Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

MS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, and axonal degeneration, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath insulating nerve fibers in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.^[1]^[2] This damage disrupts nerve signal transmission, resulting in a wide array of neurological symptoms that vary in severity and progression among individuals.^[3] The disease typically manifests in early adulthood, with onset most common between ages 20 and 40, and affects women more frequently than men at a ratio of approximately 3:1; its etiology remains incompletely understood but involves a combination of genetic susceptibility—evidenced by associations with specific HLA alleles—and environmental factors such as low vitamin D levels, smoking, and possibly prior Epstein-Barr virus infection, though the latter's causal role is debated with conflicting epidemiological data.^[2]^[4] Common initial symptoms include optic neuritis, sensory disturbances like numbness or tingling, motor weakness, fatigue, and coordination issues, often following a relapsing-remitting pattern in about 85% of cases at diagnosis, where episodes of symptom exacerbation alternate with periods of recovery.^[3]^[5] Over time, many patients transition to secondary progressive MS, marked by steady neurological decline independent of relapses, while primary progressive and progressive relapsing subtypes involve gradual worsening from onset.^[1] No cure exists for MS, but disease-modifying therapies such as interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, monoclonal antibodies like ocrelizumab, and oral agents including fingolimod have demonstrated efficacy in reducing relapse rates, MRI lesion activity, and disability accumulation in clinical trials, particularly when initiated early.^[2]^[6] Symptom management relies on corticosteroids for acute attacks, alongside rehabilitative therapies and medications targeting spasticity, pain, and bladder dysfunction; however, long-term prognosis varies, with some achieving stability for decades while others face significant mobility loss or cognitive impairment.^[6] Debates persist regarding the autoimmune paradigm's completeness, as histopathological evidence reveals neurodegeneration preceding overt inflammation in some lesions, prompting scrutiny of whether immune dysregulation is primary or secondary to other triggers like vascular or metabolic factors, though empirical support for alternatives remains limited compared to established immunomodulatory mechanisms.^[4]^[1]

Places

Mississippi

Mississippi is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering the Gulf of Mexico to the south and sharing land borders with Alabama to the east, Tennessee to the north, Arkansas to the northwest, and Louisiana to the west.^[7] Covering an area of approximately 48,432 square miles, it ranks as the 32nd largest state by land area and features a landscape dominated by fertile alluvial plains, the Mississippi Delta, and piney woods in the south, with the Mississippi River forming much of its western boundary.^[7] The state capital is Jackson, situated in the central region, while major cities include Gulfport, Southaven, and Hattiesburg.^[7] As of 2023 estimates, Mississippi's population stands at 2,940,057, reflecting a gradual decline from prior decades due to net out-migration, particularly in rural counties, with projections for 2025 indicating stabilization around 2.92 million amid low birth rates and aging demographics.^[8] Demographically, the population is approximately 56.3% non-Hispanic White, 37.0% Black or African American, 3.7% Hispanic or Latino, and smaller shares of Asian, Native American, and multiracial groups, with urban areas like Jackson showing higher concentrations of Black residents.^[9] Historically, the region was inhabited by Native American groups such as the Choctaw and Chickasaw for millennia before European contact; Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto traversed the area in 1540, followed by French claims in 1682 as part of Louisiana Territory.^[10] After the 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the territory to Britain, it passed to Spanish control in 1779 and back to France before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase incorporated it into the United States; Mississippi Territory was established in 1798, and it achieved statehood as the 20th state on December 10, 1817.^[11] The state economy boomed in the antebellum era through cotton plantations reliant on enslaved labor, leading to its secession from the Union on January 9, 1861, and significant Civil War destruction, including the fall of Vicksburg in 1863.^[12] Post-Reconstruction, Mississippi enforced Jim Crow laws, suppressing Black voting and economic participation until federal interventions in the 1960s; notable events include the 1955 murder of Emmett Till, which galvanized the civil rights movement, and resistance to school desegregation, such as James Meredith's 1962 enrollment at the University of Mississippi.^[13] Mississippi operates under a republican form of government with a bicameral legislature, where power is divided among executive, legislative, and judicial branches; the current governor is Tate Reeves, a Republican serving since January 14, 2020, following his election in 2019 and reelection in 2023.^[14] The state legislature, meeting annually, is Republican-controlled in both chambers, reflecting a shift from Democratic dominance post-1870s to GOP majorities since the 1990s, driven by white voter realignment on issues like crime, taxes, and federal overreach.^[15] Economically, Mississippi's real GDP grew 4.2% in 2024—ranking second nationally after adjusting for inflation—to approximately $125 billion, fueled by expansions in manufacturing, mining, and agriculture, though per capita GDP remains the lowest in the U.S. at $41,603, attributable to factors including low educational attainment, rural depopulation, and historical underinvestment in human capital.^[16] ^[17] Key industries include aerospace (e.g., via NASA facilities), shipbuilding in Gulfport, poultry and catfish farming, and forestry; unemployment hovered around 3.0% in late 2024, but poverty rates exceed 19%, concentrated in the Delta region.^[18] Projections for 2025 anticipate 1.7% real GDP growth, tempered by national slowdowns in construction and trade.^[19] Culturally, Mississippi is renowned as the birthplace of Delta blues music, with origins in African American communities along the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers, influencing figures like Muddy Waters and B.B. King; it also produced literary giants such as William Faulkner (Nobel laureate, 1949) and Eudora Welty.^[20] Notable natives include civil rights activist Medgar Evers, media mogul Oprah Winfrey (born in Kosciusko), and actor Morgan Freeman. Educationally, the state funds a public university system including the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and Mississippi State University, but ranks low nationally in K-12 performance metrics, with 2024 NAEP scores showing proficiency below 30% in reading and math for grades 4 and 8, linked to funding disparities and teacher shortages.^[21] Efforts to improve include charter school expansions and vocational programs targeting workforce gaps in advanced manufacturing.

Other geographical locations

Montserrat, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, uses "MS" as its ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, assigned by the International Organization for Standardization to uniquely identify the territory in international contexts such as domain names (.ms) and data interchange. The code reflects Montserrat's status as a dependent territory comprising ten square miles of volcanic island land, with a population of approximately 4,400 residents as of 2023, primarily concentrated in the capital, Brades. Mato Grosso do Sul, a state in central-western Brazil, employs "MS" as its official two-letter abbreviation in Brazilian postal and administrative systems, denoting "Mato Grosso do Sul" which translates to "South Thick Bush." Established in 1979 by splitting from the original Mato Grosso state, it covers 357,142 square kilometers with a population exceeding 2.8 million as of the 2022 census, featuring a landscape dominated by the Pantanal wetlands and agricultural plains that contribute significantly to Brazil's beef and soy production. The abbreviation facilitates standardized referencing in national governance, transportation, and economic reporting.

