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Solastalgia

Solastalgia is a neologism denoting the psychoterratic distress arising from the involuntary transformation of one's home environment through environmental degradation, distinct from nostalgia in that the affected individuals remain physically present in the altered place. Coined by Australian environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht, the term combines Latin solacium (solace or comfort) with Greek -algia (pain), capturing the lived tension between a sense of belonging to a place and its desolation due to forces such as open-cut mining or other landscape-altering activities.^[1]^[2] Albrecht introduced solastalgia in 2005 based on qualitative interviews with residents of Australia's Hunter Valley, where coal industry expansion had visibly scarred familiar terrains, leading to reports of emotional pain akin to homesickness without displacement.^[1] This foundational work framed solastalgia as a place-based pathology tied to direct, observable causal agents like resource extraction, rather than abstract or anticipated threats. Subsequent empirical scoping reviews of over 20 years of research confirm its measurement through scales assessing emotional responses to specific environmental cues, with triggers including not only mining but also urbanization, drought, and coastal erosion in rural and indigenous communities.^[3]^[4] While solastalgia has been extended to climate-related anxieties in academic literature, correlational studies primarily link it to verifiable mental health outcomes such as elevated depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in populations experiencing acute landscape disruptions, underscoring its roots in tangible biophysical changes over speculative projections.^[5]^[3] Critiques have questioned its universality, noting cultural variances—such as limited resonance among some Pacific Island groups habituated to chronic environmental flux—and calls for decolonized reframings that integrate relational Indigenous perspectives beyond Western individualistic models.^[6] Despite these, the concept's empirical applications have broadened policy discussions on mitigating human costs of industrial and developmental impacts, emphasizing restorative interventions over pathologizing adaptation.^[3]

Definition and Conceptual Framework

Core Definition and Etymology

Solastalgia denotes the distress arising from negatively perceived environmental changes that affect individuals while they remain physically present in their home environment, without the need for displacement or relocation.^[1] This form of psychological pain stems specifically from the ongoing loss of solace—the comfort derived from one's familiar surroundings—and a resultant sense of desolation tied to the altered present state of that territory.^[7] Unlike distress linked to physical separation from place, solastalgia centers on the lived, in-place experience of environmental transformation, where the home itself becomes a source of existential unease.^[8] The concept hinges on subjective perception: the individual's assessment of changes as harmful to their sense of belonging and well-being, rather than reliance on quantifiable ecological metrics alone.^[2] This perceptual focus distinguishes solastalgia as a response to the erosion of place-based identity and emotional security, manifesting as grief over the degradation of ecosystems or landscapes integral to daily life.^[7] Etymologically, "solastalgia" combines the Latin solacium (or solatium), signifying comfort, consolation, or relief from distress, with the Greek -algia, a suffix indicating pain, suffering, or sorrow derived from algos (grief or ache).^[7] The incorporation of "desolation"—rooted in Latin desolare from solus (alone or desolate)—further evokes abandonment and devastation within one's unchanged physical locale, encapsulating the paradox of homesickness endured at home.^[8] This neologistic fusion highlights the absence of migratory escape, positioning solastalgia as a lexicon for environmentally induced, non-displaced emotional affliction.^[7] Solastalgia differs fundamentally from nostalgia, which entails a sentimental longing for a past home or environment experienced during physical separation from it, often resolvable upon return.^[1] In contrast, solastalgia arises from the lived experience of environmental degradation or transformation in one's current place of residence, rendering the home psychologically alien without the option of restoration or relocation to an unchanged state.^[7] Similarly, homesickness involves distress tied to absence or displacement from a familiar locale, whereas solastalgia manifests as an acute sense of loss amid ongoing presence in a disrupted environment, often described as "homesickness at home."^[9] Unlike eco-anxiety, which centers on anticipatory fear of future global environmental threats such as climate change impacts, solastalgia emphasizes immediate, localized disruption to one's sense of place from tangible alterations like habitat loss or pollution.^[10] Ecological grief or climate grief, while overlapping in themes of mourning natural losses, tends toward broader, non-place-specific sorrow over planetary-scale changes, whereas solastalgia is rooted in the direct erosion of psychosocial connections to a specific, inhabited landscape.^[11] These distinctions highlight solastalgia's specificity to present-tense, environmentally induced place-dislocation, drawing from place attachment theory but delimited to non-human, exogenous causal agents rather than interpersonal or personal relocations.^[1]

Historical Origins

Coining of the Term by Glenn Albrecht

Glenn Albrecht, an Australian environmental philosopher and associate professor in the School of Environmental and Life Sciences at the University of Newcastle, coined the term solastalgia in 2003 to conceptualize a form of psychological distress arising from environmental changes that impair the solace derived from one's home environment.^[2]^[1] As an environmental philosopher, Albrecht sought to articulate the emotional impacts on populations who remain in place amid such changes, contrasting this with traditional notions like nostalgia, which pertain to distress after physical displacement from a beloved place.^[4] He framed solastalgia as a neologism addressing a gap in psychological terminology for ongoing, non-traumatic distress induced by lived environmental degradation, rather than events requiring relocation.^[12] Albrecht first introduced the term publicly at the Ecohealth Forum in Montreal, Canada, in May 2003, during a presentation that highlighted its relevance to human health amid ecosystem alterations.^[4] The concept's etymology combines the Latin solacium (solace or comfort provided by a place) with the Greek -algia (pain or suffering), evoking the desolation of lost environmental consolation without necessitating migration.^[1] This formulation emerged from Albrecht's philosophical inquiry into how unwanted transformations in familiar landscapes generate existential unease for those unable to escape them, positioning solastalgia as a bridge between environmental philosophy and mental health discourse.^[12] Albrecht formalized the term in his 2005 article "'Solastalgia': A New Concept in Health and Identity," published in PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature, where he elaborated its utility for describing identity disruptions tied to place-based environmental loss.^[12]^[13] This work underscored the need for such a term in contexts where individuals experience the "psychoterratic" effects of habitat alteration while staying rooted, emphasizing causal links between biophysical changes and intrapersonal distress without invoking displacement.^[4]

