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GBR

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the world's largest coral reef system, a vast marine ecosystem comprising over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching more than 2,300 kilometers along the northeastern coast of Australia, from the Torres Strait to just north of Bundaberg in Queensland.^[1] Covering an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers—approximately the same size as Italy or Japan—it is the largest living structure on Earth and the only coral reef visible from outer space.^[2] Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981, the GBR supports extraordinary biodiversity, including over 600 types of hard and soft corals, 1,625 species of fish (representing about 10% of the global total), six of the seven species of marine turtles, 30 species of whales and dolphins, and more than 4,000 species of molluscs, while also serving as critical habitat for threatened species like dugongs and large green turtles.^[1]^[2] Established as the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in 1975 under Australian federal legislation, the GBR encompasses diverse habitats beyond corals, such as seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, and deep oceanic waters up to 2,000 meters in depth, fostering interconnected ecosystems that span 14 degrees of latitude and extend up to 250 kilometers offshore.^[3] It holds profound cultural significance as Sea Country for over 70 Traditional Owner groups, with evidence of Indigenous Australian connections dating back more than 60,000 years, and contributes substantially to the economy, generating $9 billion annually (as of 2023–24) and supporting around 77,000 full-time jobs through tourism, fishing, and research.^[3]^[4] Despite its global renown as one of the seven natural wonders of the world and a hub for scientific study on coral ecosystems, the GBR faces significant threats from climate change-induced coral bleaching, including severe events in 2025 that led to the largest annual coral decline on record, water quality degradation, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, and coastal development, prompting ongoing international conservation efforts to preserve its ecological integrity.^[2]^[5]

Organizations

Legal and Business Entities

The Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts (GbR), translated as civil law partnership, is a basic form of partnership under German law that enables two or more persons to conduct a business or other joint activity without establishing a full corporate entity.^[6] Its legal foundation is provided in sections 705 to 740 of the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB), which outline the rights, obligations, and management of such partnerships.^[7] Formation of a GbR requires only a contractual agreement between the partners, specifying the purpose, contributions, and profit-sharing arrangements, with no mandatory formal registration or minimum capital; however, since January 1, 2024, partners may opt to register the GbR in the new Gesellschaftsregister (partnership register) at the local district court for enhanced legal certainty and transparency.^[8] The MoPeG reforms, effective January 1, 2024, granted GbRs statutory legal capacity from the moment of formation, allowing them to acquire rights and incur liabilities independently, and introduced rules for continuation after a partner's death unless the contract specifies dissolution, along with voting rights potentially based on contribution shares.^[9] Partners bear joint and several liability for the GbR's obligations, meaning each can be held personally responsible with their private assets for debts incurred in the partnership's name.^[10] For tax purposes, the GbR is treated as a transparent entity, with no separate taxation at the partnership level; instead, profits and losses are allocated directly to the partners and taxed according to their individual income tax rates.^[11] The GbR concept originated in the late 19th-century reforms that culminated in the enactment of the BGB in 1900, drawing from earlier fragmented state laws to standardize non-commercial partnerships across the emerging German Empire.^[12] Modernized by the Act on the Modernisation of Partnership Law (MoPeG) in 2024 while retaining core principles like simplicity and joint liability, it serves as the foundational partnership form.^[13] Commonly used for small-scale ventures, GbRs are prevalent in professional services such as law firms, consultancies, and freelance collaborations, where simplicity and direct partner control are prioritized over limited liability.^[10] This structure bears resemblance to civil partnerships in other European jurisdictions, like the société en nom collectif in France, though specifics vary by national law.^[6]

