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SpinLaunch

SpinLaunch is an American aerospace company founded in 2014 by Jonathan Yaney and headquartered in Long Beach, California, that develops kinetic launch systems to propel satellites and payloads into space using centrifugal acceleration rather than traditional chemical propulsion.^[1]^[2] The company's core technology, known as the Orbital Launch System, employs a large carbon-fiber rotating arm within a vacuum chamber to accelerate vehicles containing up to 200 kilograms of payload to speeds of approximately 8,000 kilometers per hour (5,000 miles per hour), enabling them to reach low Earth orbit with significantly reduced fuel requirements—potentially cutting launch costs by up to 70% and minimizing carbon emissions.^[3]^[4] SpinLaunch has conducted multiple suborbital test flights using a smaller 33-meter prototype accelerator at Spaceport America in New Mexico, achieving speeds of up to 5,000 miles per hour and validating payload survivability under extreme g-forces.^[5]^[3] In addition to its launch innovations, SpinLaunch is advancing satellite communications through Meridian Space, a low-Earth orbit (LEO) constellation designed to provide high-speed, reliable broadband to enterprises, leveraging the company's cost-effective launch capabilities for rapid deployment.^[6] The firm has secured substantial funding to support these efforts, including a $30 million round in 2025 to accelerate the Meridian project and a $12 million strategic investment from Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace earlier that year.^[3]^[7] Recent leadership changes include the appointment of satellite industry veteran Massimiliano Ladovaz as CEO in 2025, underscoring SpinLaunch's focus on scaling operations and integrating its accelerator technology with broader space infrastructure goals.^[8] Overall, SpinLaunch aims to revolutionize space access by enabling frequent, affordable launches for small satellites, supporting applications in telecommunications, Earth observation, and national security.^[9]^[10]

History

Founding and Early Development

SpinLaunch was founded in 2014 by Jonathan Yaney in Sunnyvale, California.^[11] Yaney, a serial entrepreneur whose brother founded the aerospace startup Titan Aerospace (acquired by Google in 2014), sought to revive kinetic launch ideas from historical projects such as the Cold War-era HARP program, which demonstrated non-rocket pathways to space.^[11]^[12] The company began assembling its early team in 2015, recruiting key talent from aerospace and engineering backgrounds, including Ryan Hampton as the first employee and David Wrenn as a senior mechanical engineer.^[11] These hires brought expertise in propulsion and systems design, supporting initial conceptual development. Concurrently, SpinLaunch filed its first patents for centrifugal launch systems, such as a 2016 application for a circular mass accelerator designed to rotationally accelerate payloads.^[13] Headquartered initially in Sunnyvale, the company later relocated to Long Beach, California, to leverage regional aerospace talent and infrastructure.^[14] Early seed funding rounds from 2014 to 2016 totaled approximately $7 million in equity from angel investors, enabling foundational research and organization building.^[12] This period established SpinLaunch's core vision, paving the way for prototype development in subsequent years.

Prototype Construction and Initial Milestones

In 2017, SpinLaunch completed construction of its first prototype centrifuge, a smaller-scale system designed to test satellite components under extreme rotational speeds.^[15] This initial prototype marked a key step in validating the kinetic launch concept through controlled spinning experiments on payload elements.^[15] By 2019, the company signed a lease agreement with Spaceport America in New Mexico, selecting the site for its expansive facilities and supportive infrastructure ideal for large-scale testing.^[16] Construction of a larger 33-meter diameter sub-scale prototype centrifuge began shortly thereafter, with groundbreaking on a $7 million facility to house the system.^[16] This prototype featured a massive vacuum chamber to minimize air friction during high-speed operations, integrated directly with the centrifuge structure.^[11] Developing the prototype involved overcoming significant engineering hurdles, including the design of a vacuum chamber large enough to enclose the rotating assembly without compromising structural integrity.^[11] The centrifuge arm required advanced materials to endure the stresses of rapid rotation; engineers selected carbon fiber composites for their high strength-to-weight ratio and ability to withstand thousands of RPMs.^[11] Key milestones included the first full-speed spin tests in late 2019, where the system achieved speeds exceeding 4,000 mph with an 11-pound dummy payload, demonstrating stability without a live projectile.^[11] By 2020, SpinLaunch successfully integrated release mechanisms into the prototype, enabling controlled payload ejection simulations ahead of suborbital applications.^[11] During this period, the company initiated early collaborations with payload partners, including simulations for G-force hardening to ensure satellite components could survive the acceleration profiles.^[17] These efforts, such as working with the U.S. Department of Defense on prototype launch contracts, helped refine payload resilience for the system's demanding environment.^[17]

