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Strategy game

A strategy game is a genre of games, encompassing both tabletop and video formats, in which players exercise uncoerced decision-making to achieve objectives through planning, resource allocation, and tactical maneuvers, prioritizing cognitive strategy over rapid physical reactions.^[1] These games typically involve managing limited resources, commanding units or entities, and adapting to dynamic scenarios to outmaneuver opponents, often in competitive or simulated conflict settings.^[2] Key characteristics of strategy games include long-term foresight, emergent gameplay from player choices, and scalable decision-making—from grand-scale empire-building to micro-level unit control.^[1] Subgenres distinguish gameplay tempo and focus: real-time strategy (RTS) games demand simultaneous actions in continuous time, as seen in titles requiring on-the-fly resource harvesting and unit deployment; turn-based strategy (TBS) allows deliberate, sequential decisions, emphasizing calculated positioning like in chess variants; and hybrid forms such as 4X (explore, expand, exploit, exterminate) integrate economic simulation with conquest.^[2] Overlaps with other genres, like role-playing elements in tactical RPGs, further diversify the category, but core emphasis remains on strategic depth to secure victory conditions.^[3] The roots of strategy games trace to ancient board games, with evidence of structured play emerging around 3100 BCE in ancient Egypt through Senet, a race-and-capture game symbolizing life's journey.^[4] By the Gupta Empire (circa 319–543 CE) in India, Chaturanga introduced proto-chess mechanics involving armies and chance, spreading along trade routes to influence global variants like shogi and xiangqi.^[5] In video gaming, the genre crystallized in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with Dune II (1992) pioneering RTS conventions like base-building and multiplayer skirmishes, building on precursors such as Herzog Zwei (1989) while establishing templates for modern titles.^[3] Strategy games have profoundly shaped gaming culture by fostering skills in problem-solving and self-regulation, with psychological studies linking frequent play to enhanced cognitive flexibility, though subgenres like RTS show varied associations with behavioral outcomes.^[6] Notable series such as Civilization, StarCraft, and Age of Empires exemplify the genre's enduring appeal, blending historical simulation, competitive esports, and innovative mechanics to engage millions worldwide.^[2]

Fundamentals

Definition

A strategy game is a type of game in which players engage in decision-making to achieve long-term objectives, primarily through the allocation of resources, anticipation of opponents' actions, and adaptation to evolving circumstances.^[7]^[8] This emphasis on foresight and planning distinguishes strategy games from genres reliant on immediate reactions or random outcomes, as success hinges on uncoerced choices that influence the game's progression.^[9]^[10] The term "strategy" derives from the Greek word stratēgia, meaning the "office or command of a general," rooted in stratēgos (general of the army), which combined stratos (army) and agō (to lead).^[11] In gaming contexts, this etymology reflects the genre's focus on generalship-like planning, where players simulate leadership roles involving tactical oversight and resource orchestration, a usage traceable to the late 19th century.^[12] Strategy games span analog formats such as board and card games, as well as digital implementations, provided that player agency in strategic choices predominates over elements of pure chance or reflex-based mechanics.^[9] For instance, games like chess and Go exemplify this genre through their profound strategic depth, where outcomes depend on calculated moves rather than luck.^[13] In contrast, roulette is excluded as a strategy game due to its dominance by probabilistic elements, with minimal influence from player decisions.^[14]

Key Characteristics

Strategy games are distinguished by their emphasis on foresight, where players must anticipate future developments and opponent actions to secure advantages, often described as "seeing future patterns and maneuvering to obtain an advantage."^[15] This core trait requires risk assessment, as players evaluate potential outcomes and balance uncertainties, such as factoring in "risks and the risk appetite" to inform decisions.^[15] Multi-step planning further defines these games, involving extended causal chains of actions that build toward long-term objectives, where shorter chains can render decisions trivial and longer ones deepen strategic complexity.^[16] A hallmark of strategy games is asymmetry in player positions, where participants start with or develop dissimilar resources, abilities, or goals, fostering unique strategic paths and enhancing engagement through varied interactions.^[17] Hidden information introduces uncertainty, compelling players to engage in reconnaissance or inference to uncover opponents' intentions, which heightens tension and demands adaptive responses.^[16] Replayability arises from these elements, as variable outcomes, asymmetric setups, and hidden aspects allow for diverse playthroughs, with strong underlying mechanics enabling "limitless strategies" across repeated sessions.^[16]^[17] Strategy operates on multiple levels, contrasting grand strategy—which encompasses overarching, long-term goals and meta-game positioning—with tactics, which focus on immediate, procedural execution to realize those plans.^[15] Cognitive demands are central, requiring pattern recognition to identify opportunities in complex systems, probability calculation to weigh uncertain events (as in chess's vast 10^120 possible games), and psychological bluffing to deceive opponents by exploiting biases or feigning intentions.^[15]^[16] Unlike arcade games, which prioritize quick reflexes and immediate reactions, strategy games reward deliberate analysis and patience.^[18]

