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Mast

A mast is a tall vertical spar or mounted on a sailing , rising from the or to support the sails, , such as yards and booms, and associated equipment essential for and stability at sea. The word "mast" traces its origins to mæst, derived from Proto-Germanic mastaz and ultimately from the mazdo-, signifying "a " or "." This etymological lineage reflects its fundamental role as a structural support, with cognates in languages like mastr, Middle Dutch maste, and Latin malus. Historically, masts evolved from simple single-tree trunks hewn from coniferous wood in ancient and medieval seafaring. In a nautical context, this is the primary meaning of "mast." For other uses of the term, including in , , , and places, see the sections below.

Engineering

Sailing Mast

A sailing mast is a tall vertical or near-vertical spar erected on the centerline of a ship or , serving as the primary structural support for sails, yards, booms, and to enable propulsion by . It forms the backbone of the vessel's sailing rig, distributing loads from the sails to the while maintaining under varying conditions. Historically, masts evolved from simple wooden poles used in ancient vessels to sophisticated multi-section structures in of Sail, reflecting advances in and . Early masts, dating back to Mediterranean and around the 1st millennium BCE, were typically single trunks of coniferous woods like or , hewn from straight trees to reach heights of 8 to 12 meters on smaller craft. By the 15th to 19th centuries, as ships grew larger for transoceanic voyages, masts were constructed from joined sections of , , or , allowing for greater height and strength; for instance, the lower mainmast on a 19th-century 110-gun ship could measure 117 feet in length and 3 feet 3 inches in diameter. In the , aluminum extrusions replaced wood for most recreational and commercial yachts due to their and ease of manufacturing, while carbon fiber composites emerged in the late 1970s to early 1980s for high-performance racing boats, offering superior strength-to-weight ratios—up to 50% lighter than aluminum—and enhanced flexibility to reduce sail flap and improve speed. Today, carbon fiber masts dominate elite competitions, such as yachts, where they can exceed 100 feet in length on vessels over 60 feet, though wood remains in use for traditional replicas emphasizing historical authenticity. Sailing vessels feature various mast types based on rig configuration and vessel size, with multi-masted setups becoming standard during the Age of Sail to maximize sail area and maneuverability. The foremast, positioned nearest the bow, supports forward sails and is often rigged to the for additional leverage; the mainmast, the tallest and centrally located, carries the largest sails for primary ; and the mizzenmast, aft of the mainmast, provides and auxiliary power, typically the shortest in three-masted ships. Specialized forms include the jury mast, a temporary improvised spar erected in emergencies after dismasting, often fashioned from spare spars or deck materials and secured with available to enable limping to port— a practice rooted in 18th-century where such rigs allowed damaged ships to continue operations. Mast construction emphasizes durability against compressive, bending, and torsional forces, with materials selected for the vessel's and purpose; historical wooden masts were often "made" by scarf-jointing multiple timbers, reinforced with wooden hoops or iron bands, while ones use extruded aluminum sections or autoclaved carbon fiber layups for precise aerodynamic profiles. Dimensions with hull length—for a 40-foot sloop, the mast might reach 50-60 feet with a base diameter of 6-8 inches tapering to 3-4 inches aloft, whereas historical frigates featured stepped masts (lower, top, and topgallant sections) totaling over 150 feet. Rigging attachments integrate stays for fore-and-aft stability (e.g., from masthead to bow, to ), shrouds for lateral support (running from mast to hull sides via chainplates, often in pairs per side), and yards— pivoted to the mast for hoisting square s, adjustable via braces and lifts to trim the . These components, tensioned to counter sail-induced loads, ensure the mast remains upright, with rigs incorporating swaged wire or synthetic fibers like Dyneema for reduced weight and stretch. The development of multi-masted ships peaked during the Age of Sail (roughly 1571-1862), driven by European exploration and trade demands that required greater sail power for longer voyages. In the 16th and 17th centuries, vessels transitioned from single- or two-masted cogs and caravels to three-masted barques and full-rigged ships, with taller masts and additional sails enabling speeds up to 10-12 knots and ranges across oceans. This evolution culminated in the 19th-century clipper ships, such as the American-built Flying Cloud, which featured finely raked three-masted configurations with expansive yards and canvas to achieve record passages—like 89 days from to around —revolutionizing global commerce in , , and migrants before steam power diminished their role by the 1870s.

Antenna Mast

An mast is a tall, primarily metallic engineered to elevate and secure antennas for transmitting and receiving radio, , and signals, ensuring stable positioning against environmental forces. These masts function as guyed or self-supporting towers essential for and communications, where height maximizes signal coverage and reduces . Common types include lattice masts, which consist of triangular or square frameworks for high strength and load capacity; monopole masts, featuring a single tapered pole for simpler, urban installations; and telescopic masts, which are extendable sections allowing for adjustable heights in temporary or setups. Lattice designs support multiple antennas and are prevalent in rural broadcast sites, while monopoles offer a sleeker profile for cellular networks, and telescopic variants facilitate rapid deployment in field operations. Guyed masts rely on anchors for stability, contrasting with self-supporting freestanding versions that require robust bases. Engineering specifications emphasize durability and efficiency, with heights reaching up to 629 meters, as exemplified by the in , constructed as a guyed to support VHF broadcasting. Materials typically include galvanized for its tensile strength and corrosion resistance in and monopole forms, alongside aluminum for lighter, telescopic applications due to its favorable strength-to-weight ratio. Guy-wire stabilization, often using aluminum-clad cables, prevents swaying under wind loads and supports the structure's vertical integrity, with designs accounting for factors like wind speed and weight. Historical milestones trace to the early , when the first dedicated radio transmission masts emerged around 1906 in to enable long-distance signaling amid the rapid adoption of radio technology. Post-1950 developments focused on taller structures for television broadcasting, including the 1963 completion of the 629-meter , which briefly held the record as the world's tallest man-made structure and advanced FM and TV signal propagation. These evolutions paralleled the growth of , shifting from wooden poles to frameworks for greater reliability. Early vertical support concepts, akin to those in sailing masts, influenced initial designs for upright signal elevation. Maintenance poses significant challenges, particularly lightning protection, where grounding systems and surge arrestors redirect strikes to prevent equipment damage and fires on conductive structures. Ice loading exacerbates risks by adding weight—up to several tons on large masts—and altering , potentially causing structural stress or antenna detuning during winter storms, necessitating de-icing protocols and reinforced designs. Regular inspections address from guy wires and environmental exposure, ensuring long-term operational safety.