Educational qualifications

Master of Science

The Master of Science (M.S., MS, M.Sc., or MSc) is a postgraduate academic degree conferred for advanced study in scientific, mathematical, engineering, or technical disciplines. It emphasizes empirical research, quantitative analysis, and practical application, distinguishing it from broader liberal arts education. Programs typically span 1–2 years of full-time enrollment, requiring 30–60 credit hours of graduate coursework, comprehensive examinations, and frequently a thesis based on original research.^[22]^[23]^[24] The degree's formal inception occurred in the United States, with the University of Michigan awarding the world's first Master of Science in 1858 to Devolson Wood, an early engineering faculty member. This innovation responded to industrial demands for specialized scientific training, evolving from medieval European master's traditions but adapting to 19th-century advancements in laboratory-based inquiry and technological innovation. By the early 20th century, U.S. research universities standardized the M.S. as a prerequisite for doctoral pursuits, fostering rigorous methodologies over rote learning.^[25] Unlike the Master of Arts (M.A.), which centers on humanities, interpretive theory, and qualitative evaluation in fields like history or literature, the M.S. prioritizes STEM-oriented rigor, including statistical modeling, experimental design, and data-driven outcomes. Admission standards often mandate a relevant bachelor's degree with a GPA of at least 3.0/4.0, prerequisite courses in calculus or physics, and evidence of analytical aptitude via tests like the GRE. Thesis-track programs demand 6–12 months of independent investigation, while non-thesis options substitute applied projects or comprehensive portfolios to accommodate professional trajectories in industry.^[26]^[27]^[23] Under the Bologna Process, European M.S. equivalents standardize as second-cycle qualifications worth 90–120 ECTS credits, promoting cross-border comparability since 1999 across 48 signatory states. U.S. programs average two years with flexible credit systems, whereas UK and Australian variants condense to one year of intensive modules, reflecting resource allocation and labor market needs. Globally, the degree spans pure sciences (e.g., physics, biology) to applied domains like bioinformatics and sustainable engineering, with over 200,000 annual U.S. conferrals in 2021–22 underscoring its role in addressing technical expertise shortages.^[28]^[29]

Other academic degrees and institutions

The Master of Surgery (MS) is a postgraduate professional degree awarded to medical graduates specializing in surgical fields, distinct from research-oriented master's programs. This qualification typically requires completion of an undergraduate medical degree such as MBBS, followed by a competitive entrance examination like NEET-PG in India, and emphasizes hands-on surgical training over three years.^[30] Specializations under MS include general surgery, orthopaedics, ophthalmology, and otorhinolaryngology (ENT), preparing recipients for advanced clinical practice and potential further superspecialization via degrees like MCh.^[31] In countries following the British medical education model, such as India, MS programs are offered by government and private medical colleges affiliated with universities, with curricula regulated by bodies like the National Medical Commission. Admission quotas often prioritize merit-based selection, with annual intakes limited by infrastructure and faculty availability; for instance, top institutions admit fewer than 50 candidates per specialty annually.^[32] Graduates must complete residency training involving operative procedures, case management, and thesis research, culminating in examinations assessing surgical competency.^[33] While less common in the United States—where surgical training occurs via residency programs rather than a standalone master's—MS equivalents exist internationally, such as in Australia or parts of Europe under variations like ChM. The degree's focus on causal mechanisms of surgical intervention, informed by anatomical and pathophysiological principles, underscores its empirical foundation, though program quality varies by institution due to disparities in clinical exposure and oversight.^[34] No major academic institutions are primarily abbreviated as "MS" in educational contexts beyond degree-granting medical schools offering the qualification.

Medicine

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the central nervous system, characterized by inflammation, demyelination of nerve fibers, gliosis, and progressive neurodegeneration.^[1] The immune system mistakenly attacks myelin sheaths insulating axons in the brain and spinal cord, disrupting electrical impulses and leading to diverse neurological deficits.^[2] MS manifests in four main clinical courses: relapsing-remitting (RRMS, affecting about 85% at onset), secondary progressive (SPMS), primary progressive (PPMS, 10-15%), and progressive relapsing (PRMS).^[1] While the precise etiology remains unclear, MS involves interplay of genetic predisposition (e.g., HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele increasing risk 3-fold) and environmental triggers, with no single cause identified.^[35] Symptoms arise from lesion locations and vary widely in onset, severity, and progression; common early signs include optic neuritis (unilateral vision loss), sensory disturbances like paresthesia or numbness in limbs, and fatigue impacting daily function in up to 80% of patients.^[2] ^[36] Motor issues such as weakness, spasticity, ataxia, and tremors follow, alongside bladder/bowel dysfunction, chronic pain, cognitive deficits (e.g., memory and executive function impairment in 40-65%), and mood disorders including depression.^[1] Heat sensitivity (Uhthoff's phenomenon) exacerbates symptoms temporarily, while pseudobulbar affect may cause involuntary emotional lability.^[2] Relapses involve acute worsening lasting days to weeks, often resolving partially, contrasting with progressive forms showing steady decline without clear remissions.^[1] Epidemiologically, MS affects approximately 2.8 million people globally as of 2020 estimates, with prevalence rising 30% since 2013, highest in North America (203 per 100,000) and Europe.^[37] ^[38] Incidence rates average 5-10 per 100,000 person-years, peaking in women (3:1 female-to-male ratio) aged 20-40 at diagnosis, and correlating with latitude (higher in temperate zones, possibly due to vitamin D deficiency from low sunlight).^[39] ^[40] Genetic factors confer familial risk (2-5% if first-degree relative affected versus 0.1% general population), while modifiable risks include smoking (doubling odds) and obesity in adolescence.^[41] A pivotal environmental link emerged from a 2022 prospective study of over 10 million U.S. military personnel, showing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection precedes MS onset and elevates risk 32-fold, with nearly all cases (801/801 analyzed) seropositive for EBV nuclear antigen-1 beforehand, suggesting molecular mimicry where EBV proteins resemble myelin antigens, triggering autoimmunity.^[42] This causal inference holds after controlling for confounders like HLA status and prior infectious mononucleosis, though EBV alone does not explain all variance, as 95% of adults carry EBV asymptomatically without MS.^[42] ^[43] Diagnosis relies on demonstrating lesions disseminated in space (multiple CNS areas) and time (evolving over months), per 2017 McDonald criteria updated in 2023, integrating clinical history, neurologic exam, and multimodal evidence.^[44] Brain/spinal MRI detects T2-hyperintense plaques (gadolinium-enhancing for active inflammation), with spinal cord involvement in 80-90% of cases; cerebrospinal fluid analysis reveals oligoclonal bands in 85-95% (IgG index elevated).^[6] ^[1] Evoked potentials (visual, somatosensory) confirm conduction delays, while differential diagnosis excludes mimics like neuromyelitis optica (AQP4 antibodies) or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis via serology and imaging patterns.^[44] Early diagnosis via MRI enables timely intervention, as delays correlate with worse outcomes. No curative treatment exists; management targets reducing relapse frequency (by 30-70% with disease-modifying therapies, DMTs), slowing progression, and alleviating symptoms.^[45] High-efficacy DMTs like ocrelizumab (anti-CD20 monoclonal, reducing relapses 46-47% in phase III trials) or natalizumab (alpha-4 integrin blocker, 68% reduction but PML risk in JC virus-positive patients) are recommended first-line for active RRMS per AAN guidelines.^[45] ^[46] Interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate offer moderate efficacy with subcutaneous/intramuscular dosing; oral options include fingolimod (sphingosine-1-phosphate modulator, 48% relapse reduction).^[45] Acute relapses receive 3-5 days of intravenous methylprednisolone (500-1000 mg/day), hastening recovery without altering long-term course.^[47] Symptomatic relief involves baclofen for spasticity, amantadine/modafinil for fatigue, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation; PPMS trials like ocrelizumab show modest disability delay.^[48] Emerging EBV-targeted antivirals (e.g., rituximab analogs) are under investigation post-2022 findings, but unproven.^[49] Prognosis varies by subtype and treatment adherence; RRMS often transitions to SPMS after 10-20 years in 50% untreated, but DMTs extend time to disability (e.g., EDSS 6.0 delayed 4-7 years).^[1] Median survival from birth is 74.7 years (versus 81.8 general population), reduced by 5-7 years mainly from infections, respiratory failure, or suicide, though advances narrow this gap—post-1990s cohorts approach normal expectancy with early DMTs.^[50] ^[51] About 50% retain independent ambulation 15 years post-diagnosis; predictors of benign course include late onset, few lesions, and complete relapse recovery, while high lesion burden or PPMS portend faster decline.^[52] Quality of life hinges on cognitive preservation and access to therapies, with ongoing research emphasizing EBV vaccination potential for prevention.^[42]