Historical Development

Ancient and Medieval Origins

The earliest known strategy games emerged in ancient civilizations, with Senet standing as one of the oldest documented examples from ancient Egypt around 3100 BCE. Played on a board of 30 squares divided into three rows, Senet involved two players moving pawns using sticks or bones as dice, aiming to race opponents while navigating obstacles and blocking paths to reach the end. This race-and-block mechanic symbolized life's journey, evolving over time to incorporate religious connotations related to the afterlife by the New Kingdom period (c. 1550–1070 BCE). Senet was enjoyed across social classes, from pharaohs like Tutankhamun, whose tomb contained game sets, to commoners, serving as both entertainment and a contemplative pastime.^[4]^[19] In ancient China, the game of Go (known as weiqi) is traditionally dated to around 2500 BCE, with the earliest written reference in the 4th century BCE (Zuo Zhuan).^[20] Featuring simple rules on a grid board where players placed black and white stones to control territory by surrounding empty areas and opponent pieces. Its depth arises from strategic encirclement and balance, allowing countless possible games despite minimal components. Go held cultural significance among elites, with legends attributing its invention to Emperor Yao to teach his son discipline and foresight. Generals in ancient China used it to hone military tactics, reflecting principles of territorial control and long-term planning central to warfare. The game's emphasis on harmony and encirclement made it a staple intellectual pursuit in scholarly and noble circles.^[21]^[22] By the 6th century CE, chaturanga appeared in northern India during the Gupta Empire, recognized as the direct precursor to modern chess. This four-player (or two-team) game used pieces representing the four divisions of an ancient Indian army—infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots—moved across an 8x8 board (or cloth grid) to simulate battlefield maneuvers, including captures and promotions. The two-player version focused on tactical positioning without dice, while the four-player variant (chaturaji) employed dice to introduce chance, but the core focused on tactical positioning and coordination.^[23] As a battle-simulation tool, chaturanga aided military strategists in visualizing troop movements and decision-making under pressure. It spread via trade routes to Persia by the 6th century, evolving into chatrang, and then to the Islamic world as shatranj following the Arab conquests in the 7th century, where it became a refined intellectual pursuit among scholars and caliphs. By the 9th century, shatranj reached Europe through Moorish Spain and Byzantine contacts, adapting to local cultures while retaining its strategic essence.^[24]^[25] These ancient and medieval strategy games played a vital role in their societies, functioning as tools for military training to develop foresight and resource allocation, as seen in Go's tactical exercises and chaturanga's army simulations, while also serving as intellectual pastimes that fostered critical thinking among elites and commoners alike. Senet, for instance, provided reflective leisure amid daily life in Egypt. Their transmission along Silk Road and Mediterranean trade routes not only disseminated rules and variants but also embedded strategic principles into diverse cultures. These origins laid foundational concepts for later abstract strategy games, emphasizing pure skill over chance.^[21]^[19]^[24]

Modern Tabletop Era

The Modern Tabletop Era marked a period of innovation and commercialization in strategy games, particularly from the late 18th through the 20th century, as European developments shifted these games from informal pastimes to structured, widely accessible entertainments. In the 18th century, refinements to backgammon's rules were formalized by English writer Edmond Hoyle, who published treatises standardizing gameplay mechanics such as the use of dice and movement rules, elevating the game from earlier variants and making it a staple in European salons.^[26] Similarly, checkers (draughts) saw the emergence of variants in Europe; the 10x10 board format with 20 pieces per player, known as international or Polish draughts, emerged during the 16th century.^[27] The 19th century continued this trend with further adaptations, as backgammon entered a "golden age" in Europe, with increased popularity through printed rulebooks and competitive play, though full standardization awaited later codifications.^[28] Checkers variants proliferated, with English draughts evolving into more tactical forms emphasizing long-range captures, reflecting broader industrialization that encouraged printed rulebooks and competitive tournaments across Britain and France.^[27] A pivotal advancement came in 1957 with the invention of Risk by French filmmaker Albert Lamorisse, originally titled La Conquête du Monde, which introduced global conquest mechanics on a world map divided into territories, where players amassed armies through dice-based combat and strategic alliances to dominate continents.^[29] This game revolutionized wargames by blending territorial expansion with probabilistic elements, making complex geopolitics accessible to civilian audiences and selling millions worldwide after its U.S. release by Parker Brothers in 1958.^[30] Parallel to such narrative-driven titles, abstract strategy games gained prominence, exemplified by Hex, invented in 1942 by Danish mathematician Piet Hein as "Polygon," a connection game played on a hexagonal grid where players aim to link opposite sides, proving mathematically that the first player always wins on symmetric boards.^[31] This era also saw the foundational work in combinatorial game theory by American mathematician Charles Leonard Bouton, whose 1901 analysis of Nim—a misère subtraction game using heaps of objects—introduced the concept of nimbers and the mex (minimum excludant) function, providing a rigorous framework for solving impartial games without chance, influencing subsequent abstract designs.^[32] Following World War II, a boom in strategy board games emerged, driven by the baby boom generation's interest in historical simulations and the founding of companies like Avalon Hill in 1952, which popularized hex-grid wargames simulating battles such as D-Day with modular counters and terrain effects.^[33] Diplomacy, invented in 1954 by Allan B. Calhamer and commercially released in 1959, innovated by emphasizing negotiation phases among seven European powers vying for control in a pre-World War I setting, where secret alliances and betrayals supplanted dice rolls for unit movement.^[34] This period also reflected the influence of military simulations on civilian games, as post-war declassified tactics from U.S. and Allied war rooms inspired board designs incorporating fog-of-war mechanics and supply line management, bridging professional strategy exercises with hobbyist play. Publishing underwent a profound shift from homemade prototypes to mass production, epitomized by firms like Parker Brothers—established in 1883—which scaled up lithography and distribution to produce durable boards and components for titles like Risk, transforming strategy games from niche crafts into household staples available in department stores across America and Europe.^[35] By the late 20th century, these advancements paved the way for a transition to digital adaptations, where physical boards gave way to computerized interfaces.