Initial Applications in Australian Mining Contexts

Glenn Albrecht developed the concept of solastalgia through observations of environmental degradation in Australia's Upper Hunter Valley, where open-cut coal mining rapidly expanded in the late 1990s and early 2000s, altering familiar landscapes and prompting reports of psychological distress among long-term residents. By the late 1990s, mining operations covered more than 500 square kilometers, shifting from traditional underground methods to vast surface excavations that removed hilltops and created expansive pits, fundamentally changing the region's visual and topographic character.^[14]^[14] This application emerged during Australia's broader mining boom of the 2000s, driven by surging global demand for coal, particularly from Asia, which intensified extraction activities in the Hunter Valley and heightened tensions between economic gains—such as job creation at sites like the Mount Thorley Warkworth mine, operating 365 days a year and employing around 1,300 workers—and the erosion of environmental continuity that residents relied upon for a sense of belonging.^[15]^[16] Albrecht's early 2000s fieldwork involved qualitative engagement, including resident communications describing the intrusion of mining infrastructure, such as constant explosions, machinery noise, pervasive dust, and artificial lighting, which desolated once-agrarian vistas of farms and vineyards.^[16] Interviews and accounts from affected individuals in the Upper Hunter highlighted a profound loss of visual solace and existential attachment to place, with mining's transformation of the terrain evoking a form of desolation akin to homesickness without displacement, as documented in Albrecht's collaborative research on the psychosocial impacts of such changes.^[1] These initial applications underscored solastalgia as a response to imposed environmental alterations in situ, distinct from voluntary relocation, and were tied to the specific causal dynamics of resource extraction prioritizing output over landscape preservation.^[17]

Empirical Research and Measurement

Key Studies and Quantitative Scales

The Environmental Distress Scale (EDS), developed by Higginbotham et al. in 2006, represents an early quantitative effort to operationalize solastalgia as part of broader environmental distress assessment. This 48-item instrument includes a 9-item solastalgia subscale that captures self-reported emotional responses, such as melancholy and forced adaptation, to unwanted changes in one's home environment, validated through surveys of 720 residents in Australia's Hunter Valley region affected by coal mining.^[18] The subscale demonstrated adequate reliability (Cronbach's alpha ≈ 0.80) and correlated with factors like perceived landscape degradation, marking a shift from Albrecht's initial qualitative interviews with mining-impacted communities.^[19] A 2019 scoping review by Hicks et al. mapped 53 solastalgia-related publications from 2003 to mid-2018, revealing exponential growth in empirical studies post-2010, predominantly qualitative but with emerging quantitative applications of the EDS subscale in contexts like drought and urbanization.^[20] The review emphasized the EDS as the primary validated tool at the time, while identifying gaps in psychometric refinement and cross-cultural testing, and noted that solastalgia quantification often integrated sense-of-place metrics, such as attachment to pre-change landscapes.^[4] Building on the EDS, the Brief Solastalgia Scale (BSS), proposed by Christensen et al. in 2024, refines the original 9-item subscale into a 5-item measure focusing on core negative emotions from environmental degradation, such as distress over lost solace.^[21] Psychometric evaluation across Australian samples (N=1,248) confirmed the BSS's superior model fit (CFI > 0.99, RMSEA < 0.05) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), with convergent validity linked to climate anxiety inventories, facilitating broader application in population surveys.^[22] These instruments collectively enable empirical testing of solastalgia's disruption to identity and belonging without relocation.^[23]

Findings on Prevalence and Associations

A scoping review of quantitative studies identified consistent positive associations between solastalgia and mental health outcomes, including correlations with depression (r=0.27–0.53), anxiety (r=0.21–0.51), and PTSD (r=0.29) across samples from Australia, Germany, Peru, and the United States.^[5] In one U.S. study, each one-point increase on a solastalgia scale corresponded to a 26% higher odds of psychological distress.^[5] These associations were observed in contexts of environmental disruptions such as bushfires, mining, and natural disasters, with sample sizes ranging from 223 to 2,084 participants.^[5] Empirical data indicate higher solastalgia self-reports in groups facing slow-onset changes like drought or urbanization, particularly among women, ethnic minorities, lower-income individuals, and Indigenous communities with strong place attachments.^[3] Such attachments, often linked to nature-connected lifestyles in rural or coastal settings, amplify distress responses to landscape alterations from industrial activities or climate variability, as documented in 41 studies across locations including the United States (9 studies), Australia (8), and Ghana (4).^[3] Research on anticipatory solastalgia—distress tied to expected future environmental shifts—reports elevated scale scores in preregistered surveys of 1,450 Australians and 1,022 New Zealanders, positively correlating with anticipated escalations in climate-related events such as sea-level rise and weather disasters.^[24] These findings validate a five-item scale for measuring future-oriented distress, showing convergence with negative climate emotions independent of past exposures.^[24]