Mooring Mast

A mooring mast is a fixed or mobile tower-like structure equipped with a specialized fitting, often called a or cup, at its apex to secure the bow of a lighter-than-air such as an via a mooring , allowing the vessel to remain airborne during . These masts typically feature a rotatable top section to orient the into , integrated winches for reeling in the mooring line and stabilizing the , and elevated platforms for passenger and crew transfer without requiring the to fully land. Additional systems handle gas management, including or replenishment valves and safety mechanisms to prevent leaks during attachment. Engineered primarily from latticed for strength and lightness, mooring masts share foundational principles of wind-resistant tall structures with masts, such as guy wires or self-supporting frameworks to endure gusts up to 50 knots. Mooring masts saw peak development and use in the and , coinciding with the of rigid airships like zeppelins, which enabled transoceanic travel by reducing the need for large ground crews and hangars. The U.S. pioneered fixed masts for semi-rigid airships, with the USS Shenandoah successfully mooring to a 150-foot tower at Lakehurst in 1924, demonstrating the technology's viability for military operations. Commercial examples included the 200-foot mast atop the , completed in 1931 as a symbolic docking point for dirigibles, though it was never used due to safety concerns over urban wind turbulence and fire risks. Heights generally ranged from 150 to 225 feet to accommodate airship nose elevations during approach, balancing accessibility with structural economy. The catastrophic on May 6, 1937, marked the effective end of large-scale mooring mast usage for rigid airships; the German caught fire while maneuvering to dock at the Lakehurst mast, killing 36 people and eroding public confidence in hydrogen-filled craft amid revelations of ignition risks. This event halted transatlantic services and led to the scrapping of planned mast infrastructure worldwide, as governments and investors shifted to safer aviation alternatives like airplanes. In modern times, mooring masts have seen rare revivals for smaller non-rigid blimps, emphasizing helium safety and automated controls over the elaborate systems of the era.

Flag Mast

A flag mast, also known as a or flagstaff, is a vertical , often tapered for aesthetic and structural efficiency, designed to support the hoisting and display of flags using halyards or ropes. These structures enable flags to be raised to the peak or lowered as needed, serving purposes from symbolic representation to . Flag masts come in various types tailored to specific uses, including flagpoles carried during processions for ceremonial displays, nautical signal masts equipped with yardarms to fly multiple flags for communication, and ceremonial masts installed at to honor national or institutional symbols. Common materials include for traditional or wall-mounted applications, aluminum for its and , and for enhanced flexibility and weatherproofing, with heights typically ranging from 3 meters for residential or portable setups to over 100 meters for monumental installations. Historically, flag masts played a crucial role in naval signaling, with the —published by the British in 1857—standardizing 18 s to convey over 70,000 messages between vessels, building on earlier maritime practices that originated alongside sailing mast designs for flag hoisting. Installation of flag masts adheres to standards emphasizing stability, such as embedding the base in a foundation typically 10% of the pole's height deep in firm soil, using 3000 PSI and tamped for support, often with bolts for shoe-base models. Topping-out ornaments, like finials or eagles, cap the mast to prevent rope wear and add decorative flair, ensuring compliance with guidelines from organizations such as the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM).

Biology

Mast Cell

Mast cells are a type of derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the , which mature and reside primarily in connective tissues throughout the body. These cells are characterized by their large cytoplasmic s containing various mediators, and they are long-lived residents that do not circulate extensively in the like other granulocytes. Mast cells were first discovered in 1878 by during his doctoral thesis work at , where he identified them as "Mastzellen" based on their metachromatic staining with aniline dyes, initially hypothesizing a nutritional role due to their granule appearance. They are widely distributed in tissues such as the skin, lungs, and , often positioned near blood vessels and nerves to facilitate rapid responses to environmental stimuli. A primary function of mast cells is to release preformed and newly synthesized mediators upon activation, particularly through IgE-mediated triggered by allergens binding to IgE antibodies on the cell surface via high-affinity FcεRI receptors. This process leads to the rapid of granules containing , which promotes and increased ; , an that also stabilizes granules; and a variety of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α that amplify inflammatory responses. Mast cells also produce lipid mediators like leukotrienes and prostaglandins, as well as proteases including and chymase, contributing to both immediate and sustained immune effects. Mast cells play a crucial role in reactions, including allergies and , where their causes symptoms such as , , and through release and smooth muscle contraction. In parasitic infections, particularly helminth infections, mast cells contribute to host defense by releasing proteases that degrade parasite toxins and cytokines that recruit and other immune cells to expel the invaders. Disorders associated with mast cells include , a clonal proliferation of mast cells leading to their accumulation in tissues like , , and viscera, often driven by mutations in the and resulting in symptoms from mediator release such as flushing, pruritus, and gastrointestinal distress. (MCAS) represents a non-clonal condition of episodic, inappropriate mast cell activation without significant proliferation, affecting multiple organ systems with symptoms including anaphylaxis-like episodes, chronic urticaria, and autonomic dysfunction, diagnosed by elevated levels during episodes and response to antihistamines or mast cell stabilizers.

