Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Rudo

Rudo (Serbian Cyrillic: Рудо) is a town and municipality located in the eastern part of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, along the Lim River near the borders with Serbia to the east and Montenegro to the south. The municipality spans 347.6 km² of mountainous terrain, with the town of Rudo serving as its administrative center. According to the 2013 census, it had a population of 7,963 inhabitants, predominantly Bosnian Serbs, with estimates indicating a decline to 6,901 by 2022 due to emigration trends common in the region. Historically, Rudo traces its origins to rule, with Old Rudo founded in 1555 as an endowment by Mustapha-Pasha Sokolović, nephew of the influential Mehmed Pasha Sokolović. The area, named after "rudo" meaning in , reflects its mining heritage, though contemporary economy relies on , , and emerging focused on , , and riverside activities. As part of established by the 1995 , Rudo has remained within Serb-majority territories without major post-war demographic shifts, underscoring the entity's ethnic and political delineation in .

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Rudo Municipality occupies the eastern extremity of in , directly bordering along the River, which demarcates much of the international boundary in this sector. Centered at coordinates 43°37′N 19°22′E, the municipality encompasses approximately 347 square kilometers of terrain characterized by steep valleys and elevated plateaus. Its position near the tripoint with places it in a strategic border zone proximate to in , across the River valley, facilitating cross-border hydrological and topographic continuity. The physical landscape is dominated by rugged, hilly-mountainous features of the , with altitudes varying from 300 meters in riverine lowlands to peaks exceeding 1,450 meters. The Lim River traverses the municipality in its lower reaches, carving deep gorges and supporting a network of tributaries that enhance the area's hydrological profile before merging into the . Dense coniferous and forests blanket much of the slopes, comprising , , and spruce communities typical of the Dinaric , which limit to narrow alluvial strips along watercourses. This topography, while constraining extensive agriculture, underscores potential for ecotourism through rafting on the Lim and hiking amid preserved natural habitats, though exploitation remains modest due to infrastructural challenges in the remote setting. The geological substrate, influenced by Mesozoic limestones and schists, harbors traces of metallic ores—reflected in the toponym "Rudo," derived from Slavic "rudno" for ore—though active mining is negligible compared to hydraulic and silvicultural assets.

Climate and Environment

Rudo experiences a typical of inland Bosnia and Herzegovina's mountainous regions, characterized by cold winters and mild summers moderated by its elevation ranging from 300 to 1,450 meters above . Average low temperatures reach approximately -5°C, while July highs typically range from 20°C to 25°C, with an annual mean temperature of about 11.9°C. These conditions stem from the municipality's position in the foothills, where higher altitudes amplify winter cold and limit summer warmth compared to lowland areas. Annual in Rudo averages 800 to 1,000 mm, distributed relatively evenly but with peaks in and autumn, fostering dense cover while posing risks along the River valley. This rainfall supports coniferous and mixed forests dominating the landscape, though historical mining activities contributed to localized . Recent data indicate minimal net forest loss in overall, with annual rates below 0.11% in earlier assessments, suggesting stabilization through natural regeneration and limited initiatives. The highland environment harbors notable , including endemic plant and animal adapted to karstic terrains and riverine ecosystems, such as those in the Una-Sana and basins influencing Rudo. Environmental challenges persist, including exacerbated by post-war infrastructure neglect and residual landmine hazards, which hinder full ecological recovery despite Bosnia and Herzegovina's overall coverage exceeding 40% of land area. Localized efforts focus on protecting these habitats, countering broader Balkan trends of through targeted management rather than uniform policy failures.

History

Pre-Ottoman and Early Settlement

The upper River valley, where modern Rudo is situated as a tributary to the , saw settlement from the 620s onward, as part of broader South migrations into the following the collapse of Roman authority in the region. These early communities relied on and , exploiting the area's fertile alluvial soils and rugged terrain for subsistence farming and , with sparse archaeological traces including stećci tombstones and tomb inscriptions from nearby župas dating to the . By the 10th century, the broader upper Drina valley, including Lim-adjacent areas, was organized into the župa Drina, an administrative parish under the early Serbian principality, extending from the Piva-Tara confluence downstream. This unit, first attested during Knez Časlav's reign (c. 927–950), featured decentralized governance by local župans and integrated into the expanding Serbian state, with control later held by figures like veliki čelnik Dimitrije (d. 1349) under King Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355). The region's role in medieval trade routes, linking Serbian heartlands to Dubrovnik via caravan posts like those near Foča, supported small-scale economic activity, though no fortified structures or named settlements specific to Rudo predate the 15th century in surviving charters or chronicles. Toponyms in the area, such as Rudo—stemming from the South root rudъ denoting "" and likely alluding to local deposits or reddish soils—reflect enduring naming conventions established by these medieval communities. Serbian noble families, including the Vojinović (from 1359) and later Bosnian lords like the Kosače, exerted feudal oversight until incursions disrupted the župa's autonomy after 1373, but primary records remain limited, emphasizing the valley's peripheral status amid larger state conflicts.

Ottoman Rule and Development

Rudo emerged as a settlement under administration in the mid-16th century, developing into the kasaba (small town) of Rudo, which served as an important node in regional trade routes. This growth was significantly influenced by , the from 1565 to 1579, who was born near Rudo around 1506 and invested in local infrastructure to enhance connectivity, including the construction of bridges, paved roads, and caravanserais in his birthplace area. As part of the , Rudo was organized as a nahiya (sub-district) by the mid-16th century, with administrative records reflecting its integration into the system for revenue collection through agriculture and transit duties. Economic activity peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, driven by its position along trade paths linking Bosnia to the Adriatic and internal networks, as evidenced by (endowment) documents from 1555 establishing educational facilities to support local development. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's patronage extended to religious infrastructure, including mosques, which facilitated partial Islamization among some residents, though the majority Christian population persisted, maintaining a demographic balance typical of eastern Bosnian nahiyas where conversions were gradual and not wholesale. tahrir defterleri ( registers) from the period document steady household growth and tax yields from non-Muslim reaya (subjects), underscoring Rudo's role in sustaining imperial fiscal stability without evidence of dominant extractive industries like in local records. By the , Rudo experienced decline amid broader weakening in Bosnia, marked by increased local rebellions against central authority, such as the 1831 Bosnian uprising led by figures resisting tax hikes and military , which disrupted trade and agricultural output. Economic shifts toward centralized reforms under the (1839–1876) failed to reverse stagnation, as banditry and fiscal extraction strained peasant economies, reducing Rudo's viability as a kasaba and paving the way for Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878. These pressures, compounded by imperial overextension, highlight causal factors in the nahiya's diminished prominence prior to external interventions.

