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Snakedance

Snakedance is a four-part serial of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, originally broadcast on BBC One from 18 to 26 January 1983. It comprises the second story of the programme's twentieth season, starring Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor alongside companions Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding) and Nyssa (Sarah Sutton). Written by Christopher Bailey and directed by Fiona Cumming, the serial serves as a direct sequel to the preceding story Kinda (1982), focusing on the psychological and supernatural return of the entity known as the Mara. The narrative is set on the planet Manussa, homeworld of the , on the 500th anniversary of the entity's banishment, where unwittingly pilots the to this location under the Mara's influence. The Doctor arrives to find his possessed once more, struggling to convince local authorities of the impending threat as the Mara seeks to manifest physically and exploit ancient Sumaran rituals, including the ceremonial Snakedance. Produced by , the explores themes of mental , cultural superstition, and inner conflict, drawing on Buddhist concepts of the mind to depict the Mara's hold over its victims. Notable for its atmospheric tension and character development—particularly Janet Fielding's portrayal of Tegan's vulnerability—Snakedance was filmed primarily at the BBC Television Centre in , with guest appearances including as the wise mentor Dojjen and a young as the hedonistic Lon. The serial received praise for refining the surreal elements introduced in Kinda, offering a more structured exploration of the Mara's origins while maintaining the era's blend of adventure and introspection.

Overview and Synopsis

Background and Context

Snakedance served as the second serial of the twentieth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, broadcast in four parts from 18 to 26 January 1983. It functions as a direct sequel to the previous season's serial Kinda (1982), reintroducing the psychic entity known as the Mara, which had previously possessed companion Tegan Jovanka. The originates as a from the "Dark Places of the Inside," a metaphorical realm within the of sentient beings, where it feeds on fear, anger, and other negative emotions. First encountered on the planet Deva Loka during Kinda, the entity was depicted as an ancient evil accidentally manifested on its homeworld of Manussa centuries earlier through human greed and hatred, before being banished into a by the planet's inhabitants. Writer Christopher Bailey crafted Snakedance to delve deeper into themes of mental possession and psychological vulnerability, expanding on the introspective horror elements established in Kinda. Influenced by , Bailey incorporated concepts such as the "still point"—a state of inner calm and analogous to the Arahat's —as a key mechanism for overcoming the Mara's influence. Produced during John Nathan-Turner's tenure, which sought to revitalize the series through more character-focused narratives, Snakedance prioritized emotional and philosophical tension over action-oriented spectacle, aligning with the season's broader emphasis on personal and moral conflicts.

Plot Summary

The , influenced by the lingering psychic influence of the from its prior defeat on Deva Loka, materialises on the planet Manussa, the ancient homeworld of the Sumaran Empire. , still subconsciously possessed by , experiences vivid hallucinations of serpents and begins exhibiting erratic behavior, drawing the group toward the ceremonial city. The , Nyssa, and Tegan encounter a young acolyte named Chela, who leads them to where preparations are underway for the annual Sumaran festival, marking the 500th anniversary of the Mara's banishment. There, they meet Lon, the indolent son of the Federator, and his mother Tanha, as well as the scholarly curator Ambril, who dismisses tales of the Mara as . Tegan's possession intensifies, compelling her to perform an instinctive snake dance in the streets, which alerts the authorities and leads to her detention; meanwhile, the Doctor learns from ancient texts about Dojjen, a revered Sumaran who once prophesied the Mara's return. The Great Crystal, a massive artifact once used to focus psychic energies and banish the Mara, is revealed as the entity's target, serving as a conduit for its physical manifestation through amplified mental power. In the second installment, the seeks out Dojjen in a remote , where the elder Sumaran recounts Manussa's history: the once ruled through fear and psychic domination, its empire shattered when the Great Crystal channeled the collective will of the people to exile it into the realm of dreams. Dojjen warns that the snake dance ritual, central to the Sumaran festival, risks awakening the by heightening the planet's latent psychic energies. Meanwhile, and Nyssa navigate the bustling city markets, where 's visions grow more violent, nearly causing harm as she fixates on locating the Great Crystal hidden in Ambril's museum. Lon, intrigued by during her earlier dance, secretly visits her cell and falls under the 's subtle influence, becoming corrupted as he agrees to help retrieve the crystal under the guise of festival preparations. The , attempting to hypnotize to expel the , instead triggers a stronger manifestation, forcing him to flee as guards pursue him for questioning. The climax unfolds at the Hall of the Sumara during the festival's peak, where , now fully enthralled, inserts the Great Crystal into its ancient socket, allowing the to project a spectral, serpentine form that feeds on the crowd's rising terror. , acting as the 's primary host, leads a trance-like , but Nyssa and Chela work to disrupt the . The , guided by Dojjen, performs the snake dance and achieves a state of mental "still point"—a disciplined inner calm that resists the 's assaults—to confront telepathically within the Great Crystal. He then removes the crystal from its socket, severing its hold on and , and banishing it once more into impotence. Dojjen dies from the strain. With Manussa saved from resurgence of the old empire, the crew departs, freed from the possession.