Other medical terms and conditions

Metabolic syndrome, often abbreviated as MS, is a cluster of interconnected physiological conditions that heighten the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. It is characterized by central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and insulin resistance or hyperglycemia, with diagnostic criteria typically requiring at least three of five factors as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (e.g., waist circumference >102 cm in men or >88 cm in women, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg, fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL).^[53] Prevalence varies globally, affecting approximately 20-25% of adults in developed nations, with higher rates in obese populations; causal factors include genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyle, and high-calorie diets leading to visceral fat accumulation and endothelial dysfunction.^[54] Management focuses on lifestyle interventions like diet and exercise, alongside pharmacotherapy for individual components, as no single unifying treatment exists due to its multifactorial etiology.^[55] Mitral stenosis, commonly abbreviated as MS in cardiology, is a valvular heart disorder involving narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, impeding blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Primarily caused by rheumatic heart disease (accounting for over 90% of cases in endemic areas), it results in left atrial pressure overload, potential atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure if untreated; symptoms include dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and hemoptysis, often manifesting 10-20 years post-rheumatic fever.^[56] Diagnosis relies on echocardiography showing valve area <1.5 cm² and mean gradient >5 mmHg, with severity graded by functional class (e.g., New York Heart Association I-IV).^[57] Treatment options include percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty for suitable valves (success rates >80% in non-calcified cases), surgical commissurotomy, or valve replacement, with indications based on symptoms, valve morphology, and comorbidities; anticoagulation is essential for associated atrial fibrillation to prevent thromboembolism.^[58] In non-rheumatic cases, etiology may involve congenital defects or prior surgical complications, though rarer.^[59]

Military

Military ranks and units

In the United States Navy, "MS" abbreviated Mess Management Specialist, an enlisted rating responsible for food service operations, including preparation, storage, and galley management on ships and bases. This rating originated in 1975 from the merger of Steward (SD) and Commissaryman (CS) roles and handled mess deck hygiene, menu planning, and nutritional standards until its redesignation as Culinary Specialist (CS) on January 15, 2004.^[60]^[61] In the Royal Canadian Navy, "MS" denotes Master Seaman, a non-commissioned member rank positioned between Able Seaman and Petty Officer Second Class, focused on leadership in seamanship and general duties; it was formalized in 2004 amid broader rank harmonization across Canadian Armed Forces elements.^[62] Other uses of "MS" for military ranks are less standardized; for instance, in the Indian Army, it prefixes service numbers of Medical Service officers, distinguishing short-service (MS) from regular (MR) commissions for physicians integrated into combat units.^[63] No primary U.S. Army or Air Force ranks abbreviate directly as "MS," though informal references to roles like motor or mess sergeants occasionally employ it outside official doctrine.^[64] Regarding units, "MS" infrequently designates specific formations but commonly prefixes state-based National Guard elements, such as those in Mississippi (e.g., MSARNG for Mississippi Army National Guard), denoting geographic affiliation rather than operational structure.^[65]

Other military abbreviations

In U.S. military acquisition processes, MS designates a Milestone, defined as the formal point at which a recommendation is made and approval is sought to start or continue (proceed to the next phase) a program based on demonstrated maturity in technology, design, and production.^[66] These decision points, such as Milestone A (for technology development authorization) or Milestone B (for engineering and manufacturing development), ensure risk reduction and alignment with operational needs before committing resources.^[67] In security assistance and foreign military team support, MS refers to Mission Sustainment, encompassing articles and services essential for enabling a team's successful mission accomplishment, including logistics, maintenance, and operational necessities tailored to specific deployment environments.^[68] This usage appears in frameworks like the Security Assistance Management Manual, where MS items are distinguished from standard equipment to prioritize sustainment for partner nation forces or advisory teams.^[69] The U.S. Army's Modeling and Simulation efforts are coordinated through an office abbreviated in its domain as MS (ms.army.mil), focusing on policy, strategy, and enterprise-wide application of simulation tools for training, analysis, and decision-making across warfighting functions.^[70] This supports joint and service-specific M&S accreditation for applications like mission rehearsal and capability assessments, though formally rendered as M&S.^[71]

Science and technology

Computing

In computing, the abbreviation MS most prominently refers to Microsoft, the multinational corporation founded in 1975, which prefixed many of its software products with "MS" during the early personal computing era. This usage is exemplified by MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), version 1.0 of which was released in 1981 as a command-line operating system for x86-based PCs, initially licensed by Microsoft from 86-DOS and adapted for IBM's PC platform.^[72]^[73] MS-DOS achieved widespread adoption, powering millions of IBM-compatible computers through versions up to 6.22 in 1994, before being superseded by graphical interfaces like Windows.^[73] MS also designates Memory Stick, a removable flash memory format developed by Sony and launched in 1998 primarily for consumer electronics such as digital cameras and handheld gaming devices.^[74] The standard evolved into variants like Memory Stick PRO and Duo, offering capacities up to several gigabytes with proprietary connectors for high-speed data transfer in Sony's ecosystem, though compatibility required adapters for broader computing use.^[74] Less commonly, MS denotes management systems in enterprise software contexts or master-slave configurations in legacy hardware protocols, but these are overshadowed by the dominant associations with Microsoft and Sony's storage technology.^[75]

Units of measure

In the International System of Units (SI), the symbol MS denotes the megasiemens, a unit of electrical conductance equivalent to one million siemens (10⁶ S).^[76] The siemens (S), named after Werner von Siemens, measures the ease with which an electric current passes through a conductor, defined as the conductance of a component with an electrical resistance of one ohm under a potential difference of one volt. Megasiemens are employed in contexts involving extremely high conductance, such as certain superconducting materials or large-scale power systems, though practical measurements more commonly use smaller multiples like siemens or millisiemens (mS).^[77] The reciprocal of conductance is resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), so 1 MS corresponds to a resistance of 1 microohm (10⁻⁶ Ω). This unit facilitates precise quantification in fields like materials science, where conductivity (siemens per meter, S/m) scales to MS/m for exceptional conductors, such as graphene or metallic alloys under specific conditions. For instance, the conductivity of copper at 20°C is approximately 5.96 × 10⁷ S/m, or 59.6 MS/m.^[78] Note that case sensitivity distinguishes MS (megasiemens) from related symbols: ms for millisecond (10⁻³ s, a time unit) and Ms for megasecond (10⁶ s, approximately 11.574 days, used occasionally in astronomy or long-duration experiments).^[79] These distinctions align with SI conventions, where prefixes like "mega-" (M = 10⁶) combine with base unit symbols in upright roman type without spaces.^[80]

Other scientific and technical uses

In analytical chemistry, physics, and related fields, MS denotes mass spectrometry, a technique that ionizes chemical compounds and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio to identify molecular composition and structure.^[81] This method, developed in the early 20th century and refined through advancements like tandem MS/MS for fragmentation analysis, enables precise detection of trace substances in complex mixtures, with applications in proteomics, environmental monitoring, and forensics.^[82] In quantum mechanics, the symbol m_s represents the spin magnetic quantum number, which quantifies the z-component of an electron's intrinsic spin angular momentum, taking values of +\frac{1}{2} (spin-up) or -\frac{1}{2} (spin-down) for electrons with spin quantum number s = \frac{1}{2}.^[83] This quantum number, introduced in the 1920s to resolve spectral fine structure observed in atomic spectra, is essential for describing electron configurations in atoms and molecules via the Pauli exclusion principle.^[84] In astronomy, MS abbreviates main sequence, referring to the diagonal band on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where stars spend most of their lifetimes fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores under hydrostatic equilibrium.^[85] Comprising about 90% of stars in the Milky Way, including the Sun (a G-type MS star with luminosity class V), the main sequence spans from low-mass red dwarfs to high-mass blue giants, with stellar properties correlating via the mass-luminosity relation.^[86] In geophysics and earth sciences, MS stands for magnetic susceptibility, a dimensionless measure (typically in SI units of 10^{-6}) of a material's magnetization response to an applied magnetic field, quantified as \chi = M / H where M is magnetization and H is field strength.^[87] Used in borehole logging and sediment analysis since the mid-20th century, MS helps delineate lithological variations, paleoclimate proxies, and mineral compositions, with values ranging from diamagnetic rocks (< -0.1 × 10^{-5} SI) to paramagnetic or ferromagnetic ones (> 10 × 10^{-5} SI).^[88]

