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Service star

A service star is a bronze or silver five-pointed star, measuring 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) in diameter, worn by members of the United States Armed Forces as a device on the suspension and service ribbons of campaign and service medals to denote participation in authorized military campaigns or specific service periods.^[1]^[2] Bronze service stars are authorized for each qualifying campaign or service period, with one such star attached to the ribbon for initial awards and additional stars for subsequent ones; a silver service star is worn in lieu of five bronze service stars to represent multiple awards efficiently.^[1]^[3] This device applies across all branches, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, and is commonly used with medals such as the Southwest Asia Service Medal, where it signifies involvement in designated operational phases like the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War campaigns.^[1]^[2] Eligibility for service stars requires service within the geographic and temporal boundaries of a named campaign as defined by the Department of Defense, with awards determined by each military service's regulations; for example, personnel must have been assigned to a unit engaged in operations or provided direct support during the period.^[1]^[2] The device underscores the cumulative nature of service honors, distinguishing it from standalone valor awards like the Bronze Star Medal, and has been a standard element of uniform regulations since at least World War II-era campaign medals.^[4]

Overview and General Usage

Definition and Purpose

A service star is a small, five-pointed device, typically made of bronze or silver and measuring 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) in diameter, that is affixed to the suspension ribbon of a medal or to a ribbon bar to denote additional awards, qualifying periods of service, or participation in designated operations.^[5]^[6] These devices are authorized for wear by members of the uniformed services of the United States and are positioned according to specific placement rules on the ribbon to indicate each instance of eligibility.^[2] The primary purpose of the service star is to provide a compact visual representation of multiple entitlements to the same underlying award, thereby avoiding the issuance of duplicate medals or ribbons, which streamlines recognition and display during extended military engagements.^[6] A silver service star is equivalent to five bronze service stars and is worn in their place when the total number of bronze stars exceeds four, ensuring efficient notation of repeated service.^[5] This system promotes uniformity in how achievements and service are acknowledged across the armed forces. Service stars are governed by U.S. Department of Defense regulations, including DoD Manual 1348.33, which outlines their criteria, design, and application across all branches of the military.^[6] They are distinct from analogous award devices employed by foreign armed forces, which may vary in design, symbolism, or usage criteria.^[6]

Attachment and Display Standards

Service stars are physically attached to the suspension ribbon of full-size medals and centered on the service ribbon or ribbon bar when worn on uniforms, serving to denote additional awards or participation in designated campaigns. These devices consist of a five-pointed star measuring 3/16 inch in diameter, with bronze stars used for each subsequent award beyond the first and silver stars substituted in place of five bronze stars to represent multiples of five. Stars must be positioned without overlapping and are authorized solely on the ribbon of the base award for which they denote additional entitlements.^[5] Arrangement of multiple service stars follows branch-specific uniform regulations to ensure consistent appearance. Generally, bronze or silver stars are centered horizontally on service ribbons and suspension ribbons, with a maximum of 4 to 5 stars per row depending on the branch; a silver star replaces five bronze ones, and additional rows or ribbons are used for more than that number, centered and aligned to prevent overlap. These configurations prevent overcrowding and maintain the device's visibility during formal wear.^[7]^[8] Branch-specific uniform regulations govern the display of service stars, adapting to uniform types while upholding core attachment principles. In the U.S. Army, Army Regulation (AR) 670-1 mandates that service stars be worn on the service ribbon of dress uniforms (such as the Army Service Uniform) and combat uniforms (via ribbon replicas), with precise centering and no alterations to the base medal's design; miniature versions follow identical rules on miniature ribbons. The U.S. Marine Corps, per Marine Corps Order (MCO) 1020.34H, requires stars on the suspension and service ribbons for all dress and service uniforms, emphasizing horizontal alignment on ribbons and vertical on suspensions for utility uniforms. U.S. Air Force standards in Department of the Air Force Instruction (DAFI) 36-2903 specify placement on mess dress, service dress, and blues uniforms, limiting rows to five stars and prohibiting wear on non-ribbon elements. For the U.S. Navy, Secretary of the Navy Manual (SECNAV M) 1650.1 and uniform regulations outline 3/16-inch stars centered on ribbons for all uniform categories, from dress blues to working uniforms, with silver stars denoting quintuples as in other branches. Variations exist for combat environments, where only embroidered or subdued ribbon representations are authorized to align with operational needs.^[9]^[8]