Mast (Botany)

In , mast refers to the nutrient-rich fruits and seeds produced by certain trees, primarily hard-shelled nuts such as acorns from oaks (genus Quercus) and beechnuts from beeches (genus Fagus), both belonging to the family , as well as similar seeds from other families like (e.g., hazelnuts) and (e.g., nuts). These structures are high in , fats, and proteins, serving as a key food source for while contributing to cycling through . For example, acorns from (English oak) and beechnuts from (European beech) exemplify mast, with acorns typically enclosed in a cupule and beechnuts housed in spiny husks containing three-angled nuts. Mast plays a crucial ecological role in forest dynamics by influencing animal populations, seedling recruitment, and nutrient distribution. A defining phenomenon is mast seeding, where trees synchronize massive seed production in pulses every 2–10 years, followed by low-yield years, which overwhelms seed predators and enhances survival rates for uneaten seeds. This intermittency drives boom-and-bust cycles in herbivore populations, such as rodents and birds, and promotes forest regeneration by allowing more seeds to germinate amid reduced predation pressure. In oak-beech woodlands, these events can produce tons of mast per hectare, temporarily boosting biodiversity while preventing overgrazing in off-years. Evolutionary adaptations in mast-producing trees include chemical defenses to deter predation, such as high tannin concentrations in acorns and beechnuts, which bind proteins and reduce digestibility for insects and vertebrates. Tannins in Quercus species, for instance, can comprise up to 10% of acorn dry weight, acting as a feeding deterrent while mast seeding itself evolves as a predator-satiation strategy to ensure some seeds escape consumption during abundance peaks. These traits have coevolved with dispersers like jays and squirrels, balancing protection against loss to facilitate propagation. Humans have utilized mast since for and , processing acorns through to remove for , , and oil in cultures across , , and the . Archaeological evidence from sites (ca. 30,000–20,000 BCE) shows acorn consumption, while beechnuts supplemented diets in . In historical , practices like —releasing pigs into woodlands to fatten on fallen acorns and beechnuts—date to medieval and earlier, enhancing meat quality and .

MAST Kinases

MAST kinases constitute a family of microtubule-associated serine/ protein kinases within the AGC superfamily, playing key roles in cellular signaling by substrates involved in cytoskeletal organization and . In humans, the family includes four members, with MAST1 and MAST2 being prominent paralogs. MAST1, encoded by the gene on chromosome 19q13.3, and MAST2, encoded by the gene on chromosome 1p34.1, function as enzymes that catalyze the of serine and residues on target proteins. Structurally, both MAST1 and MAST2 feature a conserved tri-domain comprising an N-terminal domain of unknown function (DUF1908), a central serine/ kinase domain, and a C-terminal PDZ domain. The domain enables autophosphorylation and , while the PDZ domain facilitates interactions with PDZ-binding motifs in partner proteins, such as PTEN and NHE3, thereby scaffolding signaling complexes. The DUF1908 domain is essential for activation, and MAST2 additionally contains a unique T-loop insertion that stabilizes its active conformation through ion-pair interactions. These structural elements allow MAST kinases to associate with and regulate dynamic cellular processes. Functionally, MAST1 and MAST2 contribute to the regulation of by phosphorylating ENSA at serine 67, which inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and promotes mitotic progression. They also modulate through interactions with pro-apoptotic factors and influence neuronal signaling by controlling synaptic transmission and neuronal differentiation in the developing brain. In neuronal contexts, MAST1 supports cell cycle exit and formation, while MAST2 links the /utrophin network to in postmitotic neurons. These roles extend to potential involvement in pathways via cytoskeletal modulation. The MAST kinase family was first identified in the early , with MAST2 (originally termed MAST205) discovered in 1993 from microtubule fractions in spermatids, followed by the of MAST1 in the late through genomic studies. Variants in MAST1 have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including altered expression and observed in patients, potentially contributing to synaptic dysfunction. As of 2025, research focuses on biochemical assays such as in vitro activity measurements (with optimal conditions at pH 7.5, 30°C, and Mg²⁺ dependence) and substrate identification via phosphoproteomics, revealing over 50 unique substrates for MAST2 in cellular models. Inhibitor development remains exploratory, with inhibitors like rapamycin and Torin1 shown to suppress MAST2 activation downstream of insulin signaling, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues for cancer and neurological diseases.