Digital Expansion

The digital expansion of strategy games began in the 1970s with the advent of personal computing, marking a transition from analog tabletop roots to programmable electronic formats that enabled interactive simulations. One of the earliest examples is Hunt the Wumpus (1973), a text-based adventure game developed by Gregory Yob, where players navigate a cave system using logical deduction to avoid hazards and locate a hidden creature, introducing rudimentary pathfinding mechanics through risk assessment and spatial reasoning.^[36] This game exemplified how early computers allowed for strategic decision-making in uncertain environments, laying groundwork for more complex digital implementations. By the early 1990s, advancements in hardware and software propelled strategy games into broader accessibility, with Sid Meier's Civilization (1991) emerging as a landmark title that popularized the 4X genre—encompassing explore, expand, exploit, and exterminate mechanics—through its turn-based empire-building simulation spanning human history.^[37] The 1990s saw a surge in the genre, driven by titles like StarCraft (1998) from Blizzard Entertainment, which refined real-time strategy (RTS) gameplay with balanced factions and resource management, elevating the competitive depth of the format.^[38] Personal computing's proliferation, coupled with the internet's expansion, facilitated multiplayer modes, transforming solitary experiences into networked battles and fostering community-driven play.^[39] Entering the 21st century, strategy games adapted to new platforms, notably mobile devices, with Clash of Clans (2012) by Supercell exemplifying freemium models that combined base-building and clan-based warfare, attracting millions through asynchronous multiplayer.^[40] Concurrently, integration of artificial intelligence enhanced single-player campaigns, enabling dynamic opponent behaviors and procedural content generation that deepened strategic replayability without relying solely on human opponents.^[41] Technological enablers like Moore's Law, which doubled transistor counts roughly every two years to boost computational power, allowed for increasingly intricate simulations of economies, terrains, and conflicts that were infeasible in earlier eras.^[42] Post-2000, the rise of esports further amplified this growth, with strategy titles like StarCraft anchoring professional circuits and global tournaments that drew massive audiences.^[43] This evolution reflected a cultural shift from niche hobby to mainstream entertainment, as digital strategy games permeated popular media and generated annual revenues surpassing $16 billion by 2022, with revenues reaching approximately $16.4 billion in 2024 and mobile strategy games generating $10.6 billion in the first half of 2025 alone, underscoring ongoing economic and social impact.^[44]^[45]^[46]

Gameplay Mechanics

Decision-Making Processes

In strategy games, players often employ branching decision trees to evaluate potential outcomes from the current game state. A decision tree represents all possible moves and their consequences as a hierarchical structure, where each node denotes a decision point and branches illustrate alternative actions leading to varying results. This process allows players to anticipate sequences of plays, assessing risks and rewards to select the most advantageous path forward. For instance, in turn-based games, players mentally or systematically map out these branches to forecast how an opponent's responses might alter the board or resource distribution.^[47] Information asymmetry introduces challenges to decision-making, as players must operate with incomplete knowledge of the game state, such as through mechanisms like the fog of war. In these scenarios, certain elements—opponent positions, hidden objectives, or unrevealed cards—remain obscured, compelling players to make inferences based on partial data and probabilistic estimates. This simulates real-world strategic environments where full visibility is rare, forcing reliance on reconnaissance, deduction, and bluffing to mitigate disadvantages. Effective handling of such asymmetry enhances adaptability, as players adjust plans to account for potential surprises.^[48] Players balance heuristics and optimal play when navigating complex decisions, often approximating ideal strategies due to computational limits. Heuristics serve as practical shortcuts, such as prioritizing central control in abstract games or evaluating positional threats, to simplify evaluation without exhaustive analysis. In contrast, optimal play draws from concepts like the minimax approach, where players assume adversaries will counter maximally and select moves that minimize the maximum possible loss, effectively searching the decision tree to guarantee the best worst-case outcome. This non-technical framework underpins advanced thinking in perfect-information games, though humans typically blend it with heuristics for efficiency.^[49]^[50] Adaptation to uncertainty involves integrating randomness, such as dice rolls or card draws, into strategic forecasts to build resilient plans. Players calculate expected values across probable outcomes, diversifying actions to buffer against unfavorable results while capitalizing on lucky breaks. This probabilistic reasoning transforms volatility from a hindrance into a layer of depth, encouraging flexible strategies that evolve with each revelation. Such elements appear across game types, though abstract designs may minimize them to emphasize pure calculation.^[51]