Methodological Limitations and Critiques

Research on solastalgia predominantly relies on self-report scales, such as the Brief Solastalgia Scale, which are susceptible to subjective interpretation, response biases, and overestimation of prevalence due to their dependence on participants' self-perceived emotional states rather than objective physiological or behavioral indicators.^[21]^[25] These instruments often lack validation across diverse demographic groups, raising concerns about their reliability in capturing nuanced distress without conflating it with general mood states or social desirability effects.^[23] Empirical studies exhibit a scarcity of longitudinal designs, with most employing cross-sectional surveys that fail to track changes in solastalgia over time or establish temporal precedence for causal links between environmental alterations and reported distress.^[26]^[27] Controlled experimental or quasi-experimental approaches are similarly underrepresented, limiting the ability to isolate solastalgia from concurrent stressors and hindering robust inference about its independent effects.^[3] Sampling in solastalgia investigations is largely Western-centric, originating from Australian contexts like mining regions, which underrepresents non-Western populations and indigenous frameworks that may emphasize resilience or alternative conceptualizations of environmental distress over individualized psychological pathology.^[28]^[29] Efforts to adapt scales for cultural contexts, such as in Kenyan drought areas, highlight the need for transcultural validation to mitigate ethnocentric biases inherent in original constructs.^[30] Distinguishing solastalgia from confounding variables, including economic deprivation or livelihood disruptions, remains challenging, as multivariate analyses frequently show concurrent associations between environmental change, financial adversity, and heightened distress without disentangling their relative contributions through advanced causal modeling techniques like instrumental variables or propensity score matching.^[31]^[32] This overlap underscores the necessity for refined empirical strategies to avoid attributing multifaceted psychosocial burdens solely to landscape alterations.^[33]

Psychological and Health Effects

Symptoms and Individual Experiences

Solastalgia is characterized by emotional responses such as melancholy, sadness, and a profound loss of solace derived from one's home environment when it undergoes degradation or transformation. Individuals commonly report nostalgia intertwined with distress, stemming from a perceived disconnection from familiar surroundings that once provided comfort and identity. For instance, qualitative assessments via the Solastalgia Scale (SOS) capture sentiments like "I feel sad when I see the landscape degraded," highlighting the phenomenological pain of witnessing irreversible changes to cherished places.^[34] Firsthand accounts emphasize feelings of powerlessness and helplessness, as affected individuals confront environments rendered psychologically desolating without the option of relocation. This manifests in heightened introspection about personal ties to place, coupled with anxiety and worry over ongoing alterations, such as "Lately, I feel anxious" in response to environmental shifts. In Australian case studies, residents describe a sense of existential dislocation, where transformed landscapes evoke despair and diminished belonging, particularly when changes disrupt daily sensory experiences of home.^[34]^[28] These symptoms intensify among those with deep pre-change attachments to their locale, amplifying the distress through a protective yet vulnerable bond to place. For example, Indigenous Australian communities report acute melancholia and cultural loss from environmental degradation, such as rising sea levels hindering traditional shell harvesting or wetland deterioration preventing customary practices like rope-making from native materials. Such experiences underscore solastalgia's rootedness in the lived erosion of place-based well-being, distinct from mere aesthetic dissatisfaction.^[28]

Links to Broader Mental Health Outcomes

Solastalgia correlates with elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression, particularly in populations exposed to rapid environmental degradation. A scoping review published on August 5, 2025, analyzed multiple studies and identified positive associations between solastalgia scores and depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with one included study reporting a 26% increase in odds of psychological distress per unit rise on a solastalgia scale.^[35] These links appear stronger in climate-impacted groups, where solastalgia amplifies distress from perceived irreversible changes.^[5] Experiences of solastalgia frequently incorporate elements of learned helplessness, characterized by resignation and perceived lack of agency over environmental alterations beyond individual control.^[35] This aligns with theoretical models linking solastalgia to psychological distress post-disasters like wildfires, where helplessness mediates outcomes such as reduced well-being.^[36] In bushfire-affected Australian communities, solastalgia specifically mediated the pathway from event exposure to poorer mental health metrics, independent of direct trauma.^[36] Physiological evidence remains limited, with associations primarily inferred from stress-related physical symptoms rather than dedicated biomarkers. The 2025 review noted concurrent somatic complaints—such as fatigue or sleep disturbances—that mirror chronic stress responses, but no unique biological markers for solastalgia have been established, highlighting a gap in objective measurement.^[35] ^[37] Unlike diagnosable disorders in clinical manuals, solastalgia functions as a descriptive construct rather than a standalone pathology, potentially intensifying vulnerabilities in those predisposed to mood or anxiety conditions without constituting a causal diagnosis itself.^[35] Empirical data underscore its role in exacerbating rather than independently generating broader psychopathology, urging caution against pathologizing environmental responses absent rigorous validation.^[3]

