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SCO

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an intergovernmental Eurasian organization established on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan to promote mutual trust, regional security, and multilateral cooperation in political, economic, cultural, and security domains.^[1]^[2] Evolving from the Shanghai Five mechanism initiated in 1996 to delimit and demilitarize post-Soviet borders, the SCO formalized its charter to address shared challenges such as terrorism, separatism, and extremism—collectively termed the "three evils"—while fostering joint efforts in trade, energy, and infrastructure development.^[3]^[4] The organization has since expanded to ten full members, incorporating India and Pakistan in 2017, Iran in 2023, and Belarus in 2024, encompassing approximately 40 percent of the world's population and a quarter of global GDP, with a focus on non-interference in internal affairs and opposition to unilateral sanctions.^[5]^[6] Notable achievements include the establishment of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent for intelligence-sharing and counterterrorism coordination, successful border dispute resolutions among founding members, and annual joint military exercises like "Peace Mission" to enhance interoperability, alongside economic initiatives such as the proposed SCO Development Bank endorsed at the 2025 Tianjin summit.^[7]^[8] Despite these developments, the SCO has faced criticism for lacking binding enforcement mechanisms, serving primarily as a consultative forum amid divergent member interests—particularly between China and India—and prioritizing regime stability over substantive integration, with Western analyses often highlighting its role as a counterweight to NATO and U.S. influence rather than a cohesive alliance.^[9]^[10]^[11]

International Organizations

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization established on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai by China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan to build confidence and resolve border disputes inherited from the Soviet era.^[4]^[12] It originated from the Shanghai Five grouping formed on 26 April 1996, which initially focused on demilitarizing borders and fostering trust through annual summits among the same five states excluding Uzbekistan.^[12] Uzbekistan's accession in 2001 prompted the formal creation of the SCO, with its charter signed on 7 June 2002 and entering into force on 19 June 2003, outlining principles of mutual trust, equality, consultation, and respect for diverse civilizations.^[4]^[13] The SCO's declared objectives emphasize strengthening mutual confidence and good-neighborly ties; promoting multifaceted cooperation in politics, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transportation, tourism, and environmental protection; and coordinating efforts to safeguard regional peace, security, and stability while jointly opposing terrorism, separatism, and extremism—often termed the "three evils."^[4]^[14] These aims are guided by the "Shanghai Spirit," which prioritizes mutual benefit, common development, non-alignment with third parties, and openness to external engagement without targeting any nation or bloc.^[4] However, empirical outcomes show limited progress in economic integration, with intra-SCO trade hampered by members' divergent interests and external alignments, such as India's Quadrilateral Security Dialogue participation alongside the US, Japan, and Australia.^[12] Membership has expanded from six founding states to ten full members as of 2025: the originals plus India and Pakistan (admitted 30 June 2017), Iran (1 July 2023), and Belarus (4 July 2024).^[4]^[12] The organization also maintains three observer states (Afghanistan, Mongolia, and previously Belarus before its upgrade) and 14 dialogue partners, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cambodia, Egypt, Kuwait, Myanmar, Nepal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam.^[4] Admission requires consensus among existing members, adherence to the charter, and no alignment with organizations targeting the SCO.^[4] Geopolitical frictions persist, exemplified by India-China border clashes since 2020 and India-Pakistan hostilities, which constrain unified action despite joint military exercises like those under the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), established in 2004 to facilitate intelligence-sharing on extremism.^[12] The SCO's structure includes the Council of Heads of State (supreme decision-making body, meeting annually), Council of Heads of Government (focusing on economic cooperation), and Councils of Foreign and Defense Ministers, with a Secretariat in Beijing and RATS Executive Committee in Tashkent.^[14] The Secretary-General, elected for a three-year term, currently Nurlan Yermekbayev of Kazakhstan (since 1 January 2025), oversees operations.^[3] Chairmanship rotates annually; China held it for 2024–2025, hosting the 25th Heads of State Council summit in Tianjin on 31 August–1 September 2025, where priorities included enhanced security coordination and economic initiatives amid global tensions, though concrete deliverables remained modest compared to rhetorical commitments.^[15] Kyrgyzstan assumed chairmanship for 2025–2026, emphasizing the organization's 25th anniversary theme of strengthened unity.^[15] Cooperation domains span security (e.g., "Peace Mission" drills simulating counter-terrorism scenarios) and economics (e.g., proposals for an SCO Development Bank and free trade area, yet unrealized due to mismatched infrastructure and currencies).^[12]^[3] Critics from Western analyses note the SCO functions more as a platform for China and Russia to counter US influence in Eurasia than a cohesive alliance, with members' sovereignty preserving veto power over collective military commitments and exposing internal divisions, such as Russia's Ukraine focus diverting attention from Central Asian stability.^[12] Nonetheless, it represents over 40% of global population and significant energy resources, positioning it as a venue for multipolar diplomacy.^[12]