Businesses and organizations

Companies

Morgan Stanley is a multinational investment bank and financial services firm headquartered in New York City, founded in 1935 by Henry Sturgis Morgan and Harold Stanley following the Glass–Steagall Act's separation of commercial and investment banking. The company, whose stock ticker symbol is MS, provides services including wealth management, securities underwriting, and mergers and acquisitions advisory, managing over $1.5 trillion in client assets as of 2023. Microsoft Corporation, founded on April 4, 1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, is an American technology company known for developing the Windows operating system, Office suite, and other software; its early products like MS-DOS led to the widespread use of "MS" as an abbreviation for the firm. Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, Microsoft reported $211.9 billion in revenue for fiscal year 2023, with operations spanning cloud computing via Azure, hardware, and enterprise solutions. MS Companies, established in 2002 and based in Cleveland, Ohio, is a workforce solutions provider specializing in staffing, recruitment, and talent management for industries like automotive, manufacturing, and logistics, serving clients through integrated technology and consulting services.^[89]

Non-profit and other organizations

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), commonly known as the MS Society, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1946 to fund research, provide education, and offer support services aimed at ending multiple sclerosis and improving quality of life for those affected. Headquartered in New York City, it maintains a network of chapters across the United States and reported revenues exceeding $200 million in recent fiscal years, primarily from donations and events like MS walks and bike tours.^[90]^[91] The Multiple Sclerosis Association of America (MSAA), established in 1970 as a 501(c)(3) entity, focuses on delivering practical assistance including equipment loans, MRI access programs, and cooling accessories for MS symptom management, alongside educational resources and advocacy for over 1 million Americans with the disease. It operates independently from NMSS, emphasizing direct aid without research funding as its core mission.^[92] The Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (MSF), a nonprofit since 2002, prioritizes free, unmet services for MS patients and families, such as emergency financial aid, adaptive equipment distribution, and peer support networks, serving thousands annually through targeted programs rather than broad research initiatives.^[93] Internationally, organizations like the MS Society of Canada and the UK's MS Society function similarly as nonprofits dedicated to MS advocacy, with the latter founded in 1953 and supporting over 100,000 members through policy influence and local services.

Arts and entertainment

Media and publications

In publishing, MS (or ms) is the standard abbreviation for "manuscript," denoting an author's original written or typed document submitted for editing, typesetting, and production prior to final publication.^[94] This usage dates to conventions in literary agencies and editorial processes, where MS refers to a single manuscript and MSS to multiples, distinguishing it from printed or reproduced versions.^[95]^[96] Ms. is an American feminist magazine launched in 1972 by Gloria Steinem, Dorothy Pitman Hughes, and Patricia Carbine as a supplement in New York magazine before becoming independent; it was the first national U.S. periodical dedicated to women's issues beyond fashion or homemaking, emphasizing political, social, and economic topics.^[97] The publication continues as a print and online outlet, maintaining a focus on feminist journalism and activism.^[98]

Performing arts and events

In musicology, MS (or ms.) denotes a musical manuscript, referring to a handwritten composition or score, often an autograph or copy used historically for performance, rehearsal, or study in orchestral, choral, or solo contexts.^[99] These manuscripts, predating widespread printing, preserve original notations by composers such as Bach or Mozart, with variants influencing interpretive decisions in modern performances; for instance, the British Library holds over 1,200 musical MSS from the 16th to 19th centuries, many performed from directly or transcribed for contemporary events.^[100] The mid-side (MS) technique is a stereo microphone configuration applied in live sound reinforcement and recording for theater productions, concerts, and events, utilizing a forward-facing cardioid "mid" mic paired with a bidirectional "side" mic to capture mono-compatible spatial imaging.^[101] Developed in the 1930s by Alan Blumlein, it allows post-production adjustment of stereo width while ensuring phase coherence for broadcast or venue playback; in practice, systems like those from Shure or DPA employ MS arrays for orchestral pits or stage reinforcement, reducing feedback in multipurpose halls hosting up to 2,000 attendees.^[102] This method's flexibility supports events from Broadway musicals to symphony broadcasts, with decoding via matrixing (left = mid + side, right = mid - side) enabling precise balance.^[103]

Religion

Religious titles and concepts

In religious textual criticism, particularly within Christianity, "MS" abbreviates "manuscript," denoting a handwritten copy of sacred texts such as biblical scriptures or liturgical documents predating the invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century.^[104] These manuscripts serve as primary evidence for reconstructing original compositions, with scholars employing comparative analysis of variants across multiple MSS to identify transcriptional errors, intentional alterations, or authentic readings—a process central to establishing reliable editions of texts like the New Testament, preserved in over 5,800 Greek MSS dating from the 2nd century onward.^[104] The study of such MSS has revealed patterns of transmission influenced by scribal practices, regional traditions, and theological priorities, underscoring the empirical challenges in verifying doctrinal claims against historical artifacts rather than later interpretations.^[104] Key examples include uncial MSS like Codex Sinaiticus (4th century), which contains the complete New Testament and portions of the Old, and minuscule MSS from the 9th century, which dominate surviving copies due to their compact script and widespread medieval production.^[105] Unlike printed texts, MSS often feature illuminations, marginal notes (glosses), or apocryphal additions reflecting contemporaneous religious concepts, such as Christological emphases varying by era and locale. This variability necessitates rigorous philological methods, prioritizing earlier, more complete MSS over later ones to minimize accretions from doctrinal biases prevalent in ecclesiastical copying centers.^[106] No standardized religious title is verifiably abbreviated as "MS" across major traditions; occasional informal uses, such as in non-English contexts for equivalents of "Monsignor" (e.g., French "Monseigneur"), lack consistent adoption and are typically rendered as "Msgr." in English ecclesiastical nomenclature.^[105] Concepts like "Missa Solemnis" (Latin for "Solemn Mass"), a high liturgical form in Catholic tradition involving full orchestral accompaniment and deacon participation, are not standardly shortened to "MS," though the term evokes structured ritual emphasizing Eucharistic realism over symbolic interpretation.^[106] Empirical analysis of liturgical MSS confirms its evolution from medieval practices, with Beethoven's 1824 Op. 123 setting exemplifying its adaptation into composed works blending prayer and polyphony.)