Contexts of Occurrence

Environmental and Landscape Changes

Prolonged droughts in rural Australian dryland farming regions have elicited solastalgia through the gradual desiccation of landscapes, resulting in sparse vegetation and eroded topsoil that undermine residents' sense of place. Farmers in New South Wales communities, facing multi-year dry spells documented from 2000 onward, described a pervasive distress akin to exile in one's homeland, with the loss of productive biomes fostering identity fragmentation and diminished solace from the environment.^[38]^[39] This response was amplified by the perceived irreversibility of ecological shifts, such as permanent shifts in grass cover and watercourses, which disrupted traditional land management practices and seasonal predictability.^[2] Wildfires, as biome-altering events, have similarly induced solastalgia in rural settings by rapidly converting verdant areas into charred desolation, severing ties to familiar ecosystems. In eastern Australia, post-2019-2020 megafires that scorched over 18 million hectares of bushland, qualitative accounts from affected communities revealed acute emotional pain from unrecognizable terrains, with lingering ash-covered remnants evoking ongoing loss of environmental security.^[40] The scale of these burns, often exceeding historical norms in extent and intensity, heightened perceptions of enduring transformation, particularly where regrowth failed to restore pre-fire biodiversity.^[40] Among indigenous populations in arid and fire-prone rural Australia, such landscape alterations compound solastalgia by fracturing connections to country, where vegetation die-off and biome homogenization diminish cultural landmarks tied to ancestral knowledge. Scoping reviews of Aboriginal experiences highlight distress from drought- and fire-induced changes that render traditional foraging grounds and ceremonial sites barren, fostering a profound sense of isolation despite physical presence on land.^[9] The irreversibility perceived in these shifts—such as delayed ecological recovery cycles spanning decades—intensifies the grief, as communities witness the erosion of place-based identities central to wellbeing.^[9]

Industrial and Economic Developments

In Australia's Upper Hunter Valley, the expansion of open-cut coal mining during the early 2000s transformed agricultural landscapes, dedicating approximately 222 km²—or 16.5% of the region—to extraction and power infrastructure by 2005, while generating substantial economic activity through coal exports that supported regional wealth and employment. By the 2010s, coal mining and related power generation accounted for about 15% of the Hunter region's jobs, with indirect economic contributions estimated at $6.7 billion annually and supporting over 43,100 full-time equivalent positions.^[41]^[42] These developments, part of a broader coal boom, elevated local GDP metrics and infrastructure investment, yet over 64% of the Upper Hunter land base became tied to mining activities, altering vistas and ecosystems in ways that prompted reports of solastalgia among residents.^[43] Empirical observations from the period indicate that solastalgia persisted alongside prosperity indicators, with affected individuals—often non-mine workers or long-term locals—expressing distress over eroded sense of place despite overall employment gains and rising regional spending, which doubled to $8.8 billion in direct mining expenditures by 2025.^[2]^[44] Economic beneficiaries, such as mine employees, frequently prioritized job opportunities in supporting expansions, overshadowing environmental concerns for some, while others highlighted trade-offs in well-being from landscape fragmentation.^[45] Judicial reviews have reflected these tensions, as in cases where courts overturned mine expansions by balancing solastalgia-driven community distress against projected economic benefits like job retention and revenue.^[3] Analogous patterns emerge in urbanization-driven projects, where infrastructure booms foster employment and growth but correlate with perceived environmental risks eliciting solastalgic responses, though quantitative links to economic metrics are sparser than in extractive industries.^[46] Since the 2010s, researchers have extended solastalgia to distress from observed climate change effects, including sea-level rise and coastal erosion, integrating it into ecohealth models that connect environmental degradation to human well-being.^[3] A 2021 qualitative study in Courtown, Ireland, documented solastalgia among residents facing beach loss from erosion, with participants expressing sadness, worry, and disrupted sense of place as erosion rates accelerated post-2000, eroding over 100 meters of shoreline in some areas.^[47] Similar applications appear in Pacific Island contexts, where empirical surveys link solastalgia to observed reef degradation and saltwater intrusion, though local framings often emphasize relational loss over Western psychological constructs.^[48] Anticipatory solastalgia emerged as a variant describing current emotional distress from projected future climate disruptions, such as ecosystem collapse or habitat loss, distinct from retrospective grief.^[49] A 2023 cross-sectional study of U.S. and Australian adults (n=1,057) validated this through scales measuring dread over expected changes, finding mean scores of 2.8-3.2 on a 5-point scale, elevated among those anticipating severe impacts like biodiversity decline.^[50] Australian research in 2025 further quantified it via adapted environmental distress subscales, reporting correlations with eco-anxiety (r=0.45) in rural samples anticipating drought intensification, supporting its role in forward-looking mental strain.^[24] Empirical findings indicate higher solastalgia levels in climate-vulnerable groups, such as coastal and Indigenous populations, with a 2025 scoping review of 48 studies showing prevalence rates up to 40% in affected communities versus 15-20% in controls, tied to direct exposures like flooding.^[3]^[51] However, associations strengthen with perceived threat severity; for instance, anticipatory forms correlate more with expectations of change (β=0.32) than verified local alterations, suggesting perceptual factors amplify reports in media-sensitized groups.^[50] These applications rose alongside 2010s climate policy discourse, with the IPCC acknowledging solastalgia's health implications by 2014, framing it within broader vulnerability assessments.^[52]