Science

MAST (Fusion Tokamak)

The Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) is a spherical tokamak experiment designed for nuclear fusion research, located at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, and operational from December 1999 until its decommissioning in 2013. As a low-aspect-ratio device with an aspect ratio of approximately 1.3 (major radius R ≈ 0.85 m, minor radius a ≈ 0.65 m), MAST aimed to explore the advantages of spherical tokamak geometry, which offers potentially higher plasma beta and more compact designs compared to conventional tokamaks. The device was capable of sustaining plasma currents up to 2 MA in design specifications, with achieved currents reaching 1.4 MA during operations, supported by a toroidal magnetic field of up to 0.52 T. Heating and current drive were provided primarily through neutral beam injection (NBI), with two beam lines delivering up to 5 MW of power at energies around 35-75 keV, enabling studies of plasma behavior under high-performance conditions. MAST's design emphasized accessibility to extreme low-aspect-ratio regimes (A < 1.8), which amplified neoclassical effects and allowed investigations into plasma stability, transport, and edge physics relevant to future fusion devices. Key achievements included the demonstration of in spherical geometry, with energy confinement times doubling from 14 ms in L-mode to 28 ms in H-mode during early campaigns, alongside exceedance of the at modest heating powers. The device also recorded low halo currents with minimal toroidal peaking and favorable divertor power asymmetries (9:1 outboard-to-inboard), reducing engineering challenges for heat exhaust. These results validated the enhanced confinement scaling in , showing energy confinement times over 10 times better than its predecessor, the , and contributed to understanding high-beta plasmas (β_N up to 5). In 2013, MAST underwent a major upgrade to MAST-U (MAST Upgrade), completed between 2013 and 2020 at a cost of approximately £55 million, with first plasma achieved in October 2020. The upgrade enhanced capabilities with a doubled pulse length (up to 5 seconds), increased NBI power (up to 9 MW from on- and off-axis sources), a stronger toroidal field (up to 0.6 T), and the innovative Super-X divertor configuration, which reduces heat loads on plasma-facing components by a factor of 10 through extended field line lengths. MAST-U campaigns from 2021 to 2025 focused on longer pulses and higher plasma temperatures (up to 30 million °C), targeting up to 1,600 plasma pulses in its fourth campaign alone, involving more than 100 scientists from 37 institutions. Notable milestones include world-first stabilization of plasma using 3D magnetic coils in October 2025 and NBI power injections up to 3.5 MW, advancing exhaust solutions and edge-localized mode mitigation. MAST and MAST-U have played a pivotal role in plasma physics studies, particularly for the , by providing data on divertor heat management, neoclassical transport, and high-normalized-beta operations that inform ITER's baseline scenario despite its conventional tokamak design. The Super-X divertor results, for instance, have de-risked alternative exhaust concepts applicable to ITER's challenges with steady-state operation. Additionally, the devices support the UK's (STEP) program, testing compact fusion power plant viability with projections for a prototype by 2040.

MAST (Astronomy Archive)

The Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) is a NASA-funded astronomical data repository managed by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), dedicated to preserving and distributing scientific observations from space-based telescopes in the optical, ultraviolet, and near-infrared regimes. Established in 1991 to support the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) mission, MAST has evolved into a central hub for multi-mission data, hosting calibrated datasets from HST, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and other observatories such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and Kepler. This archive ensures long-term accessibility for astronomers worldwide, facilitating research on cosmic phenomena from stellar evolution to galaxy formation. MAST's holdings encompass a diverse array of data products, including spectra for detailed chemical analysis, high-resolution images capturing celestial structures, and catalogs compiling positional and photometric information, all spanning ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths. These resources enable studies of transient events, exoplanet atmospheres, and distant quasars, with raw and processed files available for download. As of July 2025, the archive contains nearly 300 million astronomical observations, reflecting its expansive scale amid ongoing data influx from active missions like . Access to MAST data is provided through user-friendly tools, including the MAST Portal for web-based searches and visualizations, and the Astroquery Python package for programmatic queries and retrievals. These interfaces support advanced filtering by mission, wavelength, or target coordinates, promoting efficient data exploration. Historically, MAST expanded significantly in 2018 with the public release of TESS's initial light curves and target pixel files, enhancing its role in exoplanet research following Kepler's archival contributions. MAST's data have underpinned numerous high-impact discoveries, particularly in exoplanet transits; for instance, Kepler mission archives hosted by MAST enabled the confirmation of over 2,600 exoplanets, while TESS data have yielded hundreds more since 2018, including habitable-zone candidates. The archive serves a global community of researchers, with millions of files downloaded annually to support peer-reviewed publications and collaborative analyses.

Marine Stramenopiles (MAST)

Marine stramenopiles (MAST) refer to a diverse assemblage of uncultured heterotrophic protist lineages within the stramenopile group, primarily identified through environmental sequencing of marine metagenomes. These clades, initially delineated as MAST-1 through MAST-12, encompass independent phylogenetic clusters that branch deeply within stramenopiles and are characterized by their small size (typically 2-5 μm) and flagellated morphology. MAST groups collectively represent 10-20% of heterotrophic protist abundance in marine ecosystems, often comprising a substantial fraction of bacterioplankton grazers in surface waters. The discovery of MAST clades occurred in the early 2000s via 18S rRNA gene sequencing of marine microbial communities, with the initial phylogenetic analysis establishing 12 distinct lineages from coastal and open-ocean samples. Subsequent studies in the 2010s refined these groupings through broader surveys and single-cell approaches, confirming their global distribution and ecological prevalence; for instance, reevaluations in 2013 expanded recognition of ribogroups, while 2018 analyses integrated Tara Oceans data to highlight functional diversity. Key contributions from 2010-2020 included pyrosequencing efforts revealing depth-related patterns and comparative phylogenomics that underscored their basal position in stramenopile evolution. Ecologically, MAST protists play pivotal roles in marine carbon cycling as bacterivores and occasional algivores, exerting top-down control on prokaryotic and small eukaryotic populations to facilitate nutrient remineralization. Certain clades, such as , preferentially graze on algae in addition to bacteria, potentially influencing algal blooms and symbiotic dynamics within phytoplankton communities. Their predatory activities contribute to the transfer of organic carbon through microbial food webs, with abundances correlating to bacterial productivity in oligotrophic waters. Genomic insights into MAST diversity emerged prominently from the (2009-2013), which generated metagenomic and single-cell assemblies revealing expanded functional repertoires, including genes for phagocytosis, nutrient scavenging, and osmoregulation across multiple clades. These efforts highlighted cultivation challenges, as most MAST lineages resist axenic growth due to dependencies on specific prey or environmental cues, limiting experimental validation of their metabolisms. As of 2025, biodiversity assessments estimate thousands of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within MAST clades, reflecting substantial cryptic speciation driven by niche adaptations in varied oceanographic conditions. Recent 2025 studies include metagenomic analyses of (Incisomonas) uncovering unexpected metabolic attributes and extensive horizontal gene transfer with associated microbiomes, as well as cross-system evaluations identifying three novel MAST lineages, primarily marine but with some freshwater exceptions.