Religious organizations

The Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette (M.S.), a clerical religious congregation of priests and brothers within the Catholic Church, was founded on May 1, 1852, by Bishop Philibert de Bruillard of Grenoble, France, following the reported Marian apparition at La Salette on September 19, 1846.^[107] The congregation's charism emphasizes reconciliation, drawing from the apparition's message of repentance, prayer, and devotion to Mary, with members professing vows of poverty, chastity, obedience, and a specific commitment to fostering harmony between individuals and with God.^[107]^[108] Their apostolic work includes preaching the Gospel, celebrating the Eucharist, pastoral care, and outreach to alienated or marginalized populations, in line with the Church's missionary mandate and the apparition's call to make Mary's message known universally.^[107]^[108] As of the early 21st century, the Missionaries operate in approximately 25 countries, with provinces such as the Province of Mary, Mother of the Americas (established in 2000), active in Canada, the United States, Argentina, and Bolivia.^[107] In North America, they maintain key sites including the National Shrine of Our Lady of La Salette in Attleboro, Massachusetts, which serves as a center for pilgrimage and spiritual renewal.^[109] Other lesser-known entities using the M.S. abbreviation include the Marian Sisters of the Diocese of Lincoln, a women's religious institute focused on education and catechesis in the United States, though these are distinct and more regionally limited compared to the international scope of the La Salette Missionaries.^[110]

Transportation

Vehicles and routes

Motor ship (MS): In maritime transportation, "MS" is an abbreviation for "motor ship," denoting a vessel propelled by internal-combustion engines, typically diesel, as opposed to steam-powered ships prefixed "SS."^[111] This prefix is commonly used in ship naming conventions for commercial and naval vessels engaged in various routes, including cargo transport and passenger services.^[112] The designation distinguishes motor ships from earlier steamship designs, reflecting advancements in propulsion technology that improved efficiency and reliability on long-haul oceanic and coastal routes.^[113] Mississippi state highways: The abbreviation "MS" prefixes route numbers in the Mississippi State Highway System, a network of approximately 12,000 miles of roads maintained by the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT).^[114] Primary routes include one- and two-digit numbers, with odd-numbered highways generally oriented north-south, starting from MS 1, which parallels the Mississippi River from the Gulf Coast northward.^[115] For instance, MS 6 spans 203 miles east-west from Batesville to Alabama, serving as a key freight corridor, while MS 55 provides a north-south link through central Mississippi.^[115] These routes integrate with the National Highway System, facilitating intrastate and interstate travel, with MDOT responsible for construction, maintenance, and designation since the system's formalization in the 1930s. In maritime nomenclature, MS designates a motor ship, a vessel propelled primarily by internal combustion engines, typically diesel, rather than steam turbines or sails.^[116]^[117] This prefix is applied to cargo carriers, passenger ferries, and cruise vessels to indicate diesel-electric or similar non-steam propulsion systems, which provide advantages in fuel efficiency and operational flexibility compared to earlier steam-powered designs.^[112]^[118] The usage of MS emerged in the early 20th century alongside the adoption of diesel engines for commercial shipping, serving to differentiate these ships from steamships (prefixed SS) in registries and documentation.^[113] It is often interchangeable with MV (motor vessel), though MS emphasizes the ship's integrated propulsion machinery.^[119] Examples include modern cruise operators prefixing names like MS Eurodam or MS Serenata, reflecting standard industry practice for diesel-powered fleets.^[120] In broader shipping contexts, MS may occasionally refer to merchant ship, denoting commercial vessels engaged in trade, but this is less precise and typically subsumed under motor ship classifications for propulsion-specific identification.^[121] Such abbreviations aid in international maritime databases, insurance classifications, and port operations for efficient vessel tracking.^[111]

Other uses

General abbreviations

MS denotes manuscript, referring to a handwritten, typed, or otherwise authored document, particularly one prepared for submission or publication, with the plural often abbreviated as mss..^[94]^[122]^[123] In academic contexts, MS is the abbreviation for Master of Science, a postgraduate degree typically requiring 1–2 years of advanced study beyond a bachelor's degree, emphasizing scientific, technical, or quantitative disciplines such as engineering, computer science, or natural sciences. MS serves as the official two-letter postal abbreviation for the U.S. state of Mississippi, adopted by the United States Postal Service in 1963 to standardize addressing for mail efficiency.^[124]^[125]

Miscellaneous applications

In analytical chemistry and related fields, MS refers to mass spectrometry, an instrumental technique that ionizes chemical compounds and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio to determine molecular composition, structure, and quantity; it is applied in forensics, pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, and proteomics, with advancements like tandem MS (MS/MS) enabling detailed fragmentation analysis for complex mixtures. In seismology, Ms denotes the surface-wave magnitude, a scale measuring the amplitude of surface waves with periods of approximately 20 seconds to assess the size of moderate to large earthquakes (typically magnitude 5.0 to 8.5), calculated as Ms = log10(A/T) + 1.66 log10(Δ) + 3.30, where A is amplitude, T is period, and Δ is epicentral distance in degrees; it complements body-wave magnitudes but saturates for very large events.^[126] In quantum mechanics, ms (often stylized as m_s) represents the spin magnetic quantum number, which specifies the projection of an electron's spin angular momentum along a quantization axis, taking values of +1/2 or -1/2 for spin-1/2 particles like electrons, fundamental to understanding atomic spectra and magnetic properties via the Zeeman effect. In engineering and metallurgy, MS abbreviates mild steel, a low-carbon steel alloy (typically 0.05–0.25% carbon) prized for its ductility, weldability, and machinability, widely applied in structural beams, pipes, automotive chassis, and machinery due to its balance of strength and formability, though susceptible to corrosion without protective coatings.^[127] In medicine, MS also signifies mitral stenosis, a valvular heart disease characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, impeding blood flow from left atrium to ventricle, often resulting from rheumatic fever; it manifests with symptoms like dyspnea and atrial fibrillation, diagnosed via echocardiography, and treated with balloon valvuloplasty or surgery in severe cases.^[128]