Military Units

The General Botha Regiment (GBR), formerly known as Regiment Botha, is a reserve light infantry regiment of the South African Army, operating under the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Named after Louis Botha, the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa and a prominent Boer general, the unit traces its origins to the expansion of the Union Defence Force's infantry capabilities during the interwar period.^[14] Established on 1 April 1934 in Ermelo, Mpumalanga, the regiment initially recruited personnel from the northern and eastern Transvaal regions. By 1939, it had grown to include two battalions, with the 2nd Battalion mobilized for active service on 19 June 1940. This early structure reflected the citizen force model of the South African military, emphasizing part-time volunteers for national defense.^[14] During World War II, the regiment played a significant role in Allied campaigns as part of the South African 1st Infantry Division. Its 1st Battalion served in East Africa with the 5th South African Brigade, contributing to operations against Italian forces in Ethiopia. The unit then deployed to North Africa, where it endured heavy casualties during the Battle of Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941, a key engagement in the Western Desert Campaign against German and Italian troops. Later, in the First Battle of El Alamein from July to October 1942, the regiment helped halt the Axis advance toward Egypt. A company from the 2nd Battalion, operating alongside the Cape Town Highlanders, captured the fortified "Beehive" position on Miteiriya Ridge during the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942, aiding the broader Allied breakthrough.^[14]^[15] In August 1943, amid wartime reorganization, Regiment Botha merged with the Regiment President Steyn to form the Botha-President Steyn Armoured Commando, which supported the 6th South African Armoured Division in the Italian Campaign. Post-war, this combined unit was disbanded and reallocated, with elements evolving into the Pretoria Regiment and the Imperial Light Horse. The 2nd Battalion was separately redesignated as the Regiment Christiaan Beyers in 1951, further diversifying the regiment's legacy within the South African Army's infantry structure.^[14] Following the end of apartheid and the integration of former homeland defense forces into the SANDF in 1994, the regiment underwent further restructuring as part of efforts to rationalize reserve units and promote national unity. Renamed the General Botha Regiment, it now functions as a reserve formation focused on light infantry roles, including territorial defense and support for active operations. This evolution aligns with the SANDF's shift toward a more inclusive, professionalized force amid South Africa's transition to democracy.^[14]

Media and Transportation Entities

GBR TV, originally established as a radio broadcaster in Rome in 1974 by Giovanni "Gianni" Del Piano, transitioned to television operations on August 1, 1976, as Telestore Videocolor Service, becoming one of Italy's pioneering private networks during the era of media liberalization.) Operating on UHF channels 33 and 47, it quickly gained national prominence in the 1980s by attracting over 300,000 daily viewers in the Rome area alone, often surpassing state broadcaster RAI in local reach, and gaining fame for its 1978 live coverage of Aldo Moro’s body discovery. The station focused on a mix of news coverage and entertainment programming, capitalizing on the deregulation of broadcasting that allowed independent outlets to flourish across Europe. However, by the 1990s, GBR TV faced significant decline amid intensifying competition from established giants like RAI and Silvio Berlusconi's Mediaset, which dominated audience shares and advertising revenue; the network was declared bankrupt in 1996 and briefly revived on satellite as GBR Sat in 2002 before ceasing operations on December 24, 2013.)^[16] Great British Railways (GBR), announced in May 2021 as part of the Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail, is a planned state-owned public body aimed at unifying the UK's fragmented rail system by integrating track infrastructure and train operations, including the absorption of Network Rail's functions. Governed as a single accountable entity chaired by a public appointee—currently Laura Shoaf, appointed in October 2024—GBR seeks to streamline decision-making and end the inefficiencies of privatization.^[17] Its core goals include simplifying fare structures for passengers and accelerating electrification to reduce emissions and improve reliability, building on the post-World War II history of UK rail nationalization under British Rail. With the Railways Bill introduced to Parliament on November 5, 2025, GBR is projected to launch operationally around late 2026, supported by an estimated £1.2 billion in annual government funding to cover inherited support costs from Network Rail.^[18]

Places

Marine and Coastal Features

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR), located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, is the world's largest coral reef system, extending approximately 2,300 kilometers and comprising over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands.^[1] This vast marine ecosystem covers an area of about 348,000 square kilometers and supports exceptional biodiversity, including more than 400 types of hard corals and around 1,500 species of fish, along with thousands of other marine species such as mollusks, sharks, rays, and sea turtles.^[1] The reef's structure has formed over more than 500,000 years through successive cycles of coral growth, influenced by sea-level changes and geological processes, with the modern configuration emerging after the last ice age around 10,000 years ago.^[19] Recognized for its outstanding universal value, the GBR was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1981, highlighting its role as a globally significant natural wonder that meets all four natural criteria for such designation.^[1] Management of the reef falls under the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), established in 1975 through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act to ensure long-term protection and sustainable use.^[20] However, the ecosystem faces severe threats from climate change, including mass coral bleaching events; for instance, back-to-back mass coral bleaching events in 2016 and 2017, driven by ocean heatwaves, resulted in the loss of approximately 50% of shallow-water corals, particularly in the northern and central sections.^[21]^[22] Subsequent mass bleaching events in 2022, 2024, and 2025 have exacerbated these impacts, with surveys indicating significant coral mortality, including a 30.6% drop in hard coral cover in the southern GBR from 2024 to 2025.^[23] Tourism plays a dual role in the GBR's economy and pressures, attracting over 2 million visitors annually and generating around $7.9 billion in economic value (as of 2025), primarily through diving, snorkeling, and eco-tours that support local jobs and infrastructure.^[4] To address ongoing challenges like bleaching, pollution, and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, conservation efforts are guided by the Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan, updated in 2021 to extend through 2025, which emphasizes water quality improvement, emissions reduction, and ecosystem resilience through collaborative actions by government, industry, and Indigenous groups.^[24]