Yugoslav Period

Following the establishment of the in 1945, Rudo was incorporated into the newly formed as a within the federal structure. The post-World War II period saw efforts to revive the local economy through small-scale industrialization and resource extraction, building on the area's historical association with activities, though output remained modest compared to larger Yugoslav centers. The region's partisan legacy, including the formation of the 1st Proletarian Brigade in Rudo on December 22, 1941, under Josip Broz Tito's direction, underscored its integration into the communist-led resistance and subsequent socialist governance. Population figures reflected steady growth during the socialist era, with the recording 11,571 residents in the 1991 census, up from lower bases in earlier post-war counts amid broader Yugoslav and patterns. Ethnic composition remained largely stable, with forming the majority at approximately 70% (8,150 individuals), at 27% (3,130), and smaller groups including (5) and others (286), indicating continuity from prior decades without significant shifts attributable to internal policies. Tito's decentralization policies facilitated infrastructure improvements, including the construction of roads connecting Rudo to regional networks and the expansion of educational facilities, which supported local development in this Serb-predominant area. These initiatives operated within Yugoslavia's system of and local communes, granting Rudo a degree of administrative autonomy while aligning with federal economic plans. Recorded inter-ethnic relations showed minimal friction through the and early , with tensions emerging only in the late amid rising nationalist sentiments across the federation, rather than localized disputes.

Bosnian War and Ethnic Conflicts

During the early stages of the in 1992, Rudo municipality came under the control of Bosnian Serb forces aligned with the (VRS), following the rapid seizure of eastern Bosnian territories bordering after Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence referendum on 29 February and 1 March 1992. This control was established amid broader VRS offensives in the Drina Valley region, where Serb-majority areas sought to secure territorial continuity with proper. Bosnian Serb authorities viewed these actions as necessary to safeguard the local Serb population, which constituted a pre-war majority in Rudo according to 1991 census patterns in similar eastern municipalities, against perceived threats from Bosniak mobilizations under the (SDA) and the destabilizing withdrawal of (JNA) units that had withdrawn equipment to Serb-held positions. Attacks on Bosniak-populated villages in Rudo during spring and summer resulted in the flight of non-Serb inhabitants, documented as part of systematic expulsions in the area. International reports, including those from organizations, describe these events as operations by VRS and local Serb , involving abductions, killings, and forced displacements akin to patterns in neighboring and . A notable incident was the 22 October Sjeverin massacre, where Bosniak passengers on a bus traveling from Rudo to were abducted and killed by Serb forces, exemplifying targeted violence against non-Serbs to consolidate control. Bosniak sources commemorate annual events for abducted and murdered civilians from Rudo in , highlighting individual cases of detention and execution. From the Bosnian Serb perspective, such measures countered reciprocal aggressions, including SDA-led arming and attacks on Serb communities, as evidenced by later prosecutions of Bosniak commanders for abuses against Serb civilians and prisoners in the Rudo-Goražde sector during 1992-1993. Post-war accountability efforts, including trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and domestic courts, emphasized individual culpability for atrocities rather than collective ethnic narratives, with convictions in related Drina Valley cases focusing on commanders like those in for systematic detentions and expulsions. Local casualties in Rudo remained limited compared to major theaters like or , reflecting its peripheral role in sustained frontline fighting, though precise figures are contested due to incomplete records from all sides.

Post-Dayton Reconstruction

Following the Dayton Peace Agreement of December 14, 1995, which formalized 's status as an entity within , reconstruction in Rudo emphasized infrastructure repair amid widespread war damage, with international channeled through and mechanisms rather than comprehensive dependency-driven programs. 's (IFOR), deployed starting December 20, 1995, facilitated initial stabilization and supported limited rehabilitation of roads and utilities in municipalities, including eastern areas like Rudo, prioritizing military disengagement over expansive civilian rebuilding. assistance, coordinated via the Office of the High Representative, focused on targeted projects such as restoration and basic housing repairs, but local prevailed due to bureaucratic hurdles in and a preference for entity-level control over Sarajevo-centralized initiatives. Rudo's population declined sharply post-war, from pre-conflict levels exceeding 10,000 to around 8,000 by the early 2000s, driven primarily by of remaining non-Serbs and economic outmigration amid challenges. By 2013, the figure stood at 7,963, stabilizing with minor fluctuations thereafter as return migration offset some losses, though net decline persisted to an estimated 6,901 by 2022 due to ongoing youth exodus. This trend reflected broader patterns of demographic consolidation, with Rudo becoming nearly exclusively Serb (over 99%) as wartime displacements solidified ethnic homogeneity. Minority return programs, overseen by the OSCE and UNHCR from 1996 onward, achieved limited success in Rudo, with approximately 500 Bosniak and Croat individuals repatriated under property restitution schemes by the mid-2000s, though sustainability rates remained low owing to persistent security fears and in a Serb-majority setting. OSCE-monitored initiatives prioritized legal of homes but encountered resistance from local authorities wary of diluting Serbian cultural and demographic continuity, contrasting with international pressures for multi-ethnic quotas that often proved unenforceable. Returnees frequently faced or secondary displacement, underscoring the causal role of unresolved ethnic animosities over institutional failures alone in hindering . Since the early , Rudo has maintained relative stability with no reported major ethnic incidents or violent disruptions, enabling incremental local recovery through entity-managed governance that resisted encroachments from central authorities in . This quiescence, amid Bosnia's broader fragility, stemmed from effective border-area policing and community self-policing, allowing focus on preservation of Serbian sites damaged in the without external multi-ethnic impositions.

