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Solin

Solin is a town and municipality in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, located about 6 kilometers northeast of the city of Split, along the Adriatic Sea coast and the Jadro River.^[1]^[2] As the site of the ancient Roman city of Salona—once the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia—it is renowned for its extensive archaeological remains, including an amphitheater with a capacity of about 17,000 spectators, a forum, temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and early Christian cemeteries such as Manastirine and Marusinac.^[1]^[2]^[3] The town is also the birthplace of Roman Emperor Diocletian (born around 244 CE) and holds significance in early Croatian history as a center during the medieval period, featuring sites like the 11th-century Hollow Church and the oldest Marian shrine in Croatia on St. Mary's Isle.^[1]^[2] With a municipal population of 24,862 as of the 2021 census, Solin serves as a suburban residential area for Split while preserving its role as a key cultural and historical destination in Central Dalmatia.^[4]

Geography

Location and topography

Solin is situated in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, approximately 5 km northeast of the city of Split, functioning as a suburban area along the Adriatic Sea coast at the estuary of the Jadro River.^[5]^[6] The town encompasses a total area of 18 km², characterized by a coastal plain that transitions into hilly terrain.^[5] To the north, it lies on the southern slopes of Kozjak Mountain, which reaches an elevation of 779 m, while to the east, the western slopes of Mosor Mountain rise to 1,339 m, framing the landscape with rugged, elevated backdrops.^[7]^[6] Prominent natural features include the Jadro River, which emerges as a karst spring at the base of Mosor Mountain and flows 4.5 km to the coast, serving historically as a vital water source before entering the waters adjacent to Kaštela Bay.^[8]^[9] The surrounding environment reflects a classic karst landscape typical of the Dalmatian coast, with soluble limestone formations contributing to underground drainage systems and distinctive hydrological patterns.^[10]^[11] Geologically, Solin's setting is defined by the Dalmatian karst, a temperate karst system dominated by Mesozoic carbonate rocks that have been shaped by dissolution processes over millennia, resulting in a terrain of poljes, sinkholes, and intermittent surface streams that influence local water availability and landforms.^[12]^[13]

Climate

Solin experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate classified as Köppen Csa, featuring mild and wet winters alongside hot and dry summers.^[14] The annual average high temperature stands at 19.4°C, while the average low is 12.1°C; precipitation totals 804 mm yearly, with the peak in November reaching approximately 120 mm.^[15] The region benefits from 2,633 hours of sunshine annually, contributing to its appeal for outdoor activities.^[15] Local weather patterns are shaped by the Adriatic Sea's proximity, which moderates temperature extremes, and by surrounding mountains that channel winds such as the bora—a strong northeast gust causing abrupt cold spells—and the mistral, a westerly wind bringing cooler air.^[16] In summer, particularly July and August, daytime highs often exceed 30°C with low humidity, whereas winters see lows rarely dipping below 5°C, accompanied by higher humidity during rainy periods.^[17]

Administrative divisions

Solin functions as a city municipality within Split-Dalmatia County in Croatia, administered by a directly elected mayor and a city council responsible for local governance and policy implementation.^[18] The municipality encompasses a mix of urban and rural areas, with administrative operations centralized in the city hall located in the core area. This structure supports the coordination of services across its diverse settlements, balancing residential, industrial, and historical preservation needs.^[19] The primary administrative divisions consist of eight local committees, known as mjesni odbori, which represent the city's neighborhoods and facilitate community-level decision-making and service delivery. These include MO Centar, covering the historic town center; MO Priko Vode, an area with industrial activities in the Jadro River valley; MO Kučine and MO Mravince, representing surrounding rural villages; MO Rupotina; MO Srednja Strana; MO Sveti Kajo; and MO Vranjic, a coastal settlement.^[20] Each committee is headed by a president and operates under the city council to address local issues such as infrastructure maintenance and community events.^[20] As a commuter suburb of nearby Split, Solin has experienced residential expansion since the mid-20th century, driven by affordable housing attracting young families and workers. This growth has led to urban planning efforts focused on integrating new developments with existing archaeological sites and industrial zones, though challenges persist due to outdated zoning plans dating back to 1951. Key areas like Srednja Strana-Sveti Kajo exemplify this blend, featuring dense housing alongside underutilized public spaces.^[19]

History

Ancient Salona

Salona, known in antiquity as Colonia Martia Iulia Salona, was established as a Roman colony around 48 BCE by Julius Caesar following his victory in the civil wars, transforming an earlier Illyrian settlement into a key urban center.^[21] The city rapidly expanded under the early emperors, particularly Augustus, becoming the administrative capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia after its formal creation in 9 CE.^[21] As the provincial seat, Salona housed the governor's residence and served as the headquarters for the Roman customs service (publicum portorii Illyrici), facilitating trade across the Adriatic.^[22] During its peak in the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, Salona's population is estimated to have reached 40,000 to 60,000 inhabitants, supported by its role as a major port and commercial hub connecting Italy with the eastern provinces.^[23] The city was the birthplace of Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), born circa 244 CE, who rose from humble origins in the region to stabilize the empire through administrative reforms and military campaigns.^[24] Under Diocletian's rule (284–305 CE), Salona experienced renewed prosperity, with the city renamed Colonia Martia Iulia Valeria Salona Felix to honor the emperor and his co-rulers, reflecting its elevated status and economic vitality.^[22] Salona's infrastructure underscored its importance, featuring monumental public works that supported urban life and spectacle. The amphitheater, constructed in the 2nd century CE, accommodated approximately 17,000 spectators and was later integrated into the city's defensive walls during the late 3rd century.^[21] An aqueduct, built under Augustus and spanning 3,850 meters from the Jadro River spring, delivered up to 12,000 cubic meters of water daily to the city's fountains, baths, and homes, enabling sustained growth.^[21] By the 4th century, early Christian communities emerged, marked by sites such as the Kaštel complex with its basilicas and associated structures, alongside other basilicas that signified the city's transition toward Christianity amid Diocletian's persecutions.^[23] The city's decline began in the 5th century CE amid barbarian incursions and the Gothic Wars in the region, contributing to widespread disruption in the western provinces.^[25] Further devastation occurred around 614–640 CE, when joint forces of the Avars and Slavs overran and destroyed Salona, leading to its near-total abandonment as inhabitants fled to nearby fortified sites like Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum (modern Split).^[26] This marked the end of Salona as a major Roman urban center, though its legacy influenced subsequent settlement patterns in the region.^[23]