Terrestrial Reserves

The Great Bear Rainforest (GBR) is a vast temperate rainforest spanning 6.4 million hectares along the central and north coast of British Columbia, Canada, and was formally designated as a protected area through landmark agreements in 2016.^[25] This ecosystem features extensive old-growth forests dominated by western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), alongside western hemlock and amabilis fir, which create a lush, moss-draped canopy supporting high levels of biomass and carbon storage.^[26] The region is renowned for its biodiversity, including rare species such as the spirit bear (Kermode bear, a white-phase black bear with a unique recessive genetic trait; recent studies estimate the frequency of white individuals is rarer than previously thought, with landscape-level allele frequency around 0.25 but actual white bears occurring at lower rates due to genetics), coastal wolves that swim between islands to hunt salmon, and abundant Pacific salmon runs that fertilize the forest floor through nutrient cycling.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30] Prior to the 2016 protections, the GBR faced intense logging pressures, with clear-cutting practices in the pre-2000s era sparking widespread controversies known as the "War in the Woods," where environmental groups protested the destruction of old-growth stands and First Nations advocated for sustainable resource use amid economic dependence on timber.^[31]^[32] These conflicts led to market campaigns that pressured logging companies to halt operations in over 100 intact areas by the late 1990s, setting the stage for collaborative negotiations.^[31] The 2016 Great Bear Rainforest Agreement, signed between the Province of British Columbia, First Nations, environmental organizations, and forest industry stakeholders, established conservation measures protecting 85% of the forest outright and committing to no logging in 70% of old-growth areas over time, while allowing limited, ecosystem-based logging in the remaining 15%. In 2024, the Great Bear Sea Agreement expanded these protections to marine areas, securing over 101,500 km² through Indigenous-led initiatives and $335 million in funding.^[33]^[34] This accord emphasizes indigenous co-management, involving over 27 First Nations groups such as the Haida (in adjacent Haida Gwaii) and Tsimshian nations (including the Kitasoo Xai'xais), who lead stewardship through shared decision-making frameworks that integrate traditional knowledge with provincial oversight.^[35]^[36]^[37] The agreement has facilitated an economic transition from industrial logging to a conservation-based economy, particularly ecotourism focused on wildlife viewing, which has generated significant revenue and created over 1,000 jobs while attracting nearly $300 million in investments for sustainable development projects since the early 2000s.^[38]^[39] Bear viewing alone contributes millions annually to local economies, far outweighing former hunting revenues and supporting community-led initiatives like guided tours and cultural experiences.^[40] This model underscores the GBR's role as a global exemplar of balancing ecological preservation with indigenous-led economic resilience.^[41]

Science and Technology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

The GBR series compounds, including GBR 12909 (also known as vanoxerine) and GBR 12935, represent a class of synthetic piperazine derivatives designed as selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors structurally analogous to benztropine. These agents feature a central piperazine ring substituted with a 2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl chain at the 1-position and a 3-phenylpropyl group at the 4-position, with GBR 12909 distinguished by the presence of fluorine atoms on the phenyl rings of the diphenylmethoxy moiety, yielding the chemical name 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine. Developed in the late 1970s and 1980s, they were initially explored for their potential to block dopamine transporter (DAT) activity as a strategy to counteract cocaine's effects and alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's disease.^[42]^[43] In terms of potency, GBR 12909 exhibits high affinity for the DAT, with reported IC₅₀ values for dopamine uptake inhibition ranging from 1 to 51 nM in striatal synaptosomes, demonstrating over 100-fold selectivity relative to serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. GBR 12935 shows comparable DAT inhibition with a K_d of approximately 27 nM. Pharmacologically, these compounds produce an atypical stimulant profile characterized by modest locomotor activation, reduced reinforcing effects, and lower euphoria compared to cocaine, attributed to slower DAT blockade onset and additional interactions with sigma receptors.^[44]^[45]^[46] Synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica, the GBR series advanced to clinical trials in the 1990s for cocaine dependence, where Phase I and II studies confirmed DAT occupancy but revealed limited efficacy due to cardiac side effects, including QT interval prolongation and tachycardia at higher doses. Development was halted following observations of arrhythmogenic potential, particularly in combination with cocaine, positioning these compounds primarily as research tools for studying dopaminergic neurotransmission rather than approved therapeutics.^[47]^[48]