Resource and Conflict Management

In strategy games, resources form the foundational elements that players manage to achieve objectives, typically encompassing units, economic assets, and territory. Units represent military or functional entities such as soldiers, workers, or vehicles that execute actions on the game board or digital map. Economic resources include abstract commodities like gold, food, or energy points, which fuel production and maintenance. Territory denotes controlled spaces, such as hexes, regions, or bases, that generate ongoing benefits or strategic advantages.^[52] Players accumulate these resources through production mechanisms, where structures or actions generate yields over time, or via capture, involving direct confrontation to seize opponent-held assets. In real-time strategy video games, resource nodes on the map are harvested by specialized units, creating a continuous flow that demands vigilant oversight to outpace rivals. Board games often employ card draws or tile placements to simulate production, while capture might occur through area majority rules, where the player with the most influence in a zone claims its output.^[53]^[54] Conflict resolution in strategy games employs varied systems to adjudicate confrontations, balancing chance and skill. Combat mechanics frequently use hit points or damage values to track unit durability, where attackers subtract from defenders' health until elimination. Morale systems introduce psychological factors, potentially routing units if losses mount or conditions worsen, adding layers of tactical retreat. Area control mechanics resolve disputes by awarding dominance to the player exerting the greatest presence, often via token placement or influence markers, without direct elimination. These systems integrate with resources, as conflicts consume units or assets, enforcing strategic caution.^[55]^[56] Resource and conflict management inherently involve trade-offs, where allocating assets to one pursuit incurs opportunity costs in others. Players must weigh investing in defensive fortifications against territorial expansion, as bolstering defenses safeguards current holdings but delays aggressive growth. Economic buildup for unit production might forgo immediate combat advantages, creating windows for opponents to strike. These choices heighten strategic depth, compelling players to forecast long-term implications amid finite turns or real-time pressures.^[53]^[57] The scale of management varies across formats, from granular micro-management in video games—where players individually command dozens of units and monitor resource streams—to abstracted representations in board games, using tokens or cards to denote bulk quantities. In turn-based structures, this allows deliberate planning without simultaneous overload, though real-time variants demand rapid prioritization.^[52]^[58]

Types

Abstract Strategy

Abstract strategy games constitute a genre of tabletop strategy games that eschew thematic narratives, historical simulations, or fictional elements in favor of pure logical and geometric mechanics. They are characterized by perfect information, where all game states and possible moves are fully visible to players; symmetric rules and initial positions that ensure fairness without asymmetry; and the complete absence of chance or randomness, making outcomes dependent solely on strategic decisions. These traits align with impartial games in combinatorial game theory, often played by two opponents on simple boards or grids.^[59]^[60] Key examples illustrate the genre's range from simplicity to complexity. Tic-tac-toe, one of the most basic, originated in ancient Egypt around 1300 BCE and involves players alternating symbols on a 3x3 grid to achieve three in a row.^[61] Checkers, featuring ancient variants from the Mesopotamian city of Ur predating 1400 BCE, requires capturing opponents' pieces by jumping over them on an 8x8 board.^[62] Connect Four, a commercial success from the 1970s, was invented by Howard Wexler and released by Milton Bradley in 1974, challenging players to connect four discs vertically, horizontally, or diagonally in a vertical grid.^[63] Othello, also known as Reversi, dates to 1883 when it was independently claimed by English inventors Lewis Waterman and John W. Mollett, and centers on encircling and flipping opponents' discs on an 8x8 board.^[64] The mathematical foundations of abstract strategy games lie in combinatorial game theory, which analyzes optimal play in deterministic environments. Nim exemplifies this, as Charles L. Bouton provided its complete theory in 1901, demonstrating that winning strategies emerge from balancing heaps using binary digital sums (XOR operations) in zero-sum impartial games, allowing players to force victories from any non-terminal position.^[65] Such analyses reveal solved endgames and strategic equilibria, underscoring the games' intellectual rigor. The enduring appeal of abstract strategy games stems from their unlimited skill ceiling, where repeated play unveils deeper tactics without dilution by luck, fostering pure competition and personal improvement. This focus on mastery supports organized tournaments, notably the Mind Sports Olympiad, founded in 1997, which hosts world championships for abstract games to celebrate their strategic purity and global participation.^[66]