Middle Ages

Following the Avar and Slavic invasions that led to the destruction of Salona around 614–640 CE, the region of modern Solin experienced significant demographic shifts as Slavic tribes, including the Croats, settled in the area during the 7th and 8th centuries.^[25] These settlers occupied abandoned Roman lands along the Jadro River and integrated with surviving local populations, marking the transition from late antiquity to early medieval Slavic-Croatian presence.^[27] Many refugees from the ruined Salona fled to nearby coastal sites, where they founded the city of Split as a new settlement center around the 7th century.^[27] By the 9th century, Solin had become an integral part of the emerging Croatian state, serving as a political and administrative hub between Trogir, Split, and the Klis fortress.^[27] Duke Trpimir I (r. c. 845–864), considered the first independent Croatian ruler, played a key role in consolidating power in the region; his 852 charter from Bijaći near Solin references local ecclesiastical privileges and underscores Solin's strategic importance.^[27] The area was formally integrated into the Kingdom of Croatia under King Tomislav in 925 CE, elevating its status within the unified realm.^[27] Religiously, early Croatian basilicas were constructed on ancient sites, including the Church of St. Peter (known as the Hollow Church), which symbolized continuity and served as a coronation site, such as for King Zvonimir in 1075.^[27] In the 10th century, Queen Helen (Jelena), consort of King Michael Krešimir II and mother of Stephen Držislav, further enhanced Solin's religious landscape through her donations, commissioning the double churches of St. Mary and St. Stephen at Gospin Otok as a complex for royal ceremonies and burials.^[28] These basilicae geminatae, influenced by Carolingian architecture, were gifted to the Church of St. Domnius in Split and included tombs for the Trpimirović dynasty, reflecting Solin's role as a center of royal piety and power.^[28] During the 12th to 15th centuries, Solin fell under Hungarian-Croatian influence after 1102, before transitioning to Venetian control in 1420, which introduced administrative reforms and trade links.^[27] Amid rising Ottoman threats, local fortifications were bolstered in the late Middle Ages to defend against incursions, integrating Solin into broader Dalmatian defensive networks.^[27]

Modern period

In the 16th century, Solin fell under brief Ottoman control following the conquest of nearby Klis in 1537, during which the town was fortified with structures like the Gradina fortress established in 1534.^[27] Venetian forces liberated Solin in 1647 as part of their campaigns against the Ottomans, marking the beginning of a period of Venetian rule that lasted until 1797 and saw the resettlement of over 600 families to revitalize the area as a rural outpost.^[27] Following the dissolution of the Republic of Venice, Solin transitioned to Habsburg administration in 1797, experiencing limited growth amid ongoing regional conflicts and serving primarily as an agricultural periphery during the 18th century.^[27] Under Austrian Empire rule in the 19th century, Solin integrated into broader infrastructural developments, including the extension of the Lika railway line that connected Split to the interior by 1925, facilitating modest economic ties to the Habsburg network.^[29] After World War I, as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the town saw initial modernization through such transport links, though growth remained subdued until the interwar period. During World War II, Solin was occupied by Axis forces, with Italian administration dominating Dalmatia until late 1944, when Partisan units liberated the town and surrounding areas like Split in October, enabling immediate post-occupation operations at local factories such as the cement works in Majdan using German POW labor.^[30] In the post-war socialist era within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Solin underwent significant industrial expansion, including cement and steel production, which transformed it into a key suburban industrial zone for Split and drove population increases through state-planned housing and employment.^[19] The Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) brought indirect challenges to Solin due to its proximity to front lines in inland Dalmatia, including disruptions to regional infrastructure and refugee influxes, though the town itself avoided direct combat.^[31] Post-1995 reconstruction efforts focused on repairing war-damaged facilities and integrating Solin into Croatia's national recovery, bolstered by the country's European Union accession on July 1, 2013, which enhanced funding for urban renewal and promoted suburbanization as affordable housing drew young families from nearby Split.^[31] In recent decades, Solin has experienced steady population growth, reaching approximately 25,600 residents as of 2023, positioning it as one of Croatia's youngest demographic centers and a commuter hub for Split's workforce.^[4] Environmental initiatives around the Jadro River, such as the EU-funded "Jadro - Spring of Life" project (2016–2021), have revitalized degraded areas by preserving biodiversity, including protected trout species, and developing accessible visitor infrastructure like sensory educational polygons and a mobile hatchery.^[32] Ongoing efforts in the 2020s, including the 2024 "Improve River Life" project and successful indigenous trout breeding in 2025, continue to enhance river connectivity and habitat conservation, transforming the estuary into a sustainable tourism and ecological asset.^[33]^[34]