Society and Culture

Surname

The surname Mast has origins in German and Swiss German languages, where it derives from the Middle High German word mast, meaning "fattening feed for pigs" or serving as a nickname for someone stout or well-fed. In Dutch contexts, it can also stem from mast referring to a ship's mast or long pole, used as a nickname for a tall, lanky individual. The name is particularly prevalent among Pennsylvania Dutch communities, which trace their roots to 18th-century Anabaptist immigrants from Switzerland and Germany. Globally, the surname Mast is borne by approximately 28,089 individuals, ranking as the 19,527th most common surname worldwide, with the highest concentrations in the United States (14,109 bearers), Germany (4,989), and Pakistan (2,447). Genealogical records indicate strong ties to Anabaptist groups, including the Amish and Mennonites, whose members adopted the surname during migrations to North America starting in the early 1700s to escape religious persecution. For instance, Bishop Jacob Mast (1738–1808), an Amish Mennonite leader, immigrated as an orphan from Switzerland and settled in Pennsylvania, exemplifying these historical patterns. Notable contemporary figures include Brian Mast (born July 10, 1980), a U.S. Army veteran and Republican Congressman representing Florida's 21st congressional district since 2017. Another is Fred W. Mast, a full professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, specializing in mental imagery and visual perception.

Musician

Tim Conley, better known by his stage name MAST, is an American jazz musician, composer, producer, and electronic musician originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and currently based in Los Angeles, California. His work spans multiple instruments, including guitar and keyboards, and emphasizes innovative fusion of acoustic jazz traditions with digital production techniques. Active since the early 2000s, MAST gained prominence in the 2010s through his solo project, which explores experimental soundscapes drawing from nu jazz, fusion, and electronic elements. MAST's discography highlights his collaborative approach and conceptual depth. His debut solo album, Omni (2014, Alpha Pup Records), features vocal contributions from Anna Wise and incorporates improvisational jazz structures with electronic beats, marking his entry into broader jazz-electronica circles. Follow-up releases include Love and War_ (2016, Alpha Pup Records), a narrative-driven suite structured as a three-act play reflecting personal experiences, with guests like Taylor McFerrin and Tim Lefebvre; Thelonious Sphere Monk (2018, World Galaxy Records), a centennial tribute reimagining Thelonious Monk's compositions through modern electronic reinterpretations; and Battle Hymns of the Republic (2021, World Galaxy Records), addressing social and political themes through jazz and electronic fusion. Earlier projects under his own name, such as Ocean Exposition (2004), and band efforts like As Human's Kilo (2008), laid the groundwork for his evolving style blending free-form improvisation with synthesized textures. MAST's style is characterized by its integration of free jazz improvisation, electronic production, and rhythmic experimentation, often performed in intimate club settings and larger venues. He rose alongside the vibrant West Coast jazz scene in the 2010s, contributing to its experimental edge through performances at iconic spots like in Los Angeles and in New York City. Notable collaborations extend to artists such as and the , showcasing his versatility across jazz subgenres. By 2025, MAST has toured internationally, including European appearances at festivals and venues like in Amsterdam and in the Netherlands, solidifying his reputation for boundary-pushing live sets.

Culinary Use

In Persian and Kurdish cuisines, mast refers to a thick, strained yogurt fermented from sheep's or cow's milk, serving as a foundational dairy product distinct from doogh, which is a diluted yogurt beverage. This yogurt is often incorporated into dishes like mast-o-khiar, a refreshing dip combining the creamy mast with diced cucumbers, herbs, and sometimes walnuts or raisins. Mast holds significant cultural importance in Middle Eastern diets, particularly in Iran, where it has been consumed since ancient Persia as a cooling food aligned with traditional health principles of balancing "cooling" and "warming" elements. It features prominently in everyday meals as a versatile ingredient in dips such as or (yogurt with spinach), cold soups like , and marinades for meats in kebab preparations, reflecting its role in both daily nutrition and festive occasions. Preparation of mast begins with fermenting fresh milk at warm temperatures until it sets into yogurt, typically using natural bacterial cultures; the resulting product is then strained through cheesecloth or a fine mesh to remove whey, yielding a denser texture after 24 to 48 hours of draining in the refrigerator. This straining method produces a consistency akin to Greek yogurt, though mast variations may include regional additions like wild herbs in Kurdish preparations, emphasizing its ancient roots predating modern commercial influences. Nutritionally, strained mast is rich in protein—often double that of unstrained yogurt due to whey removal—providing about 10-20 grams per serving, alongside probiotics that support gut health and digestion. In Iran, yogurt consumption forms a key part of dairy intake, with the market valued at approximately US$709 million in 2025 and per capita dairy consumption around 55 kg annually, underscoring mast's staple status despite economic challenges affecting overall dairy trends.