Wargames

Wargames are strategy games that simulate military conflicts, either historical or hypothetical, focusing on tactical and operational aspects of warfare. Their origins trace back to the early 19th century with Kriegsspiel, a training tool developed for the Prussian army. In 1812, Georg Leopold von Reisswitz presented his wargame prototype to King Frederick William III of Prussia, who sponsored its introduction as a professional conflict simulation to improve officer training in an era of post-Napoleonic military reform.^[67] Officially adopted in 1824, Kriegsspiel used topographic maps, wooden blocks for units, and dice to resolve combats, emphasizing realistic decision-making under uncertainty.^[68] Civilian adaptations emerged in the mid-20th century, transforming military exercises into recreational board games. The pivotal example is Gettysburg (1958), published by Avalon Hill and designed by Charles S. Roberts, which recreated the American Civil War's Battle of Gettysburg using a grid-based map and cardboard counters to represent Union and Confederate forces.^[69] This game marked the birth of the commercial wargaming hobby, adapting Prussian-style simulations for non-military audiences by simplifying rules while retaining strategic depth, and it sold successfully despite initial production challenges, inspiring an industry that reached nearly $1 million in sales by 1961.^[69] Core mechanics in wargames revolve around spatial representation and combat resolution to model warfare's complexities. Hexagonal grids, standardized since the 1950s in titles like Tactics II, divide maps into uniform spaces that facilitate balanced movement and line-of-sight calculations across varied terrain.^[69] Units are depicted by counters with printed stats, including attack and defense values that determine combat strength; these are compared on a combat results table (CRT) to yield outcomes like retreats or eliminations based on odds ratios, such as 3:1 favoring the attacker.^[70] Fog of war simulates incomplete information through mechanisms like hidden counters, umpires, or double-blind setups, forcing players to make decisions without full enemy visibility.^[71] Variants of wargames diverge primarily between board-based and miniatures formats, each emphasizing different levels of detail and portability. Board-based wargames, often using hex-and-counter systems, include Advanced Squad Leader (1985) by Avalon Hill (later Multi-Man Publishing), a modular tactical simulation of World War II battles at the squad level, featuring over 75 geomorphic mapboards, detailed vehicle and leader rules, and scenarios up to battalion scale.^[72] In contrast, miniatures wargames employ three-dimensional figures on free-form terrain; Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader (1987), created by Rick Priestley for Games Workshop, launched this sci-fi variant with customizable armies of infantry, vehicles, and aliens, using dice rolls for shooting, assault, and morale to resolve dynamic, narrative-driven battles.^[73] The evolution of wargames accelerated after the Vietnam War, with the hobby reflecting broader societal introspection on conflict. Post-1975 designs occasionally incorporated anti-war themes, portraying quagmires and political costs to underscore war's futility, as seen in simulations critiquing prolonged engagements.^[74] By the late 20th century, hex-and-counter became the modern standard for operational-scale board wargames, offering scalable rules for historical accuracy and replayability through variable setups and expansions.^[75]

Eurogames

Eurogames, also known as German-style games, originated in Germany following World War II, with the genre gaining popularity in the 1970s and 1980s through family-oriented designs emphasizing strategy and accessibility.^[76] The American game Acquire (1964) significantly influenced the style by introducing stock market mechanics and indirect competition, prefiguring key Eurogame elements despite its non-European origins.^[77] The genre exploded in the 1990s, propelled by Klaus Teuber's The Settlers of Catan (1995), which popularized resource trading and modular board setups, selling millions and reshaping global board game expectations.^[78]^[79] Characteristic of Eurogames is their focus on balanced, accessible gameplay with limited direct conflict, where players compete indirectly through resource scarcity rather than elimination or attacks.^[80]^[81] Common mechanics include engine-building, in which players construct efficient systems for resource generation and point accumulation, and variable player powers that introduce asymmetry without overwhelming complexity.^[81] Playtimes typically range from 30 to 120 minutes, making them suitable for casual sessions while rewarding strategic depth.^[82] Prominent examples include Ticket to Ride (2004), designed by Alan R. Moon, which features route-building across maps as players claim train connections to fulfill destination tickets.^[83] Another is Agricola (2007) by Uwe Rosenberg, a worker placement game where players manage farms by assigning family members to actions like plowing fields or gathering food, balancing expansion with survival needs.^[84] The global impact of Eurogames is evident at the SPIEL Essen fair, held annually in Germany since 1983, which has grown into the world's largest board game convention, attracting a record 220,000 attendees in 2025 and showcasing thousands of new titles.^[85] Eurogames dominate rankings on platforms like BoardGameGeek, with heavy and mid-weight titles occupying much of the top 200, reflecting their enduring appeal and design influence.^[86] In contrast to American "Ameritrash" games, which prioritize thematic immersion, luck, and direct player conflict, Eurogames emphasize elegant mechanics and strategic optimization.^[81]