References

[1]
Multiple Sclerosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Mar 20, 2024 · Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system and is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, and ...
[2]
Multiple Sclerosis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and ...
Jan 31, 2025 · Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder. It is an autoimmune disorder, meaning that in MS the immune system, which normally protects us from ...What is multiple sclerosis? · Who is more likely to get... · How is multiple sclerosis...
[3]
Multiple sclerosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Nov 1, 2024 · Multiple sclerosis is a disease that causes breakdown of the protective covering of nerves. Multiple sclerosis can cause numbness, weakness, ...Diagnosis and treatment · Multiple sclerosis · Can it cause seizures?
[4]
EBV and MS: Major cause, minor contribution or red-herring?
Epstein Barr-Virus (EBV) has been closely associated with MS but with a significant amount of conflicting evidence.
[5]
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Johns Hopkins Medicine
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. · MS is unpredictable. · Early symptoms can include vision problems, trouble walking, ...Overview · What Are The Symptoms Of... · First Symptoms Of Ms
[6]
Multiple sclerosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Nov 1, 2024 · This nervous system condition causes a range of symptoms. While there's no cure, it's possible to have long periods of remission.
[7]
Mississippi | Geography, Capital, Population, Map, History, & Facts
Oct 18, 2025 · Mississippi is naturally well suited to agriculture; its soil is rich and deep, and its landscape is laced with many rivers. Until the mid-20th ...Economy · Native Americans, Civil War... · Government and society · Cultural life
[8]
Mississippi population by year, county, race, & more - USAFacts
Mississippi's population increased 6 out of the 12 years between year 2010 and year 2022. Its largest annual population increase was 0.3% between 2010 and 2011.
[9]
Mississippi Population 2025 - World Population Review
Demographics. The racial composition of Mississippi includes 56.31% White, 36.96% Black or African American, and smaller percentages for other race, Asian, ...
[10]
Mississippi State History for Kids - Ducksters
1540 - Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto is the first European to visit the region. · 1682 - Mississippi is part of Louisiana and under the control of France.
[11]
Mississippi History Timeline: Mississippi Important Dates
Offers a chronological timeline of important dates, events, and milestones in Mississippi history. Mississippi joined the Union as the 20th state in 1817.
[12]
The Road to War (1846-1860) - 2002-04 - Mississippi History Now
The Road to War Timeline The American Civil War (1861-1865) left Mississippi in chaos with its social structures overturned and its economy in ruins.
[13]
Mississippi - Native Americans, Civil War, Reconstruction - Britannica
In 1955 Emmett Till, a 14-year-old black boy from Chicago, was brutally murdered in Mississippi after allegedly whistling at a white woman in a local grocery ...<|separator|>
[14]
Official Website of Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves - | MS.GOV
Official website of Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves, who was sworn in as Mississippi's 65th governor in January of 2020.About · Governor Reeves Announces... · Key Initiatives · Newsroom
[15]
Tate Reeves - Ballotpedia
His 5.1% margin of victory in 2019 was the closest of his political career and the closest gubernatorial election in Mississippi since 1999. He was elected ...
[16]
Mississippi ranks No. 2 in 2024 real gross domestic product growth
Mar 31, 2025 · Adjusted for inflation, Mississippi's 4.2% real GDP growth rate represents an increase of $1.27 billion from 2023 to 2024.
[17]
Mississippi's per capita GDP remains lowest in US: data - WJTV
Sep 27, 2025 · In 2024, GDP per person in Mississippi was $41,603, up 2.4% from 2023. However, the GDP varies across Mississippi due to factors like cost of ...
[18]
Mississippi | Urban Institute
The major industries that contributed the most to Mississippi's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2024 were finance, government, manufacturing, retail, and ...<|separator|>
[19]
[PDF] MISSISSIPPI ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
Mississippi's real GDP increased 2.2% in 2024 and is projected to increase 1.7% in 2025, with 1.1% in 2026. Agriculture is expected to grow 5.0% in 2025.Missing: industries | Show results with:industries
[20]
Visiting Mississippi's Top Literary Landmarks
Mississippi was home to some of the world's most iconic authors, including William Faulkner, Eudora Welty, and Tennessee Williams.<|control11|><|separator|>
[21]
Famous People From Mississippi | List of Celebrities Born ... - Ranker
Oprah Winfrey. Age: 71 · Kosciusko, Mississippi, USA ; Lacey Chabert. Age: 43 · Purvis, Mississippi, USA ; James Earl Jones. Dec. at 93 (1931-2024) · Arkabutla, ...
[22]
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/master-of-science
[23]
Master of Science (MS) Degree: Your 2026 Guide - Coursera
Oct 14, 2025 · Once enrolled in your MS degree program, you can expect to take graduate-level coursework and complete a thesis or capstone research project, ...
[24]
Master of Science (MS) Degree: Benefits, Career and Requirements
Depending on the program and country, a Master of Science is typically 30-60 credits, so can take 1 to 2 years of full-time studies. Many universities also ...
[25]
Timeline | University of Michigan Heritage Project
The University awards its first master of science degree to student Devolson Wood, who then joins the faculty. Studying Law. The Law School is founded. 1860 ...
[26]
Master of Arts vs. Master of Science: What's the Difference?
MA focuses on arts and humanities with more research and writing, while MS focuses on scientific and technical fields with more job-specific skills.
[27]
Master of Arts or Master of Science Degree: Choose Your Path | NU
Sep 20, 2024 · The first and biggest difference between the MS and MA is the type of subjects covered. The Master of Arts focuses broadly on humanities, social ...Benefits of Holding a Master's... · What's the Difference Between...
[28]
Professional Master's Programmes — University of Bologna - Unibo
A Master's Degree Programme (either a Master of Science or a Master of Arts) is a second-cycle degree programme that lasts two years and awards 120 CFUs ...
[29]
European Higher Education Area and Bologna Process.
... Masters programmes of two years, which is the most common length of delivery across Europe and became a hallmark of the Bologna Process. The QF-EHEA ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
MS: Course, Full Form, Duration, Admission 2025, Fees ... - Shiksha
Mar 27, 2025 · The Master of Surgery or MS is one of the most important post-grad degrees in the field of medicine. This course is all about gaining the ...Missing: meaning | Show results with:meaning<|control11|><|separator|>
[31]
MS (Master of Surgery): Full Form, Courses, Fees, Eligibility ...
Pursue MS (Master of Surgery) to specialize in surgical fields like general surgery, orthopedics, and ENT. Gain hands-on experience with NEET-PG.<|separator|>
[32]
Master of Surgery (MS) : Duration, Syllabus, Top Colleges, Fees ...
MS, or Master of Surgery, is a specialized postgraduate medical degree focused on training doctors to become expert surgeons. Unlike general medical degrees ...
[33]
Difference Between MS and MD | Career, Prospects ... - DocTutorials
Master of Surgery, or MS, is a postgraduate degree that specialises in surgical procedures. In this PG program, you get training to perform different surgeries.
[34]
Master of Surgery (MS) - Brilliaant Career Solution
Master of Surgery commonly known as MS is a three-year postgraduate programme designed for aspirants to have comprehensive knowledge and skills in surgical ...
[35]
Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition - PMC - NIH
A total of 2.8 million people are estimated to live with MS worldwide (35.9 per 100,000 population). MS prevalence has increased in every world region since ...
[36]
Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions that can lead to severe physical or ...
[37]
Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis - National MS Society
MS organizations estimate that 2.8 million people in the world have MS. Prevalence is the number of people living with a diagnosis at a particular time.
[38]
Updated Multiple Sclerosis Incidence, 2015-2022 | JAMA Neurology
Sep 9, 2024 · Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence has risen globally, increasing 30% since 2013 to 2.8 million individuals affected in 2020.
[39]
Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis - PubMed
Dec 21, 2015 · Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequently seen demyelinating disease, with a prevalence that varies considerably, from high levels in North America and ...
[40]
Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining ...
Aug 22, 2024 · MS incidence, prevalence, and consequent health burden vary widely among countries, reflecting differences in genetic, environmental, and ...
[41]
Epidemiology and Causation of MS | National MS Society
The risk of developing MS in the general population is approximately 0.1%. The risk for a child with one parent who has MS is approximately 2%. The risk for a ...