Criticisms and Alternative Perspectives

Challenges to Conceptual Validity

Solastalgia's conceptual validity as a discrete psychological phenomenon is undermined by extensive overlaps with established constructs like ecological grief and place attachment disruption. Scholarly reviews identify shared triggering conditions—such as perceived environmental degradation—and phenomenological features, including distress without physical relocation, which blur distinctions and suggest solastalgia may not introduce novel explanatory power beyond grief responses to loss.^[53]^[4] These overlaps extend to eco-anxiety, where anticipatory elements of solastalgia align closely with generalized worry about future harms, further complicating claims of uniqueness.^[54] The absence of solastalgia from major diagnostic classifications, including the DSM-5 and ICD-11, underscores its lack of formalized criteria differentiating it from broader categories of adjustment disorders, anxiety, or prolonged grief.^[55] Analyses of proposed "new mental illnesses" like solastalgia argue that it fails to satisfy key thresholds for psychiatric recognition, such as consistent dysfunctionality, biological markers, or cross-cultural replicability, often remaining a descriptive label rather than a testable syndrome.^[55] This is compounded by definitional ambiguities in core elements, like "place" and "solace," which vary across studies without resolution.^[4] Measurement approaches, primarily self-reported scales such as the Solastalgia subscale of the Environmental Distress Scale, rely on subjective appraisals prone to confounds from personal values or cultural priming, rather than objective indicators like physiological correlates.^[21] Such tools exhibit psychometric limitations, including potential response biases that inflate perceived distress among environmentally attuned respondents, rendering the concept difficult to falsify empirically.^[21] Proponents acknowledge solastalgia as a rational reaction to change, yet critics contend this reframes ordinary adaptive processes—such as nostalgia or resilience to alteration—as quasi-pathological without demonstrating deviation from typical emotional variability.^[56]^[55]

Potential for Politicization and Cultural Bias

The invocation of solastalgia in climate discourse has surged in mainstream media coverage following the 2015 Paris Agreement, with outlets such as The New York Times and The Guardian frequently framing it as a form of "climate grief" or "homesickness" tied to environmental degradation, often highlighting individual emotional vulnerability without equivalent emphasis on historical human adaptation to landscape changes.^[57]^[58] This pattern aligns with the 2015 Lancet Commission's identification of solastalgia as a dimension of climate-related mental health impacts, contributing to its integration into global policy narratives that prioritize distress as evidence of urgent anthropogenic crisis.^[59] Such portrayals, prevalent in institutions with documented progressive leanings, risk amplifying perceptions of helplessness, potentially sidelining empirical evidence of societal resilience to environmental shifts observed in pre-industrial contexts.^[3] Cultural critiques highlight how solastalgia's conceptualization, rooted in Western philosophical traditions of place attachment and individualism, may overlook relational frameworks in indigenous worldviews that stress interconnected resilience rather than isolated psychological loss. For instance, Māori perspectives emphasize values like kaitiakitanga (environmental guardianship) and whakawhanaungatanga (building relationships), which foster adaptive responses to change through community and ancestral knowledge, contrasting with solastalgia's focus on personal desolation.^[60] Indigenist analyses, including Aboriginal and Pacific Islander lenses, argue that the term inadequately captures collective cultural continuity and stewardship, sometimes failing to resonate due to its framing of distress as environmentally induced without integrating spiritual or kinship-based coping mechanisms.^[29]^[48] This Western-centric bias in academic literature, where only about 24% of solastalgia studies address indigenous experiences, underscores a potential skew toward individualistic interpretations that undervalue cross-cultural evidence of endurance amid ecological disruption.^[4]

Explanations Rooted in Adaptation and Economics

From an evolutionary standpoint, the psychological distress triggered by environmental alterations, akin to solastalgia, operates as an adaptive signal rather than a pathological condition, prompting individuals to engage in behaviors that enhance survival, such as resource relocation or habitat modification.^[61] This perspective draws on the role of stress responses in human evolution, where acute emotional cues historically facilitated rapid adjustments to ecological shifts, distinguishing short-term distress (potentially eustressful for motivation) from chronic maladaptation.^[62] Empirical models of environmental stress reinforce that such reactions evolve to promote genetic and behavioral plasticity under fluctuating conditions, underscoring human lineage's repeated success in overcoming habitat disruptions without long-term psychological fixation.^[63] Historical analyses of the Industrial Revolution provide precedents for adaptation to large-scale landscape changes, where initial psychosocial strains from urbanization and resource extraction gave way to sustained well-being gains through economic restructuring. Between 1861 and 1901 in England and Wales, regions undergoing industrialization exhibited correlations between expanded employment opportunities and elevated subjective well-being, as measured by social indicators like marriage rates and community integration, despite contemporaneous reports of alienation.^[64] Psychological traits fostering optimism and reduced time discounting, prevalent in pre-industrial innovators, enabled populations to pivot toward industrial economies, yielding net positive long-term mental health trajectories amid environmental upheaval.^[65] Economic interpretations further posit that distress labeled as solastalgia frequently proxies material disruptions, such as employment displacement or income disparities, over isolated ecological degradation. In mining-dependent locales, where environmental modifications are acute, influxes of capital from extraction activities have demonstrably elevated local prosperity, mitigating reported psychological burdens through enhanced financial security and infrastructure development.^[66] Longitudinal data from such areas indicate that socioeconomic uplift—via job creation and wealth redistribution—drives recovery in mental health metrics, suggesting causal primacy of opportunity deficits rather than irrevocable sense-of-place loss.^[67] Cross-regional studies of development zones affirm this pattern, showing that psychological resilience emerges via economic avenues post-environmental shocks, with traits like collective agency correlating to faster rebound in well-being and reduced distress persistence.^[67] For example, areas transitioning from agrarian to industrialized models exhibit diminished anxiety prevalence over decades, attributable to diversified livelihoods that offset initial adaptive costs, thereby contesting framings of environmentally induced distress as inherently enduring.^[68] These findings highlight how material incentives and human plasticity recalibrate emotional equilibria, prioritizing causal economic vectors in explanatory models.