Technology and Computing

The SCO Group

The SCO Group, Inc. was an American software company that operated from 2002 to 2012, specializing in Unix-based operating systems and services for Intel x86 processors. Formed through the acquisition and rebranding of Unix assets originally developed by the Santa Cruz Operation, the company distributed variants such as UnixWare and SCO OpenServer, targeting enterprise server markets. Under CEO Darl McBride, it pursued an aggressive intellectual property strategy centered on Unix copyrights, leading to protracted litigation against major technology firms.^[16] In August 2000, Caldera Systems acquired the Server Software Division and Professional Services Division of the Santa Cruz Operation, which held Unix licensing rights stemming from a 1995 asset purchase from Novell. Caldera established a new holding entity, Caldera International, to manage these assets, receiving them in exchange for stock and $7 million in cash. By May 2001, the acquisition was finalized, integrating SCO's Unix technology with Caldera's Linux expertise. In 2002, Caldera International rebranded as The SCO Group, Inc., headquartered in Lindon, Utah, shifting focus from Linux distribution to Unix enforcement and licensing.^[17]^[18] The SCO Group's prominence arose from lawsuits alleging unauthorized use of Unix System V (SVRx) code in Linux. On March 7, 2003, it sued IBM for over $1 billion, claiming IBM breached its Unix license by contributing proprietary code to Linux development via Project Monterey. SCO asserted ownership of Unix copyrights acquired from Novell, but a 2009 federal appeals court ruling and a 2010 jury verdict confirmed Novell retained those copyrights, limiting SCO to a license for business purposes rather than enforcement rights. Additional suits targeted Novell directly for slander of title, Red Hat for interference, and end-users like AutoZone for unlicensed use, though most claims faltered due to lack of evidence of infringement.^[19]^[20] Facing mounting legal costs and declining revenue amid Linux's market dominance, The SCO Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on September 14, 2007. During proceedings, a U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved the sale of its Unix assets and litigation claims to a group led by Stephen L. Norris for $2.4 million in 2011, forming UnXis (later rebranded Xinuos), which continued select cases. The IBM lawsuit persisted post-bankruptcy, culminating in a confidential settlement in 2021 after nearly two decades. The SCO Group itself dissolved by 2012, with its actions widely viewed as an unsuccessful bid to extract value from contested Unix intellectual property amid open-source software's ascent.^[21]^[19]

SCO OpenServer

SCO OpenServer is a proprietary Unix operating system originally developed by the Santa Cruz Operation for x86-based servers and workstations, emphasizing reliability for business applications such as database management and networking. It evolved from SCO's early 1980s Xenix implementations and SCO Unix, which were based on AT&T's Unix System V Release 3, incorporating custom enhancements for multi-user environments and TCP/IP connectivity.^[22] By the mid-1990s, SCO OpenServer Release 5 (OSR5), first shipped in 1995, introduced improved scalability, including support for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) on up to 32 processors, graphical user interfaces via the Open Desktop environment, and enhanced development tools for C and C++ programming. OSR5 updates, such as version 5.0.7 released around 2003, added security patches, multibyte character support, and compatibility for legacy binaries from prior SCO systems like Xenix.^[23] In 2005, The SCO Group released OpenServer 6, merging elements of OSR5 with UnixWare 7 to form a Unix System V Release 5 kernel, which provided kernel-level threading, large file support up to 1 terabyte, and expanded memory addressing to 64 gigabytes from OSR5's 4 gigabytes limit.^[24] This version improved performance benchmarks by up to 200% over OSR5 5.0.7 in preliminary tests, added IPv6 compatibility, IP firewall filtering, and better driver support for modern hardware at the time, targeting enterprise workloads while maintaining backward compatibility for OSR5 applications.^[25]^[26] OpenServer 6 also included updated runtime environments for Java and web services, though it retained some legacy System V interfaces that required configuration adjustments from prior releases.^[27] Following the SCO Group's acquisition by UnXis in 2011 and rebranding to Xinuos, support for both OSR5 and OpenServer 6 continued with maintenance releases, including the OpenServer 5 Definitive 2018 edition, which bundled development systems, email servers, and DHCP for extended legacy deployments.^[28] These systems remain in use for specific industrial and point-of-sale applications where stability outweighs migration to Linux alternatives, though Xinuos documentation emphasizes hardware compatibility limits to x86 architectures predating modern UEFI.^[29] No major new versions have been announced since 2005, reflecting a focus on sustainment rather than innovation amid declining commercial Unix market share.^[30]