Technology

Kinetic Launch Principles

SpinLaunch's kinetic launch method operates on the fundamental principle of imparting kinetic energy to a payload through rotational acceleration within a vacuum-sealed centrifuge, enabling the projectile to reach hypersonic velocities of approximately 5,000 mph (8,000 kph, or about Mach 7) prior to atmospheric release.^[3] This approach leverages centrifugal force to propel the payload upward, minimizing the energy expended against atmospheric drag during the initial ascent phase.^[18] The core physics governing this acceleration stems from the dynamics of circular motion, as described by Newton's laws. In uniform circular motion, the centripetal force F required to keep an object moving in a circle is F = m v^2 / r, where m is mass, v is tangential speed, and r is the radius. Since v = \omega r with \omega as angular velocity, this simplifies to F = m \omega^2 r, yielding the centripetal acceleration a = \omega^2 r.

a = \omega^2 r

This equation illustrates how acceleration—and thus kinetic energy, which scales as \frac{1}{2} m v^2 = \frac{1}{2} m (\omega r)^2—increases quadratically with angular velocity and linearly with radius, allowing the system to achieve high velocities by balancing rotational speed and arm length for optimal energy scaling.^[19] By employing electric motors to drive the rotation, the system converts electrical energy directly into kinetic energy without chemical combustion, offering superior energy efficiency compared to traditional rocket propulsion. This method eliminates the need for the majority of propellant mass, as the ground-based acceleration replaces the first stage of conventional rockets.^[3] Upon release and suborbital ascent, the projectile incorporates a small upper-stage rocket that provides the remaining delta-v for orbital insertion and maneuvering, thereby reducing overall propellant requirements by up to 70%.^[20]

System Design and Components

The SpinLaunch orbital accelerator is engineered as a kinetic energy-based launch system centered around a massive centrifuge operating in a controlled vacuum environment to minimize air resistance and heat generation during acceleration. At its core is a carbon fiber rotating arm, tethered to a central hub, which imparts high tangential velocity to the payload vehicle. This arm spins within a steel vacuum chamber, with the full-scale orbital version featuring a 100-meter diameter enclosure designed to maintain internal pressures below 10^{-1} torr to enable efficient high-speed rotation without atmospheric drag. As of 2025, the full-scale orbital system is under development, with suborbital testing validating key components.^[13]^[3]^[21] Electric motors, powered by ground-based electrical systems, drive the rotation of the arm and hub, achieving speeds that propel the payload to approximately 8,000 km/h at release.^[11]^[3] The release mechanism detaches the payload from the arm at the optimal trajectory point, directing it through an exit port in the chamber for ejection toward the upper atmosphere.^[13]^[11] The payload vehicle is designed as a compact, armored projectile optimized for extreme launch conditions, targeting masses up to 200 kg to accommodate small satellites or upper-stage components. It incorporates a robust aeroshell with a heat shield—typically ablative material—to protect against the intense aerodynamic heating and structural stresses encountered during hypersonic transit through the atmosphere.^[3]^[11] Onboard avionics systems, hardened to endure peak accelerations exceeding 10,000 g-forces during the approximately 30-minute spin-up process, where g-forces ramp up gradually, provide guidance, navigation, and control functions, including de-spin maneuvers and trajectory adjustments post-release.^[4] These vehicles often integrate a small propulsive upper stage for final orbital insertion, bridging the kinetic boost from the accelerator to full orbit.^[3] Supporting infrastructure includes high-capacity vacuum pumps to achieve and sustain the low-pressure environment within the chamber, alongside robust ground power generation systems delivering the substantial electrical input required for motor operation.^[13]^[11] The setup integrates with adjacent launch facilities, such as pads at sites like Spaceport America, to facilitate payload loading, system checkout, and post-ejection tracking of the upper-stage rocket.^[3]^[22] Scalability is inherent to the design, progressing from sub-scale prototypes to operational systems through iterative enlargement of the centrifuge. The current suborbital accelerator employs a 33-meter span vacuum chamber for testing and qualification, serving as a precursor to the 100-meter-plus orbital configuration planned for commercial deployment, with potential for modular enhancements to the arm and chamber for increased capacity.^[3]^[4]^[22]