Broader Implications

Influence on Policy and Mental Health Frameworks

Solastalgia has been proposed for integration into ecohealth and environmental impact assessment policies, particularly in evaluating loss and damage from climate-related changes, with recommendations for its inclusion in community resilience planning and mental health programs to address place-based distress.^[3] A 2025 empirical review highlights its potential role in shaping legal cases and policy responses to environmental degradation, such as mining or urbanization, by quantifying non-economic harms like emotional disruption in affected populations.^[3] However, such applications lack robust cost-benefit analyses, as empirical evidence primarily demonstrates correlations with mental health outcomes rather than causal links or proven intervention efficacy.^[5] In mental health frameworks, solastalgia features in post-disaster response tools, including validated subscales within the Environmental Distress Scale, which have been adapted for assessing psychological impacts following events like Australia's 2019-2020 bushfires.^[30] By 2025, psychometric studies confirmed its mediation between environmental exposure and symptoms such as anxiety and depression, prompting its consideration in distress screening for climate-impacted groups, though longitudinal data on reducing overall morbidity remains absent.^[69] Quantitative analyses indicate that higher solastalgia scores predict elevated odds of distress—e.g., a 26% increase per scale point in one U.S. study—but frameworks incorporating it risk framing adaptive emotional responses to change as pathological conditions requiring medicalization, potentially diverting resources from evidence-based economic or relocation strategies.^[35]^[56]

Strategies for Mitigation and Resilience

Psychological resilience training, including cognitive reframing and positive coping mechanisms, has been identified as effective in reducing distress from environmental changes by enabling individuals to form new attachments to altered landscapes.^[70] Empirical studies demonstrate that such interventions, drawing from responses to non-environmental stressors like violence, foster adaptive mindsets that support systemic transformations without reliance on stasis.^[71] For instance, programs emphasizing emotional coping and belief shifts have shown capacity to mitigate solastalgia-like symptoms by promoting agency over lamentation.^[3] Community-led initiatives for rebuilding social networks and place-based identities offer practical pathways to resilience, evidenced by reduced mental health impacts in areas undergoing rapid change. In rural Australian communities facing climate stressors, collective action—such as democratic planning and shared storytelling—enhanced social connectedness and optimism, directly countering isolation and distress.^[72] Similarly, post-mining regeneration projects in the UK, like the New Herrington Miners' Banner Partnership, utilized community arts and partnerships to regenerate emotional ties, leading to improved wellbeing through proactive engagement rather than preservation of obsolete industries.^[73] These approaches prioritize human agency in forging novel communal bonds, supported by scoping reviews indicating that adaptation strategies like livelihood diversification lower solastalgia intensity compared to passive resistance.^[3] Economic diversification serves as a structural antidote by lessening dependence on singular environments or industries, thereby buffering against distress from landscape alterations. Research on disaster resilience shows that diverse economies dampen both the magnitude and duration of shocks' effects on local stability, extending to psychological outcomes by enabling innovation and new opportunities.^[74] In post-industrial contexts, transitions to varied sectors—such as technology and services—have facilitated recovery, with empirical cases highlighting declines in associated despair through expanded mobility and skill redeployment.^[75] This contrasts with monocultural stasis, which prolongs vulnerability, underscoring diversification's role in causal adaptation over idealized unchanging baselines. Strategic mobility, including planned relocation, provides resilience when in-place adaptation proves insufficient, reducing long-term exposure to distressing changes. Global analyses of coastal communities indicate that proactive resettlement lowers future flood risks under various emissions scenarios, with evidence from solastalgia studies supporting its use to preempt chronic environmental grief.^[76]^[3] Such measures empower individuals and groups to seek viable habitats, aligning with first-principles recognition that human flourishing historically involves migration amid inevitable shifts, rather than enforced rootedness.^[77]