[42]
Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus ...
Jan 13, 2022 · Bjornevik et al. determined that Epstein-Barr virus infection greatly increased the risk of subsequent multiple sclerosis and that it preceded the development ...
[43]
Epstein-Barr Virus in Multiple Sclerosis: Past, Present, and Future
Sep 15, 2025 · Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science. 2022;375(6578):296-301. doi ...
[44]
Evaluation and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in adults - UpToDate
Apr 30, 2024 · SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS · INTRODUCTION · WHEN TO SUSPECT MS · EVALUATION · MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING · Lesion characteristics · Spinal cord MRI ...
[45]
Disease-modifying Therapies for Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
This article presents the recommendations and suggestions for future research of an American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice guideline on the efficacy ...
[46]
Multiple Sclerosis Guidelines - Medscape Reference
Mar 12, 2024 · Every 12 months for patients negative for serum JC virus antibody. Every 3–6 months for patients positive for serum JC virus antibody treatment ...
[47]
Consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of ...
Jan 7, 2024 · It is recommended to treat acute MS relapses with a 3–5-day course of IV Methylprednisolone (IV-MP) at a daily dose of 500–1000 mg. It is ...
[48]
Multiple sclerosis in adults: management - NCBI Bookshelf
Jun 22, 2022 · This guideline covers diagnosing and managing multiple sclerosis in people aged 18 and over. It aims to improve the quality of life for people with multiple ...Recommendations · Recommendations for research · Rationale and impact
[49]
The case for targeting latent and lytic Epstein-Barr virus infection in ...
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is likely to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of MS, possibly via ...
[50]
Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year ...
Median life expectancy was 74.7 years for MS and 81.8 years for the general population (p<0.001); 77.2 years for women with MS and 72.2 years for men with MS (p ...
[51]
Life expectancy - MS Trust
Mar 13, 2024 · The results from these studies suggest that, on average, having MS reduces your life expectancy by six to seven years. This gap is closing all the time.
[52]
Multiple Sclerosis Prognosis - Rare Disease Advisor
Jul 1, 2021 · The average life expectancy of a patient with MS is, on average, 35 years from disease onset.1 The chance that they will still be able to walk ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
The metabolic syndrome: a definition dilemma - PMC
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common phenotype associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[54]
Diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MS) - ScienceDirect.com
MS is represented not only by metabolic alteration such as hyperglycemia, and hyperlipemia but also by a chronic pro-inflammatory state. Another responsible in ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[55]
Metabolic syndrome (MS) - Primary Care Notebook
Jan 16, 2024 · Metabolic syndrome (MS) ; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. men <1.0 mmol/L (<40mg/dL). women <1.3 mmol/L (<50mg/dL). men < 1.0 mmol/L (40 mg ...<|separator|>
[56]
Mitral Stenosis Treatment & Management - Medscape Reference
Dec 8, 2021 · Mitral stenosis (MS) is characterized by obstruction to left ventricular inflow at the level of mitral valve due to structural abnormality ...
[57]
Mitral valve stenosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
sometimes called mitral stenosis — is a narrowing of the valve between the two left heart chambers.
[58]
Mitral Valve Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic
Mitral valve stenosis or mitral stenosis describes a mitral valve opening that's smaller than normal. It can't let a normal amount of blood move through it.
[59]
Mitral Valve Stenosis after Open Repair Surgery for Non-rheumatic ...
Apr 21, 2016 · Mitral stenosis (MS) after mitral valve (MV) repair is a slowly progressive condition, usually detected many years after the index MV surgery.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[60]
Navy Culinary Specialist (CS): Career Details - Operation Military Kids
Jun 17, 2024 · In 1975, the Navy merged the Steward (SD) and Commisaryman (CS) rates and changed the name to Mess Management Specialist (MS) until 15 January ...
[61]
[PDF] Navy Rank Abbreviations
MESS MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST SEAMAN APPRENTICE. MSSN. MESS MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST SEAMAN. MSSR. MESS MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST SEAMAN RECRUIT. MT1. MISSILE TECHNICIAN ...
[62]
https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tcdnstyl-chap?lang=eng&lettr=chapsect1&info0=1.07
[63]
What does the prefix 'MS' before the service number of an army ...
Mar 21, 2017 · It is MS. Means Medical Service. Doctors in the forces can be cross posted from the army to the navy.
[64]
MS Military Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
MS in Military commonly refers to Motor Sergeant, a non-commissioned officer rank responsible for overseeing transportation and maintenance of military vehicles ...
[65]
Mississippi National Guard - | MS.GOV
• JFH-MS & Overhead Units · • 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team · • 184th Sustainment Command · • 66th Troop Command · • Seal of the Mississippi National Guard ...
[66]
[PDF] Glossary: Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms, - DTIC
Milestone (MS) The point when a recommendation is made and approval sought regarding starting or continuing (proceeding to next phase) an acquisition program.
[67]
Milestone and Phase Information Requirements | www.dau.edu
The Milestone and Phase Information Requirements table lists the statutory and regulatory requirements at each of the milestones and other decision points ...
[68]
Chapter 10 - Security Assistance Management Manual
Mission Sustainment (MS) items are those articles and services that are essential for the successful accomplishment of the team's mission. Factors to be ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[69]
ESAMM Acronyms List | Defense Security Cooperation Agency
Months. MOU. Memorandum of Understanding. MS. Mission Sustainment. MSC. Military Sealift Command. MSP. Mission Strategic Plan. MSRP. Mission Strategic Resource ...
[70]
Army Modeling Simulation Office
The Strategy and Resources (SR) Branch develops, synchronizes, and promulgates Army modeling and simulation (M&S) policy and strategy.About Us · Organization · FA57 · Related Sites
[71]
US Army Modeling and Simulation School
The curriculum emphasizes the following topics: Knowledge management and organizational change in support of modeling and simulation activities in the Joint ...
[72]
MS-DOS | Definition, Features, Importance, & Facts - Britannica
Version 1.0 was released in 1981; additional upgraded versions kept pace with the rapidly evolving PC. Windows 95, introduced by Microsoft in 1995, ...
[73]
Microsoft DOS History - Computer Hope
Dec 9, 2023 · MS-DOS 1.25 was released in August 1982. It was the first version titled "MS-DOS." 1983. MS-DOS 2.0 was released in March 1983, designed for the ...
[74]
What is MS? - Computer Hope
Jul 9, 2025 · 1. A millisecond is abbreviated as ms. 2. MS can be short for Microsoft. 3. MS is also an abbreviation for memory stick. 4. With a calculator, MS is short for ...
[75]
m-s - all meanings - Abbreviations - Woxikon
Abbreviation m-s ; MS, Management Systems, computing abbreviations and acronyms ; MS, Master Slave, computing abbreviations and acronyms.
[76]
Measurement unit conversion: MS - Convert Units
MS is a measure of electric conductance. Get more information and details on the 'MS' measurement unit, including its symbol, category, ...
[77]
Megasiemens (MS) Conversion Calculator
One megasiemens is the electrical conductance equal to 1,000,000 siemens, which are equal to one ampere per volt. How to Convert Megasiemens. To convert ...
[78]
Megasiemens (MS), electrical conductance - Convertworld
The siemens (symbol: S) is the SI derived unit of electric conductance. 106, megasiemens, MS. Type the number of Megasiemens (MS) you want to convert in the ...
[79]
What does the symbol or abbreviation "Ms" mean? - Sizes
Nov 7, 2015 · Ms. megasecond: mega- (an SI prefix meaning 1 million) + second. Used without a period. A symbol in SI, the International System ...
[80]
SI Unit rules and style conventions checklist
Abbreviations, Abbreviations such as sec, cc, or mps are avoided and ... The decay rate of 113Cs is about 21 ms-1 (reciprocal milliseconds) m/s, m·s ...
[81]
[PDF] Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC−MS)*
Another common GC detector is the mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a technique that is used to elucidate molecular mass and molecular structure for ...
[82]
Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) - National MagLab
Aug 8, 2023 · Tandem MS (or MS/MS, MSn) is a technique to break down selected ions (precursor ions) into fragments (product ions).Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[83]
Electron Spin - Chemistry LibreTexts
Oct 22, 2023 · For ms, this problem specifically said ms = + 1 2 ; meaning that the electron spin quantum number is + 1 2 . Electron Spin: Where to begin?Missing: m_s | Show results with:m_s