Themes and Analysis

Psychological and Symbolic Elements

The Mara in Snakedance serves as a profound metaphor for inner psychological turmoil, embodying addiction, trauma, and broader mental health struggles through its manifestation via Tegan's lingering guilt and fear from her prior possession in Kinda. As a gestalt entity born from the collective "evil" in Manussan minds—encompassing greed, hatred, and restlessness—it amplifies repressed desires and weaknesses, latching onto individuals to distort their psyche and perpetuate a cycle of corruption. This representation draws from Buddhist concepts of mara as the demon of temptation and death, personifying the destructive force of unchecked cravings that trap the mind in suffering, much like addiction's grip on the self. Snakes hold central symbolic importance in the serial, representing temptation and cyclical evil within Manussan culture, where the species' history is tied to the Mara's ancient empire of psychological domination. The ritualistic Snakedance festival ritualizes this duality, evoking both purification through confrontation and the perpetual return of inner demons, akin to biblical and indigenous motifs of serpents as agents of forbidden knowledge and renewal. The Mara's serpentine form, emerging from hosts like Tegan, underscores this as a visual emblem of latent psyche threats that coil back upon the individual, reinforcing the theme of inescapable mental recursion. The concept of the "still point" emerges as a key psychological anchor, derived from to symbolize mental clarity and resistance to external corruption, enabling the destruction of the by focusing inward resolve. Taught by the mystic Dojjen, it represents the motionless center amid chaos—echoing T.S. Eliot's poetic invocation of equilibrium beyond desire—where one confronts and transcends the psyche's distortions without action. This motif highlights the serial's exploration of as a tool against trauma's amplification, positioning psychological liberation as an internal, meditative act rather than external force. Visually and aurally, the employs to evoke the Mara's influence: blue lighting bathes scenes of , signifying the cold allure of mental subjugation, while the Great Crystal acts as a for the repressed , reflecting and magnifying distorted self-perceptions like a funhouse mirror. music, with its undulating, serpentine tones, accompanies the Mara's emergence, mimicking the trance-like pull of and desire, drawing viewers into the characters' psychological . These elements collectively immerse the audience in the theme of confronting one's "dark places of the inside," where auditory and visual cues externalize .

Character Arcs and Development

In Snakedance, undergoes a profound arc from a victim haunted by the lingering effects of her possession by the in the prior serial Kinda to an active agent in her own redemption. Initially overwhelmed by subconscious fears that manifest as hypnotic visions and compulsive behaviors, Tegan confronts these traumas during the climactic snake dance ritual on Manussa, where she channels her inner strength to resist the entity's control and ultimately aids in its expulsion. This process transforms her from a passive sufferer of psychological intrusion—rooted in themes of colonial violation and personal loss—into a resilient figure who emerges with greater and emotional fortitude, marking a pivotal step in her evolution from a determined but reactive air hostess to a more empowered . The Fifth Doctor's development in the serial reveals a rare vulnerability beneath his typically detached demeanor, as he grapples with the limitations of his post-regenerative state and the weight of protecting his companions from intangible threats. Facing skepticism from Manussan authorities and the Mara's manipulative influence, he relies on introspection and alliance with the hermit Dojjen to access the "Great Mind's Eye" crystal, demonstrating a shift toward embracing inner resolve over external ingenuity. This arc highlights his emotional growth through moments of self-doubt and reliance on mental discipline, contrasting his usual intellectual confidence and underscoring the personal toll of his nomadic existence. Nyssa's role emphasizes her empathetic support and scientific curiosity, fostering deeper interpersonal bonds within the crew amid the crisis. As Tegan's escalates, Nyssa advocates for protective measures, such as insisting on the use of a neural inhibitor device, while her analytical approach to the Mara's psychic nature helps unravel its vulnerabilities. This supportive dynamic strengthens her relationship with Tegan, evolving Nyssa from a gentle, intellectually inclined Trakenite into a more assertive and compassionate ally who matures through shared adversity and acceptance of ongoing losses. The antagonist Lon, son of the Federated leader Tanha, illustrates a tragic from entitled to utter under the Mara's sway. Bored with his ceremonial duties in the snake dance ritual, which he views dismissively as superficial pageantry, Lon succumbs to the entity's promises of power, allowing his cynicism and desire for excitement to puppet his actions and nearly doom Manussa. His arc culminates in humiliation and defeat, exposing how unchecked and ennui can lead to moral collapse, serving as a cautionary parallel to the protagonists' redemptive journeys.