Service Stars for Individual Awards

Application to Service Medals

Service stars are employed on non-combat service medals to denote extended or repeated periods of honorable and faithful service, emphasizing cumulative time served in active or reserve duty without involvement in combat operations. These devices recognize sustained exemplary behavior, efficiency, and loyalty, with criteria typically tied to fixed intervals of continuous service rather than specific achievements or deployments. For instance, the Army Good Conduct Medal, established by Executive Order 8809 on June 28, 1941, awards a clasp for each subsequent three-year period of qualifying service after the initial award, worn on the suspension and service ribbon.^[10] In the Navy and Marine Corps, the Good Conduct Medal similarly uses bronze service stars to mark additional three-year periods of honorable active service, introduced in the 1940s to honor post-World War II retention and performance among enlisted personnel. A silver service star substitutes for five bronze stars on long-service awards like the Navy Good Conduct Medal, allowing recipients to display multiple awards compactly on the ribbon or suspension.^[11] The Selected Marine Corps Reserve Medal, awarded for four consecutive years of satisfactory drilling and training in the Selected Marine Corps Reserve, authorizes one bronze service star for each additional four-year period, reflecting ongoing reserve commitment. Branch-specific regulations, such as Army Regulation 600-8-22 and Secretary of the Navy Instruction 1650.1 series, govern the application of service stars to these medals, specifying that they indicate cumulative qualifying service without requiring re-issuance of the original medal itself. These stars are attached to the ribbon per general display standards, ensuring uniform presentation across uniforms.^[12]

Application to Expeditionary Medals

Service stars are utilized on expeditionary medals to recognize multiple instances of qualifying service in designated overseas operations or geographical areas, distinguishing these awards from routine service medals by their emphasis on specific deployments involving potential combat or humanitarian efforts.^[13] For instance, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (AFEM), established by Executive Order 10977 on December 4, 1961, awards a bronze service star for each subsequent participation in an approved U.S. military operation after July 1, 1958, such as operations in Vietnam between 1958 and 1975 or the invasion of Grenada in 1983.^[14]^[15] The Navy Expeditionary Medal, authorized in 1919 for U.S. Navy and Marine Corps personnel, similarly employs service stars to denote additional expeditions, with one bronze star issued for each qualifying operation beyond the first, such as landings on foreign shores in armed conflict prior to the AFEM's creation.^[16] This medal's criteria focus on direct participation in operations against armed opposition or in situations where U.S. forces might expect to face such opposition, covering service from February 12, 1874, onward, though stars are limited to pre-1961 expeditions to avoid overlap with the AFEM.^[16] In modern contexts, the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal (GWOT-EM), instituted by Executive Order 13289 on March 12, 2003, authorizes service stars for second and subsequent deployments in support of approved operations on or after September 11, 2001, with one star per distinct qualifying period in designated areas of eligibility, such as combat zones in Afghanistan or Iraq.^[17] This authorization, effective from February 9, 2015, per Department of Defense policy, tracks multiple short-term deployments without awarding multiple medals for the same operation. Overall, these regulations, governed by Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, ensure service stars on expeditionary medals precisely reflect operational involvement rather than cumulative time served.^[18]