Alcohol Screening Test

The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a self-report questionnaire designed to detect lifetime alcohol misuse and dependence through a series of yes/no questions focusing on behavioral consequences of drinking. Developed by psychiatrist and published in 1971, the original MAST consists of 25 items that inquire about experiences such as blackouts, arrests or legal problems related to alcohol, withdrawal symptoms, and interference with work or social responsibilities. A modified 24-item version, omitting one less discriminative question, was introduced by Selzer and colleagues in 1975 to refine its efficiency while maintaining diagnostic utility. Scoring for the MAST assigns 2 points to highly indicative items (e.g., blackouts or hospitalization due to drinking) and 1 point to others, yielding a total possible score of up to 50. A score of 5 or higher typically indicates probable , while 4 points suggests possible issues, and 3 or fewer points implies low risk; these thresholds were established based on validation against clinical diagnoses and records in the original study. Validation research, including meta-analyses of over a dozen studies, has demonstrated the MAST's sensitivity at approximately 90-93% for identifying when compared to structured interviews and medical histories, with specificity around 78-88% depending on the cutoff used. For instance, one analysis reported 93% sensitivity and 83% specificity at a score of 13 or higher in clinical populations. The MAST is widely applied in clinical settings, such as primary care, psychiatric evaluations, and addiction treatment programs, to screen patients efficiently without requiring extensive training. Shorter adaptations, including the 13-item Short MAST (SMAST) from 1975 and the 10-item Brief MAST (bMAST) from 1972, were developed to address time constraints in busy environments while retaining high correlation (r > 0.90) with the full version's results. Despite its enduring use, recent studies as of 2025 highlight limitations, including self-report inaccuracies from or denial, which can lead to underreporting, and cultural biases where questions assume Western norms for drinking consequences, potentially overpathologizing behaviors in diverse populations. These issues underscore the need for supplementary assessments in multicultural or non-clinical contexts.

Places

Mast General Store

The Mast General Store originated in 1883 when Henry Taylor established the Taylor General Store in Valle Crucis, , as a mercantile serving the rural community. In 1897, W.W. Mast acquired a interest, leading to its renaming as the , which the Mast family operated for generations until selling it in 1973. That same year, the original Valle Crucis location was added to the as one of the finest surviving examples of a late-19th-century southern . The business closed in 1977 amid economic challenges but was purchased in 1979 by John and Faye Cooper, who restored and reopened it in 1980, preserving its historic character while adapting to modern retail. Today, Mast General Store operates eleven locations across four states—, , , and —offering an eclectic assortment of goods that evoke its rural roots, including penny candy, housewares, apparel, , and outdoor gear for and . The flagship Valle Crucis store and its annex maintain traditional features like a working U.S. counter and creaky wooden floors, while newer outlets blend nostalgia with contemporary selections from over 600 brands. This model emphasizes community-oriented shopping without on in some states, fostering a sense of timeless retail experience. As a of commerce, the symbolizes the region's self-sufficient mercantile past and supports preservation efforts through its heritage-focused operations. It participates in and promotes annual events such as local festivals and craft fairs that celebrate mountain and traditions, drawing visitors to experience authentic regional heritage. The chain's growth to eleven stores by 2025 reflects its enduring appeal, connecting modern consumers to the region's historical mercantile past.

Mast Road

The Mast Road is a historic roadway in developed during the colonial period to transport large white pine logs, known as masts, from inland forests to Harbor for use in constructing ships for the British Royal Navy. The path was initially laid out in 1692 as the Mast Path from Falls through to , with expansions in the mid-18th century, including a section through Deerfield in 1767, to support the growing demand for timber in the mast trade. This infrastructure was part of a broader network of routes designed exclusively for heavy timber hauling, often requiring up to 40 yoke of oxen to pull the massive logs, and the road was closed annually to other traffic during peak transport seasons. Spanning approximately 30 miles, the Mast Road connected logging areas in towns such as Pittsfield and Deerfield to Northwood and onward to the coastal harbor at via routes through and , forming a key segment of the colonial Mast . The path wound along ridges and through fertile valleys, passing notable sites like Tuttle's Corner in and in Northwood, where early settlers like Samuel Dow cleared initial wheel-roads in 1793 to aid passage. By 1796, it incorporated elements of the from to the Piscataqua Bridge, enhancing connectivity for timber and supply transport with ox-teams. In the colonial economy, the Mast Road was essential for New Hampshire's timber industry, which supplied the Royal Navy with straight, tall pines reserved under the Broad Arrow Policy, marking trees over 24 inches in diameter for use and fueling that bolstered local mills, garrisons, and merchants. Garrisons along the route, such as Nathaniel Randall's early 18th-century structure in , protected haulers from Native American raids, underscoring its strategic importance amid tensions like the of 1772. The road's role extended beyond masts to general goods transport, supporting public houses and in rural towns until the early . Following the and the shift to steam-powered shipping and railroads in the 1800s, the Mast Road fell into disuse as primary transport arteries, with sections becoming overgrown or integrated into local paths by the mid-19th century. Today, remnants serve as recreational trails, including the 2.7 miles of easy paths in the Mast Road Area near Epping, which traverse wetlands and forests while highlighting the route's timber heritage. Preservation efforts as of 2025 focus on ecological restoration and trail maintenance, led by the Society for the Protection of Forests through the acquisition and rehabilitation of over 500 acres since 2011, including the restoration of rutted OHRV trails and young forest habitats to protect the historic corridor's legacy.

