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SCART

SCART, an acronym for Syndicat des Constructeurs d’Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs (also known as Péritel in or Euroconnector), is a 21-pin analog connector standard developed in for interconnecting audio-visual equipment such as televisions, VCRs, DVD players, and set-top boxes, primarily in . It enables the transmission of standard-definition video signals including composite, , and RGB, along with stereo audio, in a single cable, supporting bidirectional communication for both input and output between devices. Introduced in , SCART was designed to standardize connections and future-proof television systems amid evolving European broadcast formats like PAL and , becoming compulsory on new TVs in from 1980 and widely adopted across the continent for its versatility in handling multiple signal types without separate cables. The official specification is defined by the CENELEC EN 50049-1 standard (also known as IEC 60933-1), which outlines the pin assignments, voltage levels, and impedance for reliable signal integrity. Key features include support for RGB video, input/output, audio channels, and control signals for audio/video switching and RGB detection, allowing devices to automatically select the highest-quality input. Its robust, flat trapezoidal design with 21 pins facilitates easy connection but results in bulky cables, contributing to its decline in favor of digital interfaces like by the early 2000s. Despite obsolescence in modern , SCART remains notable in retro , vintage AV restoration, and professional broadcast adaptations for converting to digital formats such as SDI.

History and Development

Origins in France

The Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs (SCART), a representing manufacturers of radio receivers and televisions, originated in the mid-20th century to coordinate industry standards and interests. Records document its existence and activities as early as , when it participated in discussions on merging with other syndicates to form a national federation. This organization later gave its name to the SCART connector, also known initially as Peritel in , reflecting its central role in developing the interface. Development of the SCART connector began in the mid-1970s, driven by the need for improved interconnection standards following France's adoption of the color television system in 1967. , which transmitted color information sequentially using , highlighted the shortcomings of existing connections, particularly for achieving higher-fidelity RGB signal transmission amid the rapid growth of color TV ownership in . electronics firms, coordinated by the SCART syndicate, designed the connector in 1976 to enable unified cabling between televisions and audio-visual peripherals, prioritizing compatibility with both and PAL systems. It first appeared on television sets in 1977, marking a shift toward integrated audio-video setups.

Standardization and Adoption

The formal standardization of SCART took place in 1978 with the publication of the CENELEC EN 50049-1 document, which defined it as a 21-pin connector for interconnecting . This standard, sometimes also referred to as IEC 933-1, built on initial developments from the mid-1970s and aimed to unify connections across by supporting multiple signal types in a single interface. Adoption began mandatorily in , where the government required all televisions sold after 1980 to include a SCART connector, accelerating its integration into domestic AV systems. By the early 1980s, SCART had become the voluntary standard across the , spreading through VCRs and early home entertainment devices despite initial resistance from the , which relied on established RF connectors, and , which favored its own proprietary standards like those for NTSC-based systems. Usage peaked in the alongside the widespread integration of VCRs and DVD players, which commonly featured SCART for seamless connectivity. A key driver of SCART's success was its promotion of higher-quality RGB video signals over traditional , enabling sharper images and better color fidelity in European broadcasting and playback systems. By the mid-1990s, the vast majority of new televisions were equipped with SCART ports, solidifying its role as the dominant AV interface on the continent until the rise of digital alternatives.