Arts and Music

Scottish Chamber Orchestra

The Scottish Chamber Orchestra (SCO) is an Edinburgh-based chamber orchestra established in 1974 as one of Scotland's five National Performing Companies, with a founding commitment to serve the local community and promote orchestral music access.^[31] ^[32] Its inaugural concert was conducted by James Loughran on 28 November 1974 at the City Hall in Glasgow.^[33] The ensemble has since developed a reputation as a cultural ambassador, touring Scotland annually and performing at international festivals including Edinburgh, St Magnus, and Aldeburgh.^[32] The SCO's repertoire centers on classical staples from the Baroque to Romantic eras, alongside contemporary commissions—totaling over 200 new works—and cross-disciplinary collaborations.^[31] Notable recordings encompass complete Beethoven symphonies, Bach suites for solo cello, Berlioz's Les nuits d'été, and recent releases under Principal Conductor Maxim Emelyanychev, such as Schubert's Symphony No. 9 (2019) and Mendelssohn symphonies (2023), which received critical praise for vitality and precision.^[34] ^[31] The orchestra maintains a core of around 30-40 musicians, emphasizing chamber-scale interpretations that prioritize clarity and intimacy over large-scale forces.^[35] Leadership has evolved through successive principal conductors, including Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1987–1991), who expanded international reach, and Robin Ticciati (2009–2018), noted for interpretive depth in Mozart and Haydn.^[33] ^[36] Emelyanychev assumed the role in September 2019, with his contract extended to 2028, bringing a dynamic approach influenced by period performance and Russian repertoire.^[31] ^[37] Associate artists like Principal Guest Conductor Andrew Manze and Conductor Emeritus Joseph Swensen further shape programming.^[38] Beyond performances, the SCO engages in education via its Creative Learning program, offering workshops and projects for diverse audiences, and a five-year residency in Edinburgh's Craigmillar area to foster community ties.^[31] Its discography exceeds 50 albums, distributed through labels like Linn Records and Hyperion, underscoring a legacy of recorded excellence without direct institutional awards but with consistent acclaim for artistic output and innovation.^[39] ^[33]

Other Uses

Synthetic Crude Oil

Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, refers to a processed form of crude oil derived from non-petroleum feedstocks such as bitumen from oil sands, coal, or natural gas, rather than directly extracted from geological reservoirs.^[40] It is engineered to approximate the composition and flow properties of conventional light sweet crude, enabling compatibility with existing refinery infrastructure for producing gasoline, diesel, and other fuels.^[41] Unlike conventional crude, which forms naturally over millions of years from organic matter, synthetic crude requires industrial upgrading or synthesis processes to remove impurities and achieve desirable viscosity and sulfur content.^[42] Primary production involves upgrading mined or in-situ extracted bitumen from oil sands, where heavy hydrocarbons undergo thermal cracking (e.g., fluid coking) followed by hydrotreating to break down asphaltenes and reduce sulfur to below 0.5%.^[43] Alternative methods include gas-to-liquids (GTL) or coal-to-liquids (CTL) processes using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which polymerizes syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) into longer-chain hydrocarbons at high temperatures and pressures with metal catalysts like iron or cobalt.^[42] These techniques originated in the early 20th century, with Fischer-Tropsch developed in Germany during the 1920s and scaled during World War II to produce ~6.5 million tons of synthetic fuel from coal amid petroleum shortages.^[42] Modern applications emphasize oil sands upgrading, which accounts for the majority of global output. Canada dominates production, with facilities in Alberta's Athabasca oil sands yielding over 1 million barrels per day of syncrude as of 2023. Key operators include Syncrude Canada Ltd., a joint venture producing approximately 330,000 barrels daily through integrated mining and upgraders; Suncor Energy, which integrates upgrading at its Base Plant (capacity ~350,000 barrels per day); and Canadian Natural Resources, contributing via its Horizon upgrader (250,000 barrels per day).^[41] These operations convert raw bitumen—graded as extra-heavy with API gravity below 10° and high viscosity—into syncrude with API gravity of 30-34°, low sulfur (<1%), and minimal metals, trading at premiums to heavier blends like Western Canadian Select.^[43] In comparison to conventional crude, syncrude exhibits higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios and greater stability due to hydrogenation steps, reducing tendencies for sediment formation during transport, though it demands 10-20% more energy input for production.^[41] Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from oil sands-derived syncrude are approximately 15-20% higher than average conventional crude, attributed to energy-intensive extraction (e.g., steam injection or mining) and upgrading, which consume natural gas equivalent to 5-10% of output.^[44] Water usage reaches 2-4 barrels per barrel of syncrude, with tailings ponds posing risks of seepage and habitat disruption across ~1,000 square kilometers of boreal forest.^[45] Emerging solar-thermal processes, such as those demonstrated by Synhelion in 2024, aim to lower emissions by using concentrated sunlight for syngas generation, potentially enabling carbon-neutral syncrude if paired with carbon capture.^[46]

