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AV

Autonomous vehicles (AVs), also known as self-driving or driverless vehicles, are motorized systems equipped with sensors, cameras, , , and algorithms to perceive their environment, make decisions, and navigate roadways with minimal or no continuous supervision. The Society of Automotive Engineers () defines six levels of driving automation in standard J3016, ranging from Level 0 (no automation, where the performs all driving tasks) to (full automation, capable of operating anywhere a conventional vehicle can without any input or fallback). Development of AVs traces back to early 20th-century concepts like radio-controlled cars demonstrated in 1925, but modern progress accelerated with U.S. in 2004 and 2005, which tested unmanned ground vehicles in desert environments and spurred academic and industry investment in perception and control technologies. Pioneering efforts by companies such as Google (now Alphabet's ) in 2009 led to initial road-testing prototypes, accumulating millions of autonomous miles by the 2010s. Notable achievements include commercial services operational in select U.S. cities by 2025, with and deploying driverless fleets for , and Level 3 systems (conditional automation allowing hands-off driving under specific conditions) available in production vehicles from manufacturers like and . These advancements have demonstrated potential for reduced human-error-related crashes—responsible for over 90% of road incidents—and improved mobility for the elderly or disabled, though real-world safety data remains limited to controlled or geofenced operations. Controversies persist around safety reliability, with high-profile incidents such as the 2018 Uber AV pedestrian fatality and 2023 vehicle dragging a after a collision prompting regulatory investigations and temporary operational suspensions by bodies like the (NHTSA). Critics highlight persistent challenges in handling rare "edge cases" like adverse weather or erratic human drivers, leading to frequent human interventions in testing (disengagements per mile far exceeding human benchmarks in complex urban settings), and raising causal concerns over liability, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and overhyped timelines from industry leaders that have delayed widespread Level 4 or 5 adoption. As of 2025, full autonomy remains confined to limited domains, with regulatory frameworks evolving but empirical evidence underscoring the gap between simulated performance and robust, all-conditions deployment.

Technology and Engineering

Audio-Visual Technology

Audio-visual (AV) technology encompasses systems and equipment that integrate audio signals with visual displays to produce synchronized content for purposes including , , and . These systems process sound through components such as and speakers while handling visuals via projectors, screens, or monitors, ensuring alignment between auditory and visual elements to enhance user engagement. The origins of AV technology trace to the , when early experiments combined projected images with synchronized sound, evolving from silent films to "talkies" through innovations like in 1926, which linked records to film projectors. Post-World War II advancements, including radios in 1954 and broadcasts in the 1950s, expanded AV applications into consumer and professional realms, with the introduction of video cassette recorders (VCRs) in the 1970s enabling widespread recording and playback. The digital revolution in the , marked by compact discs () in 1982 and DVDs in 1995, shifted AV toward integrated digital formats, paving the way for modern networked systems. Key components of AV systems include audio elements like microphones for input, amplifiers for signal boosting, and speakers for output; visual hardware such as cameras, displays (e.g., LCD, LED, panels), and projectors; and supporting infrastructure including codecs for , switchers for routing signals, and control software for integration. Processing units synchronize these elements, often via protocols like or IP-based streaming, while emerging additions like interactive flat panels and (VR) headsets enable user interaction. Reliability in these systems depends on cabling standards (e.g., Cat6 for Ethernet AV) and to minimize and . Applications span corporate environments for video conferencing and presentations, educational settings for interactive lectures, and entertainment venues for and live events, where AV facilitates real-time broadcasting and audience immersion. In broadcasting, AV systems underpin and radio, with formats like and standards adopted since the 2010s for higher fidelity. Healthcare and transportation sectors employ AV for simulations and , leveraging durable, low-latency setups to convey critical information. In the 2020s, AV advancements include widespread adoption of /8K resolutions with refresh rates up to 120Hz to reduce , alongside and displays offering improved energy efficiency and lifespan over traditional LCDs. Integration of (AI) enables automated audio mixing and spatial sound rendering, while (XR) technologies like AR/VR create immersive environments for training and collaboration. Cloud-based processing and IP/AV over Ethernet reduce hardware dependency, supporting hybrid work models, though challenges persist in cybersecurity and standards.

Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles, also known as self-driving cars, are motor vehicles capable of performing all driving tasks without human intervention in specified operational domains, relying on integrated hardware and software systems for perception, decision-making, and control. The Society of Automotive Engineers () defines six levels of driving automation from Level 0 (no automation, full human control) to (full automation, no human input required under any conditions). Levels 3 through 5 represent conditional, high, and full automation, respectively, where the system handles dynamic driving tasks, though remains largely theoretical as of 2025 due to environmental and infrastructural limitations. Early concepts of autonomous vehicles trace back to 1925, when inventor Francis Houdina demonstrated a navigating streets. Significant advancements occurred in the with Carnegie Mellon University's Navlab5 vehicle, which used neural networks for road following, and accelerated in the 2000s through (2004–2007), where teams achieved fully autonomous traversal of desert and urban courses. Google's project, initiated in 2009, logged over 1 million autonomous miles by 2015, pioneering modern and mapping techniques. Core technologies include exteroceptive sensors such as for 3D mapping, for velocity detection in adverse weather, and cameras for visual recognition, fused with algorithms for environmental perception. models, particularly deep neural networks, process sensor data to identify objects, predict trajectories, and execute path planning, with systems like those in using for decision-making under uncertainty. High-definition maps and GPS provide localization, while onboard processors handle real-time computation, though challenges persist in handling rare "edge cases" like erratic pedestrian behavior or sensor . As of October 2025, commercial deployments are limited to Level 4 operations in geofenced urban areas. operates driverless ride-hailing services in , , and , with over 100,000 weekly paid rides and a safety record showing 88% fewer injury-causing crashes per million miles compared to human drivers. , a subsidiary, resumed limited testing in select cities after a 2023 suspension following pedestrian incidents but faces ongoing scrutiny. Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) software, deployed in over 4 million vehicles as supervised Level 2 assistance, transitioned to unsupervised trials in Austin starting June 2025, emphasizing vision-only trained on billions of fleet miles, though it lacks regulatory approval for full in most jurisdictions. Safety data indicates autonomous systems can outperform humans in routine scenarios but struggle with complex interactions. From 2021 to 2024, the (NHTSA) recorded 3,979 incidents involving automated driving systems (ADS), with reporting 630 ADS crashes—mostly minor—and 1,745 Level 2 events, often attributed to driver misuse or external factors. Per-mile crash rates for ADS vehicles were lower than human-driven averages in controlled studies, with 's 2024 data showing 3.5 times fewer police-reported crashes. However, high-profile failures, such as the fatal pedestrian collision due to misdetection and the 2023 drag incident, underscore vulnerabilities in object classification and emergency response. Regulatory hurdles include fragmented state-level approvals in the U.S., liability assignment (e.g., manufacturer vs. operator), and cybersecurity risks, with guidelines from NHTSA emphasizing voluntary reporting but lacking comprehensive standards for Level 4+ deployment. Technical challenges encompass degradation in fog or rain, where and performance drops, and ethical dilemmas in decision-making algorithms, such as prioritizing collision avoidance. Public skepticism persists, fueled by incident visibility and data opacity from companies, delaying widespread adoption beyond pilot programs. Projections suggest Level 4 vehicles may reach 16 million annual deployments by 2035, contingent on resolved and infrastructure upgrades.