Campaign and Battle Stars

Campaign Stars

Campaign stars are bronze or silver devices, typically 3/16 inch in diameter, worn on the suspension ribbon and ribbon bar of U.S. military campaign medals to denote participation in specific named campaigns or phases within a designated theater of operations during wartime.^[1] These stars distinguish broader operational periods, such as multi-month campaigns, from more discrete actions.^[18] For example, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, authorized for service from December 7, 1941, to March 2, 1946, features bronze stars for designated campaigns including the Philippines and Iwo Jima.^[19]^[20] Eligibility for a campaign star requires service within a defined campaign period, such as those spanning World War II from 1941 to 1945, where personnel must have accrued 30 consecutive days or 60 non-consecutive days in the area of operations, or participated in qualifying combat actions, aerial flights, or been wounded in action.^[1]^[19] One bronze star is authorized per campaign phase met, with a silver star substituting for five bronze stars to avoid overcrowding.^[18] This system allows for multiple stars on a single medal, reflecting extended involvement across various phases. The use of stars to mark campaign participation traces its origins to World War I, where the Victory Medal employed clasps bearing stars flanking campaign or sector names.^[21] In modern applications, such as the Iraq Campaign Medal covering phases from 2003 to 2011—including Liberation of Iraq (March 19, 2003–May 1, 2003) and Iraqi Governance (June 29, 2004–December 15, 2005)—stars denote service in these sequential operations.^[22]^[23] Regulations for campaign stars are outlined in Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 2, which standardizes criteria across services and requires verification of service records for award authorization.^[18] These rules ensure stars are awarded only for operations approved by executive order or departmental directive, emphasizing direct support to combat efforts.^[24]

Battle Stars

Battle stars are bronze service stars, measuring 3/16 inch in diameter, worn on the suspension ribbon and service ribbon of campaign medals to denote participation in specific named battles or engagements within a larger campaign theater.^[1] These devices, authorized under Army Regulation 600-8-22, recognize direct involvement in combat operations, with one star awarded per qualifying engagement. For example, on the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, battle stars are authorized for operations such as the Normandy invasion (June 6 to July 24, 1944) and the Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944, to January 25, 1945). The criteria for battle stars require verification of the service member's presence in the designated area during the exact dates of the named battle, as established by general orders from the Department of the Army or appropriate theater commander. Up to 16 battle stars could be earned on the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal for World War II service members participating in multiple engagements across the theater.^[25] Introduced in 1942 with the establishment of the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal by Executive Order 9265, battle stars provided a means to highlight specific combat actions amid broader campaign service. Similar usage applies to other conflict medals, such as the Korean Service Medal, where battle stars denote participation in defined engagements like the Pusan Perimeter (August 27 to September 15, 1950).^[26] Established by Executive Order 10179 on November 8, 1950, this medal authorizes up to 13 battle stars for the war's official campaigns, each representing a discrete period of intense combat activity. Awards are processed through verification of unit records and individual service dates against the engagement criteria outlined in Army Regulation 600-8-22, ensuring only those physically present and supporting operations qualify. Not all campaign medals include battle stars; their application is limited to those conflicts where specific engagements were formally designated for such recognition.

Unit and Organizational Awards

Service Stars on Unit Citations

Service stars, also known as bronze stars, are devices affixed to the ribbons of certain unit awards to denote additional citations to the same unit for meritorious service or extraordinary heroism. These devices recognize collective achievements rather than individual actions, with the first award represented by the plain ribbon and subsequent awards indicated by one bronze star per additional citation. The use of such stars on unit citations originated with the establishment of the Presidential Unit Citation in 1942 via Executive Order 9075, which formalized unit-level recognition during World War II and set precedents for denoting multiple awards across branches. Individuals authorized to wear unit citation ribbons, including any attached service stars, must have been assigned or attached to the cited unit during the specific period of meritorious service or combat action, with honorable service verified through official records. According to Department of the Air Force Instruction (DAFI) 36-2803, personnel wear these awards based on the unit's history during their tenure, using bronze service stars or oak leaf clusters as appropriate devices for additional awards, ensuring the display reflects only those citations earned while they served in the unit. This criterion applies uniformly across services, preventing unauthorized claims and emphasizing participation in the qualifying events.^[27] Key examples include the Presidential Unit Citation, where Navy and Marine Corps personnel add bronze stars (with silver stars replacing five bronze) for each subsequent award to the unit, as outlined in Navy regulations; Army and Air Force variants use oak leaf clusters for multiples. The Meritorious Unit Commendation similarly employs bronze stars on Navy ribbons or oak leaf clusters on Army versions to signify repeated commendations for outstanding achievement. The Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, applicable since its creation in 1954, uses bronze oak leaf clusters for additional grants, with units earning multiple such awards during conflicts like the Vietnam War—for instance, various Air Force squadrons received repeated citations for sustained operations between 1965 and 1973. These devices highlight a unit's repeated excellence without altering the core award emblem.^[28]^[29]