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Solastalgia: The Distress Caused by Environmental Change
Solastalgia: The Distress Caused by Environmental Change. Glenn Albrecht, Gina-Maree Sartore, […], Linda Connor, Nick Higginbotham, Sonia Freeman, Brian ...
[18]
(PDF) Validation of an Environmental Distress Scale - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · The EDS successfully measured and validated Albrecht's innovative concept of “solastalgia”—the sense of distress people experience when valued ...
[19]
Validation of an Environmental Distress Scale - Semantic Scholar
The Environmental Distress Scale successfully measured and validated Albrecht's innovative concept of “solastalgia”—the sense of distress people experience ...<|separator|>
[20]
Mapping the Solastalgia Literature: A Scoping Review Study - MDPI
A specific area for advancement is further development, validation, and application of scales to quantitatively measure solastalgia. The EDS developed by ...
[21]
The Brief Solastalgia Scale: A Psychometric Evaluation and Revision
Mar 5, 2024 · We review the psychometric properties of the 9-item Solastalgia subscale from the Environmental Distress Scale.
[22]
The Brief Solastalgia Scale: A Psychometric Evaluation and Revision
Mar 5, 2024 · The Brief Solastalgia Scale (BSS) is a 5-item scale measuring the negative emotional experience of solastalgia caused by environmental ...
[23]
The Brief Solastalgia Scale: A Psychometric Evaluation and Revision
The Brief Solastalgia Scale consists of five items on demographic variables, health, life satisfaction, climate emotion and connection with nature, being a ...
[24]
Anticipatory solastalgia in the Antipodes: Evidence of future-oriented ...
Our research examines the measurement of anticipatory solastalgia: the experience of present distress about expected environmental change.Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[25]
A Changing Home: A Cross-Sectional Study on Environmental ...
... solastalgia”. It describes a potential human reaction when valued ... self-report screening questionnaires overestimate the prevalence of both ...
[26]
Exploring the Relationship between Climate Anxiety and Solastalgia ...
Jun 13, 2025 · Recent studies emphasize the interrelation between climate anxiety and solastalgia. ... lack of longitudinal studies examining how these ...
[27]
Solastalgia Following Environmental Change in Gold Mining Areas ...
Longitudinal studies could explore whether solastalgia diminishes after mine closure and rehabilitation. Additionally, comparative research on different ...
[28]
Homesickness at Home: A Scoping Review of Solastalgia ... - MDPI
Jan 31, 2023 · This scoping review examines and maps the existing literature on solastalgia in Australia, particularly focusing on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ...
[29]
Understanding solastalgia from a decolonised, Indigenist lens
Jan 15, 2024 · The objective of this review is to use a decolonised, Indigenist lens to understand the definition of solastalgia from an Aboriginal perspective.
[30]
Cultural and contextual adaptation of the Solastalgia subscale ... - NIH
A measurement tool such as the EDS-Solastalgia can be a good candidate instrument to adapt and quantify the magnitude of such climate-related distress ...
[31]
An Ecosystems and Vulnerable Populations Perspective on ...
In the multivariate analysis, higher solastalgia score and an adverse financial impact of the fire were associated with clinically significant psychological ...
[32]
(PDF) An Ecosystems and Vulnerable Populations Perspective on ...
In the multivariate analysis, higher solastalgia score and an adverse financial impact of the fire were associated with clinically significant psychological ...
[33]
[PDF] Grief, Loss, and Climate Change: Validation of a Solastalgia Scale
Empirical studies provide additional depth to the connection between the natural environment and the wellbeing of people. The studies discussed in the ...<|separator|>
[34]
What Is Solastalgia and How Is It Measured? SOS, a Validated ... - NIH
Oct 21, 2022 · Solastalgia is a recent concept that refers to disruptive ... [9] accounts for three dimensions: melancholy, solace, and loss of control.
[35]
Is solastalgia associated with mental health problems? A scoping ...
Aug 5, 2025 · Solastalgia, distress from environmental change, is significantly associated with mental health problems like depression, anxiety, and PTSD.Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[36]
Solastalgia mediates between bushfire impact and mental health ...
We find the experience of solastalgia mediates the relationship between bushfire impact and mental health and wellbeing.Missing: lack | Show results with:lack
[37]
New mental disorder called 'solastalgia' linked to the environment
Aug 11, 2025 · "Solastalgia" - distress from unwanted environmental changes in home areas - correlates with depression and anxiety.
[38]
a qualitative study of the impact of drought on a rural Australian ...
This qualitative research investigates the experience of drought in two farming communities in the state of New South Wales.
[39]
[PDF] a qualitative study of the impact of drought on a rural Australian
Aug 8, 2008 · This qualitative research investigates the experience of drought in two farming communities in the state of New South Wales. Farmers, farm and ...
[40]
Solastalgia following the Australian summer of bushfires: Qualitative ...
Living through unwelcome environmental change can cause a form of distress that Albrecht (2005) named 'solastalgia'. ... open-cut coal mining that Glenn ...
[41]
[PDF] Economic Transition Forces in the Hunter — August 2023
The Hunter region is heavily reliant on the coal industry, with coal mining and power generation accounting for around 15% of the region's jobs. The closure of ...
[42]
[PDF] Mining and METS: engines of economic growth and prosperity for ...
Price increase phase, in which the prices for resources such as coal and iron ore increased rapidly during the 2000s, resulting in a sharp rise in Australia's ...
[43]
Lived experiences of environmental change: Solastalgia, power and ...
... open-cut coal mining and anthropogenic climate change have become ... Solastalgia (Albrecht, 2005) is a concept that is increasingly adopted ...
[44]
Mining spending and jobs hit new records in the Hunter
Feb 12, 2025 · Mining's direct spending in the Hunter has almost doubled from $4.6 billion to $8.8 billion. Mining jobs in the region have also increased by 50 percent.Missing: GDP | Show results with:GDP
[45]
The final voids: the ambiguity of emptiness in Australian coal mine ...
Mar 4, 2022 · For many Australians, coal is a source of economic prosperity, providing export revenue and employment for regional towns. Coal is Australia's ...<|separator|>
[46]
Solastalgia and public environment-friendly behaviors in the ...
Findings confirmed that, perceived environmental risks due to urbanization are positively associated with public environment-friendly behaviors.
[47]
Solastalgia, place attachment and disruption: insights from a coastal ...
May 8, 2021 · We explore how solastalgia, a concept that describes distress and inability to derive solace from one's environment caused by disruptive environmental change.
[48]