Demographics

Population

According to the 2021 census by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Solin had a population of 24,862 residents, comprising 49% males and 51% females.^[35] The population density stood at 723 inhabitants per square kilometer across the town's 34.4 km² area.^[4] Solin's population has experienced notable fluctuations and growth over recent decades. It expanded from 19,011 in the 2001 census to 23,926 in 2011 and reached 24,862 in 2021, reflecting an average annual growth rate of about 0.4% in the 2011–2021 period.^[4] This upturn follows a sharp decline in the 1990s, when war impacts reduced the population from 27,402 recorded in the 1991 census. Projections indicate stability or a slight increase, with an estimated 25,590 residents by late 2023, suggesting continued modest expansion through 2025 driven by regional dynamics.^[4] The age structure in 2021 revealed a median age of approximately 42 years, with about 18% of the population under 18 years old and 15% over 65 years old.^[4] This distribution, with roughly two-thirds in working ages (15–64 years), underscores a relatively balanced demographic profile compared to national trends in Croatia.^[35] Population growth in Solin has been primarily fueled by net positive migration, including an influx from rural areas of Dalmatia and daily commuters from the nearby city of Split seeking suburban living options.^[36]

Ethnic and religious composition

Solin's ethnic composition is overwhelmingly Croatian, reflecting the town's location in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. According to the 2021 census conducted by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Croats constitute 98.7% of the population, with 24,373 individuals identifying as such out of a total of 24,688 respondents on ethnicity.^[4] The Serb minority accounts for 0.3%, numbering 83 persons, while other ethnic groups, including Bosniaks (approximately 0.2%), make up the remaining 0.9%. Smaller communities such as Italians and Albanians each represent less than 0.1% of the population, consistent with historical patterns of limited immigration from those groups in the post-Yugoslav period.^[4] Religiously, the population is predominantly Roman Catholic, comprising 86.7% or 21,555 individuals, which aligns with the ethnic Croatian majority and the town's long-standing ties to Croatian cultural and religious traditions.^[4] Eastern Orthodox Christians, primarily associated with the Serb community, form about 0.5% (120 persons), while Muslims account for roughly 0.5% (121 persons), reflecting residual influences from the Yugoslav era when diverse ethnic groups coexisted under a federal system. Other Christian denominations represent 5.9% (1,451 persons), and those declaring no religion or other affiliations make up the rest.^[4] The ethnic structure has evolved significantly since the early 1990s, particularly following the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995). In the 1991 census, Croats comprised 95.7% (26,224 out of 27,402), with Serbs at 1.8% (481 persons), indicating a more diverse but still Croatian-dominant profile shaped by Yugoslav-era migrations.^[37] Post-war demographic shifts led to a sharp decline in the Serb population, dropping to 0.3% by 2021, due to emigration, conflict-related displacements, and returnee patterns. This change underscores the broader national trend of ethnic homogenization in Croatia after independence, while smaller Dalmatian minorities, such as residual Italian descendants from earlier Venetian rule, have integrated into the mainstream Croatian society without significant numerical growth.^[4]^[37] These demographics influence local cultural practices, with the Croatian majority fostering a unified identity centered on Dalmatian heritage, though provisions under Croatia's Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities support the small Serb and other communities through language rights in education and media where thresholds are met—though Solin's low minority percentages do not trigger widespread bilingual public signage.^[4]

Economy

Industry and agriculture

Solin serves as an industrial suburb of Split, with its economy rooted in light manufacturing and construction sectors that emerged during the 20th-century industrialization of the Split basin. Key industries include automotive components, food processing, and cement production, with major employers such as AD Plastik, a leading manufacturer of interior and exterior car parts, and Cemex Croatia's cement plant contributing significantly to local output.^[38] Other notable facilities encompass bakeries like Bobis and Tommy 1992 d.o.o., which focus on confectionery and bakery products, alongside chemical and metal processing operations.^[39]^[40] The Priko Vode zone hosts several factories, including those in metal fabrication and light assembly, serving as a hub for small to medium enterprises.^[41] Unemployment in the area has stabilized around 5.3% as of September 2025, aided by steady demand in construction and transport-related jobs from entities like INA (Croatian oil industry) and Croatian Railways.^[42] Agriculture in Solin emphasizes small-scale production suited to its terrain, particularly olive oil extraction on the slopes of Mount Kozjak and vineyards in the Jadro Valley. The Salona Association of Olive Growers, with over 140 members, promotes extra virgin olive oil from local varieties like oblica, levantinka, and lastovka through educational programs and events such as Olea Salona.^[43] Wine cultivation benefits from the Mediterranean climate, yielding varieties integral to Dalmatian viticulture, while small-scale fishing in the adjacent bay provides fresh seafood for local markets.^[44] The town faces challenges in transitioning from heavy industries of the Yugoslav era—such as steel and chemicals—to sustainable practices, including brownfield redevelopment and reduced emissions. EU funding in the 2020s has supported green initiatives, exemplified by Cemex's installation of solar power plants at its Solin facility to enhance energy efficiency.^[45] These efforts aim to balance industrial legacy with environmental goals, complementing the growing tourism sector without overshadowing traditional economic bases.^[46]