Naval Warship Applications

In naval contexts, service stars and battle stars are employed to recognize warships' participation in specific operations and campaigns, distinguishing unit-level achievements from individual personnel honors. According to regulations established by the Bureau of Naval Personnel during World War II, U.S. Navy ships qualify for battle stars on area campaign medals by engaging in designated named operations within theaters such as the Asiatic-Pacific area.^[30] For instance, participation in the Guadalcanal campaign from August 7, 1942, to February 8, 1943, entitled qualifying vessels to a battle star on the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, with up to 15 such stars possible for Pacific Fleet ships based on involvement across multiple engagements like Eastern Solomons and Leyte Gulf.^[30] The criteria for earning these stars require a ship's direct contribution to the operation, such as providing fire support, conducting patrols, or engaging enemy forces, as verified through operational logs and command reports.^[30] Personnel serving aboard the ship during the qualifying period wear corresponding bronze stars on their personal campaign medal ribbons, ensuring that crew members receive credit for the unit's actions. This system extends to unit awards like the Navy Unit Commendation, where warships demonstrating outstanding heroism in action—comparable to Silver Star criteria for individuals—receive the commendation, with subsequent awards denoted by 3/16-inch bronze service stars on the ribbon. Post-World War II applications continued this practice for naval vessels in subsequent conflicts. During the Korean War, destroyers and other warships earned engagement stars on the Korean Service Medal for involvement in specific actions, such as shore bombardments supporting Inchon landings or patrols in the Yellow Sea from 1950 to 1953.^[31] In the Vietnam War, similar stars were awarded on the Vietnam Service Medal to ships like destroyers for participation in defined campaign phases, including operations off the coast from 1965 to 1973, recognizing roles in interdiction and support missions.^[32] These naval applications are governed by Secretary of the Navy Instruction (SECNAVINST) 1650.1 series, which delineates awards to the ship itself—often displayed via battle streamers on the mast or commissioning pennant—from those to personnel, who wear stars on personal ribbons. Additionally, the Navy "E" Ribbon for combat efficiency, awarded to warships meeting gunnery and readiness standards, may accompany service stars, with bronze stars marking multiple qualifying periods, further highlighting a vessel's operational excellence.^[33]