Scotland (Contextual Abbreviations)

In international sports, SCO functions as the three-letter trigram for Scotland, distinct from its ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (GB, shared with the United Kingdom) due to Scotland's status as a constituent country rather than a sovereign state.^[47] This usage appears in contexts requiring compact identifiers for teams or participants, such as scoreboards, rankings, and official records.^[48] The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) designates SCO for the Scotland national football team, enabling its participation in FIFA-sanctioned events like World Cup qualifiers and international friendlies, where Scotland competes independently despite lacking full sovereign recognition under FIFA's membership criteria.^[49]^[50] Similarly, the International Cricket Council (ICC) employs SCO for the Scotland national cricket team in tournaments such as the ICC Cricket World Cup and T20 World Cup, reflecting Scotland's associate membership status since 1994.^[47] In multi-sport events like the Commonwealth Games, the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) assigns SCO to represent Scotland, allowing it to field separate teams from England, Wales, and Northern Ireland under the United Kingdom's broader umbrella.^[47] This abbreviation avoids overlap with Olympic codes, where Scotland participates via Great Britain (GBR) under the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which does not issue a standalone code for Scotland.^[51] Outside sports, SCO occasionally denotes Scotland in informal or niche abbreviation lists for competitions or regional references, but lacks standardization in governmental, economic, or ISO frameworks.^[52]