Mast Landing

Mast Landing Audubon Sanctuary is a 145-acre coastal preserve located in , approximately one mile from downtown and along the Harraseeket River estuary. Established in 1967 by Maine Audubon through a land donation from the L.M.C. Smith family, the sanctuary protects diverse habitats that reflect the region's natural and cultural heritage. The sanctuary encompasses salt marshes, mature white pine and forests, open fields, apple orchards, and alder lowlands, with Mill Stream flowing through to the estuary. Over three miles of trails, including the Ridge, Orchard, Deer Run, Mill Stream, and Estuary paths, provide access for hiking and exploration, offering visitors views of the varied ecosystems. It serves as a key site for birdwatching, with 137 species documented, including migrant shorebirds, songbirds, and displays of courtship flights in spring. The name "Mast Landing" originates from the early 1700s, when the site was used in the mast trade for shipping massive white pine logs to the British navy for , a practice tied to broader colonial timber transport routes like the historic . Today, Audubon manages the preserve for and public education, hosting programs such as guided birding tours and nature events that engage visitors in habitat stewardship.

Mast (Geographical Locations)

Mast refers to several minor geographical locations worldwide, primarily small rural settlements, mountains, or natural features with limited or no permanent population. These sites are typically under 500 residents where populated, and their names often stem from local languages or historical terms unrelated to English "mast" connotations, though some coastal or trade-related origins are possible in English-speaking regions. As of 2025, most remain rural and undeveloped, serving as remote landmarks rather than active communities. In South Africa, Mast is a rural mountain feature in the Eastern Cape province, situated at approximately 1,757 meters elevation with coordinates 31°18′ S, 24°56′ E. This sparsely populated area exemplifies typical Karoo landscape, with no formal settlement exceeding a few dozen residents and focused on pastoral farming. A similar feature exists in the Free State province, also a low-population rural hill, contributing to the province's rugged terrain. Mást is a small in the of , forming part of the municipality of Stupava near the district border with Malacky. With an estimated under 500 as a distinct locality within Stupava's roughly 10,000 residents, it features residential areas and limited , maintaining a rural character amid proximity to the capital. The name derives from historical Slovak terminology, possibly linked to local or settlement patterns. For , Mast Point is an uninhabited coastal point on the western tip of Ardery Island in the Windmill Islands, Budd Coast, , at 66°22′ S, 110°26′ E. Designated as a geographical feature within No. 103, it supports penguin colonies and is used for scientific monitoring, with no human habitation. In , Pir-i-Mast (also spelled Pirimast) is a small populated place in at about 1,559 meters elevation, coordinates 29°37′ N, 53°14′ E. This rural village has a population likely under 500, centered on traditional agriculture in the foothills, with the name reflecting linguistic roots meaning "drunk saint" or similar idiomatic expressions. In , Mast is a locality in the Region. These locations highlight the incidental use of "Mast" in global toponymy, often tied to local dialects rather than the mast trade, though brief references to coastal features like Mast Landing underscore potential nautical connections in some cases.

Organizations

MAST Group

The Multi-Agency Support Team (MAST), also known as the MAST Group, was established in 2006 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in collaboration with the (WTO), the , and other international bodies to create a unified for classifying non-tariff measures (NTMs). This initiative addressed the need for a standardized approach to identifying and categorizing policy measures beyond tariffs that influence , such as sanitary standards and technical regulations. The resulting International Classification of Non-Tariff Measures, first developed between 2007 and 2012 and revised in 2017 and 2019, organizes NTMs into 16 chapters (A through P) with hierarchical subcategories, facilitating consistent global analysis. The MAST Group includes over ten member agencies, such as the of the (FAO), (IMF), (ITC), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), UNCTAD, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), , WTO, and World Customs Organization (WCO). These organizations collaborate through annual meetings to refine the NTM classification and coordinate data collection efforts. The group's work has influenced WTO negotiations by providing an evidence-based framework for assessing NTMs' trade effects, helping to distinguish between legitimate regulations and potential barriers. Central to MAST's activities is the development of UNCTAD's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database, which compiles and disseminates NTM data from official sources like national laws and regulations. As of 2025, the TRAINS database compiles NTM data from over 150 economies, enabling researchers and policymakers to analyze their prevalence and impact. In 2025, UNCTAD published "From non-tariff measures data to impact," underscoring the database's role in and . The group also supports annual reporting on global NTMs through UNCTAD publications, highlighting trends such as the rise in sanitary and phytosanitary measures. These efforts promote in policy. From 2020 to 2025, the MAST Group has advanced digital tools for NTM data visualization, including enhancements to the Online portal, which offers interactive access to regulations and analytics for exporters, importers, and researchers. These updates have improved real-time monitoring and policy support, aligning with broader UNCTAD initiatives on trade data accessibility.