Anti-Virus Software

Anti-virus software detects, prevents, and removes malicious software, including viruses, , trojans, , and , from computers and networks. It operates by scanning files, emails, and for threats, often in , to mitigate risks of data loss, system compromise, or unauthorized access. Early development responded to the first known computer viruses, such as in 1971 on mainframes and in 1982 on systems, which prompted rudimentary countermeasures like the program designed to eradicate . Commercial anti-virus products emerged in 1987, with John McAfee's VirusScan being among the first to scan for known virus signatures on systems following the virus outbreak on PCs. By the late 1980s and 1990s, firms like (founded 1997) and (, 1991) advanced the field amid rising internet-connected threats, shifting from basic scanners to multi-layered defenses. Modern iterations incorporate cloud-based updates for rapid threat intelligence sharing, reflecting an evolution driven by escalating complexity since the 2000s. Detection relies on multiple methods: signature-based scanning matches file hashes or code patterns against databases of known , updated via vendor feeds; infers threats from suspicious code structures without exact matches; behavioral monitoring tracks runtime actions like unauthorized file modifications or network calls; and sandboxing executes files in isolated environments to observe malice. enhances these by predicting novel variants through in vast datasets, though signature methods remain foundational for zero false positives on identified threats. Independent tests affirm high efficacy for established products, with AV-Comparatives' 2024 summary reporting Advanced+ ratings for top performers like in real-world protection tests, blocking over 99% of encounters with minimal false alarms. AV-TEST's August 2025 Windows evaluations similarly awarded full protection scores (6/6) to leaders like and Kaspersky against 10,000+ samples, including zero-day exploits. However, effectiveness wanes against polymorphic or evading signatures, as zero-day threats—exploiting undisclosed vulnerabilities—precede database updates, with studies noting bypass rates up to 20-30% in controlled evasion scenarios. Limitations include false positives, where benign files trigger alerts—potentially disrupting workflows, as seen in reports of 1-5% error rates—and resource overhead from constant scanning, though optimized modern suites minimize this per AV-Comparatives performance benchmarks. Anti-virus alone cannot address social , misconfigurations, or advanced persistent threats relying on legitimate tools, underscoring the need for layered defenses like firewalls and user ; critics argue over-reliance fosters complacency, with breaches persisting despite deployment. The global market, valued at $4.23 billion in 2025, features dominance by (leading paid subscriptions among 121 million U.S. users), (top free tier), and , per consumer surveys; growth to $5.52 billion by 2029 stems from rising cyber incidents and endpoint detection integration. Kaspersky faces geopolitical scrutiny over Russian origins, prompting U.S. bans in 2017 amid concerns, though independent audits affirm technical prowess.

Medicine and Physiology

Atrioventricular Node

The atrioventricular (AV) node is a compact cluster of specialized cardiomyocytes situated in the right atrium at the apex of the triangle of Koch, bounded by the tendon of Todaro superiorly, the coronary sinus ostium posteriorly, and the septal tricuspid valve leaflet anteriorly. This location positions it as the primary electrical gateway between the atria and ventricles, receiving impulses primarily from the sinoatrial node via atrial myocardium rather than discrete internodal tracts. Histologically, the node comprises transitional cells at its atrial margins with relatively abundant gap junctions, transitioning to midnodal cells with sparse connexins and slower conduction properties, and lower nodal cells connecting to the His bundle; these features contribute to decremental conduction and a safety factor that protects ventricles from rapid atrial rates. The nodal artery, arising from the right coronary artery in approximately 90% of cases or the left circumflex in the remainder, supplies the structure, with ischemia posing risks during infarction. Physiologically, the AV node imposes a mandatory delay of approximately 80-120 milliseconds on propagating action potentials, complete atrial before ventricular and optimizing ventricular filling; this delay arises from slow nodal conduction velocity (about 0.05 m/s in proximal regions) due to reliance on calcium currents over sodium, fewer junctions (primarily Cx45), and hyperpolarization-activated currents. It exhibits at 40-60 beats per minute intrinsically, serving as a subsidiary if sinoatrial failure occurs, though with slower rates than the primary . The node features dual electrophysiological pathways—a fast pathway with shorter refractory periods and a slow pathway enabling reentry in supraventricular tachycardias—allowing adaptive conduction during varying atrial rates, with sympathetic modulation accelerating and vagal input prolonging refractoriness. Clinically, AV nodal dysfunction manifests as , ranging from first-degree (prolonged >200 ms) to third-degree (complete dissociation), often due to , ischemia, or drugs like beta-blockers; second-degree Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) typically localizes to the node, reflecting its decremental properties. Ablation targeting the slow pathway treats , with success rates exceeding 95% but risks of inadvertent complete block requiring pacemakers, underscoring anatomical variations like posterior nodal extensions that influence procedural safety. Congenital anomalies, such as dual AV nodes in heterotaxy syndromes, or age-related altering nodal , further highlight its role in arrhythmogenesis and conduction stability.