Simulations

Simulation strategy games emphasize modeling complex real-world systems, such as economies or ecosystems, through abstracted mechanics that prioritize systemic interactions over direct confrontation. These games often simulate business dynamics, as seen in Monopoly (1935), where players engage in property acquisition, rent collection, and financial risk management to mimic capitalist enterprise, though elements of chance like dice rolls introduce variability beyond pure strategy.^[87] Similarly, ecological simulations like Evolution (2014) by North Star Games task players with adapting species traits to compete for limited food resources in a dynamic environment, reflecting natural selection and population pressures.^[88] Core mechanics in these simulations capture real-world phenomena like market fluctuations and chain reactions, fostering interconnected decision-making. For instance, Power Grid (2004) by Rio Grande Games involves auctioning for power plants and resources, where players build networks to supply cities with electricity, simulating supply-demand economics as fuel costs rise with demand and infrastructure choices trigger cascading efficiency effects.^[89] These elements often overlap with Eurogame resource management systems but extend toward realistic modeling of long-term systemic outcomes. The depth of simulations arises from emergent complexity, where simple rules generate unpredictable, multifaceted scenarios that mirror real-life intricacies. This property makes them valuable in education; for example, cooperative pandemic simulations like Pandemic (2008) teach epidemiology by having players coordinate to contain disease outbreaks, illustrating global health response challenges through chain-reaction mechanics.^[90] Variants incorporate role-playing elements in grand strategy contexts, such as Twilight Imperium (1997) by Fantasy Flight Games, where players negotiate alliances and enact political agendas as interstellar factions, blending simulation with narrative-driven empire-building.^[91]

Real-Time Strategy Video Games

Real-time strategy (RTS) video games constitute a subgenre of strategy games in which players construct bases, harvest resources, and direct military units in a continuous, unpaused environment, emphasizing simultaneous actions and rapid execution. This format demands multitasking across economic development, unit production, and combat engagement, distinguishing it from turn-based counterparts by requiring real-time reflexes and decision-making. Evolving from earlier tabletop wargames, the genre gained prominence through digital innovations that enabled persistent gameplay flow. Dune II, released in 1992 by Westwood Studios, is widely regarded as the originator of the modern RTS genre, introducing foundational mechanics like automated resource collection via harvesters and structured base-building campaigns set on the planet Arrakis.^[92]^[3] Key titles in the genre exemplify its diversity and enduring appeal. Age of Empires, developed by Ensemble Studios and released in 1997, infused RTS gameplay with a historical theme, enabling players to guide civilizations from the Stone Age through technological advancements in campaigns drawn from ancient world events.^[93] StarCraft II, launched by Blizzard Entertainment in 2010, solidified the genre's esports dominance, featuring three asymmetrically balanced races—Terran (mechanized humans), Zerg (swarming insects), and Protoss (advanced aliens)—each with unique units and strategies that foster competitive depth and frequent balance patches.^[94]^[95] More recent entries include Stormgate (2024) by Frost Giant Studios, which emphasizes competitive multiplayer and AI advancements in a sci-fi setting.^[96] Players in RTS games encounter significant challenges, including the management of aggressive "rushes," where opponents launch early invasions to disrupt economic buildup, necessitating swift defensive responses and unit micromanagement. This "micro" control—positioning individual units for optimal combat effectiveness—contrasts with "macro" oversight of resource allocation and expansion, often leading to high-pressure scenarios that test multitasking under time constraints. Hybrid subgenres have emerged, such as multiplayer online battle arenas (MOBAs), which draw from RTS roots by adapting real-time unit control and lane-based objectives into hero-centric formats, as seen in titles like Defense of the Ancients modded from Warcraft III.^[97]^[98] From a technical standpoint, RTS games rely on sophisticated pathfinding algorithms, such as A*, to navigate units around dynamic obstacles and terrain in large-scale battles involving hundreds of entities. Unit AI systems further enhance gameplay by simulating behaviors like formation movement and threat prioritization, though they must balance computational efficiency with realistic responsiveness in real-time environments. The genre achieved peak popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s, coinciding with blockbuster releases like Command & Conquer and Warcraft series expansions that captured widespread critical and commercial acclaim.^[99]^[100]

Turn-Based Strategy Video Games

Turn-based strategy video games emphasize discrete turns in which players alternate actions, enabling deliberate planning and analysis in multifaceted scenarios without the urgency of continuous play. This structure fosters deep strategic engagement, as players can meticulously evaluate options, forecast outcomes, and refine tactics at their own pace, appealing to those who prioritize intellectual depth over reflexive decision-making.^[101]^[102] A seminal example is the Civilization series, which debuted in 1991 and pioneered the 4X subgenre—encompassing exploration, expansion, exploitation, and extermination—where players guide civilizations through historical eras via turn-based commands on resource management, diplomacy, and conquest, including its successor Civilization VII (2025), which features dynamic civilization shifts across ages.^[103]^[104]^[105] The series' core appeal lies in its allowance for unhurried empire-building, allowing players to ponder long-term strategies like technological advancement or territorial growth without time constraints. Other notable titles include Heroes of Might and Magic (1995), a turn-based strategy game blending RPG elements such as hero progression and unit recruitment with tactical map conquests.^[106]^[107] Similarly, XCOM: Enemy Unknown (2012) focuses on tactical squad-based combat, where players command elite soldiers in turn-based missions against alien threats, emphasizing positioning, cover, and risk assessment in high-stakes encounters.^[108]^[109] Subtypes within turn-based strategy video games include grand strategy simulations, such as Hearts of Iron IV (2016), which immerses players in World War II-era geopolitics through managing national economies, military production, and global alliances on a grand scale.^[110]^[111] Innovations like asynchronous multiplayer have enhanced accessibility, permitting players to take turns at their convenience rather than synchronously; for instance, Civilization VI (2016) supports this via its "Play by Cloud" feature, enabling ongoing games across sessions without requiring simultaneous participation.^[112] Game design in this genre often incorporates save states to facilitate experimentation and recovery from errors, a natural fit for turn-based pacing that encourages iterative playtesting of strategies. Robust modding communities further extend longevity, with platforms like Steam Workshop hosting thousands of user-created expansions for titles such as Civilization VI, including new civilizations, maps, and mechanics that deepen replayability.^[113] Post-2010, these mechanics have influenced mobile adaptations, spawning titles like Fire Emblem Heroes (2017), which adapts console-style turn-based tactics for touch interfaces and episodic play.^[114] This format parallels the structured turns of traditional board games, promoting thoughtful contention among participants.