Tourism

Solin's tourism industry primarily revolves around its historical significance and natural surroundings, serving as a key economic driver for the local area. The town's proximity to Split, just 6 kilometers away, positions it as an ideal base for day trips, while its own attractions draw visitors interested in ancient Roman heritage and outdoor activities. Tourism peaks during the summer months, facilitated by the region's Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers ideal for exploration.^[44] In recent years, Solin has seen steady growth in tourist arrivals, with 31,789 recorded from January to September 2025, marking a 7% increase compared to the same period in 2024. This trend suggests an annual figure of approximately 40,000 to 50,000 visitors, predominantly foreign tourists from Europe and Asia, attracted mainly by the ruins of ancient Salona and their ties to the Roman Emperor Diocletian, who was born nearby. The sector experiences seasonal highs in July and August, when overnight stays surge due to favorable weather.^[47]^[48] Key attractions include the Salona Archaeological Park, where adult entry costs €8 and children's tickets €4, offering access to Roman forums, amphitheaters, and basilicas. Visitors also enjoy leisurely walks along the Jadro River, known for its scenic paths and historical importance as the ancient river Salona, as well as hiking opportunities in the surrounding Mosor Mountains. Accommodations consist mainly of guesthouses, bed-and-breakfasts, and private apartments, with many travelers opting for day trips from Split via local bus lines for convenience.^[49]^[50]^[51] Following Croatia's accession to the European Union in 2013, tourism in Solin and the broader Dalmatian region has expanded notably, with increased accessibility and funding supporting infrastructure improvements and visitor services. This growth has boosted seasonal employment in guiding, hospitality, and related sectors, contributing significantly to the local economy alongside agriculture and industry.^[52]^[53] To promote sustainability, regional efforts in Dalmatia include digital ticketing systems for archaeological sites to manage visitor flows and reduce environmental strain from overtourism, aligning with national strategies for resilient tourism development.^[54]^[55]

Culture and heritage

Archaeological sites

The Salona Archaeological Park, encompassing the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Salona near modern Solin, Croatia, covers a walled area of approximately 72 hectares and includes major structures such as the amphitheater, forum, and thermae.^[56] These remains represent the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia and provide insight into urban life from the 1st century BC to the 7th century AD. The site is the largest archaeological park in Croatia and features well-preserved elements of public infrastructure, including defensive walls spanning about 4 kilometers with up to 90 towers.^[56]^[57] Systematic excavations began in the 19th century during the period of Austrian administration in the region, with initial efforts in the 1870s and 1880s focusing on key areas like the Manastirine necropolis north of the city walls.^[58] A pivotal figure was Frane Bulić, who became director of the Archaeological Museum in Split in 1884 and oversaw a golden age of exploration, emphasizing late antique and early Christian structures.^[59] These efforts uncovered extensive Roman and early Christian remains, building on earlier sporadic digs and establishing Salona as a cornerstone of Dalmatian archaeology. Among the most significant discoveries is the Manastirine necropolis, an open-air burial ground used from the 1st century AD through the early Christian era (3rd–5th centuries), containing diverse grave types such as amphora burials, tile graves, and mausolea associated with martyrs like Saints Domnio and Venantius.^[23]^[60] Adjacent to the necropolis lie ruins of early Christian basilicas, including the Basilica urbana, which served as Salona's principal ecclesiastical center and featured mosaic inscriptions detailing its construction under Bishop Hesychius in the 5th century.^[23]^[61] Notable artifacts from these sites, including figural mosaics depicting mythological scenes and Latin-Greek inscriptions on sarcophagi and building dedications, are preserved in the Archaeological Museum in Split's Salona collection, which holds over 12,000 items.^[62]^[63] Preservation of the site is overseen by the Archaeological Museum in Split, under the Croatian Ministry of Culture, with ongoing fieldwork and restoration supported by international collaborations, including annual excavations.^[62] Salona has been on UNESCO's World Heritage Tentative List since 2005 as an extension to the Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian, recognizing its role in early Christian and Roman heritage.^[64] EU-funded initiatives, such as those under the European Regional Development Fund, have contributed to digital and physical conservation efforts across Croatian cultural sites, including enhancements to accessibility and documentation at Salona.^[65] The park remains accessible year-round, with guided tours available through the museum, and its proximity to Split facilitates integrated visits to related Roman and early Christian landmarks.^[66]

Religious and cultural landmarks

Solin's religious landmarks primarily consist of medieval churches that underscore the city's role in early Croatian Christianity and monarchy, often built atop earlier Christian structures and featuring Romanesque architecture. The Hollow Church (Šuplja crkva), dedicated to Saints Peter and Moses, dates to the 11th century and incorporates Romanesque elements such as a three-aisled basilica layout on ancient foundations from a large early-Christian basilica. This site gained prominence as the coronation church for Croatian King Demetrius Zvonimir in 1075, symbolizing its central communal and political importance in medieval Dalmatia.^[67]^[68] Queen Helen's Church, part of the complex at Our Lady's Isle (Gospin otok), was constructed in the 10th century as twin structures dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Stephen, commissioned by Queen Helen (Jelena) of Zadar, wife of King Michael Krešimir II. Serving as a coronation basilica and royal mausoleum, it holds the distinction of Croatia's oldest Marian shrine and reflects the queen's patronage of religious architecture during the Croatian Kingdom's formative years. The modern parish church on the site, rebuilt in 1880, continues to host community worship and events, including papal visits like that of John Paul II in 1998.^[69]^[28] Additional medieval remnants include early foundations linked to 9th-century monastic activity, such as the Rižinice abbey established under Duke Trpimir I around 852 as one of Croatia's first Benedictine sites. Modern parish churches, including those dedicated to local saints, support ongoing liturgical practices and reflect 19th- and 20th-century reconstructions amid Solin's growth.^[68]^[70] Culturally, the Tusculum Museum preserves Solin's local history through exhibits of medieval artifacts, architectural fragments, and ethnographic displays, emphasizing the transition from ancient to Croatian heritage. Annual events like the Solin Cultural Summer, initiated in the early 2000s, feature music concerts, theater performances, and historical reenactments, fostering communal engagement at religious sites. These venues and traditions, including gatherings of Dalmatian klapa singing groups that perform UNESCO-recognized a cappella multipart vocals, reinforce Solin's identity as a hub for preserving regional folklore and spiritual life.^[71]^[72]^[73]