Government and Politics

Administrative Structure

Rudo functions as a municipality within , , with governance structured around a directly elected serving as the head and a municipal assembly responsible for legislative functions. Elections for both positions occur every four years, as stipulated under 's electoral framework applicable to entity-level municipalities. The assembly comprises 17 seats, allocated proportionally based on in local elections. The exercises authority over local services including , , and primary maintenance, funded through a combination of entity-level budget transfers from and revenues from municipal taxes such as property and utility fees. Subdivisions consist of 88 settlements, with Rudo serving as the administrative center and others like Staro Rudo, Mioče, and Mokronozi functioning as rural units under municipal oversight. Rudo's location, bordering to the east and situated approximately 23 kilometers from the nearest crossing points, supports administrative coordination on cross-border issues such as trade and emergency services, though formal mechanisms remain entity-regulated. The municipality's , a white field bearing the centered , and its —depicting a triple-bordered shield with symbolic elements representing local heritage—were formalized in the post-1992 period to affirm distinct identity within .

Political Dynamics in Republika Srpska Context

The political landscape in Rudo is shaped by its ethnic homogeneity, with Serbs comprising 90.9% of the population according to the 2013 Bosnia and Herzegovina census, fostering dominance by Serb-oriented parties such as the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) and the Serb Democratic Party (SDS). These parties consistently capture the vast majority of votes in local elections, reflecting the electorate's alignment with Republika Srpska's (RS) entity-level priorities over multi-ethnic or centralist alternatives. The current municipal mayor, Dragoljub Bogdanović of SNSD, was elected in the 2020 local polls and continues to lead as of 2024, underscoring electoral continuity amid broader RS support for SNSD's governance model. This party dominance persists against the backdrop of constitutional frictions in (BiH), where RS leaders, backed by local majorities like Rudo's, advocate for robust entity autonomy to safeguard Serb as enshrined in the 1995 . Efforts to centralize powers in —often initiated by Bosniak-led institutions—are critiqued as undermining the equal status of the entities, exacerbating by eroding the decentralized structure that has maintained fragile since Dayton. In Rudo, as in RS generally, political discourse frames such centralism as a causal factor in inter-entity distrust, prioritizing preservation of RS competencies in areas like and taxation over supranational reforms. RS-wide referendums in the , including the September 2016 vote rejecting state-level judicial and prosecutorial laws, garnered strong local participation and support in Serb-majority areas like Rudo, with over 96% approval in to assert entity against perceived overreach. Proponents, including SNSD figures, view these mechanisms as legitimate exercises of self-rule, countering narratives of secessionism by emphasizing adherence to entity parity rather than alarmist interpretations of demands as threats to BiH . Local politics thus emphasize community resilience against assimilation pressures, channeling electoral majorities into policies that reinforce cultural and institutional distinctiveness within .

Demographics

Population Statistics and Trends

The population of Rudo stood at 11,571 according to the 1991 census conducted in the Socialist . By the 2013 census, this figure had declined to 7,963, reflecting a postwar reduction of over 30% driven by conflict-related displacement and casualties. Subsequent estimates project a continued gradual decrease, reaching approximately 6,901 by 2022, with an average annual change of -1.1% from 2013 onward. This trend stems from a fertility rate of about 1.5 children per woman—below replacement level—and persistent net , including youth migration to neighboring and member states amid broader demographic pressures in such as aging populations and negative migration balances. The remains predominantly rural, with roughly 78% of residents in non-urban settlements as of 2013, while proper accounted for about 1,700 inhabitants. This distribution, with the urban core comprising under a quarter of the total, constrains infrastructure and service delivery, including access to centralized facilities for healthcare and utilities.

Ethnic Composition and Historical Shifts

According to the 1991 census, Rudo had a total population of 11,600, with comprising 22 percent and forming the majority alongside small numbers of other groups. This composition reflected relative ethnic stability from earlier decades, with maintaining a clear amid multiethnic coexistence in rural and urban settlements along the River valley. However, by the late 1980s, rising nationalist sentiments across eroded interethnic trust, evidenced by increased political polarization and sporadic incidents in eastern Bosnian municipalities, though Rudo experienced no major pre-war violence. The Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995 dramatically altered demographics through widespread displacements. In Rudo, part of the Drina Valley theater, Bosniak residents faced forced evacuation amid combat between Army of Republika Srpska units and Bosniak irregulars, leading to an exodus of the Muslim minority toward Tuzla or abroad, while Serb populations consolidated control. Regional patterns showed reciprocal flights, with Serbs displaced from adjacent Federation areas resettling in Rudo, contributing to ethnic separation without evidence of unilateral expulsion policies but rather mutual segregation driven by security fears. Post-war censuses confirm heightened homogeneity. The 2013 census recorded a population of 7,578, with Serbs at 6,963 (91.9 percent), Bosniaks at 574 (7.6 percent), Croats at 7 (0.1 percent), and others minimal. This shift stemmed from war-era movements and low minority returns; UNHCR tracked over 1 million overall returns to Bosnia by 2004, but in Republika Srpska enclaves like Rudo, non-Serb repatriation remained under 20 percent of pre-war figures due to property disputes and social pressures favoring majority-majority relocations. The resulting ethnic uniformity represents self-sorting outcomes, with populations aligning to kin-majority areas post-Dayton Accords (1995), rather than engineered monoculturalism.

Religious Demographics

According to the 2013 census conducted in , Orthodox Christians form the overwhelming majority in , numbering 7,247 individuals out of a total population of 7,963, or approximately 91%. This group predominantly adheres to the , which aligns closely with the Serbian ethnic composition that constitutes the core demographic in the area. The church plays a central role in preserving cultural and communal identity for local , particularly in a rural setting where traditional practices persist despite national-level secular influences. Muslims, primarily of Bosniak ethnicity, account for 691 residents, or about 8.7% of the , forming small residual communities in specific locales rather than a widespread presence. Catholics number just 4, reflecting negligible Roman Catholic adherence, possibly linked to minor Croat or other groups. An additional 13 individuals reported no religious affiliation. Religious distributions in Rudo mirror ethnic patterns observed post-Bosnian War, with minimal shifts since the due to population stability and low interfaith mixing. Unlike urban centers with histories of tension, the has experienced no documented recent interfaith conflicts, contributing to relative communal cohesion.