[84]
The Electron Spin Quantum Number | CK-12 Foundation
Feb 23, 2012 · The spin quantum number (m_s) is a fourth quantum number, with values +1/2 (spin-up) or -1/2 (spin-down), needed to describe an electron's wave ...
[85]
[PDF] C Common Abbreviations and Acronyms - The LSST Science Book
MS: Main Sequence (of stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram). • MySQL: My Structured Query Language, a relational database management system. • NAS ...
[86]
New Jersey Institute of Technology
... main sequence, the red giants, and the white dwarfs on the diagram. Astronomers often abbreviate the main sequence MS. The red giants appear along the ...
[87]
Magnetic Susceptibility Borehole Logging | US EPA
Mar 4, 2025 · Magnetic susceptibility (MS) borehole logging is a wireline geophysical method that measures the degree to which earth materials become magnetized in an ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[88]
Magnetic susceptibility variations in lower Paleozoic shales of the ...
May 12, 2021 · Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is a logging method commonly used for investigating lithostratigraphic features in marine sediments or ...
[89]
About - MS Companies
MS Companies is a leading workforce solutions provider, specializing in enhancing organizational performance through the seamless integration of people,Missing: known | Show results with:known
[90]
National Multiple Sclerosis Society | Leading the MS Movement
The National Multiple Sclerosis Society is a tax exempt 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. Its Identification Number (EIN) is 13-5661935.
[91]
National Multiple Sclerosis Society - Nonprofit Explorer - ProPublica
Since 2013, the IRS has released data culled from millions of nonprofit tax filings. Use this database to find organizations and see details like their ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[92]
Multiple Sclerosis Association of America – Improving Lives Today ...
MSAA is a leading resource for the entire MS community. Learn how we are improving lives today through vital services and support.
[93]
About Us - Multiple Sclerosis Foundation
A nonprofit organization focused on providing free services that address the critical needs of people with MS and their families.
[94]
MS | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
MS meaning: 1. written abbreviation for manuscript 2. a title used before the family name or full name of a…. Learn more.
[95]
Commonly Used Terms - Bookjobs.com
Manuscript: An author's written material before it is typeset and printed. MS and MSS are the shorthand designations for "manuscript" or "manuscripts.
[96]
7 Book Publishing Terms Every Writer Should Know - The Write Life
Apr 17, 2025 · Degrees.” MS stands for manuscript and MSS is the plural of manuscript. This abbreviation is widely used among publishers and literary agencies, ...
[97]
Ms. | History & Facts - Britannica
Sep 22, 2025 · Ms., periodical, launched in 1972 by American feminists Gloria Steinem, Patricia Carbine, and others, that was the first nationally circulated women's magazine.
[98]
About Ms. - Ms. Magazine
Ms. was the first national magazine to make feminist voices audible, feminist journalism tenable and a feminist worldview available to the public.
[99]
Abbreviations and terminology - RISM Cataloging Guidelines
lvs. EN: leaves. Ms., MS. EN: manuscript. MSS. EN: manuscripts. MSR. EN: music manuscript (type of Muscat template). no. EN: number. [no indication]. EN: no ...
[100]
General Abbreviations - Oxford Music Online
Grove Music Online uses abbreviations for general terms, in bibliographies, and for library archives.
[101]
[PDF] Shure Audio Systems Guide for Theater Performances
They are often used in certain stereo recording techniques, and are incorporated in the design of an MS (mid-side) stereo microphone. ... THEATER PERFORMANCES.
[102]
Stereo recording techniques and setups - DPA Microphones
MS is short for ("Mid/Side"). The ... Dividing by √2 is the same as subtracting 3 dB from the sum or difference, i.e. (M + S) – 3 dB or (M – S) – 3 dB.Setups For Stereo: Ab · Setups For Stereo: Xy · Setups For Stereo: Ms
[103]
https://www.long-mcquade.com/blog/1103/Mid-Side-Mic-Technique-Unlock-Pro-Stereo-Recording.htm
[104]
Meaning of MSS. in Christianity
Apr 27, 2025 · MSS. is an abbreviation for manuscripts, which are handwritten documents of ancient works. In Christianity, it typically refers to these historical texts.
[105]
Abbreviations Seen after Names of Clergy & Religious - FishEaters
M.S., Missionaries of Our Lady of LaSalette. M.S.A., Missionaries of the Holy Apostles. M.S.B.T., Missionary Servants of the Most Blessed Trinity. M.S.C. ...
[106]
831 Abbreviations of religious orders - Catholic Doors Ministry
The Catholic Doors Ministry presents the abbreviations of a number of religious orders ... M.S. = Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette M.S.A. = Mission Sisters ...
[107]
Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette - Archdiocese of St. Louis
The missionaries were founded in 1852 by Bp. Philbert de Bruillard, bishop of Grenoble, France, and presently serve in some 25 countries.
[108]
Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette
The La Salette Missionaries, founded in 1852, preach the word of God, reconcile, celebrate Eucharist, and care for the alienated, based on Mary's message.
[109]
National Shrine of Our Lady La Salette - Attleboro, MA
The Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette. FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FESTIVAL CLICK HERE. TO REGISTER YOUR GROUP CLICK HERE.Christmas Festival of Lights. · Our Facilities · Directions · Book OUR FACILITIES!
[110]
http://www.mycatholicsource.com/mcs/pc/vocations/religious_order_initials_women_init_m_thru_p.htm
[111]
Ship Abbreviations and Symbols
May 12, 2016 · MS -- motor ship. MSA -- minesweeper, auxiliary. MSB -- minesweeping ... YCV -- aircraft transportation lighter (non-self-propelled).
[112]
Glossary of Maritime Terms - American Association of Port Authorities
mooring dolphin: A cluster of pilings to which a boat or barge ties up. motor ship (MS) or motor vessel (MV): A ship propelled by internal-combustion engines.
[113]
What Is MV, MT, SS, FV Ship Prefix Meaning? - Maritime Page
Jul 27, 2025 · Motor Ferry, A ferry powered by engines. MS, Motor Ship, A ship powered by an engine. MSV, Multipurpose Support/Supply Vessel, A vessel designed ...Missing: routes | Show results with:routes
[114]
Maps - Mississippi Department of Transportation
Search and download maps below. State Highway County City Rails Truck Weights, State Highway Archive, Memorial Highways, Scenic Byways, Other Maps.
[115]
Mississippi - AARoads
Nov 1, 2024 · One and two digit state routes are primary and orientated with the lowest odd numbered route running north-south from west to the east and the ...
[116]
https://schoolofshipping.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Shipping-terms-and-abbreviations-1.pdf
[117]
Abbreviations & Acronyms - Skuld
MS, Motor Ship. MSA, 1. Maritime Safety Agency 2. Merchant Shipping Act. MSB, Main Switch Board. MSC, Maritime Safety Committee (IMO). MSDA, Milford Sound ...
[118]
MS Ship Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
MS Ship Abbreviation. MS in Ship commonly refers to Motor Ship, which denotes a vessel powered by internal combustion engines rather than sails.
[119]
Video: Why do Ships have Prefixes before their Name?
Jul 8, 2024 · MV/MS stands for Motor Vessel/Motor Ship. This is a general term that can be used to refer to all types of non-tanker or dry cargo ships ...
[120]
RMS, SS, MS and More: What Do Those Ship Prefix Letters Actually ...
MS = Motor Ship. This refers to ships powered by internal combustion engines (diesel/electric). It is more commonly used for modern cruise ships and cargo ...
[121]
MS Shipping Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
MS in Shipping typically stands for Merchant Shipping, which refers to the commercial transportation of goods and passengers by sea. ... Related abbreviations: MV ...
[122]
MS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
What does the abbreviation MS stand for? Meaning: millisecond. How to use ms ... manuscript. 3. master of science. 4. military science. 5. Mississippi. 6.
[123]
MS definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
ms. is a written abbreviation for manuscript. Collins COBUILD Advanced ... M.S. or MS is an abbreviation for Master of Science. M.S. or MS is also ...
[124]
Two–Letter State and Possession Abbreviations - Postal Explorer
Two–Letter State and Possession Abbreviations ; Mississippi. MS ; Missouri. MO ; Montana. MT ; Nebraska. NE ; Nevada. NV.Missing: excluding | Show results with:excluding
[125]
What are the USPS® abbreviations for U.S. states and territories?
What are the USPS® abbreviations for U.S. states and territories? Color coded ... Mississippi, MS, Palau, PW, Wyoming, WY. Hawaii, HI, Missouri, MO, Pennsylvania ...
[126]
Magnitude Types | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
Magnitude Types ; Ms20 or Ms (20sec surface wave), ~5.0 to ~8.5, 20 - 160 degrees, MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30 . ; mb (short-period body wave), ~4.0 ...
[127]
Acronyms and Abbreviations in Engineering - blog.draftsperson.net
Jun 22, 2020 · MISC – Miscellaneous. M.J. or MJ – Movement Joint. mm – Millimetres. MMC – Maximum Material Condition. MOD – Modification. MS – Mild Steel.
[128]
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Ms

MS