Transport

Road and highway access

Solin benefits from its strategic location within the Split conurbation, providing robust connectivity via major state roads that facilitate both coastal and inland travel. The D8 state road, known as the Adriatic Highway and part of the European route E65, runs parallel to the Adriatic coast, passing through Solin and linking it directly to nearby Split to the southwest and Trogir to the northeast. This route serves as the primary coastal corridor, supporting tourism, local commerce, and freight movement along the Dalmatian littoral. Complementing this, the D1 state road extends inland from Solin toward Zagreb as part of the European route E59, offering a key north-south connection through the hinterland regions of Sinj and Knin before merging with the national motorway network.^[74]^[75] The local road network integrates residential, commercial, and archaeological areas while crossing the Jadro River via several bridges, including the historic Five Bridges structure from Roman times and a modern viaduct. These bridges are essential for intra-town mobility, though the narrow layout in the historic center exacerbates parking shortages, prompting ongoing discussions for expanded public lots to accommodate visitors and residents. This infrastructure supports efficient access to Solin's industrial zones, enabling logistics for manufacturing and logistics firms.^[76]^[77] Recent developments in the 2020s have focused on alleviating congestion from the growing Split-Solin commuter corridor, including upgrades to the D1 road from Solin to the Dugopolje interchange, a 15-kilometer stretch connecting directly to the A1 Zagreb-Split motorway, with completion projected by the end of 2025. Additional projects, such as the new bridge over the Jadro River at Širina (construction started October 2025, expected completion June 2026) and the Mravince Interchange on the fast road network (tunnel breakthrough November 2025, nearing completion), aim to improve traffic flow and reduce bottlenecks for vehicles entering Solin from the south. These enhancements, part of broader Dalmatian infrastructure investments, underscore the roads' role in regional economic integration.^[75]^[78]^[79]

Rail and public transit

Solin is connected to the national rail network via the Zagreb–Split railway line, operated by Hrvatske Željeznice (HŽ). The town's primary station, Solin railway station, serves regional passenger trains that provide essential links for commuters and travelers.^[80] Regional HŽ trains run between Solin and Split, with services departing approximately every two hours and operating daily. These trains typically take about 10-11 minutes to cover the short distance, offering a reliable option for the roughly 7 km journey to Split's main station. While exact daily frequencies vary, there are generally 10-14 departures, accommodating peak travel demands between the two locations. Fares for these regional services are low, ranging from €1 to €2 per ticket.^[80]^[81]^[82] Public bus services in Solin are primarily managed by Promet Split, which operates an extensive urban and suburban network integrating the town with Split and surrounding areas. Key routes include line 5A, which runs from Split's city center (such as HNK) to Solin, stopping near major sites like the ancient ruins of Salona and providing service every 15-20 minutes during peak hours. Line 10 also connects Solin to Split, with regular departures supporting daily commutes. These buses enhance mobility for residents, with single tickets costing €1-2 and journeys to Split center taking 15-20 minutes.^[83]^[84]^[85] For intercity travel, Solin benefits from bus connections to nearby destinations like Trogir and Šibenik, operated by companies such as Autotrans by Arriva and FlixBus. Services to Trogir run multiple times daily, covering the 20 km distance in about 30-40 minutes for fares starting at €5, while routes to Šibenik take around 1-1.5 hours over 60 km, with tickets from €9-13. These options facilitate regional exploration without reliance on personal vehicles.^[86]^[87] Access to Split Airport, located approximately 17 km from Solin, relies on shuttle and public bus services rather than direct rail. Promet Split's line 37 and airport shuttle buses provide connections, with travel times of 30-40 minutes depending on traffic; fares are €1-5, and services operate frequently to accommodate flights. No direct rail link exists, though multimodal trips combining bus and train are possible for onward journeys.^[88]^[89] Looking ahead, rail infrastructure in the region is set for upgrades through EU-funded initiatives, including the introduction of hybrid and battery-powered trains on the Zagreb–Split line by 2026 to improve efficiency on non-electrified sections. Broader electrification efforts, part of Croatia's national rail modernization program, are targeted for progressive implementation between 2025 and 2030, aiming to enhance service reliability and reduce emissions along routes serving Solin.^[90]^[91]