Arteriovenous Conditions

Arteriovenous conditions refer to abnormalities in the vascular system where arteries connect directly to veins, bypassing the capillary network and disrupting normal blood flow and oxygenation. These include arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), characterized by tangled, dilated vessels forming a nidus, and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), which are direct shunts between an artery and vein. AVMs are typically congenital, present at birth due to errors in vascular development during embryogenesis, while AVFs can be congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic (e.g., surgically created for hemodialysis access), or acquired from inflammation or neoplasia. AVMs most commonly occur in the (about 50% of cases), , or peripheral tissues, with an estimated prevalence of 1.3 per 100,000 individuals annually for cerebral AVMs; they affect males and females equally and do not exhibit strong racial predispositions. Symptoms arise from , ischemia, or hemorrhage: unruptured AVMs may cause headaches, seizures (in 25-30% of brain cases), or focal neurological deficits, while rupture leads to in approximately 2-4% of patients per year, with higher annual bleeding risk (up to 6%) after initial rupture. AVFs, particularly dural types in the , often present with pulsatile , cranial nerve palsies, or venous hypertension; peripheral AVFs may cause swelling, pain, or if large. Congenital forms are rare, but iatrogenic AVFs for have patency rates of 60-80% at one year for autogenous types like radiocephalic fistulas. Diagnosis relies on imaging: (MRA) or (CTA) detects the nidus in AVMs with sensitivity over 90%, while (DSA) remains the gold standard for delineating feeding arteries, nidus, and draining veins, essential for treatment planning. For AVFs, Doppler ultrasound identifies high-velocity flow shunts in peripheral cases, with DSA confirming intracranial variants. Genetic factors, such as mutations in ENG or ACVRL1 genes linked to , underlie about 5% of AVM cases, but most are sporadic without familial patterns. Treatment aims to prevent hemorrhage, alleviate symptoms, and preserve neurological function, with options stratified by lesion size, location, and rupture status. , using liquid agents like or n-butyl , occludes feeders in 80-90% of amenable AVMs, often as adjunct to or stereotactic ; microsurgical resection cures accessible superficial AVMs with morbidity rates of 5-15% for unruptured lesions. For AVFs, transarterial or transvenous achieves closure in 70-90% of dural fistulas, while surgical or ligation suits high-risk cases; dialysis AVFs require monitoring for (common at juxta-anastomotic sites) via , with for maturation failure. Observation is appropriate for small, asymptomatic lesions with low rupture risk (<1% annually), as interventions carry procedural risks including ischemia or rebleeding.

Entertainment and Media

Adult Video

Adult video refers to commercially produced recordings of explicit sexual acts intended primarily for erotic consumption by adults. Unlike earlier formats such as stag films or theatrical , adult video emphasizes accessible, playback enabled by technologies like cassettes, DVDs, and digital streaming. The content typically features performers engaging in simulated or actual , often categorized by genres including heterosexual, homosexual, , and fetish-specific material. involves scripted or improvised scenes filmed with professional equipment, though and has proliferated online since the 2000s. The origins of video-based adult content trace to the late 1970s, when the VCR's introduction allowed private viewing, driving its rapid adoption—pornographic tapes accounted for a significant portion of early VCR sales. Key milestones include the 1969 legalization of , which spurred the first international porn trade show on October 21, 1969, and the U.S. "" starting with films like that same year, transitioning to video formats by the 1980s. The industry shifted to digital high-definition production around 2005, with titles like pioneering HD cameras, and online platforms dominating distribution by the mid-2000s, reducing reliance on . This evolution was propelled by technological innovations, including early streaming and mobile access, which expanded global reach but also intensified challenges. In 2024, the global adult entertainment market, encompassing and distribution, was valued at approximately $65.95 billion, with streaming comprising a growing segment projected to reach $14.36 billion by 2033. Major production occurs in the United States, particularly , under federal regulations like 18 U.S.C. § 2257, which mandates record-keeping to verify performers are at least 18 years old and documentation of consent to prevent child exploitation. laws vary by jurisdiction, prohibiting content deemed to lack serious value under the in the U.S., while labor issues include performer health screenings for STIs, though enforcement relies on self-regulation by studios. Distribution platforms enforce age verification, but international variances persist, with some countries banning specific acts. Empirical research on consumption effects reveals mixed outcomes. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies associate frequent adult video use with reduced interpersonal sexual satisfaction and higher risk in young men, potentially due to desensitization or unrealistic expectations. Among adolescents, early exposure correlates with premature sexual activity and distorted views of , per surveys of over 1,000 youth. However, not all high-frequency use proves problematic, as some users report no linked or declines, highlighting individual variability over universal . Peer-reviewed meta-analyses caution against overgeneralizing harms, noting self-reported data limitations and confounding factors like pre-existing .