Computing and Telecommunications

In telecommunications, particularly within 3GPP-defined mobile networks such as UMTS, LTE, and 5G, Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) serves as a key Quality of Service (QoS) parameter that specifies the minimum bit rate a network must provide for a designated data flow, assuming no congestion.^[49] Introduced in UMTS Release 5 in 2002, GBR ensures reliable performance for applications requiring consistent bandwidth, such as real-time services including Voice over IP (VoIP) and video streaming, by facilitating admission control and resource allocation in the radio access network.^[49] This parameter is defined using a token bucket algorithm, where the token rate equals the GBR, and the bucket size corresponds to the maximum service data unit size, allowing the network to police traffic conformance.^[49] GBR is implemented through bearers in LTE and 5G networks, where dedicated bearers typically carry GBR flows to support prioritized services, in contrast to the default bearer, which is non-GBR and handles best-effort traffic like web browsing.^[50] For GBR bearers, the network reserves resources to meet the guaranteed rate, often associated with specific QoS Class Identifiers (QCIs) such as QCI 1 for conversational voice, ensuring low latency and packet error rates suitable for VoIP.^[50] Typical GBR values for voice services range around 64 kbps to account for codec and overhead requirements, enabling stable call quality even under moderate load.^[51] In 5G, GBR evolves into Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) for QoS flows, maintaining the core principle of resource preemption to protect critical traffic during congestion.^[50] Unlike non-GBR flows, which lack a reserved bitrate and can be throttled or delayed during network congestion to prioritize higher-priority traffic, GBR flows receive protected treatment, with dedicated resources allocated via admission control functions in base stations.^[50] This distinction is crucial for real-time applications, as non-GBR bearers—common for default connectivity—may experience variable throughput without guarantees, potentially impacting elastic data like email or file downloads but not affecting GBR-supported streaming or voice.^[50] GBR integrates with broader mobile architectures by mapping to policy and charging control (PCC) rules, enabling operators to enforce end-to-end QoS across evolved packet systems.^[50]

Notation Systems

The Guy–Blandford–Roycroft code, abbreviated as the GBR code, is a notation system developed for efficiently representing and indexing chess positions, especially in endgame studies. Invented in the 1970s by mathematicians Richard K. Guy, Hugh Blandford, and endgame specialist John Roycroft, it provides a concise way to encode the material configuration on the board without specifying exact square locations, making it ideal for database lookups and classification.^[52]^[53] The core of the GBR code consists of up to six digits in the format abcd.ef, where the first four digits (a b c d) represent the counts of queens, rooks, bishops, and knights, respectively, for both white and black pieces combined in each category. Each white piece contributes 1 to the digit, while each black piece contributes 3, allowing decoding by integer division: the quotient gives the number of black pieces, and the remainder the number of white pieces. The digits after the decimal (e f) directly encode the number of white pawns (e) and black pawns (f). Kings are assumed to be present and not encoded. For instance, the starting position with 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, and 2 knights per side, plus 8 pawns each, is denoted as 4888.88. A position with two white knights against one black pawn is 0002.01.^[54] This system excels in computer chess databases due to its compact binary-friendly representation, enabling rapid material-based filtering and storage far more efficiently than verbose algebraic descriptions of full positions. It supports indexing large collections of endgames, such as those in the EG journal, by allowing quick identification of specific material imbalances without parsing move histories. Compared briefly to standards like FEN, which encode complete board states including square positions, the GBR code prioritizes material summary for thematic searches in studies.^[54]^[52] Historically, the code emerged from efforts to systematize endgame study documentation, with Roycroft adapting earlier ideas from Guy and Blandford for practical use in publications. It has been integrated into tools like SCID vs. PC, where users can perform position searches filtered by GBR-equivalent material criteria to locate relevant games or studies. For full position notation, the GBR system extends the material code with algebraic square identifiers for kings and other pieces, such as a7d3 0116.00 b2b3c6d6 to denote specific placements in an endgame. An example mapping in standard algebraic places the e4 square as the fifth file on the fourth rank, commonly referenced in move notations but summarized via GBR for material context. Adoption extends to PGN-compatible databases for endgame indexing, though PGN itself primarily uses algebraic for moves.^[54]^[52]