References

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Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Initiative
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization founded in Shanghai on 15 June 2001 by six countries.
[2]
The Shanghai cooperation organisation
25th Council of Heads of SCO Member States and the SCO plus in Tianjin · Cultural and humanitarian cooperation · Trade and economic cooperation · Political and ...FAQ · Statement of the Shanghai... · Trade and economic cooperation · Leadership
[3]
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization - Army University Press
Its stated purpose was to settle border disputes among nations in Central Asia.1 Since then, the Shanghai Five has evolved into the Shanghai Cooperation ...
[4]
Frequently Asked Questions - The Shanghai cooperation organisation
Nov 27, 2023 · The main goals of the SCO are strengthening mutual confidence and good-neighbourly relations among the member countries; promoting effective ...
[5]
[PDF] Brief on India-SCO Cooperation
Aug 21, 2025 · The current SCO Secretary General Mr. Nurlan Yermekbaev (Former Minister of. Defence of Kazakhstan) assumed charge in January 2025, for a period ...
[6]
China-SCO Trade Index
Shanghai Cooperation Organization consists of eight member states (China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan)
[7]
Shanghai Cooperation Organization is playing an important role in ...
Jan 25, 2024 · This is the SCO's biggest security achievement in the last 20 years. The national interests and security of the SCO member states are ...
[8]
China Showcases Global Ambitions at Shanghai Cooperation ...
Sep 3, 2025 · A2: The most concrete outcome of the 2025 SCO summit may be members' decision to establish an SCO Development Bank, intended to finance ...<|separator|>
[9]
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Testbed for Chinese ...
This issue brief examines China's efforts to use the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), an organization originally founded by China, Russia, and Central ...
[10]
Is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Just a Talking Shop?
Oct 8, 2025 · So far, the grouping has two formal institutions: a Secretariat in Beijing and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure based in Uzbekistan.Missing: Organisation | Show results with:Organisation
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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Is Ineffective and Irrelevant
Jul 5, 2024 · Russia-China competition and an expanded membership have turned the Eurasian security grouping into little more than a talking shop.
[12]
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Originally formed as a confidence-building forum to demilitarize borders, the organization's goals and agenda have since broadened to include increased military ...
[13]
[PDF] CHARTER OF THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION
The main SCO goals and tasks shall be: strengthening mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between the member States; development of multifaceted ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[14]
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Shanghai Cooperation Organization was founded in 1996 by the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.
[15]
25th Council of Heads of SCO Member States and the SCO plus in ...
Sep 1, 2025 · The chairmanship for 2025–2026 has passed to the Kyrgyz Republic. The head of Kyrgyzstan named the theme of the Kyrgyz chairmanship as “25 years ...
[16]
Caldera Relaunches As The SCO Group - CRN
Aug 26, 2002 · Last year, Caldera acquired the Unix assets of the Santa Cruz Operation with the aim of uniting the Unix and Linux kernels into one operating ...
[17]
Caldera Systems creates new company with Unix buy - CNET
SCO will receive 28 percent of Caldera in exchange for its Professional Services and Server Software divisions and $7 million in cash, the company said in a ...
[18]
CALDERA COMPLETES ACQUISITION OF TWO SCO DIVISIONS
May 11, 2001 · Monday announced its completion of the acquisition of The Santa Cruz Operation Inc. Server Software and Professional Services divisions, ...Missing: Group formation
[19]
That Linux lawsuit: 20 years later, SCO vs IBM may finally be ending
Aug 30, 2021 · The SCO vs. IBM lawsuit that was once seen as an existential threat to Linux became a bad legal joke. Now the suit may finally be put to rest.Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[20]
SCO loses again: jury says Novell owns UNIX SVRX copyrights
Mar 30, 2010 · SCO loses again: jury says Novell owns UNIX SVRX copyrights. SCO has ... company claimed that Linux is an unauthorized derivative of UNIX.
[21]
SCO Group files for bankruptcy protection (ding dong, the witch is ...
“The Board of Directors of the SCO Group have unanimously determined that Chapter 11 reorganization is in the best long-term interest of SCO and its ...
[22]
[PDF] SCO OpenServer™
The SCO. OpenServer Desktop System integrates the powerful 32-bit, multi-tasking UNIX operating system with an easy-to-use graphical environment including the ...Missing: V | Show results with:V
[23]
What are the major differences between SCO OpenServer 5.0.0 and ...
5. OpenServer 5.0.2 includes the fixes that are part of the Networking Supplement 1.0.0. 6. OpenServer 5.0.2 includes some changes to the libc ...
[24]
SCO Upgrades OpenServer in Bid to Keep OS Relevant
Jun 27, 2005 · OpenServer 6 supports file sizes up to 1TB, increases memory support from 4GB to 64GB and adds an IP firewall filter and several other security ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[25]
Xinuos Inc. | Products | Openserver6 | OpenServer 6 - SCO
How does OpenServer 6 compare with OpenServer 5.0.7? Prelminary benchmark tests indicate that OpenServer 6 is as much as 200% faster than OpenServer 5.0.7. My ...
[26]