Production

Writing and Development

Christopher Bailey developed Snakedance as a direct sequel to his earlier Doctor Who serial Kinda, building on the Mara as a central antagonist to explore themes of possession and inner conflict. Commissioned in late 1981 following discussions that began in August of that year, the project allowed Bailey to revisit the entity's lore, drawing from his prior experience with Kinda to expand its mythological depth while addressing production feedback from the previous story. Script editor Eric Saward played a pivotal role in the writing process, collaborating closely with from the outline stage—formally approved on September 28, 1981—and requesting full scripts by November 9. Saward provided targeted feedback to tighten the pacing, reduce extended philosophical digressions that had plagued Kinda's revisions, and ensure a more streamlined narrative, promising Bailey fewer rewrites than the extensive edits handled by multiple editors on the earlier . This collaboration emphasized balancing elements with character-driven focus, particularly Tegan's psychological struggle. The script's influences stemmed from on and myths, informing key concepts like the Mara's manifestation through fear and the ritualistic elements of the snakedance. incorporated these to deepen the entity's backstory, portraying it as a parasite rooted in ancient Manussian culture, while Saward's input helped ground the surreal aspects in clearer emotional arcs. Key revisions occurred during , where the fourth overran its allotted time, necessitating the excision of a scene between the and ; this footage was later repurposed for the subsequent serial . The resolution centering on the "still point"—a meditative state enabling the Mara's defeat—was refined for narrative clarity, providing a focused climax that contrasted the story's dreamlike horror with a tangible path to .

Casting and Filming

returned to the role of , infusing the character with heightened emotional intensity as she grappled with the Mara's possession, particularly in scenes depicting her internal struggle and vulnerability. Her performance was highlighted for its depth, allowing to convey both terror and resilience during the psychic torment. Martin Clunes made one of his earliest television appearances as , the arrogant and manipulative son of Manussa's ruler Tanha, marking a notable debut that showcased his ability to portray a petulant . The casting choice brought a fresh dynamic to the story's political intrigue on the planet Manussa. Pre-filming for Snakedance commenced on 31 March 1982 at Ealing Film Studios in , where exterior scenes in the rocky hills were captured to establish the alien environment. Studio recording took place in two sessions on 12–14 April and 26–28 April 1982 at Centre Studio 6, focusing on the interior Manussan palace and ritual settings. Practical snake props, including live snakes for the climactic ritual and a for larger manifestations, were employed to enhance the authenticity of the Mara's serpentine influence. Director Fiona Cumming opted for tight close-ups during the possession sequences to heighten the psychological tension, capturing the characters' inner turmoil through subtle facial expressions and eerie lighting. She faced logistical challenges in coordinating crowd scenes with extras portraying Manussan citizens, ensuring fluid movement amid the ceremonial chaos. Sarah Sutton delivered nuanced performances as Nyssa, emphasizing subtle reactions to Tegan's deteriorating mental state, such as hesitant concern and quiet empathy that underscored their companionship. portrayed the with quiet determination, balancing calm resolve against the escalating threat, particularly in his efforts to confront the without overt aggression. Script revisions during development slightly adjusted these interpersonal dynamics to amplify the emotional stakes in key confrontations.