Mast Cell Disease Society

The Mast Cell Disease Society, Inc. (TMS), a , was founded in 1995 as The Mastocytosis Society to address the needs of individuals affected by mast cell disorders, including and (MCAS). Its mission centers on educating patients, families, caregivers, and healthcare professionals about these rare conditions while advancing research and support services to improve . Over nearly three decades, TMS has expanded its scope to encompass all mast cell diseases, fostering a community-oriented approach to awareness and management. TMS supports research through competitive grant programs, having awarded over $500,000 to fund studies on and MCAS since its inception. Key initiatives include the Mast Cell Connect patient registry, an online platform where participants voluntarily share de-identified data on their experiences with cutaneous and systemic to aid and understanding of disease progression. Additionally, the organization hosts annual national conferences, such as the virtual TMS Together symposium, which feature medical presentations, panel discussions, and workshops tailored for patients and caregivers to promote education and peer connection. In advocacy efforts, TMS engages with regulatory bodies like the U.S. (FDA) through patient listening sessions and collaborative discussions to highlight the challenges of living with diseases and influence policy on treatments and diagnostics. The organization also runs awareness campaigns, including International and Diseases Awareness Day on October 20, to educate the public and healthcare providers. As of 2025, TMS serves a network of over 12,000 patients, family members, caregivers, and physicians worldwide. TMS provides essential resources such as diagnostic guidelines based on consensus criteria for classifying and identifying mast cell disorders, including WHO-referenced criteria for systemic . These materials, along with printable fact sheets and testing overviews, help patients navigate diagnosis and management. Support networks are facilitated through membership programs, online forums, and local support groups, offering emotional and practical assistance for those impacted by these conditions.

Mast International

Mast International Inc. is a 501(c)(3) public charity headquartered in , dedicated to fostering international understanding through educational exchanges in . Established in 1949 as the Minnesota Agricultural Student Trainee program by Dr. J.O. Christianson at the , it evolved into MAST International to provide opportunities for young agricultural professionals worldwide. The organization's mission centers on improving global agricultural practices and cultural awareness by placing international participants in U.S.-based farms, agribusinesses, and related operations for periods ranging from 3 to 18 months under J-1 visas. Key projects include hands-on training in areas such as crop production, livestock management, , and sustainable farming techniques, often combined with optional academic coursework at the . Participants, typically recent graduates or early-career individuals from countries across , , , and , engage in practical roles that enhance both their skills and the host operations' international perspectives. By 2025, the program has facilitated exchanges for thousands of individuals, contributing to long-term advancements in global and agricultural innovation. MAST International maintains partnerships with U.S. Department of State for visa sponsorship and collaborates with agricultural associations like the Minnesota Corn Growers Association to place interns effectively. Although specific financial metrics like total grants are not publicly detailed in available ratings, the organization operates as an educational nonprofit without a Charity Navigator score due to limited data submission. Its impact is evident in alumni networks that apply learned expertise to improve farming practices in their home countries, benefiting rural communities through enhanced productivity and knowledge sharing.

Schools and Education

MAST Academy

MAST Academy, formally known as the Maritime and Science Technology Academy, is a public for grades 6 through 12 located on in , , at 3979 . Established in September 1991 as part of the system, it was designed to provide specialized in and scientific fields, drawing on its proximity to for immersive learning experiences. The curriculum centers on marine science, , and through the and Technology magnet program, which integrates hands-on activities like and certifications in areas such as and lifeguarding. Complementing this are Cambridge International programs, including and Cambridge Global Perspectives, offering over 20 AICE courses alongside , honors, and options in subjects like marine science and . With an enrollment of 1,580 students as of the 2025-2026 school year, the academy emphasizes rigorous preparation, including U.S. JROTC and internships at organizations like NOAA and the Rosenstiel School. MAST Academy has earned national recognition, including designation as a School of Excellence by the U.S. Department of Education in 1996 and 2006, and as a Magnet Schools of America Top Performing of Excellence in 2024 and 2025. It consistently achieves a 100% graduation rate and high college placement rate, with alumni attending top universities such as Yale, Princeton, and Stanford. The school has maintained an "A" rating from the every year since 2004. The campus facilities support practical learning with two classroom buildings, a pool, fitness center, boathouse, and docks providing direct access to for maritime activities. As of 2025, students utilize research vessels for hands-on oceanographic expeditions, enhancing the academy's focus on real-world application of scientific concepts.

Mast Arboretum

The is a 10-acre and located on the campus of (SFA) in , serving as a living laboratory for horticultural and . Established in 1985 as a project of the university's first landscape plant materials under the direction of Dr. David Creech, it began as a small quarter-acre plot near the Agriculture Building and has since expanded into a key component of the broader SFA Gardens network. Named after donors Adlai T. Mast Jr. and Patricia Mast, the arboretum is the oldest university-affiliated arboretum in and emphasizes the evaluation and display of ornamental plants suitable for the climate. The arboretum's collections feature over 7,500 plant species, with a strong focus on more than 3,000 woody ornamentals, including azaleas, , Japanese maples, figs, jujubes, persimmons, and drought-tolerant varieties adapted to southern U.S. conditions. Trial gardens test new ornamentals for landscape and nursery use, prioritizing natives and resilient species from the Pineywoods region and beyond, such as those sourced through exchanges with institutions like the . Notable themed areas include the Asian Valley for azaleas, a dedicated Collection, and the Waystation and Garden, which supports bees, , birds, and other pollinators with native flowering plants. These collections contribute to SFA's mission of promoting sustainable in the region. Research programs at the Mast center on azaleas and , evaluating their performance in local soils and weather to inform breeding and cultivation for the nursery industry. Faculty and students conduct trials on disease resistance, growth rates, and ornamental value, with findings shared through and collaborations. Public engagement includes guided tours, educational classes on and , and annual events like the Bugs, Bees, Butterflies and Blossoms Festival in , which highlight habitats and native . As part of SFA Gardens' expansions, the garden was integrated in recent years to enhance , complementing the 's role in community outreach. The site draws thousands of visitors annually, particularly during spring blooms and fall foliage, fostering educational opportunities through hands-on environmental learning.