Economy

Primary Sectors and Resources

The economy of Rudo municipality relies primarily on agriculture and forestry, with limited remnants of historical mining activities. constitutes approximately 20% of the territory, supporting subsistence farming focused on rearing—particularly and sheep—and cultivation, which aligns with broader patterns in where potatoes rank among key crops alongside grains. This agricultural base enables local self-sufficiency in basic food production, mitigating dependence on external supplies despite the rugged terrain limiting large-scale . Forestry represents a foundational sector, managed through the local Šumsko gazdinstvo Rudo unit under the public enterprise Šume Republike Srpske, which oversees exploitation of extensive forest resources in the Rudjansko economic-forest area. Forests cover a dominant portion of the municipality's landscape, contributing to wood harvesting and related processing, though output remains modest due to infrastructure constraints and emphasis on . Mining, once centered on extraction, has sharply declined since the 1990s amid mine closures, equipment obsolescence, and market shifts, leaving only trace operations or potential without significant current production. The sector's contraction reflects entity-wide trends where resources, including iron, play a diminished role compared to pre-war levels. Overall economic output lags behind averages, with estimated GDP per capita around €3,000, underscoring reliance on primary sectors amid and underinvestment. Proximity to the border facilitates informal and cross-border trade in agricultural goods and timber, providing an outlet that circumvents Bosnia and Herzegovina's internal logistical hurdles.

Recent Developments and Challenges

The agricultural cooperative "Creative Vision" in Rudo, established with support from NGOs including and the Center for Local Democracy "," has fostered rural economic activity through initiatives like the planting of Bosnia's first plantation in 2021, enabling women's involvement in production and marketing of local goods. This model emphasizes short value chains and , countering depopulation pressures by creating employment in underserved rural areas. Rural tourism, particularly River , has expanded post-2010, with nearby camps in the Drina-Tara region reporting 15-20% year-on-year visitor growth in summer 2025, driven by the area's natural assets and cross-border appeal with . These developments demonstrate local resilience amid Balkan economic pessimism, leveraging river-based adventure without relying on large-scale infrastructure. Rudo's rivers, including the and , hold untapped potential for small-scale , aligning with Bosnia and Herzegovina's broader renewable capacity where hydro already accounts for significant output and saw a 78% production rise in early 2025. However, realization depends on regulatory stability in . Persistent challenges include brain drain and depopulation, with losing over one million residents since 1991 due to fueled by systemic , political instability, and limited prospects—factors rooted in national dysfunction rather than Rudo's internal resource base. Official hovers around national levels of 13% in 2025, mitigated informally by seasonal work in and , though youth exodus exacerbates labor shortages. These trends underscore BiH-wide causal barriers to growth, yet localized cooperatives and signal adaptive potential against decline narratives.

Culture and Society

Cultural Heritage and Traditions

The cultural heritage of Rudo prominently features Serbian Orthodox religious sites, including the and , a key serving the local Serb community in the municipal center. This structure exemplifies the enduring presence of Orthodox Christianity amid the region's historical layers, with additional churches and monasteries contributing to the tangible legacy documented in local inventories. Intangible traditions center on the Slava, the annual Serbian family feast honoring a , recognized by as an element of transmitted through generations in Serb communities like those in Rudo. Celebrations involve ritual offerings, communal meals of slavski kolač (festive bread) and koljivo (wheat dish), and gatherings of kin, reinforcing familial and ethnic identity; in Rudo, these align with broader practices observed in municipalities. Religious holidays integrate into events such as the multi-day Day, which incorporates Slava-like observances alongside civic festivities. Folklore in Rudo draws from the Serb epic tradition, with oral narratives and (one-stringed instrument) performances echoing regional variants of heroic poetry tied to historical events and motifs, preserved through ethnographic continuity in eastern Bosnia. Post-1995 efforts have focused on safeguarding these elements, including cross-border initiatives with neighboring to promote 19th-century shared heritage sites and traditional crafts via fairs like the 2017 Fair of Home-made Products, which highlighted local artisanal preservation against wartime disruptions.

Notable Individuals

Stevan Moljević (1888–1959), born in Rudo, was a Serbian lawyer and politician who served as a key ideologue in the Chetnik movement during , drafting memoranda that outlined territorial claims for a encompassing parts of . Dragoljub Mićović, an architect originating from Rudo, oversaw the construction of Belgrade's Eastern City Gates (Istočne Kapije) in the 1970s, a complex of three Brutalist residential towers that he named "Rudo" in homage to his birthplace. Vojislav Topalović (1942–2018), a retired of Serbian language and literature from Rudo, held the position of municipality president from 1991 to 1998, managing local governance amid the , and was a father of four with involvement in regional political networks. Mehmed Pasha Sokolović, known as Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (c. 1506–1579), was born in Sokolovići near Rudo into a Serbian family and, after being taken via the devşirme system, ascended to become Ottoman from 1565 until his assassination, overseeing military campaigns, infrastructure projects like the , and diplomatic relations across the empire.