Physical and Electrical Design

Connector Pinout and Interface

The SCART connector is a 21-pin trapezoidal standardized for audio-visual connections in , featuring two parallel rows of flat pins arranged in a D-shaped or trapezoidal to ensure correct orientation and prevent reverse insertion. The design includes male variants typically used on devices such as VCRs or DVD players, and female variants on devices like televisions, facilitating a secure push-fit without a mechanical locking latch, relying instead on friction and the connector shell for retention. The overall connector housing measures approximately 52 mm in width, 39 mm in length, and 20 mm in height, with the pin array spanning about 21 mm across the narrower top row (8 pins) and wider bottom row (13 pins). The pin assignments are defined in the CENELEC EN 50049-1 standard (also known as IEC 933-1), supporting bidirectional audio, , RGB video inputs, and signals through specific voltage levels and impedances. Audio signals operate at 0.5 V with low (<1 kΩ) and high input impedance (>10 kΩ), while video signals use 75 Ω impedance with peak-to-peak voltages of 1 V (including sync) for composite and 0.7 V for RGB components; signals tolerate 0-2 V for low states and up to 12 V for high states. The 21st "pin" is actually the metal providing grounding and () shielding via continuous contact between connector housings, reducing and external noise ingress without additional ferrite components. for mono audio is achieved by linking left and mono signals on pins 3 and 6, allowing single-channel sources to drive both stereo inputs. The following table summarizes the standard pinout for a full-featured SCART connector (Table 1 configuration from EN 50049-1), focusing on primary functions, signal directions (from the perspective of the connected device), levels, and notes:
PinFunctionSignal TypeLevel/ImpedanceNotes
1Audio output rightAnalog audio out0.5 V / <1 kΩStereo right channel from source
2Audio input rightAnalog audio in0.5 V / >10 kΩStereo right channel to source
3Audio output left/monoAnalog audio out0.5 V / <1 kΩStereo left or mono from source
4Audio groundGround-Common for pins 1, 2, 3, 6
5Ground (RGB )Ground-For pin 7
6Audio input left/monoAnalog audio in0.5 V / >10 kΩStereo left or mono to source; mono via pin 3
7RGB inputAnalog video in0.7 V pp / 75 Ω component from source
8Switching / fast blanking in/out0-2 V (low: composite), 9.5-12 V (high: RGB/AV) / >10 kΩSelects RGB mode or
9Ground (RGB green)Ground-For pin 11
10Data 2 (AV.)/bidirectional0-5 V / >10 kΩOptional communication bus
11RGB green inputAnalog video in0.7 V pp / 75 ΩGreen component from source
12Data 1/bidirectional0-5 V / >10 kΩOptional data line
13Ground (RGB red)Ground-For pin 15
14Data Ground-For pins 8, 10, 12
15RGB red inputAnalog video in0.7 V pp (RGB) / 75 ΩRed component; also used for in variants
16Blanking signal input in0-0.4 V (low: composite), 1-3 V (high: RGB) / 75 ΩEnables RGB display mode
17 Ground-For pins 19, 20
18Blanking Ground-For pin 16
19 outputAnalog video out1 V pp (incl. sync) / 75 ΩFrom display to source (e.g., TV out)
20 inputAnalog video in1 V pp (incl. sync) / 75 ΩFrom source to display
21Shell/chassisShield- shielding via metal contact
Voltage tolerances ensure robust , with video inputs accepting 0-2 V peak excursions to accommodate variations in source output, while audio lines maintain up to 2 V without . The supports hot-plugging with low risk of damage due to the defined and low-voltage signals, though full shielding via pin 21 minimizes in typical home environments.

Cable Types and Construction

SCART cables are constructed as multi-conductor assemblies, typically incorporating up to 21 individual wires to support the full range of signals defined in the EN 50049 standard. These include six conductors for video transmission, four-core configurations for audio, two cables for bus functions, and additional hook-up wires for control signals. The video elements use tinned strands (0.10 mm , seven strands) insulated with solid , providing a of 75 ± 5 Ω to ensure low attenuation and for analog video signals. Audio cores similarly employ tinned conductors with insulation and bare spiral screening for rejection, all encased in PVC inner jackets. The overall cable construction features a grey PVC outer jacket (11.5 mm ) with an aluminum-polyester (Al-PET) offering at least 125% coverage, complemented by a tinned drain wire for grounding and effective () suppression. This ing helps mitigate external noise pickup, while individual braiding on sections (80% bare coverage) reduces internal between signals. Fully wired cables connect all 21 pins for complete audio-video and control functionality, whereas partial-wired variants, such as RGB-only cables, limit connections to video pins (e.g., pins 7, 11, 15 for blue, green, red) and essential audio to reduce bulk and cost, though they may compromise bidirectional features. Typical constructions use for low resistance (max 330 Ω/km at 20°C) and operate within -20°C to +70°C ranges. Cable lengths are generally limited to 1-3 in standard applications to minimize signal loss, with attenuation rates around 19.6 dB/100 m at 50 MHz for video paths. Exceeding this without can lead to noticeable degradation in RGB quality due to the analog nature of the signals. Variations include straight and angled (right-angle) connectors for space-constrained installations, as well as SCART-to-RCA adapters, which extract and stereo audio for compatibility with legacy non-SCART devices like older VCRs. Unshielded or poorly constructed cables are prone to , where audio signals interfere with video, resulting in visible artifacts on displays.