Codes and Standards

International Identifiers

GBR serves as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.^[55] This three-letter code was established as part of the ISO 3166 standard, first published in 1974 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to provide a compact representation of countries for international use.^[56] It is distinct from the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code "GB," which is derived from "Great Britain," and the numeric code 826, allowing for flexible applications depending on the required format.^[55] The code GBR is widely applied in global contexts, including international trade documentation, where it identifies the United Kingdom in customs declarations and economic reporting systems such as the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS).^[57] In United Nations statistics, GBR is used in the M49 standard for geographical coding to aggregate data on trade, population, and development indicators.^[58] For internet governance, while the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .uk, GBR is referenced in ISO 3166 maintenance by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to link country names with domain allocations. Historically, the inclusion of "Northern Ireland" in the official country name reflects the United Kingdom's formation following the partition of Ireland in 1922, with the ISO designation formalizing this in 1974 to encompass the entire sovereign state.^[55] This evolution distinguishes GBR from earlier references to "Great Britain" alone, ensuring alignment with post-1922 geopolitical boundaries in standardized international identifiers.^[56]

Sports and Gaming Codes

In sports and gaming contexts, GBR serves as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) country code for Great Britain, representing the combined national team from England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in the Olympic and Paralympic Games.^[59] This code has been in use since the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896, when Great Britain athletes first competed under it at the Athens Games. The team, officially known as Team GB, competes under the Union Flag (also called the Union Jack) during medal ceremonies and events, symbolizing the unity of the United Kingdom's constituent nations in international athletic competition.^[60] As of the Paris 2024 Olympics, Great Britain has amassed a total of 981 Olympic medals, placing it third on the all-time Summer Olympics medal table behind the United States and the former Soviet Union.^[61] This tally includes 299 golds, 338 silvers, and 344 bronzes, with notable achievements by athletes such as Sir Mo Farah, who won four gold medals in long-distance running events (5,000m and 10,000m) at the 2012 London and 2016 Rio Olympics while representing GBR.^[62] The Paralympic team also uses the GBR code under the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), contributing to Great Britain's strong performance in adaptive sports, though specific Paralympic medal counts are tracked separately. Beyond the Olympics, GBR functions as the FIFA country code for a unified United Kingdom national football team, though it is rarely invoked due to the tradition of separate teams for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland competing independently in most international matches. In esports, GBR denotes UK-based players or national squads in global tournaments, such as the Overwatch World Cup, where it identifies Great Britain representatives alongside other national abbreviations.^[63] This usage aligns with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 standard for the United Kingdom, ensuring consistency across international identifiers.

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Molecular Formula. C28H32F2N2O ; Synonyms. Vanoxerine; 67469-69-6; Gbr 12909; Vanoxerina; Vanoxerinum ; Molecular Weight. 450.6 g/mol. Computed by PubChem 2.2 ( ...
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[44]
GB - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) - ISO
Full name. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ; Alpha-3 code. GBR ; Numeric code. 826 ; Independent. Yes ; Status. Officially assigned.
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ISO 3166 — Country Codes
The purpose of ISO 3166 is to define internationally recognized codes of letters and/or numbers that we can use when we refer to countries and their ...Missing: GBR | Show results with:GBR
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Country Codes - World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS)
800. Ukraine. UKR. 804. United Arab Emirates. ARE. 784. United Kingdom. GBR. 826. United States. USA. 840. Unspecified. UNS. 898. Uruguay. URY. 858. Us Msc.Pac.<|separator|>
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Standard country or area codes for - UNSD — Methodology
The list of countries or areas contains the names of countries or areas in alphabetical order, their three-digit numerical codes used for statistical ...
[48]
Paris 2024 Olympics: Full list of country names and codes for IOC ...
Jul 24, 2024 · Find out every country code for NOCs so you know what to look out for at the Olympic Games Paris 2024.
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Team GB vows to stick with traditional Union flag on 2024 Olympic ...
Apr 2, 2024 · The British Olympic Association has vowed to stick with tradition and not mess with the classic red, white and blue Union flag on its 2024 Olympic kit.
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How to watch Team GB live at the Paris 2024 Olympics
Jul 19, 2024 · As of Tokyo 2020, Team GB have won a total of 916 medals at the Games. 284 of those were gold, 318 silvers,mand 314 bronzes, putting them third ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://www.ijcte.org/papers/403-G1159.pdf
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Mo Farah - Team GB
Mo Farah has won 4 Olympic gold medals. ... Team GB's final gold medal at Rio 2016 was won by Mo Farah as the long-distance specialist completed the famous ' ...
[53]
United Kingdom national football team - Wikipedia
FIFA code, UK GBR. FIFA ranking. Current, N/A. First international. United Kingdom 6–1 Rest of Europe (Glasgow, United Kingdom; 10 May 1947). Biggest win.
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Overwatch World Cup/Great Britain Team - Namuwiki:main door
This is the British national team participating in the Overwatch World Cup. The team tag is #RoarAsOne and the abbreviation is GBR. The team symbol is a lion.