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Salona (Croatia) - Roman Aqueducts
The amphitheatre was built in the 2nd century CE, at the time of a powerful rise of Salona, deemed to have received 18.000 spectators. In the late 3rd century, ...Missing: Kaštel decline Ostrogoths 639
[21]
[PDF] soli deo stellam et frvctiferam: the art of the mithraic cult in salona
May 21, 2014 · granted the status of a Roman colony, with the formal title colonia Martia Iulia Salona. ... 301 Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Salona site | Archaeological Museum in Split
The ruins of the basilica and cemetery in Manastirine are the most important Salonitanian early Christian complex located outside the city walls.Missing: Kaštel 639
[23]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Diocletian - New Advent
Roman Emperor and persecutor of the Church, born of parents who had been slaves, at Dioclea, near Salona, in Dalmatia, AD 245; d. at Salona, AD 313.
[24]
Salona - Voice of Norway
Salona was the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, near present-day Solin near Split.
[25]
St. Domnius - April 11 - Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia
Apr 11, 2019 · The Avars and Slavs began to invade the Province of Dalmatia in ... 639 AD they sacked and completely destroyed the city of Salona. The ...
[26]
Salona - The Byzantine Legacy
In the 5th century Salona was in the hands of the Ostrogoths, who contributed to the development of Arianism in the city. It has been suggested that at least ...Missing: destroyed | Show results with:destroyed
[27]
Town history - TZ Solin
A brief summary of the history of Solin, formerly the capital of a Roman provinence and describing its improtant monuments.
[28]
THE MEDIEVAL DOUBLE CHURCHES AT GOSPIN OTOK IN SOLIN
In the l0th century, the Croatian Queen Helen, wife of King Mihajlo Krešimir II and mother of Stjepan Držislav, commissioned two churches in Solin , one ...Missing: Trpimir Peter's scholarly
[29]
a short history of the railways in dalmatia 1876-2007 - E. Oberegger
Before 1918, railways had been built according to Austrian interests. A new standard-gauge line was under construction (the Lika Railway) to link Split and ...Missing: Solin | Show results with:Solin
[30]
From the history of the Solin region during World War II and ... - Hrčak
At the end of October 1944, Partisan units occupied Solin, Split, and the entire central Dalmatian area. Soon after the administration at factories in Solin, ...Missing: socialism | Show results with:socialism
[31]
Croatia: From isolation to EU membership - BBC News
Apr 26, 2013 · When Croatia joins the European Union on 1 July, 2013 the accession process will have taken 12 years and four months.
[32]
Project: Jadro - spring of life - TZ Solin
The Jadro project aims to create a unique visitor area, preserve biodiversity, and transform the degraded area, while Jadro is the source of life in Dalmatia.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[33]
Jadro picnic area hosts discussion on Improve River Life project
Nov 14, 2024 · This is about improving the level of conservation of both target species and Natura 2000 habitat types through improving river connectivity.
[34]
Historic success on the Jadro River - Portal grada Kaštela
Feb 12, 2025 · A major breakthrough in the conservation of indigenous species occurred on the Jadro River. The team of the Public Institution Sea and Karst ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[35]
https://www.dzs.hr/
[36]
1991 Croatian census - Wikipedia
The 1991 population census in Croatia was the last census of the population ... Solin, 27,402, 26,224, 481, 117, 61, 519. Split, 207,147, 181,356, 8,703, 5,100 ...
[37]
Broj stanova raste brže od broja stanovnika - JUUK Zvonimir Solin
Feb 17, 2022 · U odnosu na Popis iz 2011. Solin ima 986 stanovnika više, dok je pak u vremenskom razdoblju od 2001. do 2011. broj stanovnika porastao za ...
[38]
Ethnic composition of Croatia 1991
Općina, Ukupno, Hrvati, Srbi, Muslimani, Slovenci, Mađari, Talijani, Česi, Albanci, Crnogorci, Romi, Makedonci, Slovaci, Rusini, Nijemci, Ukrajinci, Rumunji ...
[39]
Solin - Wikipedia
Solin is a town and a suburb of Split, in Split-Dalmatia county, Croatia. It is situated right northeast of Split, on the Adriatic Sea and the river Jadro.
[40]
AD Plastik - Wikipedia
AD Plastik is a manufacturer of components for the automotive industry based in Solin, Croatia. The company specializes in development and manufacturing of ...
[41]
Cemex's most energy-efficient plant in the world and Croatia's only ...
Jan 15, 2015 · Croatia has a relatively small cement industry with five cement plants, three of which are owned by Cemex Croatia, Croatia's only oil well ...
[42]
New Bobis factory opens in Solin - Portal grada Kaštela
Mar 18, 2021 · Bobis, a Dalmatian leader in bakery and confectionery production and one of the most important Croatian companies in this sector, opened and ...
[43]
Bakery Products Factory - BIG SEE
Bakery Products Factory ... Tommy 1992 d.o.o.. Year of completion 2021-22. Location Solin, Croatia. Total area 12.227 m2. Site area 4.826 m2. Photos Photograph ...
[44]
Labour Market Information: Croatia - EURES - European Union
In 2023, more than 1.7 million people were active on the labour market in Croatia. The employment rate was 65.8%, 4.6 percentage points lower than the EU27 ...Missing: Solin | Show results with:Solin
[45]
Grad Solin Mjesni Odbor Priko Vode Solin - Kompass
GRAD SOLIN MJESNI ODBOR PRIKO VODE SOLIN ; Type, Headquarters ; Year established, 2003 ; Legal form, OSTALE ORGANIZACIJE ; Activity (NAC08), General public ...Missing: zone | Show results with:zone