Signal Transmission and Features

Video Signal Support

SCART supports multiple analog video transmission modes, enabling compatibility with various devices. The primary mode is (CVBS), transmitted bidirectionally on pins 19 (output) and 20 (input) at 1 V peak-to-peak with negative sync, grounded on pin 17. , offering improved separation of and , utilizes pin 20 for luminance (Y) input and pin 15 for chrominance (C) input, with grounds on pins 13 and 17. The highest-quality mode, RGB, is provided unidirectionally as inputs on pins 7 (), 11 (), and 15 (), each at 0.7 V peak-to-peak and 75 ohms impedance, with respective grounds on pins 5, 9, and 13. In terms of signal quality, RGB represents the superior hierarchy within SCART, delivering unencoded primary color components without the cross-color and cross-luminance artifacts inherent to composite video, where luminance and chrominance are multiplexed into a single signal. S-Video occupies an intermediate position by separating these components, reducing but not eliminating such distortions compared to composite. Synchronization for RGB typically employs composite sync embedded in the luminance or CVBS signal on pin 20. SCART was engineered for compatibility with European broadcast standards, including PAL and color encoding systems, facilitating 625-line at 50 Hz field rates. This supports effective resolutions up to (720 × 576 pixels active), aligning with formats of the era. Additionally, the interface incorporates a blanking signal on pin 16 (RGB status/fast blanking, 0–0.4 V low or 1–3 V high), which enables pixel-level overlay functionality, such as superimposing on-screen displays (OSD) from a source device like a VCR onto the primary video feed on a television. As an exclusively analog connector, SCART lacks support for digital video formats, limiting it to pre-HDMI era applications. Its unshielded or poorly constructed cables are particularly vulnerable to and noise pickup, which can degrade over distances exceeding a few meters.

Audio and Control Signals

SCART supports analog stereo audio transmission via dedicated pins, enabling bidirectional communication between devices such as televisions and video recorders. The right-channel audio output is provided on pin 1 at a nominal level of 0.5 V RMS, with a frequency response spanning 20 Hz to 20 kHz and ground referencing to ensure compatibility with standard line-level inputs. Similarly, pin 3 carries the left-channel audio output at 0.5 V RMS over the same frequency range, also serving as the mono audio output for devices lacking stereo capability, where the signal is duplicated across channels as a fallback. Input paths include pin 2 for right-channel audio at 0.5 V RMS and pin 6 for left-channel or mono audio input, maintaining impedance matching around 1 kΩ to minimize signal degradation during recording or playback operations. Control signals on SCART facilitate automatic device detection and mode selection, primarily through pin 8, which carries a DC voltage to indicate the active video and trigger input switching. A voltage of 0-2 V on pin 8 signals no external input or mode, prompting the to default to broadcast ; 4.5-7 V activates 16:9 detection and mode for widescreen content; while 9.5-12 V selects 4:3 mode for standard ratios, with an input of ≤10 kΩ and ≤2 nF to ensure reliable sensing. This voltage-based protocol allows televisions to prioritize connected peripherals over internal tuners, using load sensing where low-impedance sources (e.g., 75 Ω terminations) indicate active priority over high-impedance (high-Z) idle states. Pins 10 and 12 serve as returns or grounds for and signals, including support for fast blanking operations that integrate with audio handling. Audio signals follow the video transmission path in SCART, with blanking mechanisms on related pins enabling functions during switching or overlay transitions to prevent audio artifacts. This integration ensures synchronized audiovisual output, where control voltages on pin 8 can indirectly influence audio routing by confirming the active source.

Advanced Functionality

Switching and Blanking Mechanisms

SCART employs a voltage-based switching logic on pin 8 to select between input modes in multi-device setups. This pin carries a control voltage from the source device: levels of 0-2 V indicate TV mode, 2-7 V select 16:9 mode, and 6-12 V activate 4:3 mode, often used for RGB or signals when and are provided on pins 20 and 15, respectively. The voltage is typically applied through a load (e.g., 100-1k Ω) in the source to limit current. Blanking mechanisms ensure clean signal transitions and support overlays by suppressing unwanted video components. Fast blanking, controlled via pin 16, operates as a high-speed signal (1-3 V to enable RGB mode, 0-0.4 V for composite mode) that blanks the composite input during RGB transmission or vice versa, preventing interference and achieving response times under 1 for seamless switching. Slow blanking, often tied to modulated variations on pin 16 or coordinated with pin 8, allows for (OSD) overlays by temporarily blanking the main video at field rates (e.g., 50 Hz in PAL systems), enabling text or graphics from the TV to superimpose on the source signal without full mode changes. RGB overlays are facilitated by driving pin 16 low (0 V) during overlay periods to enable composite OSD on RGB video, with pin 15 (RGB red input) remaining active for the base signal. Internally, televisions implement these mechanisms using electromechanical relays in early designs for isolating or solid-state analog multiplexers such as the , which routes selected video and audio lines based on decoded control voltages from pins 8 and 16. This combination supports dynamic source selection in setups with VCRs, consoles, or set-top boxes while maintaining .