Social Issues and Community Life

Rudo grapples with pronounced youth emigration, driven by limited economic prospects and better opportunities abroad, resulting in a demographic imbalance characterized by an aging . Surveys indicate that nearly half of young people aged 18-29 across contemplate leaving the country, with rural areas like Rudo experiencing acute brain drain as young residents depart for urban centers or foreign destinations. This outflow exacerbates the strain on local services, as the proportion of elderly residents—over 65—aligns with or exceeds national trends of approximately 22% in 2024, though precise municipal data underscore higher dependency ratios in depopulating rural entities like . Community cohesion persists amid these pressures through extended kin networks and the , which serve as primary mechanisms for mutual support, elder care, and social welfare in the absence of robust state provisions. The , predominant among Rudo's Serb population, fosters solidarity by organizing communal events and providing informal safety nets, compensating for weakened formal institutions in this remote area. structures remain multigenerational, with remittances from emigrants occasionally bolstering household resilience, though this transnational dynamic disrupts traditional cohesion. Education in Rudo relies on local primary and secondary schools adhering to the curriculum, which integrates Serb linguistic and historical elements tailored to the entity's demographic majority. attainment remains low, mirroring rural patterns where access to universities in distant cities like or abroad is hindered by and infrastructural barriers, with national tertiary completion rates hovering around 19% for those over 25. roles adhere to traditional norms, with women disproportionately involved in and unpaid domestic labor, perpetuating patriarchal divisions observed in surveys where household responsibilities fall predominantly on females despite their economic contributions. Empirical data reflect low rates in Rudo, consistent with broader rural patterns where violent offenses are rare and community vigilance deters petty incidents, enhancing perceptions of despite national moderate levels. This relative tranquility supports stable family-oriented community life, though ongoing depopulation poses long-term risks to social vitality.