[46]
Olive oil - TZ Solin
The aim of the project is to combine production capacities of Dalmatian oil makers and olive growers in order to brand the indigenous Dalmatian extra virgin ...Missing: agriculture Valley
[47]
Solin - The official site of the Tourist Board Split-Dalmatia County
Solin is the intersection of Greek, Roman and ancient Croatian civilizations. It is located close to Split, which, due to its quieter vibe, makes it an ideal ...
[48]
Cemex Croatia building new solar power plants at three production ...
Mar 13, 2024 · Cemex will therefore build new solar power plants at Sv. Juraj cement plant in Kaštel Sućurac, Sv. Kajo cement plant in Solin and the Podsused production ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
Branches of the economy - Croatia.eu
Croatia's economy includes natural resources, agriculture, fisheries, industry, energy, construction, services, trade, and transport.
[50]
Positive tourism trend in Solin in the first nine months of 2025, 7 ...
Oct 16, 2025 · According to official data, from January 1 to September 30, 2025, 31.789 arrivals were recorded, which is an increase of 7% compared to the same ...
[51]
Tourism results in Solin – growth in arrivals and overnight stays in ...
Sep 6, 2025 · Specifically, 27,238 guests arrived in Solin from January to August, who made a total of 92,159 overnight stays. When it comes to foreign ...Missing: annual | Show results with:annual
[52]
Price list | Archaeological Museum in Split
Adult tickets are 8€, children/students/disabled/retirees 4€. Combined tickets are 10€ (adults) and 5€ (children). Family tickets are 15€. Free admission for ...
[53]
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/croatia-set-for-2013-tourism-boost-following-eu-admittance-and-tax-cuts-190054761.html
[54]
THE BEST Solin Bed and Breakfasts 2025 (with Prices) - Tripadvisor
Best Solin B&Bs on Tripadvisor: Find 2 traveler reviews, 8 candid photos, and prices for bed and breakfasts in Solin, Croatia.
[55]
The effect of EU membership on tourism in Croatia
Apr 12, 2024 · This study examines the impact of EU membership on tourism in Croatia, one of the most important economic sectors in the country.
[56]
Croatia Set for 2013 Tourism Boost Following EU Admittance and ...
Feb 6, 2013 · Croatia, which has more than 1,000 islands dotted around its coast, has reportedly seen a 43% increase in bookings for 2013 already. This ...
[57]
Croatia sets out aim to 'avoid' overtourism mistakes - Travel Weekly
Nov 5, 2024 · Croatia will implement a “sustainability-first strategy” to “avoid the mistakes” of other Mediterranean countries, according to its tourism ...
[58]
Support to Croatia's tourism ecosystem: towards a more sustainable ...
May 22, 2025 · Support to Croatia's tourism ecosystem: towards a more sustainable, resilient and digital tourism. The European Commission supported this ...Missing: Solin overtourism ticketing<|separator|>
[59]
Salona - ancient ruins and archeological park near Split
Salona becomes a place of great Christian importance. The city was destroyed by the Avars and Slavs around 614. The surviving population, which managed to ...Missing: capacity Kaštel decline Ostrogoths 639
[60]
Salona, Archaeological Site, Croatia
In the middle of the 5th century the area was invaded by the Goths and Huns and in 493 Salona was ceded to the Gothic king Theodoric.Missing: Ostrogoths | Show results with:Ostrogoths
[61]
Works in Salona in 1870s and 1880s - Hrčak - Srce
Sep 8, 2013 · The main excavations took place at the Manastirine necropolis, north of the city, as early as then having been created a pretty clear picture of ...
[62]
Archaeological Museum in Split - Arheološki muzej u Splitu
In 1884, Don Frane Bulić became the Museum's director. Thanks to his efforts, the excavations in Salona experienced a golden age, while the Museum also ...
[63]
Manastirine - TZ Solin
At the Manastirine cemetery they buried the martyrs Venancius (?), Domnio and Septimius. Ruins at this site attracted the attention of Salona researchers. K.
[64]
Basilica urbana - TZ Solin
Salona's main ecclesiastical centre was created next to the first Christian oratorium that was located in a private house, in the so-called domus ecclesiae ...
[65]
Collection and Salona site | Archaeological Museum in Split
The Salona collection includes movable and fixed monuments from Salona, with about 12,000 items. Some are on display in the Tusculum, and the collection has ...Missing: details UNESCO
[66]
The Iconography of Three Mosaics from Salona - Hrčak - Srce
Dec 15, 1996 · Among the stone monuments from Classical Salona in the collection of the Split Archaeological Museum there are three large figural mosaics ...
[67]
Diocletian's Palace and the Historical Nucleus of Split (extension)
The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, ...
[68]
eKultura - Preserving Croatia's Cultural Heritage for the Future
Sep 13, 2024 · This project was funded by the European Regional Development Fund. Challenges faced. Designing a system to cater to a wide array of institutions ...
[69]
Excavations of the Ancient Salona 2025 - Archaeological Fieldwork ...
The Salona excavation in Croatia runs Sep 21-Oct 5, 2025, for students, volunteers, and others. Activities include excavations, restoration, and tours. Minimum ...
[70]
Hollow Church - TZ Solin
The church is from the 11th century, linked with the coronation of Zvonimir as a Croatian king in 1075, built within a large early-Christian basilica, probably ...