Daisy Chaining and Overlays

SCART supports daisy chaining through its bi-directional signal paths, allowing multiple devices to be connected in series without requiring separate inputs on the . In a typical setup, a 's SCART output sends the RF or signal to the first (e.g., a VCR), which processes it if active or passes it unchanged to the next via loop-through connections, ultimately returning the modified signal to the TV's input. This feature was particularly useful in home theater systems for integrating devices like VCRs and satellite decoders into a single chain, simplifying wiring in multi-device environments. The loop-through functionality relies on specific pins designed for signal passthrough: pin 2 handles right-channel audio input (0.5 V , 10 kΩ impedance), acting as a loop from the previous device's audio output, while pin 19 provides output (1 V p-p, 75 Ω) to the next device's input on pin 20. Similarly, pin 6 serves left-channel audio loop-through. Devices in the chain must be configured to pass signals transparently when inactive, often using internal switches or relays to avoid loading the line. However, extended chains can introduce signal degradation due to cumulative impedance mismatches and , with practical limits typically around two to three devices before or regeneration is needed to maintain quality. Potential issues include ground loops from multiple connections, which may cause or in audio paths. Overlays in SCART are enabled by the fast blanking mechanism on pin 16 (RGB status/fast blanking, 0–0.4 V for composite, 1–3 V for RGB, 75 Ω), which prioritizes RGB signals over composite video by blanking the lower-priority composite input to prevent interference or ghosting. When the blanking signal is high, the display device suppresses the composite video on pin 20, allowing clean RGB transmission on pins 7 (blue), 11 (green), and 15 (red), each at 0.7 V p-p into 75 Ω. This rapid switching (capable of per-pixel transitions) supports overlay applications, such as superimposing teletext data or on-screen displays (OSD) from a decoder onto incoming video without disrupting the base signal. For instance, a teletext-equipped VCR could generate RGB OSD elements that overlay the composite video feed, with the blanking signal ensuring seamless integration. Audio remains unaffected, continuing through loop-through pins, though chains may limit full bidirectional control in complex setups.

Variations and Extensions

Non-Standard Modifications

Non-standard modifications to the SCART interface have been developed by manufacturers and enthusiasts to extend its capabilities beyond the official IEC 60933-1 specification, often by repurposing control pins for additional signaling or power management. While the standard already includes voltage levels on pins 8 (0–2 V for off/composite, 5–8 V for 16:9 aspect ratio, 9.5–12 V for 4:3) and 16 (0–0.4 V for composite, 1–3 V for RGB with fast blanking) to enable RGB mode selection, aspect ratio switching, and features like temporary video suppression for subtitles or on-screen displays, some implementations have applied voltages outside these ranges or for other purposes. For instance, supplying voltages beyond the standard to pin 8 has been used to force RGB input on compatible televisions, overriding default composite video detection; however, this can introduce risks like input shorting if voltages exceed 12 V, potentially damaging TV circuits. Pins 4 (audio ) and 20 (composite video/sync) were occasionally repurposed for low-level digital data transmission in manufacturer-specific RGB control extensions, such as enhanced sync signaling in and devices, though this led to brand incompatibilities due to varying implementations. Non-standard hacks, such as routing 12 V to pin 8 for accessory powering in adapters, were also prevalent but posed hazards like to grounded pins (e.g., pin 9 for RGB ), risking equipment failure across incompatible brands. These modifications, while innovative, often resulted in issues and were not universally supported, contributing to SCART's fragmented legacy in consumer systems.

International Adaptations

In , the RGB 21-pin connector, standardized by the Electronic Industries Association of Japan (EIAJ) as TTC-003 and commonly referred to as JP-21, utilized the same physical trapezoidal 21-pin design as the European but featured a remapped pinout tailored for video signals. This adaptation supported RGB video, , and stereo audio, with key differences including input on pin 9 (versus pin 20 in the ) and RGB signals on pins 15 (red), 19 (green), and 20 (blue), along with sync on pin 9. The remapping optimized it for consumer electronics, such as televisions and video game consoles from the , but created compatibility challenges when connecting to European SCART ports, often resulting in issues like red-tinted video output without audio due to mismatched signal routing. These Japanese devices, including early implementations by manufacturers like and around 1983, were frequently imported to , necessitating adapters to bridge the pin differences and address NTSC-to-PAL conversion problems, such as color phase shifts that could distort hues or eliminate color entirely on PAL displays. For instance, the JP-21's handling of chroma signals diverged from SCART, with pin repurposed for chroma input in some configurations, exacerbating phase errors when interfacing NTSC sources with PAL systems. In , the connector was branded as Peritel, which is essentially the standard 21-pin SCART interface. remained minimal outside niche applications, primarily through third-party adapters for connecting European-imported AV equipment in the 1980s, as domestic standards favored composite and over the more integrated SCART design. By the mid-1990s, the JP-21 variant had largely declined in , supplanted by superior interfaces that offered higher resolution and better compatibility without the need for multi-pin remapping.