SCO's OpenServer 6 picks up security, but needs polish
Aug 29, 2005 · The SCO Group's recently released OpenServer 6 leverages updates to a newly minted Unix System V Release 5 kernel, performs reasonably well ...
[27]
OpenServer 6.0.0 Upgrade Guide - SCO
For differences between Release 6 configuration interfaces and those provided with OpenServer Release 5, see “System software and command differences.”
[28]
SCO Unix OpenServer 5 Definitive 2018
The Development system as well as SMP are installed and licensed as part of OpenServer 5 Definitive 2018. Email client and server components. TCP/IP, DHCP ...
[29]
SCO OpenServer system documentation
Provides installation and basic configuration instructions, as well as a new features overview and notes that pertain to this SCO OpenServer release.Missing: history | Show results with:history<|separator|>
[30]
Xinuos Inc. | Products | OpenServer 6 - SCO
OpenServer 6 brings to users a powerful, new, and modern operating system with large file support and kernel-level threading for greater application support.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[31]
About Us - Scottish Chamber Orchestra
The Scottish Chamber Orchestra (SCO) is one of Scotland's five National Performing Companies and has been a galvanizing force in Scotland's music scene sin.
[32]
Scottish Chamber Orchestra - Naxos Records
The Scottish Chamber Orchestra was formed in 1974 with a commitment to serve the Scottish community. It is recognised as one of Scotland's major cultural ...
[33]
SCO at 50: A sensational playlist for half a century
Jan 1, 2024 · James Loughran, who conducted the Orchestra for their very first concert, is followed by Principal Conductors Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1987-1991), ...
[34]
Recordings | Scottish Chamber Orchestra
40th Anniversary Edition. £10.00 · Bach Suites for Solo Cello. £22.00 · Beethoven: Complete Symphonies. £29.50 · Beethoven: Music for Winds. £13.00 · Berlioz: Les ...
[35]
Scottish Chamber Orchestra - Cedille Records
Formed in 1974 with a commitment to serve the Scottish community, it is also one of the country's foremost cultural ambassadors.Missing: history repertoire
[36]
Scottish Chamber Orchestra - Philadelphia Chamber Music Artists
Robin Ticciati was appointed to the post of Principal Conductor in 2009 and he has recently committed to the Orchestra until 2018. Ticciati and the Orchestra ...
[37]
Maxim Emelyanychev - Scottish Chamber Orchestra
In 2019, he won the Critics' Circle Young Talent Award and an International Opera Award in the newcomer category. He received the 2025 Herbert von Karajan Award ...Missing: notable achievements
[38]
Associate Artists | Scottish Chamber Orchestra
Maxim Emelyanychev. Principal Conductor ; Andrew Manze. Principal Guest Conductor ; Joseph Swensen. Conductor Emeritus ; Jay Capperauld. Associate Composer ...
[39]
Shop - Scottish Chamber Orchestra
Over 50 of our albums are available here including the latest CD from the SCO and Principal Conductor Maxim Emelyanychev, Schubert: Symphonies Nos 5 and 8.
[40]
Synthetic Liquid Fuels - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Examples include synthetic crude oil, methanol, ethanol, and methane. AI generated definition based on: Energy Storage, 1980. How useful is this definition?
[41]
Crude oil production model - Canada Energy Regulator
May 30, 2025 · Synthetic crude oil is raw bitumen that is processed into a lighter and higher value crude oil. Most mined bitumen is currently upgraded, as ...
[42]
Synthetic Fuels - Engineering and Technology History Wiki
The basic principle of DLC was the use of coal instead of petroleum/crude oil to obtain liquid hydrocarbons used for fuel or as a base for producing other ...
[43]
Syncrude | Suncor
How Syncrude produces oil. The bitumen is upgraded into a high-quality, light, sweet crude oil through fluid coking, hydroprocessing, hydrotreating and ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
[44]
Just how bad is tar sands oil for our climate? - Clean Wisconsin
Sep 20, 2021 · Tar sands oil create about 20% more greenhouse gases than conventional fuels because it takes so much effort just to get them out of the ground and pumped to ...
[45]
Oil Shale and Tar Sands - Center for Biological Diversity
Oil shale and tar sands development destroys species habitat, wastes enormous volumes of water, pollutes air and water, and degrades and defiles vast swaths of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[46]
Pushing forward: Synhelion produces syncrude at plant DAWN
Sep 26, 2024 · Synhelion has successfully and continuously produced synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude. The syncrude can be refined in existing refineries into ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
[47]
SCO Scotland - All Acronyms
SCO - Scotland ... The abbreviation SCO stands for Scotland and is mostly used in the following categories: FIFA Country Code, Sports, Wikipedia, FIFA, Country.
[48]
SCO - Scotland | AcronymFinder
How is Scotland abbreviated? SCO stands for Scotland. SCO is defined as Scotland very frequently.
[49]
FIFA Country Codes - RSSSF
... United Arab Emirates UAE UAE Uzbekistan UZB UZB Vietnam VIE VIE Yemen YEM ... Scotland SCO ----- Serbia SRB SRB Slovakia SVK SVK Slovenia SVN SLO Spain ...
[50]
FIFA Country Codes - FootballSquads
IRN, Iran, SCO, Scotland. BER, Bermuda, IRQ, Iraq, SEN, Senegal. BFA, Burkina Faso, ISL, Iceland, SEY, Seychelles. BHR, Bahrain, ISR, Israel, SIN, Singapore.
[51]
FIFA Country Abbreviations | YourDictionary
Feb 11, 2021 · But, following the 3-digit FIFA country codes can be distracting ... SCO - Scotland; SRB - Serbia; SVK - Slovakia; SVN - Slovenia; ESP ...<|separator|>
[52]
abbreviation: sco - all meanings - Woxikon
Abbreviation sco ; SCO, Scotland (FIFA trigram; not eligible for an ISO 3166 or IOC trigram) ; SCO, Shanghai Cooperation Organization ; SCO, Synthetic crude oil ...