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Jun 4, 2025 · A game of skill is one where the outcome is predominantly determined by the player's mental or physical prowess, strategy, and decision-making abilities.
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(PDF) The Strategy Game: A Scientific View - ResearchGate
Apr 26, 2025 · The Strategy Game is where the art of planning meets the decision of execution. The modern term strategy can probably be attributed to Count ...
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Elements of Gaming #5: Elements of Strategy - RPGnet
Elements of Strategy · Prediction: · Deception: · Causality: · Tactical Elements: · Hidden Decisions: · Reconnaissance:.
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[PDF] Teapot: An Exploration of Asymmetric Design in Board Games
With asymmetric mechanics, it may positively influence the interactions of the players, and help improve the immersion, entertainment and replayability of the ...
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Board Games from Ancient Egypt and the Near East
Oct 1, 2018 · Senet is the most famous game from ancient Egypt, where it was in favor from the Predynastic Period to at least the Late Period (664–332 B.C.). ...
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Senet and Twenty Squares: Two Board Games Played by Ancient ...
Jul 19, 2017 · Senet was a very popular board game in ancient Egypt. Queens like Nefertari may have played it using a game box, while ancient Egyptians who were less wealthy ...
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The Game of Go: Ancient Applications and Contemporary ...
Jun 6, 2016 · Go, also known as weiqi (围棋), is one of the oldest board games in existence, originating in China more than 2,500 years ago. Today, Go has ...
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Next War: #Wargaming the Changing Character of Competition and ...
Mar 31, 2017 · The popular game chess dates back to ancient India where it was called chaturanga, a Sanskrit name for an epic army. The game, a simulation of ...
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The Queen's Gambit: how the Lewis Chessmen won the world over
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Oct 22, 2012 · In the 1740s, Hoyle wrote short treatises on the games of whist, backgammon, piquet (with a section on chess), and quadrille.<|separator|>
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Draughts - Codex Gamicus - Fandom
In the 18th century an anonymous Pole invented the variant of draughts that is played on a 10x10 board with 2x20 pieces.
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In Europe the game basically evolved into two branches, English Draughts, representing the minimalistic approach to the game's implementation, went its own ...
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Risk - The Strong National Museum of Play
Sep 15, 2021 · The French filmmaker Albert Lamorisse designed a board game with simple rules but complex interactions, La Conquête du Monde (The Conquest of ...Missing: invention | Show results with:invention
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Risk - First Versions
In the summer of 1957, Mr. Boisseau of Miro approached Parker Brothers with "La Conquête du Monde" (The Conquest of the World), a game invented by French ...
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Game of Hex -- from Wolfram MathWorld
Hex is a two-player game invented by Piet Hein in 1942 while a student at Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics.
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A Prehistory of Nim - jstor
Bouton's 1901 article on Nim [3] is considered the starting point of the relatively recent (i.e., 20th century) mathematical theory of combinatorial games. The ...
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Military Board Games - Warfare History Network
Classic military board games from Avalon Hill, SPI, and other publishers still allow for strategic recreations of famous battles, along with human interaction.Missing: boom influence
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Diplomacy - DipWiki
Aug 2, 2008 · Diplomacy is a strategic board game created by Allan B Calhamer in 1954 and released commercially in 1959. Set in Europe just before the beginning of World War ...
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Tabletop Games: Historical Evolution - Corvus Belli
The Parker Brothers company, founded in 1883, also played a significant role in making tabletop games more widespread. They would go on to release iconic games ...
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Jan 21, 2021 · It has a map that must be explored, challenges to overcome, a memorable adversary, and the first hints of a transporting story.
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AI in Game Development: Everything You Need to Know
Sep 5, 2023 · Discover how AI enhances gameplay, creates immersive experiences, and revolutionizes the future of game development.<|separator|>
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Why aren't real-time strategy games a thing anymore?
Starcraft was the next big chapter in strategy games. Released in 1998, it raised the bar for strategy games. As well as having clearly defined factions ...
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10.2 The Evolution of Electronic Games – Intro to Mass Media
A major advance in game technology came with the increase in Internet use by the general public in the 1990s. A major feature of Doom was the ability to use ...
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Clash of Clans Release Date: Full Timeline From 2012 to Now
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This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent games and game-based platforms for both game playing and design.
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Moore's Law stated that computing speed, as measured by the number of transistors in a chip, would double approximately every two years (Mollick, 2006, pg. 1).Missing: enabling | Show results with:enabling
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[PDF] Chapter 19: Games as Game Theory Systems
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Asymmetric Information - Ludology
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Minimax Algorithm - Stanford Computer Science
The theory behind minimax is that the algorithm's opponent will be trying to minimize whatever value the algorithm is trying to maximize (hence, "minimax").