References

  1. [1]
    Rudo - REGIONAL UPPER DRINA INITIATIVE |
    The Municipality of Rudo is located in the eastern part of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the immediate vicinity of the tri-border between ...
  2. [2]
    Rudo - Bosnia and Herzegovina - City Population
    Settlements in Rudo (Serb Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina) with population statistics, charts, map, location, weather and web information.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  3. [3]
    Rudo (Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina) - City Population
    Rudo (Рудо). 6,901 Population [2022] – Estimate. 347.6 km² Area. 19.85/km² Population Density [2022]. -1.1% Annual Population Change [2013 → 2022]. Map Chart ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  4. [4]
    Rudo through history | Tourist organization Republic of Srpska
    The Old Rudo, founded in 1555 as an endowment of Mustapha-Pasha Sokolović, who was a nephew of the well-known and far more famous Mehmed Pasha Sokolović.
  5. [5]
    Rudo | Tourist organization Republic of Srpska
    Rudo municipality offers the following kinds of tourism: hunting, riverside, fishing and rural tourism. Within the regional project “Integrated approach to ...
  6. [6]
    GPS coordinates of Rudo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Latitude
    Rudo (Serbian Cyrillic: Рудо) is a town and municipality in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina near the border with Serbia. Latitude: 43° 36' 59.99" N Longitude: ...Missing: terrain Drina River physical features
  7. [7]
    Rudo: Lucury excape into unspoiled nature - Srpska365
    Apr 27, 2025 · This small municipality offers a grand experience—untouched landscapes, a rich history, and surprisingly modern amenities. Nature that heals.Missing: terrain Drina
  8. [8]
    When is the best time to visit Rudo Bosnia and Herzegovina ...
    General weather information about Rudo. Average annual temperature is 11.9 °C. Absolute maximum temperature: 35.6 °C. Absolute minimum temperature: -7.9 °C.
  9. [9]
    The Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Blue Green Atlas
    January's mean temperature is 0°C (32°F). Annual rainfall averages roughly 750 to 1,000 millimeters (30 to 40 inches). Closer to the coast, winters tend to be ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  10. [10]
    Forest data: Bosnia and Herzegovina Deforestation Rates and ...
    The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 0.11%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change decreased by 100.0% to 0.00% per annum. In total, ...
  11. [11]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina - E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation
    Challenges to biodiversity include air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater and flood management; and land mines.
  12. [12]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW
    In 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina had 2.20 Mha of natural forest, extending over 43% of its land area. In 2024, it lost 1.56 kha of natural forest, equivalent to ...
  13. [13]
    [PDF] The Land of Drina in the Middle Ages
    to the early settlement of these territories. In the upper course of the Drina River lay the Land of. Drina, which consisted of the following župas and ...
  14. [14]
    ruda - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
    Etymology. First employed for Pellicia ruda Mabille & Boullet 1916 (since synonymised with Nisoniades macarius), this epithet appears to be a mistakenly ...
  15. [15]
    https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9789004515468/BP000013.xml
  16. [16]
    https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9789004515468/BP000019.xml
  17. [17]
    [PDF] XIX. Türk Tarih Kongresi The XIXth Congress of Turkish History
    ... Rudo nahiyesine bağlı Sokol köyünde doğduğu tahmin edil- mektedir. Bosna`da yetişmiş çocuklar devletin en sadık ve en vefalı ricali sırasında geçiyorlardı ...
  18. [18]
    Children and Childhood in the Ottoman Empire - dokumen.pub
    ... Rudo in 1555, his waqfiyya emphasises the description of 'a school that takes away the hearts . . .'. This school was built for . . . the children of the ...Missing: copper | Show results with:copper
  19. [19]
    How well known is Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in the Balkans? - Reddit
    Oct 11, 2024 · He made may bridges, mosques and other infrastructure projects in Bosnia landing him status of a cult hero, he even engratiated Bosnians in ...Architectural legacy of Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed PashaOTD 445 years ago, the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed ...More results from www.reddit.com
  20. [20]
    [PDF] OTTOMAN BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA - OhioLINK ETD Center
    This dissertation examines how Bosnians and Hercegovinians were incorporated into the Ottoman state, focusing on the devşirme institution and the multilayered ...
  21. [21]
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/The-decline-of-the-Ottoman-Empire-1566-1807
  22. [22]
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/Resistance-to-change
  23. [23]
    6 Reasons Why the Ottoman Empire Fell - History.com
    Jan 10, 2020 · Though the Ottoman Empire persisted for 600 years, it succumbed to what most historians describe as a long, slow decline, despite efforts to modernize.Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  24. [24]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina in communist Yugoslavia - Britannica
    Oct 13, 2025 · In 1946 the People's Republic (from 1963, Socialist Republic) of Bosnia and Herzegovina became one of the constituent republics of the Federal ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  25. [25]
    Census 2013 in Bosnia and Herzegovina - statistika.ba
    ... Rudo Rudo 7.963 11.571 -3.608 -3.608 8,5% 27,1% 0,1% 0,0% 90,9% 70,4% 0,5 ... Created with Raphaël 2.1.2 Name Population Difference 1991-2013 Piechart ...
  26. [26]
    Were 'Ancient Hatreds' the Primary Cause of the Yugoslavian Civil ...
    May 22, 2019 · Rather than 'ancient hatreds,' the primary causes of the Yugoslav Wars were competing groups' need for societal security and the elite ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  27. [27]
    Milosevic "Bosnia and Herzegovina" - Initial Indictment
    3. Slobodan MILOSEVIC was elected President of the Presidency of the then Socialist Republic of Serbia on 8 May 1989 and re-elected on 5 December 1989. After ...
  28. [28]
    [PDF] war criminals in bosnia's republika srpska - International Crisis Group
    Nov 2, 2000 · But it is a particular matter of concern that Bosnian Serb authorities—in contrast to those of other ethnic groups—have yet to arrest a single ...Missing: displacements | Show results with:displacements
  29. [29]
    Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Closed Dark Place - Human Rights Watch
    The Foca municipality was the site of some of the most brutal crimes committed during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Bosnian Serb civilian, police ...
  30. [30]
    Sjeverin massacre - Wikipedia
    On the morning of 22 October 1992, a bus traveling from Rudo, Bosnia, to ... ethnic cleansing of the frontier area bordering Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  31. [31]
    U Rudom održan 'Dan sjećanja' porodica odvedenih i ubijenih ...
    Jul 29, 2024 · Medžlis Islamske zajednice Rudo je organizovao 11. okupljanje porodica odvedenih i ubijenih Bošnjaka općine Rudo 1992. godine pod nazivom "Dan ...
  32. [32]
    Bosniak Commander Acquitted of Abusing Serb Prisoners
    Jul 16, 2019 · ... Rudo and Gorazde in 1992 and 1993 ... displacement, inhumane treatment and torture, as well as the pillaging of their property. Smajlovic ...
  33. [33]
    Bridging the Gap - Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Foča is a town and a municipality situated on the Drina river, near the border with Serbia and Montenegro. In April 1992, Serb forces occupied the town.
  34. [34]
    [PDF] 1 THE 1992-95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
    Feb 1, 2010 · There exist two major methodological approaches to estimating war casualties.2 The first one is empirical counting of victims and is based ...Missing: Rudo displacements
  35. [35]
    Peace support operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995-2004)
    Mar 21, 2024 · The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in December 1995 to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement.
  36. [36]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina: post-conflict reconstruction and the ...