Usage and Legacy

Implementations in

SCART found widespread adoption in consumer electronics during the and , serving as the primary interface for interconnecting devices such as televisions, video cassette recorders (VCRs), and gaming consoles. In televisions, SCART sockets became a standard feature following government mandates that required their inclusion on new TV sets sold in from the early , promoting compatibility with emerging video technologies and supporting local manufacturers. This policy influenced broader integration, with SCART appearing on the majority of mid-to-high-end TVs across by the late , enabling direct RGB video transmission for superior picture quality over composite signals. Video cassette recorders exemplified early SCART implementation, with models like the 1980s VR series incorporating SCART connectors for output to deliver video playback to compatible TVs. These VCRs allowed users to bypass RF modulation, providing cleaner signals for recording and playback, and were common in households for connecting to SCART-equipped televisions. Similarly, players from , such as the LDP-600WS, featured SCART outputs supporting RGB for enhanced video from analog optical discs, integrating seamlessly with home theater setups. CD-i players also utilized SCART for multimedia delivery, outputting or RGB signals to TVs for content. Gaming consoles leveraged SCART for optimal RGB video, particularly in where it aligned with TV standards. The supported RGB output through its dedicated port, connectable via official or adapter cables to SCART sockets on TVs, enabling sharp graphics for computing and applications. Nintendo's (SNES) in PAL regions included official RGB SCART cables, allowing direct connection to TVs for vibrant, artifact-free visuals during . By the , built-in SCART sockets were present on most television sets, facilitating easy integration with these devices and reducing the need for multiple cables. Satellite receivers commonly employed SCART for bypass, routing external video sources like VCRs directly to the TV while passing through audio and control signals. SCART's design enabled features like Macrovision in VCRs and players, where blanking signals on specific pins disrupted unauthorized recording by altering the vertical blanking interval, ensuring compliance with content protection standards without affecting legitimate playback. However, its implementation faced challenges, particularly the connector's bulkiness, which made it impractical for portable devices like early camcorders or handheld players, often necessitating RF fallback options for compatibility with non-SCART equipment. Despite these limitations, SCART's role in standardizing connections played a key part in the European electronics ecosystem during its peak.

Decline and Modern Relevance

The rise of digital video standards in the late 1990s and early 2000s accelerated SCART's decline, as analog connectors like SCART could not transmit high-definition signals without conversion. Component video, introduced in the 1990s, provided superior analog quality for early digital sources but lacked the integrated digital capabilities that later dominated consumer electronics. The introduction of HDMI in 2002 marked a pivotal shift, offering uncompressed high-definition video and audio over a single cable, which quickly became the preferred interface for new televisions and devices due to its support for resolutions up to 4K and beyond. In , regulatory pressures further hastened SCART's obsolescence. The EU's eEurope 2005 Action Plan promoted widespread digital TV adoption, with most member states completing analog switchover by 2012, rendering SCART's analog focus incompatible with without additional adapters. New televisions with SCART ports ceased production around 2005–2006, coinciding with the transition from to flat-panel displays that prioritized and other digital inputs. By the mid-2010s, legal requirements for SCART compatibility on new TVs in several EU countries, such as and , were lifted, eliminating mandates that had sustained its use since the . Despite its decline, SCART retains niche relevance in retro gaming and legacy media . Enthusiasts employ SCART upscalers like the Open Source Scan Converter (OSSC), which processes analog RGB signals from classic consoles for display on modern screens while preserving original scan rates and reducing lag. Similarly, modifications, such as RGB-Pi AV boards, enable SCART output for setups on televisions, delivering pixel-accurate reproduction of and games. Adapters converting SCART to allow vintage VCRs to connect to contemporary displays, facilitating the and of analog tapes without quality loss from composite alternatives. The shift from SCART to interfaces has contributed to challenges, as millions of analog-equipped televisions and peripherals were discarded during Europe's digital TV transition, exacerbating burdens and . In enthusiast communities, FPGA-based systems like have revived interest in SCART during the , using custom VGA-to-SCART cables to interface reconfigurable hardware with original-era displays for authentic retro computing and arcade emulation. Looking ahead, SCART's role in broadcasting has ended with the full phase-out of analog terrestrial signals across , confining it to private legacy applications. HDMI's dominance ensures SCART remains a transitional relic, supported only through adapters rather than native integration in new hardware.

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