Is the Concept of Solastalgia Meaningful to Pacific Communities ...
Nov 9, 2023 · They found that residents of the Upper Hunter Valley were experiencing solastalgia in response to the open-cut mining and power station fallout ...
[49]
Proposing Anticipated Solastalgia as a New Concept on the Human ...
Jun 29, 2021 · Solastalgia hence relates to “the pain or distress caused by the loss of, or ... loss as the externalities of a revived economic machinery.Missing: confounding factors
[50]
Anticipatory solastalgia in the Anthropocene: Climate change as a ...
Albrecht (2005) labelled this phenomenon 'solastalgia' to reflect that those affected could no longer derive solace from their environment. There is growing ...Anticipatory Solastalgia In... · 1. Introduction · 2. Method
[51]
Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change Among Vulnerable ...
Oct 6, 2023 · The most prevalent mental health responses to climate change included solastalgia, suicidality, depression, anxiety/eco-anxiety, PTSD, substance use, insomnia, ...2. Methods · 4. Discussion · 4.1 Varied Mental Health...
[52]
Climate Change and Health - Stories of Solastalgia - NCBI Bookshelf
The IPCC first recognised solastalgia as a mental health implication of climate change in 2014, and the term is beginning to appear in health literature more ...
[53]
Ecological Grief as a Response to Environmental Change
Jan 16, 2021 · Solastalgia closely overlaps with ecological grief in terms of triggering conditions, phenomenology and conceptual foundations. Even though ...
[54]
Eco-emotions and Psychoterratic Syndromes: Reshaping Mental ...
Jun 30, 2023 · For example: - ecological grief resonates with solastalgia because of triggering conditions, phenomenology and conceptual foundations, even ...
[55]
http://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/143
[56]
'Solastalgia' might help explain effects of climate change on mental ...
Aug 5, 2025 · It's caused by environmental change and is linked to depression, anxiety, and PTSD. 'Solastalgia' might help explain the negative effects of ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[57]
Closing the Gap Between Nature and the Self - The New York Times
Apr 25, 2024 · Closing the Gap Between Nature and the Self. Ada Limón, the U.S. poet laureate, has a balm for your solastalgia. April 25, 2024.
[58]
'Solastalgia': Arctic inhabitants overwhelmed by new form of climate ...
Oct 15, 2020 · Solastalgia means a feeling of homesickness without ever leaving home - and for Inuit in Canada's north it describes the psychological impact of the climate ...Missing: prosperity | Show results with:prosperity
[59]
Solastalgia: Climatic Anxiety—An Emotional Geography to Find Our ...
Apr 20, 2023 · Solastalgia is a neologism coined by the philosopher Glenn Albrecht (2005),2 to indicate the emotional anxiety that derives from climatic impact ...
[60]
[PDF] Integrating Māori Perspectives into Community Resilience ...
Five Māori values to strengthen resilience are: mātauranga (knowledge), kotahitanga (unity), kaitiakitanga (guardianship), whakawhanaungatanga (relationships), ...Missing: solastalgia | Show results with:solastalgia
[61]
The Evolutionary Role of Stress: Distinguishing Between Eustress ...
Nov 3, 2024 · Stress as an evolutionary mechanism has been instrumental in human adaptation, originally serving as a survival response to immediate threats ...
[62]
Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution: an overview - Bijlsma
Jul 13, 2005 · Environmental stress can be characterized as a force shaping adaptation and evolution in changing environments, and it is a property of both the stressor and ...
[63]
Evolutionary rescue and adaptation to abrupt environmental change ...
We examined whether the level of environmental stress experienced by a population prior to abrupt environmental change affects the probability of evolutionary ...
[64]
[PDF] How did Industrialisation Affect Subjective Well-being in England ...
Aug 23, 2023 · This poses an issue in the debate around living standards in the Industrial. Revolution, as Durkheim has documented a positive relationship ...
[65]
Psychological origins of the Industrial Revolution | Behavioral and ...
Apr 11, 2018 · In this paper, I argue that some of these psychological traits – a lower level of time discounting, a higher level of optimism, decreased materialistic ...
[66]
The Impact of Mining on Local Communities - Milken Institute
Sep 9, 2025 · As this report details, mining has yielded both economic development and environmental damage. Investments in sustainable mining practices will ...Missing: benefits | Show results with:benefits
[67]
(PDF) Macropsychological Factors Predict Regional Economic ...
Aug 7, 2025 · Specifically, we examine links between regions' levels of psychological traits and their degree of economic slowdown (indexed by changes in ...
[68]
Regional economic resilience and post-crisis growth paths
Aug 12, 2025 · Regional economies respond to shocks by employing one of four types of economic resilience: engineering, ecological, evolutionary, and ...
[69]
Solastalgia: Climate Change's Hidden Mental Health Crisis?
Aug 29, 2025 · The five quantitative studies included in the analysis consistently revealed positive associations between solastalgia and mental health ...
[70]
Coping strategies for climate change anxiety: a perspective on ... - NIH
Jun 26, 2025 · In this article, we consider how positive psychological coping mechanisms can lessen the negative impacts of climate change on mental health, especially in ...
[71]
Psychological resilience for climate change transformation
Psychological and sociological research on mental health responses to violence sheds light on individual transformation for climate change.
[72]
Building resilience to the mental health impacts of climate change in ...
This study's empirical research on community understandings of how to build resilience to the mental health and wellbeing impacts of climate change align with ...
[73]
Emotional regeneration through community action in post-industrial ...
Emotional regeneration through community action in post-industrial mining communities: The New Herrington Miners' Banner Partnership. Carol Stephenson and David ...
[74]
Economic diversification and the resiliency hypothesis
Aug 30, 2020 · Our study demonstrates that diversity dampens both the magnitude and the duration of the effects of a disaster on local real estate values.Missing: distress | Show results with:distress
[75]
(PDF) Deindustrialization and deaths of despair: mapping the impact ...
Dec 1, 2020 · A growing literature on deaths of despair has argued that workers' declining life expectancy in deindustrialized rustbelt areas in the U.S. and ...<|separator|>
[76]
Planned relocation may reduce communities' future exposure to ...
Nov 7, 2024 · Here we assess risk of future coastal flooding before and after moving, for three dates and three emissions scenarios, for 17 communities from a global dataset.
[77]
Climate Change and Community Relocation | Baker Institute
Dec 17, 2024 · Planned relocations can provide a lasting solution for people whose habitats and communities are threatened by the effects of climate change.Overview · The Basics of Climate Migration · The Scope of Planned...