    Bosnia and Herzegovina: post-conflict reconstruction and the transition to a market economy (English). Following three years of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  37. [37]
    National Minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina | OSCE
    May 9, 2023 · The OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina works with relevant authorities and civil society partners to improve the political, economic, and social ...
  38. [38]
    [PDF] Preventing Minority Return in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Aug 2, 1999 · The plan's fatal weakness (of which its authors were well aware) was the proposition that returns could be agreed with Bosnian authorities, ...
  39. [39]
    POLITICAL REFLECTIONS ON BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ...
    The demographic structure of the towns is in disarray: in Ljubinje, Nevesinje, Gacko, Rudo, Bileća, and Trebinje there are hardly (if) any Bosniaks or Croats; ...
  40. [40]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina - CCRE CEMR
    The mayor (načelnik opština/općina in municipalities and gradonačelnik in cities) is the executive head of the local authority. He/she is elected by direct ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo<|separator|>
  41. [41]
    [PDF] BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA - OSCE
    Feb 25, 2025 · Mayors and councillors are elected for four-year terms. The Election Law regulates the election to municipal councils and assemblies of ...
  42. [42]
    [PDF] Local Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    In some municipalities, party fragmentation within the council is extensive. For example, in the municipality of Rudo, the 17 council seats will be divided.
  43. [43]
    [PDF] water supply study for partner municipalities - MDG Achievement Fund
    Rudo Municipality is situated in the far east part of Republic of Srpska and it covers an area of 344 km². Municipality is situated on.
  44. [44]
    Call for applications within the project “Supporting local agricultural ...
    Rudo: The territory of the municipality of Rudo is located on the triple border of Republika Srpska, Serbia and Montenegro. The area is distinctly hilly and ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
  45. [45]
    Rudo (Municipality, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
    Jul 6, 2024 · Flag of Rudo. The flag is white with the arms centered. https://www.opstinarudo.com/. Tomislav Šipek, 29 June 2024.Missing: subdivisions settlements coat
  46. [46]
    Republic of Srpska - Cities and Communities, part VI (R-Š) - The FAME
    Oct 13, 2000 · The coat of arms of Rudo is a shield triple bordered ... The coat of arms of Sokolac depicts the Romanija mountain over two flags of Srpska ...<|separator|>
  47. [47]
    Visit to the Municipality of Rudo
    Nov 24, 2023 · ... Municipality of Rudo and met with the Mayor Dragoljub Bogdanović and his associates, as well as representatives of the Rudo Development Agency ( ...Missing: Republika Srpska
  48. [48]
    ReLOaD2 Empowers Civil Society Across the Western Balkans
    Dec 20, 2024 · Dragoljub Bogdanović, Mayor of the Municipality of Rudo. ReLOaD2 promoted the model of transparent financing in other local communities that ...
  49. [49]
    Bosnia-Herzegovina : the new government put to the test
    However, the reality is clear: since 1996, progress in the economic domain remains extremely limited. Bosnia-Herzegovina remains one of the poorest countries in ...
  50. [50]
    “Republika Srpska will have a referendum”: The rhetorical politics of ...
    After the failure of constitutional reforms in April 2006, Milorad Dodik, then Republika Srpska's prime minister, suggested that Republika Srpska had the right ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  51. [51]
    (PDF) The Republika Srpska as a strong nationalizing state and the ...
    Aug 6, 2025 · PDF | This paper explores the limits and possibilities for postethnic mobilization in Bosnia-Herzegovina. It employs and critically assesses ...
  52. [52]
    Bosnia Fertility Rate | Historical Chart & Data - Macrotrends
    Bosnia fertility rate for 2023 was 1.49, a 0.34% increase from 2022. Bosnia fertility rate for 2022 was 1.48, a 0.6% decline from 2021.Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  53. [53]
    [PDF] This is Republika Srpska 2024
    Dec 31, 2024 · In this sense, the most important natural resources are agricultural land, forest areas, hydro-climatic conditions, and mining and mineral ...
  54. [54]
    in Rudo (Serb Republic) - Bosnia and Herzegovina - City Population
    Rudo (Rudo, Serb Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina) with population statistics, charts, map, location, weather and web information.<|control11|><|separator|>
  55. [55]
    Serb Refugees in Rudo: Factory People - Transitions
    19 March 1996 According to the 1991 census, 22 percent of the 11,600 inhabitants in the Rudo municipality were Muslims. ... Serbs have the power. When clashes ...
  56. [56]
    [PDF] CHANGES IN THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION IN THE MUNICIPALITY ...
    Sep 1, 2008 · In this report I analyse three data sources: the 1991 Population Census, the 1997 Voters Register, and the ICRC list of missing persons. (the ...
  57. [57]
    Sandzak: Calm For Now | Refworld
    Nov 9, 1998 · According to the most-recent census figures available, in 1991 about 54 percent of the Sandzak's 420,000 people were Slavic Muslims who ...
  58. [58]
    [PDF] War Crimes in BosniaBHercegovina - Human Rights Watch
    the Crime of Genocide and its relation to the abuses taking place in the former Yugoslavia, see Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, August 1992, ...<|separator|>
  59. [59]
    [PDF] census of population, households and dwellings in republika srpska ...
    Jul 5, 2017 · Results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Republika Srpska and BiH 2013 (hereinafter: Census) carried out on the ...<|separator|>
  60. [60]
    Returns to Bosnia and Herzegovina reach 1 million | UNHCR
    Sep 21, 2004 · The latest UNHCR statistics from Bosnia and Herzegovina show that 1 million former refugees and displaced persons have now returned home.
  61. [61]
    [PDF] UNHCR and minority returns in Bosnia
    Thus, in the Bosnian case,. “majority returns” generally referred to the return of displaced persons to the entity in which their ethnic group was in power.Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  62. [62]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina - United States Department of State
    According to the most recent census, conducted in 2013, Sunni Muslims constitute approximately 51 percent of the population, Serbian Orthodox Christians 31 ...
  63. [63]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina - Agriculture
    Apr 22, 2024 · The largest crop is corn, followed by wheat and potatoes. The agriculture sector's share of GDP is approximately eight percent, while it ...Missing: Rudo capita
  64. [64]
    [PDF] The Fruit and Vegetable Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Table 2.10: GDP for Agriculture, Million BAM for Bosnia and Herzegovina, ... The farm has 400 ha of arable land, of which 240 ha under fruit trees and ...
  65. [65]
    [PDF] this is republika srpska
    In this sense, the most important natural resources are agricultural land, forest areas, hydro-climatic conditions, and mining and mineral resources.
  66. [66]
    ШГ „Рудо“ Рудо - ЈПШ „Шуме Републике Српске“
    Шумско газдинство „Рудо“ корисник је шума и шумског земљишта на подручју шумско – привредног подручја „Руђанско“. „Руђанско“ шумско – привредно подручје ...Missing: forestry | Show results with:forestry
  67. [67]
    Land Use in the Republic of Srpska
    The region plays a significant role in land use, with 2,505,300 hectares of land. Forests dominate the landscape, accounting for 1,309,785 hectares, of which 77 ...Missing: Rudo municipality primary
  68. [68]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mining - International Trade Administration
    Aug 1, 2022 · Reserves of iron ore deposits are estimated at 653 million metric tons; zinc and lead at 56 million metric tons; and bauxite at 120 million ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  69. [69]
    [PDF] The Mineral Industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2019 - USGS.gov
    in 2019, the production of mineral commodities—notably alumina, bauxite, clay, coal, gypsum, iron ore, lead, pig iron, raw steel, salt, sand and gravel, stone, ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  70. [70]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina GDP per Capita: Republika Srpska: BAM