Other Arts and Entertainment Uses

In arts and entertainment, "AV" abbreviates "," denoting and systems that integrate sound and visual components for immersive experiences in , theater, performances, and live events. This usage encompasses technologies like projectors, speakers, and digital interfaces that synchronize audio with visuals to amplify and audience engagement, as seen in halls where AV setups deliver high-fidelity soundscapes alongside effects. AV production roles within the sector involve designing and operating content for exhibitions, broadcasts, and interactive installations, often requiring expertise in both creative direction and technical execution. In and home , AV refers to the combined audio-video capabilities of systems that and reproduce content, evolving from analog formats to streaming integrations by the early . "AV" also titles a 2005 Hong Kong comedy-drama film directed by Pang Ho-cheung, starring Wong You-nam and Lawrence Chou, in which university students scheme to produce a low-budget adult film to pursue romantic interests. The film, released on November 17, 2005, explores themes of youthful ambition and absurdity through its plot centered on amateur filmmaking efforts.

Organizations and Businesses

Companies and Groups

Aston Villa Football Club is a professional association football club based in , , founded on November 21, 1874, and competing in the , the highest level of the , as of the 2024-25 season. The club has won the English First Division seven times, most recently in 1980-81, and secured the European Cup in 1982, with "AV" appearing in its branding, such as the "AV150" initiative commemorating its 150th anniversary during the 2024-25 campaign. AeroVironment, Inc. is an American technology firm specializing in unmanned aircraft systems, loitering munitions, and tactical missile solutions for defense and commercial applications, established in 1971 and headquartered in , . The company, which reports annual revenues exceeding $500 million as of fiscal year 2024, derives its name from aeronautical and roots and operates under the AV designation in corporate contexts.

People

Individuals

(1835–1922), born Albert Venn Dicey, was a and Vinerian of at , renowned for articulating the concept of and the in his 1885 book Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. His analyses emphasized the absence of a codified constitution in the , relying instead on conventions and judicial precedents, influencing constitutional theory globally. Alliott Verdon Roe (1877–1958), known as A. V. Roe, was a pioneer who designed and built some of the earliest powered aircraft in the , achieving the first British powered flight on June 8, 1908, with his Roe I Triplane. In 1910, he co-founded A. V. Roe and Company (), which produced aircraft like the trainer used extensively in and the Lancaster bomber in , contributing over 7,500 aircraft to the war effort.

Places and Geography

Locations

, a British Overseas Territory comprising a group of islands in the northeast of , was designated the (FIPS) 10-4 country code AV. The territory's land area measures 91 square kilometers, with a population of about 15,753 as of the 2021 census. , abbreviated AV, refers to a high-desert valley in northern County and southeastern Kern County, , , situated between the and . The region covers approximately 2,208 square miles and is home to over 500,000 residents, primarily in cities such as and Palmdale. The (: Provincia di Avellino; code: AV) is an administrative province in the region of , with as its capital city. It encompasses 118 comuni over an area of 2,806 km² and had a population of 397,010 in 2024.

Other Uses

General and Miscellaneous Terms

Audiovisual refers to the integration of audio and visual elements in , presentations, and systems, encompassing equipment like speakers, projectors, and displays for synchronized delivery of sound and images. This usage dates back to early 20th-century educational tools, evolving into modern digital formats including -based streaming protocols such as AV over IP (AVoIP). Anti-virus (AV) denotes software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious programs, including viruses, from computing devices. The concept originated in response to early threats like the program, a self-replicating entity created in 1971 by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies, which prompted the development of , the first experimental antivirus tool to eradicate it. Commercial AV programs proliferated in the 1980s following incidents like the 1982 virus on systems, with tools focusing on signature-based scanning for known threats. Authorized Version is the designation for the King James Version of the Bible, an English translation commissioned by I in 1604 and first published in 1611 by a of scholars for the . It became the standard English Bible, authorized for ecclesiastical use, influencing literature and language profoundly despite later revisions. Atrioventricular (AV) in describes structures or processes relating to the between the heart's atria and ventricles, such as the AV , which coordinates electrical impulses for . AV block, a conduction delay or interruption, can range from first-degree (mild prolongation) to third-degree (complete dissociation), often requiring intervention in severe cases. Ad valorem (Latin for "according to value") applies to taxes or duties calculated as a of the assessed value of , , or transactions, commonly seen in taxes and duties. For instance, ad valorem taxes are levied proportionally to appraised values, ensuring taxation aligns with economic capacity.

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