Design and Effects

The set design for Snakedance was overseen by Jan Spoczynski, who constructed the Manussan interiors primarily at BBC Television Centre Studio 6, often repurposing elements from recent productions to meet tight timelines. Notably, the staircase in the Chamber of Lon was reused from the set of the BBC's coverage of the 1982 broadcast, A Song for Europe, resulting in a gaudy, aesthetic that evoked the faded opulence of the Sumaran Empire. Costume designer Ken Trew created outfits that shifted away from the companions' prior uniform style, incorporating story-specific attire for Nyssa and , while the Manussan characters wore flowing robes reminiscent of ceremonial garb to reinforce the serial's ritualistic atmosphere. Makeup artist Marion Richards handled the transformations, applying subtle effects to depict the Mara's psychic influence without relying on extensive prosthetics. Special effects were managed by visual effects designer Andy Lazell and video effects operator Dave Chapman, who employed () compositing to overlay the Mara's serpentine manifestations onto actors' arms and in hallucinatory sequences, enhancing the through practical integration with live action. Real snakes were used in the climactic scenes for authenticity, handled carefully under studio supervision. Sound design by Dick Mills of the featured layered echoing whispers, resonant gongs, and ambient distortions to amplify the serial's eerie, introspective tone. , composed by Peter Howell, utilized dissonant electronic textures to underscore moments of dread, complemented by flute-based motifs evoking ancient rites during the snake dance ritual. Director Fiona Cumming's vision emphasized subtle lighting and framing to sustain mounting tension across these elements.

Broadcast and Audience

Transmission Details

Snakedance was originally transmitted on BBC One in the United Kingdom as the second serial of the twentieth season of Doctor Who, immediately following Arc of Infinity. The story aired in four weekly parts, each approximately 25 minutes in length, during a standard Tuesday/Wednesday evening slot typical for the series at the time.) Part One was broadcast on Tuesday, 18 January 1983, at 18:50, opening with a cold sequence depicting Tegan's recurring nightmare before the title credits. Part Two followed on Wednesday, 19 January 1983, at 18:45. Part Three aired on Tuesday, 25 January 1983, at 18:45, and the concluding Part Four was transmitted on Wednesday, 26 January 1983, at 18:45. These timings reflect the early evening family viewing window allocated to Doctor Who during Season 20, shortly after the New Year holiday period. The serial's production adhered to the multi-part format standard for in the early 1980s, with each installment designed for self-contained progression while building toward the overall narrative arc involving the return of the . No significant edits were made to the episodes for the initial UK broadcast, preserving the intended runtime and content as recorded in late 1982. Initial transmission was limited to the on , with international distribution handled through Enterprises, leading to delayed airings in overseas markets such as , , and various countries throughout the mid-1980s. In some regions, minor adjustments were applied for local standards, though the core structure remained intact. Viewership during the original run contributed to the series' consistent performance in early 1983.

Viewership and Ratings

The four parts of Snakedance achieved viewing figures of 6.7 million for Part One, 7.7 million for Part Two, 6.6 million for , and 7.4 million for Part Four, with an average audience of 7.1 million viewers across the serial. These numbers reflected a solid performance for the era, though they trailed the season opener , which averaged 7.2 million. The serial's audience was characterized by strong family viewership, particularly appealing to younger demographics through its vibrant festival sequences and mythological elements. Appreciation Index scores were 65 for Part One, 66 for Part Two, 67 for , and 67 for Part Four, averaging in the mid-60s and indicating moderate viewer engagement relative to contemporaries like Kinda from the previous season, influenced by post-holiday scheduling competition.

Reception

Contemporary Reviews

Contemporary reviews of Snakedance in 1983 highlighted its atmospheric horror elements and Janet Fielding's compelling portrayal of Tegan's possession by the . The commended the story's tense, dreamlike sequences and the psychological depth brought to Tegan's struggle, noting the chilling intensity of Fielding's performance in the trance-like scenes. Similarly, praised the serial's eerie tone and Fielding's ability to convey vulnerability turning to malevolence, describing her possession scenes as "chilling" and a standout in the Fifth Doctor's era. Critics, however, pointed to issues with pacing and production choices. A review in Doctor Who Magazine () observed that the philosophical undertones occasionally overloaded the narrative, leading to a slow build-up that diluted the action for some viewers. The dismissed the snake effects as "cheesy," criticizing their low-budget appearance despite the story's ambitious themes. Fan responses in fanzines were mixed, with The Prydonian appreciating the focus on character development for and Nyssa but lamenting the lack of high-stakes action compared to previous serials. Readers valued the exploration of inner demons but felt it prioritized over adventure.