    Bosnia and Herzegovina GDP per Capita: Republika Srpska: BAM data was reported at 14,429.000 BAM in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  71. [71]
    [PDF] Action Document for: Cross-border cooperation programme Serbia ...
    The programme for cross-border cooperation between the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) will be implemented under the framework of 2021-2027 ...
  72. [72]
    CARE International continues to support the new agricultural ...
    CARE International continues to support the new agricultural cooperative “Creative Vision” in Rudo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The company “Ekonomik” from ...
  73. [73]
    Women in Rudo (BiH) planted the first rose hip plantation
    Sep 2, 2021 · The Center for Local Democracy “LUNA”, ie the Cooperative “Creative Vision”, was also supported. “The purpose of today's visit to Rudo and ...
  74. [74]
    [PDF] D4SEecosystem - Interreg Danube Region
    Agricultural Cooperative Uvac-Rudo ... The General Agricultural Women's Cooperative “Creative Vision” has provided an opportunity for hardworking women from.
  75. [75]
    INCREASING NUMBER OF TOURISTS IN FOČA'S RAFTING CAMPS
    Rafting camps along the Drina and Tara rivers are having an exceptional summer season, with tourist numbers up by 15 to 20 percent compared to last year.
  76. [76]
    The Valley of the Upper Stream of the Drina River - Tourist Gem of ...
    This area has great potential for rural tourism, which is currently in development. We recommend that from Rudo, you head towards the hunting and tourist center ...Missing: growth | Show results with:growth
  77. [77]
    [PDF] Renewable Readiness Assessment: Bosnia and Herzegovina - IRENA
    Sep 3, 2023 · The country has significant renewable energy potential, featuring high hydropower, biomass, wind and solar resources, as well as unconfirmed ...
  78. [78]
    Bosnia renewable energy: Stunning 75% Production Rise in May
    Aug 8, 2025 · Hydropower generation increased by 78.1%, wind energy production rose by 43.5%, and solar energy output surged by an impressive 85.7% compared ...
  79. [79]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina Lost Over One Million Inhabitants Between ...
    Jun 15, 2025 · He pointed out that this decline is the result of a combination of factors: war and ethnic cleansing during the 1990s, negative natural growth, ...
  80. [80]
    Bosnians flee corruption and hopelessness – DW – 12/18/2022
    Dec 18, 2022 · Criminal networks and poor prospects have sparked a mass exodus from Bosnia. Many feel abandoned by the international community.<|separator|>
  81. [81]
    Mass Depopulation Threatens Bosnia's Future | Balkan Insight
    May 18, 2015 · Bosnia faces bleak future as more and more citizens emigrate, leaving behind ethnic tensions and economic and social decline.
  82. [82]
    Bosnia and Herzegovina Unemployment Rate - Trading Economics
    Unemployment Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased to 13.10 percent in the second quarter of 2025 from 13.40 percent in the first quarter of 2025.Missing: Rudo municipality
  83. [83]
    Bosnia's Demographic Crisis: The Disappearance of Glamoc
    May 4, 2023 · This combination of the collapse in the number of children being born and large-scale emigration makes the country's further depopulation ...
  84. [84]
    Храм Светих Апостола Петра и Павла - Mapcarta
    Храм Светих Апостола Петра и Павла is a church in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Храм Светих Апостола Петра и Павла is situated nearby to the sports ...
  85. [85]
    Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day
    The celebration consists of the ritual offering of a bloodless sacrifice and a feast held for relatives, neighbours and friends.
  86. [86]
    Young people from Rudo do not need much for happiness
    Apr 14, 2022 · The Day of the Rudo Municipality is also one of the most important events. It lasts for several days, and 8th of March as well as religious ...
  87. [87]
    Volume 6, Issue 2-3: Serbo-Croatian Oral Tradition
    Articles: Balladic Forms of the Bugarštica and Epic Songs, Maja Bošković-Stulli Yugoslav, Oral Lyric, Primarily in Serbo-Croatian, Vladimir Bovan.
  88. [88]
    White sport and 19th century common cultural and historical ...
    Feb 14, 2019 · White sport and 19th century common cultural and historical heritage as touristic offer of the Municipalities Rudo and Priboj. PROJECT ...
  89. [89]
    “Fair of Home-made Products, Rudo 2017”, 10-12 ... - SWG RRD
    Feb 28, 2017 · The aim of the regional event “Fair of Home-made Products, Rudo 2017” is promotion and preservation of traditional products from the ...<|separator|>
  90. [90]
    Stevan Moljevic Family History & Historical Records - MyHeritage
    Stevan Moljević was born on January 6 1888, in Rudo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Personal Info. His occupations were Lawyer and Politician.Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
  91. [91]
    Eastern City Gate of Belgrade - Atlas Obscura
    May 18, 2023 · Known locally as Rudo, their construction was supervised by architect Dragoljub Mićović who was born in the town of Rudo in eastern Bosnia.
  92. [92]
    Rudo (Eastern Gate of Belgrade) - BrtBgd
    " The official name of these skyscrapers is Rudo, named after the birthplace of architect Dragoljub Mićović, under whose supervision they were built. The ...
  93. [93]
    IN MEMORIAM: Vojislav Topalović 1942-2018 – Opština Rudo
    Mar 16, 2018 · U srijedu 14. marta 2018. godine preminuo je naš sugrađanin, profesor srpskog jezika i književnosti u penziji, otac četvoro djece Vojislav ...
  94. [94]
    Sokollu Mehmed Pasha - A short biography - Islamic Chronicles
    Jul 27, 2024 · Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was a prominent Ottoman Grand Vizier known for his diplomatic skills, visionary projects, and significant contributions ...Missing: Rudo nahiya 1555 mining
  95. [95]
    Bosnia losing many young people to emigration over poor ... - Reuters
    Nov 24, 2021 · A new survey by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) found that 47% of Bosnians - or 269,000 - aged 18-29 are thinking of going abroad ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  96. [96]
    The project “Aging with Dignity” shows that retired persons are not ...
    Nov 3, 2022 · The Municipality of Rudo is among the underdeveloped municipalities having a low standard of living and a great brain drain of young population.
  97. [97]
    Bosnia And Herzegovina - Population Ages 65 And Above (% Of Total)
    Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) in Bosnia and Herzegovina was reported at 22.23 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of ...Missing: Rudo municipality
  98. [98]
    [PDF] Hidden geographies of population implosion in Bosnia and ...
    According to the 1948 census, the birth rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Second. World War was about 35‰, and in the next 30 years, it decreased twice ...
  99. [99]
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280445031_The_Third_Wave_Mixed_Migration_from_Zimbabwe_to_South_Africa
  100. [100]
    The Third Wave: Mixed Migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa
    Aug 7, 2025 · Migration has reshaped family structures globally, giving rise to transnational families in which parents migrate for economic, social, or ...
  101. [101]
    Level of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Worlddata.info
    In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19.2% have completed ISCED level 4 and 12.8% have completed level 5.
  102. [102]
    [PDF] National gender profile of agriculture and rural livelihoods
    A large survey on gender roles in Republika Srpska confirms that the patriarchal model is common in. Women and men are not equal. Women are better at caring ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  103. [103]
    [PDF] The-Role-of-Women-in-the-Rural-Areas-In-The-Western-Balkans.pdf
    This study is designed to shed light on women's engagement in agriculture and their contribution to rural development in the region. It explores opportunities ...Missing: Rudo | Show results with:Rudo
  104. [104]
    Is Bosnia Safe? Essential Travel Tips for Visitors - World Nomads
    Throughout Bosnia, the crime rate remains low to moderate and travelers are rarely targeted by criminals. Here's what you need to know to stay safe.
  105. [105]
    Is Bosnia safe? The lowdown on safety in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    There is very little crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina and even less violent crime. However, tourists need to be careful and use common sense as with anywhere.<|separator|>