amplifiers for high-speed data reception. It also designates the , a lightweight, deployable technology developed by for spacecraft power generation, first tested in missions like the servicing.

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