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We analyse the problem of finding optimal strategies for two player games of the form illustrated in Figure 1. In this game, played between MAX (square nodes).
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An impassioned look at games and game design that offers the most ambitious framework for understanding them to date.
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A Look at Combat Phases in RTS Games
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The Cost Of Combat in Strategy Games
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Jan 30, 2025 · One of the earliest known versions of the game dates from ancient Egypt as far back as 1300 BC. Archaeologists have discovered grids scratched ...
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Connecting the dots: Connect Four through history - Drimify
Connect Four was officially invented by a man called Howard Wexler, and first sold by Milton Bradley (who would become Hasbro) in 1974 in the United States.
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Othello history - British Othello Federation
Othello has its origins in 19th Century Britain. Two Englishmen Lewis Waterman and John W. Mollett both claim to have invented the game in 1883.
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Nim, A Game with a Complete Mathematical Theory - jstor
BOUTON. THE game here discussed has interested the writer on account of its seem- ing complexity, and its extremely simple and complete mathematical theory.
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About - Mind Sports Olympiad
The inaugural event was held in 1997 in London with £100,000 prize fund and was described as possibly the biggest games festival ever held. It was the first ...
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Nov 11, 2019 · King Frederick William III of Prussia sponsored the introduction of this wargame in the Prussian army in 1812. The basic elements of ...
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Sep 3, 2020 · This introduces an unknown random element – the fog of war – into the game. As the German player, you really want to draw the 10th Army chit ...
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Thick is the fog of war. A wargamer sits down to a board game in which, after a reading of the rules and an examination of the initial set ...
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Advanced Squad Leader - Multi-Man Publishing
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The Wargames That Prophesized America's Defeat in Vietnam
Sep 24, 2024 · The wargame series predicted that US strategic bombing campaigns in Vietnam would lead to a costly quagmire with severe domestic and international political ...
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The Games of Our Fathers: Why You Should Play Hex-and-Counter ...
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Klaus Teuber made Catan, and it changed the world's expectations ...
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How to play Ticket to Ride: rules, setup and how to win explained
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Ave Uwe: Agricola Game Review - Meeple Mountain
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ABOUT US - SPIEL ESSEN
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This paper extends the use of the Monopoly® board game as an economic simulation exercise designed to reinforce an understanding of how the accounting cycle ...
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[PDF] Pandemic as an Educational Tool
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'Age of Empires IV' and Real-Time Strategy Games' Rocky History
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'StarCraft II': How Blizzard Brought the King of Esports Back From the ...
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Apr 6, 2019 · The peak is taken to be the years during which most of the high profile RTS series received their most successful and beloved entries.
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Deep Strategy: Without the pressure of real-time action, developers can create incredibly complex systems. Every unit placement, spell cast, or city upgrade ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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1991: Designed by Sid Meier and Bruce Shelley, the original Civilization is widely considered one of the most influential turn-based strategy games ever made.
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Oct 27, 2025 · Civilization, computer game series created in 1991 by Sid Meier and published by his US-based MicroProse computer software company.
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Heroes of Might and Magic ; Released: 1995 on DOS ; Collected By: 193 players ; Genre: Strategy / tactics ; Perspective: Diagonal-down ; Visual: 2D scrolling
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Publisher. New World Computing ; Designed by. Jon Van Caneghem ; Series. Heroes of Might and Magic ; Release. September 1995 ; Genre. Turn-based strategy ...Missing: hybrid | Show results with:hybrid
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Command your personnel in tactical turn-based gameplay with incredible action sequences and on-the-ground combat that spans the globe in over 70 unique missions ...
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Save 85% on XCOM: Enemy Unknown on Steam
In stock Rating 4.5 (24,428) Tactical Combat: Direct soldier squads in turn-based ground battles and deploy air units such as the Interceptor and Skyranger. Worldwide Threat: Combat spans ...
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Hearts of Iron IV on Steam
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Take charge of history's greatest war machines in Hearts of Iron IV, a grand strategy wargame that challenges your strategic abilities and political insight ...Missing: 2016 | Show results with:2016
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Civilization VI - Asynchronous Multiplayer (aka PitBoss) - Arqade
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Workshop - Sid Meier's Civilization VI - Steam Community
Build. Discover. Share. Discover new maps, scenarios, leaders, units and more. Build and share your own creations. Mods are created by and for the Civilization ...
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11 Best Turn-Based Mobile Games: Reddit's Opinion vs. Ours
Apr 21, 2025 · 3. XCOM 2, 2. Battle Chasers: Nightwar, 1. Raid: Shadow Legends.Escape from the stress of real time and enjoy some of the best turn-based ...<|control11|><|separator|>