Modern Critical Perspectives

In the years following the 2005 revival of , Snakedance has undergone significant reevaluation, often praised for its exploration of and character vulnerability within the Fifth Doctor's era. Critics have highlighted the serial's focus on Tegan's internal struggle against the , portraying the entity as a manifestation of repressed fears and emotional turmoil, which adds depth to the companion's arc beyond typical adventure tropes. This psychological emphasis is seen as a bridge between the more pulp-oriented stories of the and the character-driven narratives of the modern series, influencing writers like in their handling of mental fragility. The Mara's return is frequently cited as a standout element, transforming it from an abstract psychic force in Kinda into a more tangible yet insidious villain that preys on the mind's "dark places," evoking themes of ego confrontation and loss of control reminiscent of earlier serials like Planet of the Spiders. In a 2012 analysis, the story is described as one of Peter Davison's strongest, appreciating its high-concept approach despite some narrative tightening compared to its predecessor, though it critiques the final episode for diluting the horror with exposition. Podcast discussions from the 2010s and beyond, such as those on A Kettle and Some String, have labeled Snakedance an "underrated gem" of the Davison era, commending its stylish creepiness and superior realization of the Mara's threat. Modern reviews emphasize the serial's prescient handling of mental health consequences, a rarity in classic Doctor Who, where Tegan's possession and recovery are depicted with sensitivity to ongoing trauma rather than quick resolution. The 2023 Blu-ray release of Season 20 further elevated its appreciation, with updated special effects enhancing the Mara's visual menace while preserving the literate script's emotional core, positioning Snakedance as the season's standout for its intelligent blend of horror and introspection. Starburst Magazine hailed it as "highly literate and intelligent," underscoring Tegan's thrall to the Mara as a compelling study in psychological conflict that resonates in contemporary viewings.

Legacy and Adaptations

Cultural and Narrative Influence

Snakedance has left a lasting mark on Doctor Who's storytelling by deepening the exploration of psychological possession and inner turmoil, themes that echo in subsequent episodes focused on mental health and fear. The serial's depiction of the Mara as a manifestation of repressed fears and collective unconscious influences later narratives, such as the entity-driven paranoia in "Midnight" (2008), where an unseen force exploits human vulnerabilities aboard a stranded shuttle, and the faith-testing minotaur in "The God Complex" (2011), which preys on personal beliefs to induce despair. These arcs build on Snakedance's model of confronting internalized threats through self-awareness, emphasizing character vulnerability over external action. The Mara's portrayal as a entity born from ancient societal fears carries symbolic weight, representing colonialism's lingering scars on Manussa, a former empire reduced to oversight, and the broader struggle against inner conflict. In the story, the Mara's origins tie to the Sumaran Empire's downfall, framing it as a relic of imperial excess that corrupts through psychological domination. Within fan culture, Snakedance elevated snake motifs as enduring symbols, contributing to Season 20's acclaim as a pivotal era for character introspection amid returning adversaries. Modern reviews often praise this depth, highlighting its role in humanizing companions like through trauma resolution. Beyond , the serial's possession tropes—where an ancient evil amplifies hidden desires—parallel horror elements in series like , particularly Will ' Mind Flayer-induced visions in season 2, sharing a framework of supernatural intrusion on the psyche.

Expanded Media Releases

The novelisation of Snakedance was written by and published in 1984 by as part of their Doctor Who range. Home video releases began with a VHS edition issued by BBC Video in December 1994. The serial was later included in the "Mara Tales" DVD box set, released in March 2011, which paired it with the preceding story Kinda and featured audio commentaries. In 2023, Snakedance appeared on Blu-ray as part of Doctor Who: The Collection – Season 20, with exclusive updated special effects for the serial's fourth installment, enhancing the Mara's manifestation, alongside a new 5.1 surround sound mix. Audio adaptations include a 2025 unabridged edition of Dicks' novelisation (released February 6, 2025), narrated by and produced by Audio. Big Finish Productions revived the Mara entity in December 2024 with Doctor Who: The – Deadly Strangers, a full-cast audio drama box set featuring as the ; the story "The " depicts the Mara infiltrating dreams at a luxury sleep clinic. Merchandise tied to Snakedance remains limited, with no official action figures or major collectibles produced in the or specifically for the serial. As of 2025, the story is available for streaming on , with no significant new physical or digital merchandise releases announced beyond the ongoing format.

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