Advantages

SpinLaunch's kinetic launch technology promises substantial cost reductions, targeting under $500,000 per flight for small payloads of 20-200 kg, a fraction of the $50 million or more required for equivalent traditional rocket launches. This affordability stems from the system's reusable infrastructure, which minimizes hardware replacement, and the absence of propellant expenses that dominate conventional rocketry budgets.^[11]^[15] Environmentally, the approach generates zero emissions during the launch phase by using electric motors for acceleration instead of chemical propellants, avoiding the combustion of fuels like kerosene. This could reduce the overall CO2 footprint by up to 90% relative to traditional rockets, while supporting high-cadence operations with up to 10 launches per day to meet demand for frequent satellite deployments.^[23]^[24]^[4] Operationally, the ground-based design enables all-weather launches unaffected by upper-atmospheric conditions that delay rocket flights, and it simplifies logistics by eliminating the need for cryogenic storage and handling of volatile fuels. This fuel independence also lends itself to national security applications, facilitating deployments from remote or austere sites without reliance on complex supply chains.^[4]^[3]^[1] By lowering barriers to entry, SpinLaunch's system democratizes space access for small satellite operators, enabling cost-effective constellation builds and rapid prototyping that were previously prohibitive for all but major players.^[25]

Limitations

One of the primary technical constraints of the SpinLaunch system is the extreme acceleration forces experienced by payloads during the spin-up phase, which can reach 5,000 to 10,000 times the force of gravity.^[26]^[27] These high G-forces necessitate extensive hardening of payload components, such as encasing electronics in protective resin to prevent damage from vibration and stress.^[11] Consequently, the technology is restricted to durable, ruggedized satellites capable of withstanding such conditions, excluding human passengers or sensitive instruments that cannot be sufficiently reinforced.^[28] The centrifugal release process introduces challenges in trajectory precision, as the tangential ejection from the rotating arm can result in variable initial paths influenced by release timing and angular momentum.^[29] This variability demands sophisticated onboard guidance systems to adjust for deviations during ascent and atmospheric reentry, potentially leading to larger error margins compared to the sub-100-meter accuracy of conventional chemical rockets.^[30] The system's infrastructure imposes significant spatial and logistical demands, including a massive vacuum chamber exceeding 100 meters in diameter to house the rotating arm and maintain low-pressure conditions during acceleration.^[3] These large-scale facilities require dedicated, remote sites away from populated areas, complicating deployment and increasing construction costs. Additionally, the energy requirements are substantial, with the full-scale orbital accelerator needing hundreds of megawatts to spin up the centrifuge for approximately one hour, placing strain on local power grids unless supplemented by on-site generation.^[11]^[28] Reliability is further challenged by the system's operational cycle and environmental sensitivities. The extended spin-up period of up to an hour limits launch responsiveness, contrasting with the rapid readiness of traditional "hot-launch" rockets that can ignite on short notice.^[31] Moreover, the vacuum seals enclosing the chamber are susceptible to contamination from dust and particulates, which could compromise the low-pressure environment and necessitate frequent maintenance in dusty or variable weather conditions.^[32]

Testing and Demonstrations

Suborbital Flight Tests

SpinLaunch's suborbital flight tests began with laboratory-scale tethered experiments in 2020, where payloads such as an iPhone were subjected to forces up to 10,000 G using a smaller centrifuge prototype to validate material resilience and sensor performance.^[11] These initial tethered runs, conducted without payload release, focused on proof-of-concept for high-G acceleration in a vacuum environment, confirming the feasibility of kinetic energy storage in rotating arms. The first untethered suborbital launch occurred on October 22, 2021, at Spaceport America in New Mexico, marking the debut of the full-scale Suborbital Accelerator—a 33-meter-diameter vacuum chamber. At approximately 20% of its maximum power, the system accelerated a 10-kg test vehicle to supersonic speeds exceeding 1,000 mph while enduring around 3,000 G, reaching an altitude of tens of thousands of feet.^[33]^[34] This milestone demonstrated precise release mechanisms and aerodynamic stability post-launch, with the projectile recovered intact for data analysis on vacuum integrity. From late 2021 through 2022, SpinLaunch conducted a series of nine additional suborbital tests, culminating in the tenth successful flight on September 27, 2022, for a total of 10 consecutive achievements. These campaigns scaled payload integration, incorporating up to 50-kg configurations with components from NASA, Airbus, Cornell University's Space Systems Design Studio, and Outpost, qualified beforehand at 10,000 G in a 12-meter lab accelerator.^[35] Velocities progressed to approximately 4,000-4,400 mph in later runs, with G-forces up to 5,000, and maximum altitudes of 30,000 feet (about 9 km); a notable 2022 test achieved 85% of its targeted exit velocity while validating release accuracy within 1 degree.^[31]^[36] Data from these flights emphasized robust vacuum sealing and payload survivability, informing iterative refinements in arm dynamics and high-G telemetry. No further suborbital flight tests have been conducted or announced since September 2022, as the company shifted focus toward satellite development and lab-based validations.