[71]
Monastic Architecture from Early Middle Ages to the 12 th Century in ...
... (Salona) and could be dated to the early Christian period. In the 9th century, a monastery with a church and auxiliary rooms was presumably built. Fig. 2 ...Missing: 4th | Show results with:4th
[72]
St. Mary's Church at Our Lady's Isle - TZ Solin
The present parish church was built in 1880. To its south there is a grassy area where thousands of believers attended the mass on the occasion of the visit of ...Missing: Trpimir | Show results with:Trpimir
[73]
Abbey in Rizinice - Orígenes de Europa
Peter was the patron saint of Croatia, because Peter was the name of his godfather, the archbishop of Split, and Trpimir's son was called Peter, and perhaps a ...
[74]
Tusculum Museum - TZ Solin
Manastirine Necropolis is the best preserved, explored and maintained complex at Salona and includes a building called Tusculum.
[75]
Solin Cultural Summer
It takes place every year between July and Solin town day and offers a wide range of cultural events including concerts and festivals theatre performances, ...
[76]
Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia
Klapa singing is a multipart singing tradition of the southern Croatian regions of Dalmatia. Multipart singing, a capella homophonic singing, oral tradition and ...Missing: Solin | Show results with:Solin
[77]
Driving in Croatia: All You Need to Know Before You Go
D8 (former E65), also called Jadranska magistrala (Adriatic coastal road), is a coastal road from Rijeka to Dubrovnik. ... road D8 (E65) from Dubrovnik to Split.
[78]
Croatian Highways to Upgrade State Road D1
The Croatian Highways company has started works to widen and upgrade the 15-kilometre state road D1 running from Solin to Dugopolje that connects to the Split- ...
[79]
The Five Bridges - TZ Solin
The road was laid on stone arches, known in the local terminology as the Five Bridges. This locality was excavated at several different times, like many other ...
[80]
The citizens of Solin had constructive suggestions: public parking ...
Oct 23, 2025 · As part of the project "The City in Your Local Board", Mayor Dalibor Ninčević visited the Local Board Center this Tuesday, where a large number ...
[81]
Construction of the supporting pillars of the bridge that will cross the ...
Oct 21, 2025 · Construction of the supporting pillars of the bridge that will cross the Jadro River has begun on Širina in Solin (VIDEO). VKM: 21. Oct 2025. 11 ...Missing: km | Show results with:km
[82]
VIDEO: Major Dalmatian fast-road project nearing completion
Apr 21, 2025 · The Mravince Interchange, located in the village of Mravince, is part of the first phase of a major development aimed at easing traffic in the Split-Solin area.Missing: highways | Show results with:highways
[83]
Solin to Split (Station) - 5 ways to travel via train, and line 16 bus
Yes, there is a direct train departing from Solin and arriving at Split. Services depart every two hours, and operate every day. The journey takes approximately ...
[84]
Solin to Split Train - Timetable and Cheap Tickets
There are up to 14 daily train departures available. The earliest train departs from Solin train station at 09:53h, arriving to Split train station at 10:05h ...Missing: HZ | Show results with:HZ
[85]
Train Solin - Train station Split: timetable and prices | Putovnica.net
Operator: Hrvatske željeznice (HŽ), train no. 5501. 06:16 · 06:27 ; Operator: Hrvatske željeznice (HŽ), train no. 5505. 10:15 · 10:26 ; Operator: Hrvatske ...
[86]
Schedule of all bus lines - Promet Split
Timetables /All bus lines Split. Schedule of all bus lines. Select a line, 1 BUNJE - POLJIČKA - HNK - DOM. RATA - BUNJE · 2 SPLIT- POLJIČKA - K. SUĆURAC ...
[87]
How to use public transport in Split, Croatia
Dec 11, 2024 · The Promet Split mobile application enables users to buy bus tickets, plan trips, view timetables and a mapped display of all bus stops and ...
[88]
Review of Promet Split - Excellent bus system app - Tripadvisor
Rating 5.0 · Review by Beau WJul 15, 2024 · We also took number 1 to solin and number 37 to trogir. Easy! Comes every 20 minutes. I think the negative reviews all came from people who got ...
[89]
Bus Solin to Šibenik from $12 | Refundable Tickets - Busbud
Busbud helps you find a bus from Solin to Šibenik. Get the best fare and schedule, book a round trip ticket or find buses with WiFi and electrical outlets.
[90]
Bus Solin to Trogir - Compare all Companies
13 buses every day from Solin to Trogir, starting at $5. Find the cheapest bus tickets from trusted companies in one place.
[91]
Split Airport (SPU) to Solin - 4 ways to travel via line 37 bus, taxi, and ...
The distance between Split Airport (SPU) and Solin is 17 km. The road distance is 18.1 km. ... How do I travel from Split Airport (SPU) to Solin without a car?
[92]
To & from the airport - Split Airport
You can travel to Split Airport by car, shuttle bus, taxi, or public bus. Public bus tickets can be purchased via the Promet Split App or on the bus.Missing: Solin | Show results with:Solin
[93]
First battery-powered train launched in Croatia - HŽ Putnički prijevoz
Oct 1, 2025 · The project is valued at over €17 million and is part of a broader investment in the rail system. Major corridor projects are funded by EU funds ...Missing: Solin | Show results with:Solin
[94]
Croatia's first battery train enters operation - Railway PRO
Oct 7, 2025 · Thirteen more new trains are ahead of us, including six diesel-electric ... electric multiple units financed by a EUROFIMA loan of EUR 31 million.Missing: Solin | Show results with:Solin