Historical Evolution

Origins in Early 20th Century

The service star, a small bronze or silver five-pointed device worn on military ribbons to denote additional awards or specific campaigns, originated in the U.S. armed forces during the early 20th century as a means to recognize multiple instances of service without issuing separate medals. The concept was first formalized with the World War I Victory Medal, authorized by an Act of Congress on July 18, 1919, for participation in operations from April 6, 1917, to November 11, 1918. Clasps on the full medal for battles, defensive sectors, or occupation duties—such as the "Army of Occupation of Germany" clasp for service in the Rhineland after the Armistice—were represented on the ribbon bar by 3/16-inch bronze stars, one for each qualifying period. This innovation allowed for compact display of honors earned in the extended engagements of trench warfare, where troops often qualified for numerous recognitions.^[34]^[35]^[36] Prior to widespread adoption in World War I, early precedents appeared in expeditionary awards for interventions in the 1910s, including Mexican border operations. The Navy Expeditionary Medal, established on August 5, 1936, and retroactively applied to actions like the 1914 Veracruz landing, used bronze stars for multiple expeditions. Similarly, the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal, authorized in 1919, initially used numerals for multiple expeditions but authorized bronze stars for additional expeditions after 1921, covering services such as those against Mexican revolutionaries. These devices drew from Allied influences, adapting the British and French traditions of clasps and bars on ribbons to denote successive campaigns on a single award.^[16]^[37] In the interwar years, Army regulations promulgated in 1921 standardized service stars for post-World War I occupation duties, extending their use to ribbons like that of the Victory Medal for Rhineland service. The Navy applied them to expeditionary ribbons for operations in regions such as the Yangtze River valley during unrest in the late 1920s, where personnel qualified for stars based on distinct periods of involvement. The U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, established in 1919 under the Quartermaster Corps, contributed to the standardization of these devices, specifying a 3/16-inch size for regular wear and 1/8-inch miniatures for undress uniforms to ensure uniformity and practicality. This evolution addressed the demands of prolonged deployments, providing an efficient emblem for cumulative valor and duty in an era of expanding U.S. military engagements.^[38]

Changes in Post-WWII Regulations

Following World War II, U.S. military regulations for service stars evolved to accommodate new conflicts and prolonged engagements during the Cold War and beyond, standardizing their use on emerging campaign and service medals to denote multiple periods of qualifying service. The Korean Service Medal, established by Executive Order 10179 on November 8, 1950, was the first major post-WWII award to incorporate bronze service stars, authorizing one for each of 10 designated campaigns such as the Pusan Perimeter and Chosin Reservoir operations.^[39]^[40] A silver service star was permitted in lieu of five bronze stars to consolidate multiple awards on the ribbon. In 1953, following the Korean armistice, the National Defense Service Medal was created by Executive Order 10448 on April 22 to recognize honorable active duty during the Korean War period (June 27, 1950–July 27, 1953), with subsequent revisions adding bronze service stars for later qualifying eras, including Vietnam (August 1961–December 1974), the Persian Gulf War (August 1990–November 1995), and post-9/11 operations (September 2001 onward).^[41]^[42] These updates reflected the shift toward broader service recognition amid emerging global tensions. The 1960s brought significant adaptations for the Vietnam War, with the Vietnam Service Medal established by Executive Order 11231 on July 8, 1965, authorizing up to 17 bronze service stars for distinct campaign periods from July 1965 to March 1973, such as Counteroffensive and Tet Counteroffensive phases.^[43] Regulations under Department of Defense Instruction 1348.33, initially issued in the late 1960s, capped visible devices at four per ribbon (using silver stars for multiples of five bronze) to maintain uniform appearance, with excess awards documented in personnel records rather than additional physical stars.^[44] This addressed potential award proliferation from extended deployments. During the Global War on Terrorism era starting in 2001, regulations expanded service star applications to non-traditional expeditionary awards, including the Afghanistan Campaign Medal (established November 29, 2004) with stars for phases like Initial Response (October 2001–March 2002) and Consolidation III (June 2015–present), and the Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal (December 2015) for operations against ISIS, featuring stars for phases such as Abeyance (June 15, 2014–November 24, 2015) and Intensification (November 25, 2015–April 14, 2017).^[45]^[46] These changes, detailed in updated DoD Manual 1348.33 volumes, adapted the system to asymmetric warfare and coalition efforts, preventing inflation by limiting stars to verified campaign participation.^[47] In the 1980s, uniform regulations under Army Regulation 670-1 and equivalent Navy and Air Force directives refined device placement and spacing for better ribbon fit during prolonged wear, indirectly affecting service star arrangement without altering their 3/16-inch diameter. By the 2010s, a DoD-wide review culminated in 2016 revisions to Instruction 1348.33, integrating digital systems like the Army's Awards and Decorations Processing System for electronic verification and issuance, enhancing accuracy for post-2001 awards such as Afghanistan-specific stars.^[48] These modernizations ensured equitable recognition amid ongoing operations while curbing discrepancies from manual processing.

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