Recent Technological Demonstrations

In April 2025, SpinLaunch announced its Meridian Space initiative, a low-Earth orbit constellation designed to provide high-speed broadband to enterprises.^[21] Building on prior suborbital flight tests, a pivotal demonstration occurred in August 2025, where SpinLaunch accelerated a 1U CubeSat prototype to 10,000 G—equivalent to 10,000 times Earth's gravity—inside its vacuum-sealed centrifuge.^[37] The prototype, reinforced with Aluminum 7075 framing, rotating battery cells, and strengthened circuit boards, remained fully functional post-acceleration, enabling successful data transmission and marking the first demonstration of a hardened commercial payload capable of withstanding kinetic launch stresses.^[37] Throughout 2025, SpinLaunch collaborated with satellite manufacturers to develop G-tolerant designs, leveraging modern electronics and materials to adapt off-the-shelf CubeSats for the kinetic environment with only minor ruggedization.^[38] These efforts yielded outcomes including a high success rate in velocity attainment—approaching 95% in controlled tests—and valuable data on atmospheric drag models to refine post-release trajectories for future orbital attempts.^[37]

Business and Future Plans

Funding and Investments

SpinLaunch's early major funding came in 2018 with a $35 million Series A round led by Airbus Ventures and Founders Fund, with additional participation from Google Ventures (GV). This capital supported the initial construction of prototypes for the company's kinetic launch system.^[25] In January 2020, the company raised $35 million in a Series B round led by Kleiner Perkins, bringing the total funding to approximately $75 million at that time. Investors in this round included returning backers such as Airbus Ventures and GV, with proceeds directed toward advancing system development.^[39] Between 2021 and 2023, SpinLaunch conducted additional raises totaling approximately $70 million, culminating in the closure of an expanded $71 million Series B round in September 2022 led by ATW Partners and including Kleiner Perkins, Airbus Ventures, and GV. This brought cumulative funding to $150 million in 2022, with an additional $11 million raised in December 2024.^[40]^[41] In April 2025, SpinLaunch secured a $12 million strategic investment from Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace to support the Meridian Space initiative. In August 2025, the company closed a $30 million Series C round led by ATW Partners and including participation from space-focused venture capital firms and existing backers. By late 2025, the company had raised over $200 million in total equity and debt funding across multiple rounds, with the majority directed toward research and development (approximately 60%) and infrastructure buildout (around 30%).^[7]^[42]^[43]

Strategic Pivot and Meridian Space

In April 2025, SpinLaunch announced a strategic pivot from providing third-party kinetic launch services to developing and operating its own low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation, aiming to integrate launch and operations for greater control over the space value chain. This shift, unveiled on April 3, positions the company as a full-stack space enterprise, leveraging its high-acceleration kinetic technology to enable cost-effective satellite deployment while addressing challenges in affordable small satellite operations.^[44]^[45] The Meridian Space initiative centers on a proprietary LEO network initially comprising 280 microsatellites, with plans to expand to at least 1,190 satellites to deliver global broadband connectivity supporting enterprise applications such as high-speed data transfer and 5G non-terrestrial networks. Each microsatellite weighs approximately 70 kg and is engineered with G-hardened components to withstand the extreme accelerations of SpinLaunch's kinetic system, enabling dense deployments of up to 250 satellites per launch for efficient constellation buildup. The first on-orbit demonstrator is targeted for 2026, with initial launches utilizing traditional rockets to validate the technology stack before transitioning to the company's orbital accelerator for subsequent phases. Partnerships with Kongsberg NanoAvionics, which secured a €122.5 million contract to manufacture the initial satellites, ensure specialized payloads optimized for kinetic insertion.^[6]^[44]^[46] This pivot addresses market gaps in scalable, low-cost satellite operations by vertically integrating design, manufacturing, launch, and service provision, potentially reducing deployment costs through the kinetic system's fuel-free acceleration to over 8,000 km/h. Recent suborbital tests, including a CubeSat enduring 10,000 g-forces, have bolstered confidence in payload survivability, directly enabling the feasibility of Meridian's high-density architecture. Looking ahead, SpinLaunch aims for full orbital certification of its accelerator by 2027, alongside expansions into hypersonic cargo delivery and licensing its kinetic propulsion intellectual property for terrestrial applications, such as advanced artillery systems.^[47]^[48]^[44]

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